JP2008535868A - 免疫調節組成物およびそのための使用 - Google Patents
免疫調節組成物およびそのための使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
1、定義
他に特に定義されない限り、本明細書において使用される全ての技術的および科学的用語は、本発明が属する技術分野の当業者によって共通に理解されるものと同じ意味を有する。本明細書において記載された方法および材料と同様または同等の任意の方法および材料を本発明の実施または試験において使用することができるが、好ましい方法および材料が記載されている。本発明の目的のために、次の用語を以下に定義する。
本発明は、対象の標的抗原に対する二次免疫応答が、標的抗原に対する一次応答の期間に産生され、ならびにナイーブ抗原特異的CD8+細胞が細胞毒性機能およびIFN-γを分泌する能力を獲得するのを妨げる、抗原特異的IL-10分泌CD4+ T細胞の発生によって損なわれる可能性があるという決定から少なくとも一部は生じている。本発明者らはまた、インビトロまたはインビトロのいずれかにおけるIL-10の一時的な中和が、適当な免疫付与後の標的抗原に対するCD8+ IFN-γ応答を開始する対象の能力を回復したということを明らかにした。これらの観察に基づき、本発明者らは、IL-10機能の阻害剤および標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激しまたはさもなければ増強する免疫刺激因子を含む組成物を用いて、一次であれ二次であれ、標的抗原に対する免疫応答を引き起こしまたは維持する対象の能力を維持する、より有効な免疫応答を達成することができるということを提案する。
IL-10機能の阻害剤には、IL-10もしくはその受容体に直接的もしくは間接的に結合しまたはIL-10もしくはその受容体と物理的に会合し、およびその機能または活性(例えば、白血球、とりわけリンパ球およびよりとりわけTリンパ球の上に存在する1つもしくは複数の表面分子(例えば、受容体)への結合または白血球、とりわけリンパ球およびよりとりわけTリンパ球の上に存在する1つもしくは複数の表面分子(例えば、受容体)との相互作用)の少なくとも1つを好適に遮断し、阻害し、またはさもなければ相殺する任意の分子または化合物が含まれる。結合または会合は、誘導された磁場もしくは常磁場の形成、共有結合形成、例えば、イオン格子に生じるようなイオン相互作用、水素結合、またはあるいは例えば、双極子-双極子相互作用、双極子誘導性双極子相互作用、誘導性双極子誘導性相互作用、もしくは反発相互作用などのファンデルワールス相互作用、または上記の引力の任意の組み合わせを伴ってもよい。ある種の態様において、IL-10機能の阻害剤は、IL-10の少なくとも一部と免疫相互作用する抗原結合分子である。これらの態様において、抗原結合分子は活性型または不活性型のIL-10と免疫相互作用することができ、その違いは、活性のあるサイトカインに対する抗原結合分子は、活性のある立体構造中にのみ存在するエピトープを認識する可能性がより高いということである。実例となる抗原結合分子およびそれらの産生のための方法は、米国特許第5,837,232号;第5,837,293号;および第6,239,260号に記載されている。
2.2.1 抗原
本発明は、標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激するための関心対象の標的抗原の少なくとも一部に対応する任意の抗原の本発明の組成物における使用を企図している。そのような抗原は可溶型(例えば、ペプチド、ポリペプチド、もしくはペプチドもしくはポリペプチドが発現可能である核酸分子)であってもよく、もしくは細胞全体もしくは弱毒化した病原体調製物(例えば、弱毒化したウイルスまたは細菌)の形態であってもよく、またはそれは以下により詳細に記載されたような抗原提示細胞によって提示されていてもよい。
抗原提示細胞
本発明はまた、本発明の組成物中の、標的抗原の少なくとも一部に対応する抗原を提示する、抗原提示細胞の使用を企図している。そのような抗原提示細胞には、プロフェッショナルなまたは条件的な抗原提示細胞が含まれる。プロフェッショナルな抗原提示細胞は、Tリンパ球またはBリンパ球を介する免疫応答を刺激またはアネルギー化するために特異的T細胞受容体によって認識される形態で抗原を提示するよう生理的に機能する。プロフェッショナルな抗原提示細胞は、主要組織適合複合体(MHC)の文脈において抗原をプロセシングおよび提示するだけでなく、T細胞活性化と競合し、または寛容原性応答を誘導するのに必要とされるさらなる免疫調節分子も保持する。プロフェッショナルな抗原提示細胞には、マクロファージ、単球、Bリンパ球、単球-顆粒球-DC前駆体を含む、骨髄球系統の細胞、辺縁帯クッパー細胞、ミクログリア、T細胞、ランゲルハンス細胞、ならびに指状嵌入樹状細胞および濾胞樹状細胞を含む樹状細胞が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。プロフェッショナルでないまたは条件的な抗原提示細胞は典型的には、Tリンパ球活性化またはアネルギーと競合するのに必要とされる1つまたは複数の免疫調節分子を欠いている。プロフェッショナルでないまたは条件的な抗原提示細胞の例として、活性化T細胞、好酸球、ケラチノサイト、アストロサイト、濾胞細胞、ミクログリア細胞、胸腺皮質細胞、内皮細胞、シュワン細胞、網膜色素上皮細胞、筋芽細胞、血管平滑筋細胞、軟骨細胞、腸細胞、胸腺細胞、腎尿管細胞、および線維細胞芽が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。幾つかの態様において、抗原提示細胞は、単球、マクロファージ、Bリンパ球、骨髄球系統の細胞、樹状細胞、またはランゲルハンス細胞より選択される。ある種の好都合な態様において、抗原提示細胞は、CD11cを発現し、および樹状細胞を含む。
幾つかの態様において、上で記載された抗原提示細胞は、抗原または抗原の群に対するプライミングを受けたTリンパ球を産生するのに有用である。例えば抗原特異的な抗原提示細胞を抗原特異的な細胞溶解性Tリンパ球(CTL)の標的として用いてTリンパ球のインビトロでの細胞溶解活性をアッセイすること;抗原特異的Tリンパ球増殖をアッセイすること(例えば、Vollenweider and Groseurth, 1992, J. Immunol. Meth. 149:133-135参照)、例えば、ELISPOTアッセイ法、およびELISAアッセイ法を用いて抗原に対するB細胞応答を測定すること;サイトカインプロファイルを調べること;または特定の抗原に対する皮膚反応の試験によって遅延型超過敏(DTH)反応を測定すること(例えば、Chang et al.(1993, Cancer Res. 53:1043-1050)参照)を含むが、これらに限定されない、任意の好適な方法によって、リンパ球、とりわけTリンパ球が特定の抗原に対する免疫応答を示すように誘導する効率を決定することができる。抗原に対する曝露の後に抗原提示細胞の表面上の抗原の存在を検出することができる、当業者に公知のその他の方法もまた本発明によって企図されている。
本発明はまた、選択された標的抗原と特異的に免疫相互作用する抗原結合分子の免疫調節剤としての使用を企図している。幾つかの態様において、標的抗原は、疾患もしくは病気においてまたは免疫応答の増強が必要とされる特定の病原体によって発現される。その他の態様において、標的抗原は典型的には、正常状態または疾患もしくは病気がない状態と比べて疾患または病気においてより高いレベルで、異常に発現される。抗原結合分子は、例えば第2.2.1節で記載されたような標的抗原と好適に相互作用性がある。本発明において有用な多数の抗原結合分子が当技術分野において公知である。結腸癌が処置の対象である実例となる例において、抗原結合分子は、Cripto-1タンパク質、Pim-1タンパク質、または例えば、米国特許出願刊行物第20040176576号で開示されたような、結腸癌細胞溶解物中に存在する抗原より選択される抗原と免疫相互作用する。
幾つかの態様において、組成物は、flt3、SCF、IL-3、IL-6、GM-CSF、G-CSF、TNF-α、IL-4、TNF-β、LT-β、IL-2、IL-7、IL-9、IL-15、IL-13、IL-5、IL-1α、IL-1β、IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-16、IL-18、HGF、IL-11、MSP、FasL、TRAIL、TRANCE、LIGHT、TWEAK、CD27L、CD30L、CD40L、APRIL、TALL-1、4-1BBL、OX40L、GITRL、IGF-I、IGF-II、HGF、MSP、FGF-a、FGF-b、FGF-3〜19、NGF、BDNF、NT、Tpo、Epo、Ang1〜4、PDGF-AA、PDGF-BB、VEGF-A、VEGF-B、VEGF-C、VEGF-D、PIGF、EGF、TGF-α、AR、BTC、HRG、HB-EGF、SMDF、OB、CT-1、CNTF、OSM、SCF、Flt-3L、M-CSF、MK、およびPTN、またはそれらの機能的、組換えもしくは化学的同等物、またはその相同体より好適に選択される、1つまたは複数のサイトカインをさらに含む。好ましくは、サイトカインは、IL-12、IL-3、IL-5、TNF、GMCSF、およびIFN-γからなる群より選択される。
本発明に従って、免疫応答をプライミングまたはブーストするための第2.2.2節で記載されたような抗原提示細胞および/または免疫エフェクター細胞と一緒に、例えば第2.1節で記載されたような、IL-10機能の阻害剤を患者に投与することができる。これらの細胞に基づく組成物は、それゆえ、標的抗原の存在または異常発現と関連する疾患または病気を処置または防止するために有用である。抗原または抗原の群に対する所望の免疫応答を産生する、任意の手段(例えば、注射)によって、本発明の細胞を患者に導入することができる。細胞は患者(すなわち、自己細胞)に由来してもよいし、または患者とMHCが一致したもしくは一致しない(すなわち、同種異系の)1人の個体または複数の個体に由来してもよい。典型的には、自己細胞を注射して源細胞を得た患者に戻す。注射部位は、皮下、腹腔内、筋肉内、皮内、または静脈内であってもよい。疾患または病気の症状を処置または防止または緩和するために十分な数で、既に疾患もしくは病気を患っている患者または疾患もしくは病気の傾向がある患者に細胞を投与してもよい。処置または予防を必要とする患者に注射する細胞の数は、とりわけ1つの抗原または複数の抗原、および個体のサイズによって変わってもよい。この数は、例えば約103〜1011、および普通は105〜107細胞(例えば、樹状細胞またはTリンパ球)の範囲であってもよい。処置している医師によって選択されている細胞数および様式で、単回または複数回の細胞の投与を実行することができる。細胞および個体にとって無毒である、薬学的に許容される担体の中で、細胞を投与すべきである。そのような担体は、細胞を増殖させた増殖培地、またはリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水などの任意の好適な緩衝培地であってもよい。単独でまたは例えば、グルココルチコイド、メトトレキサート、D-ペニシルアミン、ヒドロキシクロロキン、金塩、スルファサラジン、TNFαもしくはインターロイキン-1阻害剤、および/または特定の免疫療法のその他の形態などの、しかしこれらに限定されない、望まない免疫応答の処置もしくは防止のための当技術分野において公知のその他の治療と併用した補助療法として、細胞を投与してもよい。
本発明はまた、標的抗原の存在または異常発現と関連する様々な疾患または病気の処置または予防のための活性成分として、例えば第2.1節で記載されたような、IL-10機能の阻害剤を含む、ワクチン、および免疫刺激薬剤、例えば、第2.2.1節で記載されたような抗原、第2.2.2節で記載されたような免疫エフェクター細胞、もしくは第2.2.3節で記載されたような抗原結合分子、またはその組み合わせ(治療的/予防的薬剤)を含む、免疫調節製剤を企図している。これらの治療的/予防的薬剤を、それらだけで、またはそれらが好適な薬学的に許容される担体および/もしくは希釈剤、またはアジュバントと混合されている製剤中でのいずれかで、患者に投与することができる。
免疫学的にナイーブであり、または以前にその抗原に対する免疫応答を引き起こしたことがある対象における標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激するために、本発明の組成物を用いてもよい。したがって、本発明はまた、対象に本発明の組成物またはワクチンを投与することによって、対象における免疫応答を増強するための方法にまで至る。好都合には、免疫応答は細胞介在性の免疫応答(例えば、望ましくはCD8+ IFN-γ産生T細胞を含む、T細胞介在性の応答)である。例えば、上で議論されたように、連続的に、同時に、または個別的にのいずれかで、組成物の活性成分を投与してもよい。
この方法はまた、その処置の有効性を増大させるために、発現ベクターによってコードされるタンパク質に応答する細胞の、注射、外科的埋め込み、点滴、または任意のその他の手段による局部適用と組み合わせて、用いることもできる。この方法はまた、タンパク質の活性に必要とされる1つまたは複数の別の因子の、注射、外科的埋め込み、点滴、または任意のその他の手段による局部適用と組み合わせて、用いることもできる。
ポリヌクレオチド/発現ベクターを標的分子に連結すること(例えば、抗原結合分子を利用する、いわゆる、「魔法の弾丸」アプローチ)によって、または発現ベクターによってコードされるタンパク質の活性に必要とされる1つまたは複数の別の因子の、もしくはタンパク質に応答する細胞の、注射、外科的埋め込み、点滴、もしくは任意のその他の手段による局部適用によって、標的の改善を達成してもよい。例えば、アンチセンスIL-10ポリヌクレオチドを含むリポソームの場合、皮膚癌でより高いレベルで発現される、EGF受容体に特異的である、免疫相互作用性薬剤のリポソームコート内への取り込みによって、リポソームを皮膚癌細胞、例えば、扁平上皮癌細胞に標的してもよい。
プラスミド、バクテリオファージ、コスミド、(アデノウイルスもしくはレトロウイルス;Mulligan, 1993, Science 260 926-932;Miller, 1992, Nature 357 455-460;Salmons et al., 1993, Hum. Gen. Ther. 4 129-141などの)ウイルス、もしくはその他のベクター、またはリポソーム(Zhu et al., 1993, Science 261 209-212)、ウイルスカプシド、もしくはナノ粒子(Bertling et al., 1991, Biotech. Appl. Biochem. 13 390-405)などのその他の改変の薬剤、または任意のその他の改変の媒介物によって、改変を媒介することができる。遺伝子または遺伝子産物用の送達ビークルとしての細胞の使用は、Barr et al., 1991, Science 254 1507-1521によっておよびDhawan et al., 1991, Science 254 1509-1521によって記載されている。標的細胞は、処置される対象におけるそれらの生存を促進すると考えられる任意の栄養物、増殖因子、マトリックス、またはその他の薬剤と組み合わせて送達することができる。
実施例1
抗原を経験した宿主における新しいCD8 T細胞IFN-ガンマ応答を発生させるための抗原原罪の克服
材料および方法
マウス
Animal Resource Centre(ARC, Perth, Australia)から特定病原体を含まない状態(SPF)で4〜8週齢の成獣メスC57BL/6(H-2b)マウスを購入し、別の場所で記載されたように、C57BL/6Jバックグラウンド上のヒトパピローマウイルス16 E7(RAHYNNIVTF)MHCクラスI制限T細胞受容体ベータ鎖トランスジェニックマウスを研究室で産生した(Matsumoto, 2004, J Natl Cancer Inst 96:1611-1619)。マウスは始めから終わりまでSPF条件の下で管理され、および実験は全てUniversity of Queensland動物実験倫理委員会の指針によって承認され、かつ該指針に従って行われた。
スポドプテラ フルギペルダ(Spodoptera frugiperda)(Sf-9)細胞(Life Technique)を、Sf-9 IIサプリメント(Life Technique)および10%胎仔ウシ血清(FBS)(CSL, Melbourne)を含むSf-900 II培地中で、27℃で維持した。抗IL-10Rハイブリドーマ(3B1.3a)は、Centenary Institute, University of SydneyのWarwick Britton博士によって快く提供され、および10% FBSを含むRPMI-1640(Invitrogen, USA)中で維持された。
密度勾配遠心分離によって、マウス血液単核細胞の単離を行った。簡潔に述べると、200μLの静脈血を0.2% EDTA Na2(Sigma-Aldrich)を含むPBSに添加し、および1mLのHistopaque(Sigma-Aldrich)に重層した。400g、15分間、22℃での遠心分離の後、中間層を0.1%ウシ血清アルブミンおよび0.1% NaN3を含むPBSで徹底的に洗浄し、その後室温で15分間、FITCがコンジュゲートされたMAbに曝露させ、ならびにBecton Dickinson FACSCaliberフローサイトメーターおよびCellquest(Becton Dickinson)ソフトウェアを用いて解析した。
ヒトパピローマウイルス6bL1、BPV1L1 VLP(L1VLP)およびBPV1L1/HPV16E7CTL(L1E7VLP)組換えタンパク質をコードするバキュロウイルスの構築が記載されている(Peng et al., 1998, Virology 240:147-157)。以前に記載された(Liu et al., 2003, 前記)ようなCsCl勾配遠心分離によって、L1組換えバキュロウイルスを感染させたSF9細胞の核からVLPを精製した。VLPの同一性および完全性を確認するために、試料を透過電子顕微鏡および免疫ブロッティングに供した。免疫ブロット解析については、タンパク質試料をSDS-PAGE試料緩衝剤中で希釈し、10% SDS-PAGEゲル中で電気泳動し、およびニトロセルロース膜に転写した。抗L1モノクローナル抗体MC15(Kulski et al., 1998, Virology 243:275-282)で膜をプロービングした。結合した抗体は、膜のセイヨウワサビペルオキシダーゼがコンジュゲートされたヒツジ抗マウス抗体(Silenus)とのインキュベーションによって検出し、および増強された化学発光(Amersham)を用いて可視化した。電子顕微鏡については、CsCl勾配精製および透析したVLP試料を炭素コーティングした格子の上に載せ、2%モリブデン酸アンモニウム、pH6.2で染色し、およびHitachi H-800電子顕微鏡で調べた。
3または5匹のマウスの群に、水酸化アルミニウムゲル(「ミョウバン」)と共にまたはなしで、示されたように30または50μgのVLPで免疫付与を施した。免疫付与の間、イソフルオラン(Abbott)でマウスに軽く麻酔をかけた。VLPは、50μLのPBS中にあり、または等量のミョウバンと混合されていた。インビボ中和実験のために、0.5〜1mgのモノクローナル抗体または正常ラット血清を腹腔内に投与した。
製造元の推奨する手順に従って、以前に記載されたように、IL-5、IL-10、およびIFN-γ(R&D system, USA)についてのELISAを行った(Liu et al., 2003, 前記)。
記載されたようにELISPOTを行った(Khammanivong et al., 2003, Immunol Cell Biol 81:1-7)。簡潔に述べると、IL-2(Life Techniques)の添加ありまたはなしで、1つの脾臓細胞またはリンパ節懸濁を、抗IFNγ(BD PharMingen)でコーティングした膜基盤96ウェルプレート(Millipore)に添加した。様々な濃度でペプチドを添加し、および37℃で18時間、細胞をペプチドと共に保持した。ビオチン化抗IFNガンマ(BD PharMingen)、アビジン・セイヨウワサビペルオキシダーゼ(Sigma-Aldrich)、およびDAB(Sigma-Aldrich)へのプレートの連続的曝露によって、抗原特異的IFNγ分泌細胞を検出した。
C57BL/6Jマウス脾臓を1mg/mlのコラゲナーゼD(Roche)中で保持し、および500ulのコラゲナーゼDを各々の脾臓の中に注射した。その後、脾臓をより小さい破片に切り、37℃で45〜60分間、5mlのコラゲナーゼD中で保持し、およびスチール製のメッシュに通した。細胞をカウントし、2% FBSを含むRPMI中で洗浄し、および108トータル細胞当たり、2%FBSを含む400mL RPMI中で再懸濁した。100μLのMACS CD11cマイクロビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec)を添加し、および15分間、6〜12℃で保持した。洗浄後、108細胞当たり500μl中で、細胞を再懸濁した。製造元のプロトコルに従って、CD11c陽性細胞をLSカラム(Miltenyi Biotec)で陽性選択した。フローサイトメトリーによって評価した場合、CD11c+細胞の純度はおよそ80%であった。
抗原によるプライミングを受けたCD4+ T細胞について濃縮されたリンパ球集団を発生させるために、マウスにL1VLPで2回免疫付与を施し、および2回目の免疫付与の7日後に、排出鼠径リンパ節を除去した。細胞を70μmナイロン膜(BD, PharMingen)に通し、および1ml RPMI+2% FBS中で再懸濁した。108細胞毎に:抗Gr-1 MAb 8μL、抗B220 MAb 6μL、抗MHC II(I-Ab)MAb 5μL、抗FcγII/III MAb 4μL、および抗CD8 MAb 6μLを添加した。室温で15分間のインキュベーションの後、細胞を1mlのRPMI+2% FBS中で洗浄および再懸濁した。抗ラットMACSビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec)を、100μL/108細胞で、9℃で15分間添加し、RPMI培地で洗浄し、および製造元のプロトコルに従ってLSカラムに通した。CD4+ T細胞の陽性選択のために、細胞を4℃で1時間、抗CD4 MAb(RM4-4)と共に保持し、その後4℃で1時間、ラット抗CD4 Dynabeadビーズと共に回転ミキサーで保持した。その後、製造元の取扱説明書に従って、Magnetic Particle Concentrator(Dynal Biotech)を用いて、CD4+細胞を陽性選択した。
105 CD11+細胞を37℃で18時間、40μgのBPVL1 VLP、BPV1-HPV16E7キメラVLP、またはHPV6 VLPに曝露した。徹底的な洗浄の後、細胞をU型96ウェル組織培養プレート(Cellstar)に置き、およびC57Bl/6マウス由来、またはE7 T細胞と名付けられた、MHCクラスI制限E7ペプチドRAHYNIVTFに特異的なTCRβ鎖トランスジーンを有するC57Bl/6マウス由来の、37℃で2時間のプラスチックへの曝露によって接着細胞を枯渇させた、異なる数の脾臓細胞を添加した。TCRβ鎖トランスジェニックC57Bl/6動物由来のT細胞のおよそ50%は、E7ペプチドテトラマーに結合し、かつE7ペプチドでパルスした標的に応答してIFN-γを分泌する(Matsumoto et al., J Natl Cancer Inst. 96(21):1611-1619, 2004)。細胞を37℃で2日間保持し、およびサイトカイン測定用に上清を回収した。3Hチミジンを培養プレートにさらに16時間添加し、およびT細胞増殖を記載されたようにアッセイした(Fernando et al., 1998, J Immunol 161:2421-2427)。幾つかの実験において、L1 VLPまたは無関係な抗原で免疫付与を施されたマウス由来のCD4濃縮リンパ球をVLPに曝露されたCD11c+細胞に18時間添加した。その後、E7 T細胞および15μg/mlのGK1.5ブロッキング抗体を添加し、細胞を培養し、48時間後に記載されたようにサイトカイン分泌および増殖を評価した。
両側スチューデントt検定を用いて統計解析を行った。
キャリアによるプライミングを受けたCD4+細胞はインビボでのCD8 T細胞によるIFN-γ分泌の阻害を媒介する
ウイルスカプシドキャリアと結合したMHCクラスI制限エピトープの投与は、エピトープ特異的なIFN-γ分泌CD8 T細胞を誘導する(Peng et al., 1998, 前記;Liu et al., 2000, Virology 273:374-382)。しかしながら、ウイルスカプシドと関連する新しいエピトープに対するIFN-γ応答の活性化は、抗原原罪と称される観察である、キャリアウイルスカプシドに対する既存の免疫によって阻害される(Liu et al., 2003, 前記;Da Silva, 2001 前記)。本発明者らは、そのような阻害がキャリア抗原プライミングの部位に局在化し、かつIL-10産生を必要とするということを以前に示した(Liu et al., 2003, 前記)。本研究において、本発明者らは、観察された阻害の機構およびそれを克服する手段を定義している。調節機能を有するIL-10分泌T細胞は主にCD4+細胞であるので(Sakaguchi, 2004, Annu Rev Immunol 22:531-562)、免疫CD4細胞が以前に観察されたIFN-γ応答の阻害にインビボで必要かどうかを立証するということが決定された。それゆえ、本発明者らは、ウイルスカプシドと関連する新しいE7エピトープに対するIFN-γ応答を開始することができないBPV1 L1ウイルスカプシドでプライムした動物からCD4+細胞を枯渇させた。その後、本発明者らは、3週間にわたってナイーブCD4集団の回復を観察し(図1C)、およびL1E7 VLPによる免疫付与によってE7エピトープに対するIFN-γ応答を開始する能力の回復について検討した。予想された通り、E7エピトープ特異的IFNγ応答は、ナイーブ動物ではL1E7 VLPによって誘導され、L1 VLPによるプライミングを受けた、枯渇させていないマウスではL1E7 VLPで誘導されなかった。しかしながら、E7特異的IFN-γ分泌T細胞は、抗原経験CD4細胞を枯渇させ、かつL1E7 VLPによる免疫付与の前にナイーブCD4を回復させたL1 VLP免疫付与マウスで容易に検出された(図1D)。これらの結果は、本発明者らのこれまでの知見を確認し、かつウイルスカプシド特異的CD4+ T細胞がエピトープ特異的IFN-γ応答に必要とされるということをインビボで示している。
E7ペプチドがVLPに共有結合的に連結されていない場合、E7ペプチド特異的T細胞応答は、E7タンパク質およびL1 VLPで免疫付与を施されたL1 VLPによるプライミングを受けた宿主で観察される(Liu et al., 2003, 前記)。これは、同じDCがCD4 T細胞に対してはL1 VLPペプチドを提示し、かつCD8 T細胞に対してはE7ペプチドを提示する場合、CD4細胞は、IL-10を分泌することによって、E7特異的CD8細胞の運命に局部的に影響を与えるという仮説を示唆する。この仮説を詳しく調べるために、本発明者らは、マウス脾臓から単離したCD11c+細胞(これから先、DCと呼ぶ)をL1 VLP、L1E7 VLP、または無関係なHPV6L1 VLPに18時間曝露させるインビトロ系を組み立てた。その後、抗原をパルスしたDCによるナイーブE7特異的(TCRトランスジェニック)CD8 T細胞のインビトロでの活性化をIFN-γ分泌およびT細胞増殖として評価した。予想された通り、E7特異的CD8+ T細胞のインビトロでの活性化は、L1E7 VLPに曝露されたDCについては観察されたが、L1 VLPまたはHPV6L1 VLPについては観察されなかった(図2A)。パルスされていないDCまたはL1 VLPに曝露されたDCに曝露されたCD8+またはCD4+ T細胞からの顕著なIFN-γ分泌は観察されず(図2B、C)、インビトロ系の特異性が示されている。
L1E7を提示するDCと免疫CD4細胞を共培養した場合、E7特異的CD8+ T細胞によるIFNγ分泌は阻害されたが、T細胞増殖は増大し(図2C)、抗原に曝露されたDCによるE7 TCRトランスジェニックT細胞の活性化が、抗原提示が起こるサイトカイン環境によって、異なる機能的結果を結果的にもたらすことが示唆された。IL-10分泌CD4+ T細胞によるCD8+ T細胞によるIFN-γ産生の観察された抑制が、エフェクター表現型の発達の不全を表すのか、あるいはTc1からTc2型へのエフェクター表現型の移行を表すのかを詳細に調べるために、本発明者らは、共培養中での細胞によるIL-5産生を測定した。CD8+ T細胞によるIL-5分泌は、無関係なCD4+ T細胞の添加によるよりも、L1 VLPおよびミョウバンで免疫付与を施された動物由来のCD4 T細胞の添加による方が、高かった(図4A)。E7特異的CD8+ T細胞が増強されたIL-5分泌の源であるかどうかを明確にするために、抗原に曝露されたDCとの共培養の18時間後にCD4細胞を除去し(図4、FACS結果)、その後「教育された」DCをE7TCR CD8 T細胞、または無関係なCD8+ T細胞と培養した。DCがL1特異的CD4細胞によって教育されていても、CD4+ T細胞に曝露されていなくても、E7特異的T細胞増殖は同じようであった(図4Ba、c、e)。しかしながら、特にプライミングを受けたCD4+細胞が大量のIL-10を分泌するようにミョウバンで誘導された場合、抗原によってプライミングを受けたCD4+細胞によって教育されたDCと共に培養したE7特異的T細胞によって、顕著により多いIL-5が産生された(図4B b、d、f)。興味深いことに、高レベルのIL-5分泌は、IL-10分泌CD4+ T細胞によって教育されたDCに曝露された無関係なナイーブT細胞からも観察され(図4B、f)、そのようなDCがIL-5を分泌するようにCD8+ T細胞を非特異的に誘導することができることが示唆された。したがって、DCによって提示されるそれらの同種抗原を認識するCD4+ T細胞によるDCの事前教育によって、インビトロで抗原によってプライミングを受けたDCに曝露されたCD8によって産生されるサイトカインを決定することができる。
本発明者らは、キャリアタンパク質に対する動物の事前プライミングの結果の、キャリアタンパク質と連結されたエピトープに対するTc1型CD8応答の阻害を克服し得る方法を検討した。癌または慢性ウイルス感染を有する患者は、抗体および腫瘍またはウイルス抗原特異的CTLエフェクターの欠如を特徴とする、ウイルスおよび腫瘍特異的抗原に対する効果のない免疫応答を一般に有するので、そのような阻害を克服することは免疫療法にとって重要である可能性がある。刺激としてのCpG DNAと一緒にVLPを自然免疫系に投与することによって、誘導されたCD8+免疫応答の規模を増大させることができ(Storni, 2002, J Immunol 168:2880-2886)、それゆえ本発明者らは、CpGと共にL1E7によって、ウイルスカプシドタンパク質によってプライミングを受けたマウスに免疫付与を施したが、E7特異的CD8 IFN-γ応答の誘導は見られなかった(図5A、B)。したがって、プライミングを受けた宿主における抗原の免疫原性をDCのより良い活性化を通じて増大させることによって、事前プライミングによる新しいCD8+ Tc1応答の観察された阻害を克服することができなかった。その後、本発明者らは、IL-10を中和することが、L1でプライミングを受けたマウスに、L1E7での免疫付与によるE7特異的IFN-γ応答を開始する能力を回復させることができるかどうかをインビトロおよびインビボで検討した。異なる濃度の抗IL-10中和抗体をインビトロDC/CD4/CD8共培養系に添加し、抗IL-10によって、E7特異的CD8+ T細胞IFN-γ分泌が用量依存的な様式で回復したが、T細胞増殖は変更しなかった(図3A)。これらの結果により、IL-10の存在下で活性化されたE7TCRは増殖によって応答することはできるが、IFNγを産生しないという本発明者らの知見が確かめられた。次に、本発明者らは、抗IL-10受容体抗体の投与を通じて、IL-10受容体を遮断することによってインビボでのIL-10の効果を中和することが、L1VLPでプライミングを受けたマウスにおいて、L1E7に対するE7特異的IFN-γ応答を回復させることができるかどうかを詳しく調べた。L1E7 VLPによる免疫付与の時点で、L1 VLPでプライミングを受けたマウスにIL-10受容体に対する遮断抗体、またはラット血清を投与した。IFN-γ分泌E7特異的CD8 T細胞は、抗IL-10Rを受けたマウスでは観察されたが、正常ラット血清を受けたマウスでは観察されず、IL-10の一時的中和が、L1に対する事前プライミングにもかかわらず、L1E7によるE7特異的IFN-γ分泌CD8 T細胞の誘導を可能にすることができることが示された(図3B)。
IL-10の中和による新たな炎症性応答の発生
材料および方法
マウスの免疫付与
50μgのHPV 16E7および10μgのQuilAで、マウスに免疫付与を施した。幾つかのマウスは、腹腔内に、0.3mgの抗IL-10受容体抗体の形態のIL-10阻害剤も受けた。
HPV 16E7が上皮細胞でのみ発現している、ドナーK14E7マウス由来の耳全体を外科的に除去し、かつ背側表面および腹側表面を分離した。トランスジェニック移植片をC57BL/6マウスの脇腹に置き、抗生物質を浸透させたVaselineガーゼ(Bactigrass, Smith and Nephew, London)で適切な位置に保持し、微小孔テープおよび包帯(CoFlex;Andover, Salisbury, MA)で7日間覆い、ならびに7日目にそれらが付着しかつ血管が通った場合、技術的にうまく行ったと評価した。研究の期間中は週に3回、皮膚移植片を観察し、および表1のデータは移植後14日目の移植片状況をまとめている。
本発明者らは、ケラチン14(K14)プロモーターからE7を発現する皮膚移植片はナイーブの同系動物によって拒絶されず、およびE7に対する炎症応答の証拠またはE7に対する測定可能な全身性免疫を誘導する証拠を示さないということを以前に明らかにした。そのような移植片を持つマウスの免疫付与は、抗体、遅延型超過敏(DTH)、およびE7特異的CTLとして測定可能なE7に対する免疫を誘導するが、E7発現移植片に対する効果を有さない(Matsumoto, K., et al., 2004, J Natl Cancer Inst 96:1611;Dunn, L. A., Met al., 1997. Virology 235:94)。しかしながら、106 E7 TCRトランスジェニックT細胞の受動的な移入とE7免疫付与によって拒絶が達成されることができるので、移植片はE7特異的CTLによる拒絶を受け易い。
Claims (29)
- 標的抗原に対してナイーブである対象または以前に標的抗原に対する免疫応答を引き起こしたことがある対象における標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激するための組成物であって、標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激しまたはさもなければ増強する免疫刺激因子およびIL-10機能の阻害剤を含む組成物。
- 免疫刺激因子が、標的抗原の少なくとも一部、標的抗原と免疫相互作用する抗原結合分子、および標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激しまたはさもなければ増強する免疫刺激細胞に対応する抗原より選択される、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 標的抗原が関心対象の疾患または病気と関連する、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 標的抗原が病原生物または癌によって産生される、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 標的抗原の少なくとも一部に対応する抗原が可溶型である、請求項2記載の組成物。
- 標的抗原の少なくとも一部に対応する抗原が粒子または細胞である、請求項2記載の組成物。
- 標的抗原の少なくとも一部に対応する抗原が抗原提示細胞によって提示される、請求項2記載の組成物。
- 免疫調節剤が、そのレベルまたは機能的活性を低下させるよう標的抗原と結合しまたはさもなければ相互作用する抗原結合分子である、請求項2記載の組成物。
- 免疫刺激細胞が免疫エフェクター細胞である、請求項2記載の組成物。
- 免疫エフェクター細胞が抗原特異的Tリンパ球より選択される、請求項9記載の組成物。
- 標的抗原に対するまたは複数の標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激しまたはさもなければ増強する、少なくとも1つのその他の免疫刺激因子をさらに含む、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 対象が以前に標的抗原に対する免疫応答を引き起こしたことがあり、および免疫刺激因子が標的抗原に対応する抗原を含み、対応する抗原のアミノ酸配列が少なくとも該部分のアミノ酸配列と同じである、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 対象が以前に標的抗原に対する免疫応答を引き起こしたことがあり、および免疫刺激因子が標的抗原に対応する抗原を含み、少なくとも1つのアミノ酸残基の付加、欠失、または置換によって、対応する抗原のアミノ酸配列が少なくとも該部分のアミノ酸配列と区別される、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 対応する抗原が、対象が既に免疫応答を引き起こしたことがある天然の抗原である、請求項12または請求項13記載の組成物。
- IL-10機能の阻害剤が、可溶性もしくは欠損IL-10受容体もしくはその断片、IL-10受容体もしくはその断片を発現する細胞、IL-10もしくはIL-10受容体と免疫相互作用する抗原結合分子、IL-10遺伝子の発現もしくはIL-10発現産物の機能的活性を阻害する核酸、またはIL-10の小分子阻害剤より選択される、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 薬学的に許容される担体または希釈剤をさらに含む、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 免疫刺激の有効性を増強するアジュバントをさらに含む、請求項1記載の組成物。
- アジュバントが抗原をクラスI主要組織適合経路に送達する、請求項17記載の組成物。
- アジュバントが、標的細胞の細胞質への抗原の送達を媒介するサポニン含有化合物および細胞溶解素より選択される、請求項17記載の組成物。
- 細胞溶解素が抗原と連結しまたはさもなければ会合している、請求項19記載の組成物。
- 細胞溶解素が、抗原提示細胞の空胞から細胞質への抗原の移動を媒介する、請求項19記載の組成物。
- 細胞溶解素がリステリオリシンである、請求項19記載の組成物。
- 標的抗原に対してナイーブである対象または以前に標的抗原に対する免疫応答を引き起こしたことがある対象における免疫応答を刺激するための方法であって、標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激しまたはさもなければ増強する免疫刺激因子およびIL-10機能の阻害剤の有効量を対象に投与する工程を含む方法。
- 免疫応答がT細胞を介する免疫応答である、請求項23記載の方法。
- 免疫応答が、対象における標的抗原の存在または異常発現と関連する疾患または病気の処置または予防に必要である、請求項23記載の方法。
- 疾患はまたは病気が、病原感染、免疫不全を特徴とする疾患、または癌より選択される、請求項25記載の方法。
- それによって標的抗原に対する免疫応答を維持または増強するために、少なくとも1つのその他の有効量の免疫刺激因子および任意で少なくとも1つのその他の有効量のIL-10機能の阻害剤を投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項23記載の方法。
- 標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激または増強するための医用製剤の製造における、IL-10機能の阻害剤および標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激しまたはさもなければ増強する免疫刺激薬剤の使用。
- 標的抗原の存在または異常発現と関連する疾患または病気を処置または予防するための医用製剤の製造における、IL-10機能の阻害剤および標的抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激しまたはさもなければ増強する免疫刺激薬剤の使用。
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| CN102631671B (zh) * | 2012-04-05 | 2014-11-26 | 倪国颖 | 提高疫苗诱导的细胞毒性t细胞反应的治疗性疫苗 |
| CA2915728A1 (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2015-02-26 | Thomas Kramps | Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine |
| WO2015149944A2 (en) | 2014-04-01 | 2015-10-08 | Curevac Gmbh | Polymeric carrier cargo complex for use as an immunostimulating agent or as an adjuvant |
| CA2954414A1 (en) * | 2014-07-15 | 2016-01-21 | Juno Therapeutics, Inc. | Engineered cells for adoptive cell therapy |
| US11361841B2 (en) * | 2016-02-12 | 2022-06-14 | Nantomics Llc | High-throughput identification of patient-specific neoepitopes as therapeutic targets for cancer immunotherapies |
| AU2016419048B2 (en) * | 2016-08-11 | 2024-02-15 | The Council Of The Queensland Institute Of Medical Research | Immune-modulating compounds |
| EP3737409A1 (en) * | 2018-01-12 | 2020-11-18 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods for improving vaccine responsiveness |
| WO2019140372A2 (en) | 2018-01-12 | 2019-07-18 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods of treatment by inhibition of bfl 1 |
| JP7714465B2 (ja) * | 2019-02-27 | 2025-07-29 | ザ ジェネラル ホスピタル コーポレイション | 弱毒化サルモネラ・チフィムリウム(Salmonella typhimurium)を使用する良性神経系腫瘍の処置 |
| US12478607B2 (en) | 2019-07-11 | 2025-11-25 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Compounds useful for inhibiting BFL1 and their use in therapy |
| KR20230011920A (ko) * | 2020-03-16 | 2023-01-25 | 브리제 유니버시타이트 브루셀 | 수지상 세포의 잠재력을 증강시키기 위한 mrna의 혼합물 |
| CN116712565A (zh) * | 2023-06-12 | 2023-09-08 | 南京鼓楼医院 | 一种口服胃癌疫苗 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7390619B1 (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 2008-06-24 | Maxygen, Inc. | Optimization of immunomodulatory properties of genetic vaccines |
| US20040057958A1 (en) * | 2002-05-17 | 2004-03-25 | Waggoner David W. | Immunogenicity-enhancing carriers and compositions thereof and methods of using the same |
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- 2006-04-18 EP EP06721395A patent/EP1874348A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-04-18 CA CA 2604242 patent/CA2604242A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-04-18 US US11/911,507 patent/US20080248067A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-04-18 WO PCT/AU2006/000514 patent/WO2006108241A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-04-18 CN CNA2006800210412A patent/CN101198353A/zh active Pending
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2019508044A (ja) * | 2016-03-18 | 2019-03-28 | ナントセル,インコーポレイテッド | 樹状細胞感染のための多モードベクター |
| CN113165866A (zh) * | 2018-10-04 | 2021-07-23 | Sqz生物技术公司 | 细胞内递送生物分子以增强抗原呈递细胞功能 |
| JP2022512593A (ja) * | 2018-10-04 | 2022-02-07 | スクイーズ バイオテクノロジーズ カンパニー | 抗原提示細胞の機能を増強するための生体分子の細胞内送達 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1874348A4 (en) | 2009-10-28 |
| WO2006108241A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
| CA2604242A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
| US20080248067A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
| EP1874348A1 (en) | 2008-01-09 |
| CN101198353A (zh) | 2008-06-11 |
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