JP2013215394A - Dental abutment, and dental resin material - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a dental abutment which has less fear for allergy, is easy to be inserted in the root canal while having a proper hardness (elasticity), and by which the breakage or the like of a tooth is hard to occur even during use for a long period of time.SOLUTION: A dental abutment 1 includes: an inserting-fixing section 2 which is inserted in the root canal of a remaining natural tooth and fixed; and a supporting section 3 which is continuously formed from the inserting-fixing section in a manner to protrude to the outside of the root canal from the opening of the root canal, and supports an artificial tooth section. The inserting-fixing section 2 and the supporting section 3 are constituted of an integrally molded article of a resin containing 50 wt.% or more of a polyolefin resin as the major component, and especially of the integrally molded article of a resin of which the major component is a polypropylene containing 50 wt.% or more of a polypropylene.

Description

  The present invention relates to a dental abutment and a dental resin material.

  As one form of dental treatment, for example, after the crown portion of a tooth is removed, the pulp is taken from the root, the root canal is hollowed, and the abutment (core) is built, and the abutment structure is formed. Or there is a treatment that forms an abutment tooth. Abutment tooth or tooth with integrated abutment structure is attached with a artificially formed crown part (crown prosthesis) attached (for example, fitting, joining, bonding, etc.) .

  For example, Patent Document 1 below proposes a crown prosthesis in which the porcelain pre-baking crown is difficult to be detached from the abutment tooth even when the fitting adhesive force is weak.

JP-A-6-225890

  Conventionally, for example, metal has been used as a material constituting the abutment structure (abutment). However, in the case of a metal, for example, the metal component may melt and cause metal allergy. Also, because metal lacks elasticity, even if you try to insert an abutment that does not necessarily match the internal shape of the root canal into the root canal, it does not fit firmly into the back, the fixing strength is insufficient, and it will break if you force it. There is also. Furthermore, in the case of a metal abutment, there is a possibility that a tooth (for example, a portion other than the abutment) may be broken (broken) by long-term use. Therefore, it is considered desirable to form the abutment with a material having an appropriate elasticity other than metal, for example, a hardness close to that of natural teeth.

  Therefore, the problem to be solved by the present invention is that a dental abutment and a dentistry that are less likely to be allergic, have a hardness close to that of natural teeth, and do not cause tooth damage under long-term use. It is to provide a resin material.

  In order to solve the above-described problems, a dental abutment according to the present invention includes an insertion fixing portion that is inserted into and fixed to a root canal of a remaining natural tooth, and projects from the root canal opening to the outside of the root canal. And a support part that is formed continuously from the insertion fixing part and supports the artificial tooth part, and the insertion fixing part and the support part contain a polyolefin resin as a main component (containing 50% by weight or more). It is characterized by comprising an integrally molded product of resin. This reduces the possibility of allergies due to the characteristics of the resin that is mainly composed of polyolefin resin, and because it has moderate elasticity, it is easy to insert deep into the root canal, increasing the fixing strength. A dental abutment that is less likely to break even when used is realized.

  Moreover, it is good also as an integrally molded product of the resin which has a polypropylene as a main component in which a polypropylene accounts for 50 weight% or more. Accordingly, a dental abutment having a low possibility of allergy, moderate hardness, and being less likely to break due to the characteristics of polypropylene is realized.

  The insertion fixing part and the support part are made of 65 to 90% by weight of polypropylene, 7 to 25% by weight of polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer, 0.01 to 2% by weight of magnesium stearate, titanium oxide and iron oxide. One or both of them may be formed as an integrally molded product mainly composed of a copolymerized polypropylene resin material containing 0.001 to 1% by weight and 0.0001 to 1% by weight of a pigment. Accordingly, a dental abutment having a low possibility of allergy, moderate hardness, and being less likely to break is realized by the characteristics of polypropylene with an appropriate blending ratio and the like.

  The insertion fixing part and the support part are composed of 75 to 85% by weight of polypropylene, 15 to 20% by weight of polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer, 0.03 to 0.5% by weight of magnesium stearate, and oxidized with titanium oxide. One or both of iron may be formed of an integrally molded product mainly composed of a copolymerized polypropylene resin material containing 0.003 to 0.1% by weight and pigment of 0.001 to 0.1% by weight. Accordingly, a dental abutment having a low possibility of allergy, moderate hardness, and being less likely to break is realized by the characteristics of polypropylene with an appropriate blending ratio and the like.

  The resin material of the present invention is a resin material used for producing a dental abutment used in the oral cavity, and 65 to 90% by weight of polypropylene and 7 to 25 of polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer. Mainly a copolymer polypropylene resin material containing 0.01% to 2% by weight of magnesium stearate, 0.001 to 1% by weight of one or both of titanium oxide and iron oxide, and 0.0001 to 1% by weight of pigment. It is characterized by being a component. Accordingly, a dental abutment having a low possibility of allergy, moderate hardness, and being less likely to break is realized by the characteristics of polypropylene with an appropriate blending ratio and the like.

  The resin material of the present invention is a resin material used for producing a dental abutment used in the oral cavity, and is 75 to 85% by weight of polypropylene and 15 to 20 of polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer. Copolymer containing 0.03 to 0.5% by weight of magnesium stearate, 0.003 to 0.1% by weight of one or both of titanium oxide and iron oxide, and 0.001 to 0.1% by weight of pigment. It is characterized by comprising a polymerized polypropylene resin material as a main component. Accordingly, a dental abutment having a low possibility of allergy, moderate hardness, and being less likely to break is realized by the characteristics of polypropylene with an appropriate blending ratio and the like. In the above, the hardness may mean having a minute elasticity.

The figure which shows one Embodiment of the dental abutment of this invention. The figure which shows the example which mounted | wore with the dental abutment. The figure which shows another embodiment of the dental abutment of this invention. The figure which shows the example which mounted | wore the dental abutment of FIG.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an embodiment of a dental abutment according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a state in which the dental abutment is mounted on a tooth. In the following, unless otherwise specified, the root direction of the tooth is expressed as “down” and the tip direction of the tooth is expressed as “up”.

  The dental abutment 1 (abutment) is attached to a root canal in a tooth having a largely missing crown portion, and fixes and supports an artificially formed crown portion. FIG. 2 shows an example in which the root canal 40 of the root 4 of the remaining natural tooth has two cross sections. This example is an example in which the crown part above the gingiva part 6 in the natural tooth is completely lost. The dental abutment 1 shown in FIG. 1 is an example adapted to the shape of the root canal 40 of FIG.

  Specifically, the dental abutment 1 includes an insertion fixing portion 2 and a support portion 3. As shown in FIG. 2, the insertion fixing portion 2 is inserted into the root canal 40 of the root 4 of the remaining natural tooth and fixed. And the support part 3 is continuously formed from the insertion fixing | fixed part 2 so that it may protrude outside the root canal 40 from the opening of the root canal 40, and the artificial crown part 5 (artificial tooth part) separately formed. ).

  A concave portion 50 is formed in the tooth crown portion 5 so that the support portion 3 is fitted with no gap. You may adhere between the insertion fixing | fixed part 2 and the root canal 40, between the crown part 5 and the support part 3, between the crown part 5 and the root 4 with the dental adhesive agent 8, for example. The crown portion 5 and the support portion 3 are not bonded to each other, and the crown portion 5 and the root 4 are not bonded to each other, and the crown portion 5 is connected by another means (for example, a bridge portion connected to an adjacent natural tooth). You may fix to the support part 3. FIG. Moreover, what is necessary is just to seal the lower end (root apex) of the root canal 40 with the sealing part 7 (for example, root canal filling material) prior to mounting the abutment 1 at the tip of the root canal 40.

  The dental abutment 1 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is merely an example, and the abutment of the present invention takes various forms depending on the remaining state of the patient's root 4 and the shape of the root canal 40. 3 and 4 show a case where there is one root canal 40. In this case as well, as in FIGS. 1 and 2, the insertion fixing portion 2 is inserted and fixed in the root canal 40 of the remaining root 4 of the natural tooth, and the support portion 3 is opened from the root canal 40 through the root canal 40. It is formed continuously from the insertion fixing portion 2 so as to protrude to the outside, and supports the artificially formed crown portion 5 (artificial tooth portion). The abutment 1 of the present invention can be applied to any number and shape of root canals 40 and the remaining shape of natural teeth without any limitation.

  As will be described later, the abutment 1 of the present invention is characterized in that the insertion fixing portion and the support portion are formed of an integrally molded product of resin mainly composed of polyolefin resin. In addition, a main component refers to the component which has a content rate of 50 weight% or more. In the present invention, it is more preferable that the insertion fixing portion and the support portion are integrally formed of a resin mainly composed of polypropylene in which polypropylene accounts for 50% by weight or more.

  The manufacturing method of the abutment 1, 1 'of the present invention can use any conventional manufacturing method of a dental abutment (abutment structure, abutment tooth) without any limitation. An example of the manufacturing method is as follows. First, in the natural tooth of a patient with a missing crown part, the pulp is removed from the root canal 40 of the root 4. Then, the root canal filling material 7 is filled into the hollow root canal 40 after cleaning and disinfection. This seals the root apex. The material and filling method of the root canal filling material 7 may be the same as conventional ones.

  Of the root canal filling material 7 in the root canal 40, the portion above the root canal 40 is removed if unnecessary. Next, if necessary, the shape of the portion without the root canal filling material 7 in the root canal 40 is adjusted to a shape suitable for inserting the insertion fixing portion 2. In that case, for example, the root canal 40 may be widened or the wall of the root canal 40 may be cut with a dental instrument so that the shape approaches a cylindrical shape.

  Then, an abutment is created using a so-called indirect method. That is, for example, after adjusting the shape of the root canal 40, an impression of the root canal 40 (including the remaining natural teeth) is collected with an impression material (for example, dental cement), and a plaster model is created from the impression. Then, the mold of the abutment 1, 1 ′ is formed with dental wax on the model.

  Next, after the mold is buried in gypsum and the gypsum is cured, wax is poured with hot water (flowing wax) to make the wax portion hollow. When the above-mentioned material is injected into the cavity and polymerized and cured, the abutments 1 and 1 'are formed. The abutments 1 and 1 ′ may be attached to the patient's root canal 40, and a separately prepared crown 5 may be attached to the support 3.

  As an example of the components constituting the abutments 1 and 1 'of the present invention, more specifically than the above components, for example, 80% polypropylene by weight is the main component, and 18% ethylene α-olefin copolymer is co-polymerized. Polymerized and purified polypropylene can be obtained. For this polypropylene, polypropylene homopolymer [CH2-CH (CH3)] m is 80% by weight, and ethylene propylene copolymer [CH2-CH (CH3)] m- [CH2-CH2] n is 18 as an ethylene α-olefin copolymer. In addition, as additives, magnesium stearate 0.1%, titanium oxide 0.03%, pigments (for example, legal dyes such as aluminum lake and bengara, organic and inorganic pigments, etc.) Select a pigment, or select and prepare a plurality of pigments) and adjust to 0.03%. Note that the same amount of iron oxide may be blended instead of titanium oxide, or the total amount of titanium oxide and iron oxide may be 0.03%. In addition to the ethylene propylene copolymer, for example, an ethylene butene 1 copolymer may be used as the ethylene α-olefin copolymer, and further, 18% polyethylene may be contained instead of the ethylene α-olefin copolymer.

  Substances other than the above are included as inevitable impurities within a range of 2% by weight or less, as additives for a predetermined addition purpose, or as a sum of inevitable impurities and a predetermined additive. This is the essence of the present invention. Regardless of technical requirements and effects, they do not affect them and can be ignored.

  The propylene homopolymer, ethylene propylene copolymer, magnesium stearate, titanium oxide (iron oxide), and pigment were mixed and copolymerized, and purified to obtain a resin material for a dental abutment.

  For example, when the dental abutment 1, 1 ′ shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 is molded with this dental resin material, it can be easily processed using the above method.

  Specifically, when producing a dental abutment, the dental resin material of the present invention is generally a pellet raw material, which is placed in the barrel of a general-purpose resin molding machine, and the furnace temperature is set to 180 ° C. to 230 ° C. Then, the raw material is softened and dissolved, and injection molding is performed, for example, in a plaster mold. In the present invention, since magnesium stearate is blended as an additive, the resin fluidity is high, and it is possible to accurately reproduce the details of the molded product.

  The dental molded body thus obtained has extremely advantageous features and characteristics as compared with the conventional products as listed below.

1. There are few resin allergic reactions in the human body.
2. Since there is no elution of bisphenol A, which is an endocrine disrupting substance, it is highly safe to use for the human body.
3. For all additives, this resin component is highly safe because it does not dissolve in the oral cavity, and there is no concern about the additives and pigments in terms of safety (the melting point of the dental molding resin material of the present invention). Is, for example, about 180 ° C.).
4). In the case of an abutment made using a conventional metal, when the artificial tooth covered from the top of the abutment is a resin and ceramic tooth, the metallic abutment is permeated and unnatural. In the case of the present invention, even if the artificial tooth covering the upper part is the above-described one, it is an abutment that reproduces the tooth color, so it is not aesthetically impaired, and a dye is added to the same color as the upper tooth color. Resin can be provided. Since an image reaction is obtained in the dental cement used when the product of the present invention is installed in the oral cavity, the image itself of the material itself is sufficient even if it is not.
5. By blending magnesium stearate as an additive, all the pigments are evenly mixed at the time of resin dyeing, and the dyeability is greatly enhanced.
6). By blending magnesium stearate, the smoothness of the surface of the resin itself is increased and the slipping is improved, which is effective for desorption of the denture base.
7). By blending titanium oxide (iron oxide) as an additive, it is possible to reproduce a natural hue close to natural teeth.
8). According to the dental molded body of the present invention, mechanical strength, bending strength, and heat resistance are superior to conventional dental molding resin materials (polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), acrylic, etc.). Therefore, it is difficult to break, and it is possible to create a dental abutment that is very compact and has no sense of discomfort in the oral cavity, and its water absorption is very low compared to conventional resin materials. There is very little deterioration of resin properties.
9. Furthermore, since the dental molding resin material having the above-described composition is lighter than other resins in specific gravity, the burden on the oral cavity tissue during use is small.
10. Since the dental molding resin material of the present invention is less likely to absorb moisture in the air than conventional resin materials, there is no problem even in storage conditions at room temperature, and heat drying to remove moisture even during injection molding. It is not necessary to make it work, and it is excellent in work efficiency.
11. The dental molding resin material of the present invention is generally in the form of pellets, but is not limited thereto, and may be in the form of a sheet, a block, or the like.

  An evaluation test was performed on a dental molded body molded from the dental molding resin material according to the present invention as described above. The results are shown in Table 1.

  As shown in Table 1, for example, in the repeated bending test, the results before and after water absorption were measured. As a result, in the products of the present invention, results superior to other dental resin materials were obtained. For example, in a repeated bending test before water absorption, the polycarbonate was folded 5 times, the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) + polyethylene composite resin was cracked 14 times and 38 times, and the polyamide was broken 47 times and 129 times. However, in the product of the present invention, the bent portion only became white, and no tears or breakage occurred even after bending 200 times.

  Further, in the repeated bending test after water absorption, polycarbonate was folded at 6 times, PET + polyethylene was broken at 12 times, broken at 51 times, and polyamide was broken at 53 times, broken at 118 times. The only part that turned white was 200, and there was no tear. In the resin material (molded article) of the present invention, the bending strength is 61.2 MPa, the elongation is 12 mm or more, the water absorption is 0.13% by weight, and the dissolution rate is 0.1% by weight. It was. In addition, good results were obtained as shown in the attached experimental results for workability and coloring.

  Supplementing with respect to the coloring test, the “colored ΔE curry” in the second row from the bottom of Table 1 means that a resin piece as a sample is immersed in hot water in which curry powder is dissolved at 37 ° C. for 1 week, and then the sample. The resin piece was taken out and inspected how much it was colored by the curry powder solution with a dedicated testing machine, and the inspection result was quantified. The smaller the value, the lower the degree of coloring, in other words, discoloration Means less. In addition, “colored ΔE fuchsin” is obtained by performing the same inspection using fuchsin as a colorant instead of curry powder, and means that the smaller the inspection value, the less the color change. As is apparent from these results, the test value of “colored ΔE curry” in the present invention is 1.29, the test value of “colored ΔE fuchsin” is 5.19, and test values of polyamide, PET + polyethylene, etc. It can be seen that it is sufficiently small compared to, and difficult to discolor.

  Furthermore, a heat resistance test was also performed on the molded body of the present invention. Specifically, the resin material of the present invention is manufactured and adjusted to a 20 mm × 20 mm × 3 mm size plate material by injection molding, and immersed in boiling water (about 100 ° C.) for 1 hour, and the appearance of the molded body is confirmed. did. As a result, surface roughness and cloudiness were not observed. Accordingly, the same effect can be obtained in a dental abutment manufactured using the material of the present invention.

  The effects of forming the dental abutment as described above in the composition of the dental molded body and the dental resin material of the present invention will be described (hereinafter% refers to the weight ratio unless otherwise specified). If the polypropylene content is less than 65%, peeling breakage tends to occur, and if it exceeds 90%, a problem of incompatibility with the oral cavity due to expansion of the resin body occurs. Therefore, polypropylene may be, for example, 65 to 90%.

  Further, if the polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer is less than 7%, peeling breakage is likely to occur as in the case of polypropylene, and conversely if it exceeds 25%, the oral cavity due to the expansion of the resin body as in the case of polypropylene. It is desirable that the polyethylene or ethylene alpha olefin copolymer is in the range of, for example, 7-25% because of incompatibility problems.

  Magnesium stearate improves the mutual stirrability and mixing of the pigment, titanium oxide (or iron oxide) and resin, but if it is less than 0.01%, the effect (stirring and mixing in dyeing) In contrast, when the content exceeds 2%, stirring and mixing itself become difficult. For example, addition in the range of 0.01 to 2% is desirable. Here, the term “dyeing” refers to, for example, dyeing in a color close to the color of natural teeth when used for a dental abutment. A pigment and titanium oxide (or iron oxide) are added for coloring (coloring). For example, in order to produce a color close to natural teeth, the mixing ratio of an appropriate pigment and titanium oxide (white) is adjusted. Further, both titanium oxide and iron oxide can be added to a predetermined pigment to dye the resin in a desired color.

  The content of titanium oxide (or iron oxide) is determined mainly by the dyeing method in relation to the pigment, and the magnesium stearate uniformly distributes the pigment, titanium oxide (iron oxide) and the resin material. It can be said that it contributes to the agitation ability to mix, and in turn, to the uniform dyeing property that uniformly colors evenly.

  If one or both of titanium oxide and iron oxide is less than 0.001% by weight, the color adjustment function for the pigment cannot be achieved. On the other hand, if it exceeds 1%, the function of color adjustment deviates. Moreover, in order to inhibit physical properties, such as the intensity | strength of a resin material, it sets to 0.001 to 1% of range.

  As for the composition of the pigment, if it is less than 0.0001% by weight, the dyeing effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if it exceeds 1%, the intended dyeability is impaired, and the physical properties of the resin material are not preferable. Therefore, the pigment content is in the range of 0.0001 to 1%.

  Further, in a dental abutment having a desirable composition, by making the weight ratio within the range of 75 to 85% polypropylene and 15 to 20% polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer, the resin peeling breakage hardly occurs and the resin expands. For example, the dimensional compatibility and mounting compatibility of the dental molded body in the root canal are improved. The blending ratio of the copolymer polypropylene resin material in the abutment may be 70, 80, or 90% by weight or more.

  Further, if magnesium stearate is 0.03 to 0.5%, one or both of titanium oxide and iron oxide is 0.003 to 0.1%, and pigment is 0.001 to 0.1%, first magnesium stearate In the above range, the pigment / titanium oxide (iron oxide) and the resin can be more satisfactorily stirred and uniformly dyed, and the blending amount of one or both of titanium oxide and iron oxide, as well as the pigment By setting the blending amount of the above as described above, it is possible to give a better coloring and dyeing effect to the dental molded body or dental resin material together with the effect of the magnesium stearate.

  In any case, by forming a dental molded body in the above range, for example, it has an appropriate bending strength as a dental abutment, suppresses the expansion coefficient at the time of cooling after injection molding of the resin body, and the remaining natural teeth It can be precisely adapted to the dental crown and the artificial crown, and has a characteristic with moderate hardness to the human body.

  If the composition does not have the composition of the present invention, in other words, deviates from the blending range of the above composition, the specific bending strength of the present invention cannot be obtained from the viewpoint of the physical properties of the dental molded body and the dental resin material. Bending is easy to crease white, resulting in breakage (of the abutment itself or teeth other than the abutment), making it extremely fragile and unsuitable for the human body. This results in a situation where it cannot be precisely adapted to natural teeth or artificial crowns.

  Moreover, if it adds about the effect of the addition of magnesium stearate and titanium oxide (iron oxide) as additives, pigment addition suitable for, for example, a dental abutment can be achieved by adding these, and at the time of injection molding The fluidity of the resin increases and the detail molding reproducibility improves. In addition, when the dental molded body according to the present invention is used and an attempt is made to attach and detach an artificial crown in the oral cavity, the above-mentioned additive reduces the resistance due to friction and results in good sliding. It was. Therefore, when used by a patient, it is easier to attach and remove compared to conventional products. In addition, according to the dental molded body of the present invention, since the water absorption is extremely low, the propagation of various bacteria is suppressed, the strength is high and the durability is high, and the specific gravity is small (light), so there is no feeling of wearing, and as a result The patient can use the dental abutment for a long time in a hygienic and comfortable manner.

  When a dental molded body is manufactured using the dental resin material of the present invention, the resin material is melted and a predetermined dental molded body is generally formed by injection molding. As a result, it is possible to obtain a dental abutment that has less resin allergy to the human body as described above and that is excellent in safety without elution of bisphenol A or the like.

1 abutment (dental abutment)
2 Insertion fixing part 3 Support part

Claims (6)

  An insertion fixing portion that is inserted into and fixed to the root canal of the remaining natural tooth, and an artificial tooth portion that is continuously formed from the insertion fixing portion so as to protrude from the opening of the root canal to the outside of the root canal. A dental abutment comprising: a supporting part that supports the insertion fixing part and the supporting part, wherein the insertion fixing part and the supporting part are made of an integrally molded product of a resin having a polyolefin resin as a main component of 50% by weight or more.   The dental abutment according to claim 1, wherein the dental abutment is made of an integrally molded product of a polypropylene-based resin in which polypropylene accounts for 50% by weight or more.   The insertion fixing part and the support part are 65 to 90% by weight of polypropylene, 7 to 25% by weight of polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer, 0.01 to 2% by weight of magnesium stearate, and one of titanium oxide and iron oxide. 3. The dental abutment according to claim 2, wherein the dental abutment is composed of an integrally molded product mainly composed of a copolymerized polypropylene resin material containing 0.001 to 1% by weight of both and 0.0001 to 1% by weight of pigment.   The insertion fixing part and the support part are 75 to 85% by weight of polypropylene, 15 to 20% by weight of polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer, 0.03 to 0.5% by weight of magnesium stearate, titanium oxide and iron oxide. The dental product according to claim 2, comprising an integrally molded article mainly comprising a copolymerized polypropylene resin material containing 0.003 to 0.1% by weight of one or both of these and 0.001 to 0.1% by weight of a pigment. Abutment.   A resin material used for manufacturing a dental abutment used in the oral cavity, which is 65 to 90% by weight of polypropylene, 7 to 25% by weight of polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer, and 0 of magnesium stearate. .01 to 2% by weight, comprising as a main component a copolymer polypropylene resin material containing 0.001 to 1% by weight of one or both of titanium oxide and iron oxide and 0.0001 to 1% by weight of pigment. Characteristic dental resin material.   A resin material used for manufacturing a dental abutment used in the oral cavity, which is 75 to 85% by weight of polypropylene, 15 to 20% by weight of polyethylene or ethylene α-olefin copolymer, and 0 of magnesium stearate. The main component is a copolymerized polypropylene resin material containing 0.003 to 0.5% by weight, 0.003 to 0.1% by weight of one or both of titanium oxide and iron oxide, and 0.001 to 0.1% by weight of pigment. A dental resin material characterized by that.

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