JP2010000540A - 金属物品を処理する方法及びその処理方法により製造した物品 - Google Patents
金属物品を処理する方法及びその処理方法により製造した物品 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 32
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- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001347 Stellite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- AHICWQREWHDHHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium;cobalt;iron;manganese;methane;molybdenum;nickel;silicon;tungsten Chemical compound C.[Si].[Cr].[Mn].[Fe].[Co].[Ni].[Mo].[W] AHICWQREWHDHHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012993 chemical processing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 40
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 28
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- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009760 electrical discharge machining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 3
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013036 cure process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 2
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007749 high velocity oxygen fuel spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/04—Welding for other purposes than joining, e.g. built-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K10/00—Welding or cutting by means of a plasma
- B23K10/02—Plasma welding
- B23K10/027—Welding for purposes other than joining, e.g. build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
- B23K26/356—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment by shock processing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
- B23K35/004—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of a metal of the iron group
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3046—Co as the principal constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P6/00—Restoring or reconditioning objects
- B23P6/002—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors
- B23P6/005—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors using only replacement pieces of a particular form
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P9/00—Treating or finishing surfaces mechanically, with or without calibrating, primarily to resist wear or impact, e.g. smoothing or roughening turbine blades or bearings; Features of such surfaces not otherwise provided for, their treatment being unspecified
- B23P9/02—Treating or finishing by applying pressure, e.g. knurling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D10/00—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation
- C21D10/005—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation by laser shock processing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
- C21D7/04—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface
- C21D7/06—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface by shot-peening or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
- C21D7/04—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface
- C21D7/08—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface by burnishing or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0068—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for particular articles not mentioned below
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/001—Turbines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2251/00—Treating composite or clad material
- C21D2251/04—Welded or brazed overlays
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
- Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】金属物品を処理する本方法は、表面を備えた物品上にクラッディング(2)を融接するステップと、クラッディング(2)を圧縮硬化深さ処理加工するステップとを含むことができる。クラッディングの外表面から測定した平均圧縮硬化深さは、該クラッディングの厚さよりも大きくすることができる。本明細書に含まれるのはまた、本方法により製造した物品である。
【選択図】 図1
Description
4 スロット
6 セクション
Claims (22)
- 金属物品を処理する方法であって、
物品表面を備えた物品上に、該物品表面と対向するその側面上に位置した外表面を有するクラッディングを融接するステップと、
前記クラッディングの外表面から測定した平均圧縮硬化深さが該クラッディングの厚さよりも大きくなるように該クラッディングを圧縮硬化深さ処理加工するステップと
を含む方法。 - 前記融接するステップが、耐摩耗材料を多層クラッディングするステップを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記耐摩耗材料がステライトである、請求項2記載の方法。
- 前記圧縮硬化深さ処理加工するステップが、レーザショックピーニングするステップ及び/又は低可塑性バニシングするステップを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記平均圧縮硬化深さが0.05インチ(1.27mm)以上である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記平均圧縮硬化深さが0.075インチ(1.90mm)以上である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記平均圧縮硬化深さが0.10インチ(2.54mm)以上である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記融接するステップが、レーザ溶接、プラズマ溶接及びタングステン不活性ガス溶接から成る群から選択された加工プロセスを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記クラッディングを受ける陥凹部を前記物品内に形成するステップをさらに含み、前記クラッディングが、前記陥凹部内に融接される、
請求項1記載の方法。 - 前記圧縮硬化深さ処理加工するステップの後に前記物品を後処理加工するステップをさらに含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記圧縮硬化深さ処理加工するステップの前に前記物品を前処理加工するステップをさらに含み、前記前処理加工するステップが、ショットピーニング、ポリシング、ブレンディング、タンブリング、化学処理加工、及び上述の前処理加工の少なくとも1つを含む組合せから成る群から選択される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記物品が前縁を備えたタービンブレードであり、前記クラッディングが前記前縁内の陥凹部に融接される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記クラッディングの周りの領域において前記物品を圧縮硬化深さ処理加工するステップをさらに含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記物品と前記クラッディングとの間に中間層を融接するステップを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記クラッディングが0.02インチ(0.51mm)よりも大きい厚さを有する、請求項1記載の方法。
- 物品上に、厚さを有しかつ該物品と対向するその側面上に外表面を有するクラッディングを融接するステップと、
前記クラッディングの外表面から測定した平均圧縮硬化深さが該クラッディングの厚さよりも大きくなるように該クラッディングを圧縮硬化深さ処理加工するステップと
を含むプロセスによって形成される物品。 - 金属物品を処理する方法であって、
クラッディングを受ける領域を前記物品内に準備するステップと、
物品表面を備えた物品上に、該物品表面と対向するその側面上に位置した外表面を有するクラッディングを融接するステップと、
前記クラッディング及び該クラッディングの周りの前記物品にレーザショックピーニング及び低可塑性バニシングの少なくとも1つを行うことによって加工物品を形成して、前記クラッディングの外表面から測定した平均圧縮硬化深さが該クラッディングの厚さよりも大きくなった該加工物品を形成するステップと
を含む方法。 - 前記クラッディングが、前記物品表面と接触する中間層を含み、前記中間層が、前記クラッディング厚さの20%よりも小さい中間層厚さを有する、請求項17記載の方法。
- 前記クラッディングを熱処理するステップをさらに含む、請求項17記載の方法。
- 前記クラッディングが、前記物品表面と接触する中間層を含み、前記中間層が、前記クラッディング厚さの20%よりも小さい中間層厚さを有する、請求項19記載の方法。
- 前記加工物品をショットピーニングするステップをさらに含む、請求項16記載の方法。
- 前記物品が、鋼又はステンレス鋼又は高クロム鋼のような鉄合金材料を含む、請求項17記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US12/142,242 | 2008-06-19 | ||
| US12/142,242 US8471168B2 (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2008-06-19 | Methods of treating metal articles and articles made therefrom |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2010000540A true JP2010000540A (ja) | 2010-01-07 |
| JP2010000540A5 JP2010000540A5 (ja) | 2014-01-23 |
| JP5554514B2 JP5554514B2 (ja) | 2014-07-23 |
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| JP2009143833A Expired - Fee Related JP5554514B2 (ja) | 2008-06-19 | 2009-06-17 | 金属物品を処理する方法及びその処理方法により製造した物品 |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US8471168B2 (ja) |
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| JP (1) | JP5554514B2 (ja) |
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| JP2013209912A (ja) * | 2012-03-30 | 2013-10-10 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | 蒸気タービン翼および蒸気タービン翼の硬化処理方法 |
| JP2018009576A (ja) * | 2012-01-17 | 2018-01-18 | サフラン・エアクラフト・エンジンズ | ターボ機械ロータブレード |
| KR101984752B1 (ko) * | 2017-11-23 | 2019-05-31 | 두산중공업 주식회사 | 터빈 블레이드 보수용접을 위한 용접시스템 및 이를 운용하는 방법 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2010065687A (ja) * | 2008-09-11 | 2010-03-25 | General Electric Co <Ge> | 翼形部及び翼形部をレーザショックピーニングする方法 |
| KR102064786B1 (ko) * | 2011-11-16 | 2020-01-10 | 바스프 에스이 | 샤프트에 기능적 요소를 연결하는 방법 |
| JP2018009576A (ja) * | 2012-01-17 | 2018-01-18 | サフラン・エアクラフト・エンジンズ | ターボ機械ロータブレード |
| JP2013209912A (ja) * | 2012-03-30 | 2013-10-10 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | 蒸気タービン翼および蒸気タービン翼の硬化処理方法 |
| KR101984752B1 (ko) * | 2017-11-23 | 2019-05-31 | 두산중공업 주식회사 | 터빈 블레이드 보수용접을 위한 용접시스템 및 이를 운용하는 방법 |
| CN116441674A (zh) * | 2023-06-14 | 2023-07-18 | 苏芯物联技术(南京)有限公司 | 一种高精度焊接气流控制系统及控制方法 |
| CN116441674B (zh) * | 2023-06-14 | 2023-08-15 | 苏芯物联技术(南京)有限公司 | 一种高精度焊接气流控制系统及控制方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP5554514B2 (ja) | 2014-07-23 |
| EP2135698B1 (en) | 2016-04-13 |
| EP2135698A1 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
| US20090314758A1 (en) | 2009-12-24 |
| US8471168B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 |
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