JP2009063862A - 帯電装置、プロセスカートリッジ、画像形成装置、およびクリーニング部材 - Google Patents
帯電装置、プロセスカートリッジ、画像形成装置、およびクリーニング部材 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009063862A JP2009063862A JP2007232311A JP2007232311A JP2009063862A JP 2009063862 A JP2009063862 A JP 2009063862A JP 2007232311 A JP2007232311 A JP 2007232311A JP 2007232311 A JP2007232311 A JP 2007232311A JP 2009063862 A JP2009063862 A JP 2009063862A
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Images
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/02—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for laying down a uniform charge, e.g. for sensitising; Corona discharge devices
- G03G15/0208—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for laying down a uniform charge, e.g. for sensitising; Corona discharge devices by contact, friction or induction, e.g. liquid charging apparatus
- G03G15/0216—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for laying down a uniform charge, e.g. for sensitising; Corona discharge devices by contact, friction or induction, e.g. liquid charging apparatus by bringing a charging member into contact with the member to be charged, e.g. roller, brush chargers
- G03G15/0225—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for laying down a uniform charge, e.g. for sensitising; Corona discharge devices by contact, friction or induction, e.g. liquid charging apparatus by bringing a charging member into contact with the member to be charged, e.g. roller, brush chargers provided with means for cleaning the charging member
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】被帯電体に当接して回転し該被帯電体に電荷を付与する帯電部材と、
上記帯電部材に当接して該帯電部材のクリーニングを行うクリーニング部材であって、発泡構造を有する高分子材料からなる本体と、架橋構造を有する樹脂と導電性粒子との混合物からなり上記本体の表面部分で上記発泡構造の構造壁を被覆した被覆膜とを有するクリーニング部材とを備えた。
【選択図】図4
Description
するクリーニング部材によって、帯電部材表面をクリーニングする方式を採用する帯電装置が多い。
被帯電体に当接して回転し該被帯電体に電荷を付与する帯電部材と、
上記帯電部材に当接して該帯電部材のクリーニングを行うクリーニング部材であって、発泡構造を有する高分子材料からなる本体と、架橋構造を有する樹脂と導電性粒子との混合物からなり上記本体の表面部分で上記発泡構造の構造壁を被覆した被覆膜とを有するクリーニング部材とを備えたことを特徴とする。
このような形態によれば、クリーニング性の高いクリーニング部材が実現する。
回転しながら表面に像を保持する像保持体と、
上記像保持体に当接して回転し該被帯電体に電荷を付与する帯電部材と、
上記帯電部材に当接して該帯電部材のクリーニングを行うクリーニング部材であって、発泡構造を有する高分子材料からなる本体と、架橋構造を有する樹脂と導電性粒子との混合物からなり上記本体の表面部分で上記発泡構造の構造壁を被覆した被覆膜とを有するクリーニング部材とを備えたことを特徴とする。
回転しながら表面に像を保持する像保持体と、
上記像保持体に当接して回転し該被帯電体に電荷を付与する帯電部材と、
上記帯電部材に当接して該帯電部材のクリーニングを行うクリーニング部材であって、発泡構造を有する高分子材料からなる本体と、架橋構造を有する樹脂と導電性粒子との混合物からなり上記本体の表面部分で上記発泡構造の構造壁を被覆した被覆膜とを有するクリーニング部材と、
上記像保持体上に静電潜像を形成し、該静電潜像を現像することで現像像を形成する像形成部と、
上記現像像を上記像保持体から転写して記録媒体上に定着する転写定着部とを備えたことを特徴とする。
発泡構造を有する高分子材料からなる本体と、
架橋構造を有する樹脂と導電性粒子との混合物からなり、上記本体の表面部分で上記発泡構造の構造壁を被覆した被覆膜とを有することを特徴とする。
架橋度 = 100 × (架橋成分の重量)/(被覆膜中の樹脂の全重量)
架橋度が65%以上となっている被覆膜212は、架橋構造がかなり発達した被覆膜であり、クリーニングロール21bがこのような被覆膜212を備えることで、帯電部材20は、極めてなめらかにクリーニングされることとなる。この結果、図1の画像形成装置では、振動による画質欠陥が効果的に抑制される。
(実施例1)
実施例1の画像形成装置は、図1に示す画像形成装置1000において、帯電装置65が有する帯電部材20およびクリーニング部材21として以下に述べる帯電部材およびクリーニング部材を採用し、像保持体61の代わりに、保護層614が存在しない点を除き像保持体61と同一の像保持体を採用した画像形成装置である。
−クリーニング部材−
実施例1で用いられるクリーニング部材は、発泡ポリウレタン材料である、イノアックコーポレーション社製「RR80」がロール形状に加工されてなるクリーニングロール本体と、外径φ5mmで長さ230mmのステンレス製(SUS303)のクリーニングロールシャフトとを備えている。このクリーニングロール本体は、クリーニングロールシャフトの両端5mmの部分を除きクリーニングロールシャフト周面に、ホットメルト接着剤により貼り付けられており、クリーニングロール本体の外径φは9mmである。また、このクリーニングロール本体表面の平均的な孔の直径(セル径)は500μmである。このクリーニングロール本体表面に、以下に説明する方法により被覆膜を形成し、クリーニング部材を完成させた。
実施例1で用いられる帯電部材は、外径φ8mmで長さ240mmのシャフト(Ni無電解メッキ処理SUM)の周面を、帯電ロールが覆った構成を備えている。この帯電ロールは、上記のシャフトの上に、フェノール系の導電性接着剤で貼り付けられている。この帯電ロールは、弾性層および表面層からなり、これらの層の組成および厚さは、下記表3の配合量Cの欄に記載されている通りである。ここで、この帯電ロールの弾性層が、図3の弾性層201の役割を兼ねており、この帯電ロールの表面層が、図3の抵抗層202および表面層20の2つの層の役割を兼ねている。また、表2においても、実施例1で用いられる帯電ロールが、配合量Cの欄に記載されている組成および層の厚さを有することが記載されている。
実施例1で用いられる像保持体は、下記の方法によって製造された像保持体である。
◎:画像乱れが全く発生していない。
○:画質上全く問題にならない程度のきわめて微小な画像乱れが発生している。
△:画質上大きな問題とはならない程度の画像乱れが発生している
×:画質上問題となる程度の画像乱れが発生している。
××:画質上きわめて大きな問題となる程度の画像乱れが発生している。
(実施例2)
実施例2の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜の構成が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例2のクリーニング部材の被覆膜が実施例1の被覆膜と異なる点は、被覆膜本体の樹脂としてポリエステル樹脂(MD1400:東洋紡社製)100質量部が採用されて被覆膜の架橋度が92%となっている点であり、その他の点については、実施例1の被覆膜と同じである。
(実施例3)
実施例3の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜の構成が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例3のクリーニング部材の被覆膜が実施例1の被覆膜と異なる点は、被覆膜本体の樹脂としてアクリル樹脂(バイヒドールVPLS2058:住友バイエルウレタン社製)100質量部が採用されて被覆膜の架橋度が86%となっている点であり、その他の点については、実施例1の被覆膜と同じである。
(実施例4)
実施例4の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜の構成が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例4のクリーニング部材の被覆膜が実施例1の被覆膜と異なる点は、被覆膜本体の樹脂としてエポキシ樹脂(EM−101−50:ADEKA社製)100質量部が採用されて被覆膜の架橋度が79%となっている点であり、その他の点については、実施例1の被覆膜と同じである。
(実施例5)
実施例5の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜の構成が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例5のクリーニング部材の被覆膜が実施例1の被覆膜と異なる点は、被覆膜本体の樹脂としてポリアミド樹脂(トレジンEF30T:ナガセケムテックス社製)100質量部が採用されており、被覆膜の架橋度が67%となっている点であり、その他の点については、実施例1の被覆膜と同じである。
(実施例6)
実施例6の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の形状が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例6のクリーニング部材の形状は、パッド形状をしており、実施例6のクリーニング部材は、実施例1で上述した「RR80」(イノアックコーポレーション社製)が20mm×20mm×250mmのパッド形状に加工されてなるクリーニング部材本体の上に、実施例1と同一の被覆膜が形成されたものである。
(実施例7)
実施例7の画像形成装置は、帯電ロールの種類(表3参照)が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例7の帯電ロールは弾性層および表面層からなり、これらの層の組成および厚さは、表3の配合量Bの欄に記載されている通りである。
(実施例8)
実施例8の画像形成装置は、帯電ロールの種類(表3参照)が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例8の帯電ロールは弾性層および表面層からなり、これらの層の組成および厚さは、表3の配合量Aの欄に記載されている通りである。
(実施例9)
実施例9の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜に含まれるカーボンブラックの分散体の量と、クリーニング部材のセル径が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例9のクリーニング部材の被覆膜には、カーボンブラック分散体が0.2質量部含まれており、この点を除き、実施例9のクリーニング部材の被覆膜は、実施例1のクリーニング部材の被覆膜と同じである。また、実施例9のクリーニング部材は、実施例1における「RR80」(イノアックコーポレーション社製)の代わりに、発泡ポリウレタン材料である「RSC」(イノアックコーポレーション社製)がロール形状に加工されてなるクリーニングロール本体が採用されており、セル径が120μmとなっている。
(実施例10)
実施例10の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜に含まれるカーボンブラックの分散体の量と、クリーニング部材のセル径が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例10のクリーニング部材の被覆膜には、カーボンブラック分散体が0.2質量部含まれており、この点を除き、実施例9のクリーニング部材の被覆膜は、実施例1のクリーニング部材の被覆膜と同じである。また、実施例10のクリーニング部材は、下記のようにして製造されたセル径980μmのクリーニング部材である。
(実施例11)
実施例11の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜に含まれるカーボンブラックの分散体の量が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例11のクリーニング部材の被覆膜には、カーボンブラック分散体が0.2質量部含まれており、この点を除き、実施例9のクリーニング部材の被覆膜は、実施例1のクリーニング部材の被覆膜と同じである。
(実施例12)
実施例12の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜の構成が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例12のクリーニング部材の被覆膜が実施例1の被覆膜と異なる点は、被覆膜本体の樹脂としてエポキシ樹脂(EM−101−50:ADEKA社製)100質量部、架橋剤としてベンゾグアナミン樹脂(ニカラックBL−60:日本カーバイト社製)20質量部、被覆膜中のカーボンブラック分散体の量として0.2質量部が採用されて被覆膜の架橋度が79%となっている点であり、その他の点については、実施例1の被覆膜と同じである。
(実施例13)
実施例13の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜の構成が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例13のクリーニング部材の被覆膜が実施例1の被覆膜と異なる点は、被覆膜本体の樹脂としてポリアミド樹脂(トレジンEF30T:ナガセケムテックス社製)100質量部、架橋剤としてメラミン樹脂(ニカラックMW−30M:日本カーバイト社製)30質量部、被覆膜中のカーボンブラック分散体の量として0.2質量部が採用されて被覆膜の架橋度が67%となっている点であり、その他の点については、実施例1の被覆膜と同じである。
(実施例14)
実施例14の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜の構成が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例14のクリーニング部材の被覆膜が実施例1の被覆膜と異なる点は、被覆膜本体の樹脂としてアクリル樹脂(バイヒドールVPLS2058(住友バイエルウレタン社製)100質量部、架橋剤としてメラミン樹脂(ニカラックMW−30M:日本カーバイト社製)30質量部、被覆膜中のカーボンブラック分散体の量として0.2質量部が採用されて被覆膜の架橋度が86%となっている点であり、その他の点については、実施例1の被覆膜と同じである。
(実施例15)
実施例15の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材の被覆膜の構成が異なる点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。この実施例14のクリーニング部材の被覆膜が実施例1の被覆膜と異なる点は、被覆膜本体の樹脂としてポリエステル樹脂(MD1400:東洋紡社製)100質量部、架橋剤としてイソシアネート樹脂(バイヒジュール3100:住友バイエルウレタン)10質量部が採用されて被覆膜の架橋度が25%となっている点であり、その他の点については、実施例1の被覆膜と同じである。
(比較例1)
比較例1の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材において被覆膜が存在しない点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。
(比較例2)
比較例2の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材において被覆膜が存在しない点を除き、実施例9の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。
(比較例3)
比較例3の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材において被覆膜が存在しない点を除き、実施例10の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。
(比較例4)
比較例4の画像形成装置は、クリーニング部材において被覆膜が存在しない点と、セル径が80μmのクリーニング部材が用いられている点を除き、実施例1の画像形成装置と同一の画像形成装置である。比較例4で用いられるクリーニング部材は、下記のようにして製造されたクリーニング部材である。
クリーニング部材における被覆膜の有無を除けば、他の条件は同一の実施例1と比較例1とを比べると、被覆膜が存在しない比較例1では、連続出力終了時において画質上問題となる程度の画像乱れが発生している(評価は×)のに対し、被覆膜が存在する実施例1では、連続出力終了時において画像乱れが全く発生していない(評価は◎)。同様に、クリーニング部材における被覆膜の有無を除けば、他の条件は同一の実施例9と比較例2とを比べると、被覆膜が存在しない比較例2では、連続出力終了時において画質上きわめて大きな問題となる程度の画像乱れが発生している(評価は××)のに対し、被覆膜が存在する実施例9では、連続出力終了時において画像乱れが全く発生していない(評価は◎)。同様に、クリーニング部材における被覆膜の有無を除けば、他の条件は同一の実施例10と比較例3とを比べると、被覆膜が存在しない比較例3では、連続出力時開始時および連続出力終了時の両方において画質上きわめて大きな問題となる程度の画像乱れが発生している(評価は××)のに対し、被覆膜が存在する実施例10では、連続出力時開始時では画像乱れが全く発生しておらず(評価は◎)、連続出力終了時でも微小な画像乱れが発生している程度に留まっている(評価は○)。以上の実施例1と比較例1との比較、実施例9と比較例2との比較、および実施例10と比較例3との比較から、実施例1、実施例9,実施例10のように被覆膜を設けることで、帯電装置の振動を抑えつつ、クリ−ニング部材のクリーニング性を向上させることができるということがわかる。
1…トレイ、
2…排紙トレイ、
3…搬送ロール、
5,5’…中間転写ベルト、
50K,50C,50M,50Y…1次転写ロール、
5a…駆動ロール、
61K,61C,61M,61Y,61…像保持体、
6101,6102,6103,6104…像保持体、
610…基体、
611…下引層、
612…電荷発生層、
612’…感光層、
613…電荷輸送層、
614…保護層、
62K,62C,62M,62Y,62…クリーニング装置、
64K,64C,64M,64Y,64…現像器、
641,642,643,644…現像器、
64’…現像ロータリー、
65K,65C,65M,65Y,65…帯電装置、
7K,7C,7M,7Y,7…露光部、
8…位置あわせロール対、
9…2次転写ロール対、
9b…2次転写ロール、
10…定着器、
13…送出ロール対、
100K,100C,100M,100Y,100,100’…プロセスカートリッジ、
200a…帯電電圧印加部、
20…帯電部材、
20a…シャフト、
20b…帯電ロール、
201…弾性層、
202…抵抗層、
203…表面層、
21…クリーニング部材、
21a…クリーニングロールシャフト、
21b…クリーニングロール、
211…クリーニングロール本体、
212…被覆膜、
23…ベアリング、
23a…スプリング、
3’…給紙ロール、
40a…1次転写ロール、
40b…2次転写ロール、
41a…1次転写バイアス電圧印加部、
41b…2次転写バイアス電圧印加部、
60a,60b,60c…バックアップロール
Claims (9)
- 被帯電体に当接して回転し該被帯電体に電荷を付与する帯電部材と、
前記帯電部材に当接して該帯電部材のクリーニングを行うクリーニング部材であって、発泡構造を有する高分子材料からなる本体と、架橋構造を有する樹脂と導電性粒子との混合物からなり前記本体の表面部分で前記発泡構造の構造壁を被覆した被覆膜とを有するクリーニング部材とを備えたことを特徴とする帯電装置。 - 前記樹脂が、前記架橋構造として、熱、光、および電子線のうちの少なくとも1つによって化学反応する官能基の化学反応によって構成された3次元の架橋構造を有するものであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の帯電装置。
- 前記導電性粒子が、カーボンブラックであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の帯電装置。
- 前記被覆膜は、該被覆膜中の前記樹脂の重量に対する、前記架橋構造を構成する架橋成分の重量の割合を表す架橋度が、65%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の帯電装置。
- 前記本体は、表面に露出している孔の平均的な大きさが100μm以上1.0mm以下の範囲に属するものであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の帯電装置。
- 前記クリーニング部材は、ロール形状を有するものであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の帯電装置。
- 回転しながら表面に像を保持する像保持体と、
前記像保持体に当接して回転し該被帯電体に電荷を付与する帯電部材と、
前記帯電部材に当接して該帯電部材のクリーニングを行うクリーニング部材であって、発泡構造を有する高分子材料からなる本体と、架橋構造を有する樹脂と導電性粒子との混合物からなり前記本体の表面部分で前記発泡構造の構造壁を被覆した被覆膜とを有するクリーニング部材とを備えたことを特徴とするプロセスカートリッジ。 - 回転しながら表面に像を保持する像保持体と、
前記像保持体に当接して回転し該被帯電体に電荷を付与する帯電部材と、
前記帯電部材に当接して該帯電部材のクリーニングを行うクリーニング部材であって、発泡構造を有する高分子材料からなる本体と、架橋構造を有する樹脂と導電性粒子との混合物からなり前記本体の表面部分で前記発泡構造の構造壁を被覆した被覆膜とを有するクリーニング部材と、
前記像保持体上に静電潜像を形成し、該静電潜像を現像することで現像像を形成する像形成部と、
前記現像像を前記像保持体から転写して記録媒体上に定着する転写定着部とを備えたことを特徴とする画像形成装置。 - 発泡構造を有する高分子材料からなる本体と、
架橋構造を有する樹脂と導電性粒子との混合物からなり、前記本体の表面部分で前記発泡構造の構造壁を被覆した被覆膜とを有することを特徴とするクリーニング部材。
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| US12/081,006 US20090067874A1 (en) | 2007-09-07 | 2008-04-09 | Charging device, process cartridge, image forming apparatus, and cleaning member |
| CN2008100965470A CN101382755B (zh) | 2007-09-07 | 2008-05-16 | 充电装置、处理盒、成像设备和清洁部件 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015165271A (ja) * | 2014-03-03 | 2015-09-17 | 株式会社リコー | 帯電装置および画像形成装置 |
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| JP5428574B2 (ja) * | 2009-06-26 | 2014-02-26 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、画像形成装置、およびプロセスカートリッジ |
| JP2011008117A (ja) * | 2009-06-26 | 2011-01-13 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、及び画像形成装置 |
| JP5609034B2 (ja) * | 2009-07-16 | 2014-10-22 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 帯電装置、帯電装置の製造方法、プロセスカートリッジおよび画像形成装置 |
| US8369740B2 (en) * | 2010-04-02 | 2013-02-05 | Wazana Brothers International, Inc | Remanufactured toner cartridge with added cleaning roller for the primary charge roller, and methods |
| JP2012068490A (ja) * | 2010-09-24 | 2012-04-05 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 帯電部材、プロセスカートリッジおよび画像形成装置 |
| CN103185095B (zh) * | 2011-12-29 | 2015-11-18 | 上海壬丰复合材料有限公司 | 一种用于风能发电机偏航器摩擦片及其制造方法 |
| JP6056166B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-26 | 2017-01-11 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 帯電器、像形成構造体、および画像形成装置 |
| CN103143494B (zh) * | 2013-03-12 | 2014-12-03 | 北京机械设备研究所 | 一种防止适配器滑动面起皱的方法 |
| US9725819B2 (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2017-08-08 | Apple Inc. | Methods for incorporating ultraviolet light absorbing compounds into anodic oxides |
| JP6137057B2 (ja) * | 2014-06-06 | 2017-05-31 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 帯電ロール、帯電装置、プロセスカートリッジ、画像形成装置、および帯電ロールの製造方法 |
| US20160231664A1 (en) * | 2015-02-06 | 2016-08-11 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Image forming apparatus |
| JP6149075B2 (ja) * | 2015-07-30 | 2017-06-14 | 住友理工株式会社 | 電子写真機器用クリーニングブレード用組成物および電子写真機器用クリーニングブレード |
| JP6660541B2 (ja) * | 2015-08-18 | 2020-03-11 | 株式会社ジェイテクト | シール部材 |
| JP6691645B2 (ja) * | 2015-11-27 | 2020-05-13 | ヒューレット−パッカード デベロップメント カンパニー エル.ピー.Hewlett‐Packard Development Company, L.P. | 帯電部材 |
| JP6801197B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-08 | 2020-12-16 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 帯電部材、帯電装置、プロセスカートリッジ、及び画像形成装置 |
| JP7040136B2 (ja) * | 2018-03-06 | 2022-03-23 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 画像形成装置および画像形成制御方法 |
| CN110216873A (zh) * | 2019-06-04 | 2019-09-10 | 西安工程大学 | 一种基于电子照相技术的低成本快速成型装置与方法 |
| CN110216875A (zh) * | 2019-06-04 | 2019-09-10 | 西安工程大学 | 一种制作彩色零件的快速成型装置与方法 |
| JP2025066603A (ja) * | 2023-10-11 | 2025-04-23 | キヤノン株式会社 | ドラムカートリッジ |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20090067874A1 (en) | 2009-03-12 |
| CN101382755A (zh) | 2009-03-11 |
| CN101382755B (zh) | 2012-06-06 |
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