JP2008183413A - 給湿装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明の給湿装置は、気体が必要な患者またはその他の人に供給する気体を給湿する給湿装置であって、給湿チャンバ手段を通って気体が流れるように入口と出口とを有する給湿チャンバ手段1と、給湿チャンバ手段に隣接して設けられ給湿チャンバ手段を通過する気体に水蒸気を供給するために給湿チャンバ手段内の液体水を蒸発させるように構成されたチャンバ加熱手段9と、気体が必要な患者にまたはその他の人に気体流を送るために給湿チャンバの出口に連結される気体搬送通路手段11と、予め定められた温度特性とほぼ一致するように気体搬送通路手段に沿った気体流の温度特性および/または気体搬送通路手段の温度特性を調整するように構成された調整式導管加熱手段12とを備えている。
【選択図】図1
Description
従来の給湿システムの第四の欠点は、センサを患者に非常に近接して配置する必要があり、患者の気道にある装置の重量および体積を増加させてしまうことである。
本発明の他の好ましい態様によれば、前記調整式導管加熱手段は負温度係数材料の少なくとも一つの部分を備え、前記各部分の局所的な電気抵抗は局所的な温度に負方向に関係する。
本発明の他の好ましい態様によれば、前記患者インターフェイス手段は、正温度係数材料の少なくとも一つの部分を有する患者インターフェイス加熱手段を備え、前記正温度係数材料の各部分の局所的な電気抵抗値は局所的な温度に正方向に関係する。
本発明の他の好ましい態様によれば、前記給湿チャンバ手段の出口における前記気体流の温度を示す温度検知手段を更に備えている。
本発明の他の好ましい態様によれば、前記気体搬送通路手段は二重壁型吸息導管を備え、前記調整式導管加熱手段は前記二重壁型吸息導管の内壁と外壁との間で循環させられる暖かい流体を提供する。
本発明の他の好ましい態様によれば、前記予め定められた温度特性は前記気体搬送通路手段の長さ方向に沿ってほぼ一定の温度であることに関する。
図1は典型的な呼吸給湿システムを示すものであり、この呼吸給湿システムは、患者から所定の距離に配置された給湿チャンバであってこの給湿チャンバを通って流れる気体を加熱し且つほぼ水蒸気で飽和状態にする給湿チャンバと、可撓チューブから成り且つ被給湿気体を給湿チャンバ1から気体出口5へ送る搬送システム2と、給湿チャンバ1を加熱し且つ計測機能と制御機能とを提供する加熱ベース3の三つの部分を備えている。
表示および制御のための湿度センサが組み込まれた給湿器について、従来技術に関して説明したが、ここでは使用されている全ての湿度センサが患者の気道に配置されている。最近の研究により、患者から離れた位置に配置された給湿チャンバと、湿気を患者に送る加熱式呼吸回路と、患者に供給される気体の絶対湿度または相対湿度を制御するための湿度センサとが組み込まれた新しい給湿器の構成が示された。なお、これら湿度センサは、(1)給湿チャンバの出口のみ、(2)給湿チャンバの出口および患者の傍、あるいは(3)患者の傍のみのいずれかに配置される。
上述した全ての呼吸給湿システムは、気体出口10から流出する気体を高い相対湿度レベルまで給湿することを意図した給湿チャンバ1を用いている。こうした新しい給湿構成は湿度制御装置を用いているのでこの条件は新しい給湿構成の正確な作動にとっては本質的なものではないが、純粋に温度に基づいて制御が行われる従来の給湿器にとっては本質的なものである。しかしながら、気体を相対湿度が低いながらも適切な絶対湿度(すなわち、気体の温度が気体の露点よりも高く、したがって気体が飽和状態にない状態)に加熱する給湿チャンバを用いることによって得られる幾つかの利点もある。
なお、バルブ26、30が電気機械アクチュエータにより作動させられるタイプのバルブでもよい。
ここでは、加熱水36の入った給湿チャンバ35内に流入する乾燥気体が、図7においては加熱器37によって予め加熱され、図8においては給湿チャンバから流出した後に加熱器38によって加熱される。両方の場合において、加熱器は気体を乾燥加熱し、相対湿度が低くて高温の気体を出口39から流出させる。
本発明の別の例を図9に示す。ここでは、図8の低相対湿度高温タイプの給湿システムが非加熱型の断熱搬送チューブと組み合わされている。気体はポート35から加熱プレート38によって加熱される水37の入った標準的な給湿チャンバ36内に流入する。気体は給湿チャンバ36内で水蒸気で略飽和状態になって気体出口39を通って給湿チャンバ36から流出し、相対湿度が低くなるように湿った気体を高温へと加熱する加熱チューブ部分40に流入する。そして気体は周りに断熱層42を有するチューブ41を通過する。ここでの断熱層42は熱損失を減少させるために停滞した空気から成る薄いジャケットであるのが好ましい。高温で相対湿度の低い気体が断熱チューブを通過すると、少量の熱がチューブの壁を介して損失させられ、気体が冷える。しかしながら、加熱器40に加えられる熱量は、気体がチューブ41内で凝結が起こってしまう露点以下に冷却されてしまうことが決してないように制御される。
本発明の更なる別の特徴は、患者の気道にセンサを配置する必要性をなくすことにある。安全にこのセンサをなくすために、搬送チューブから流入する気体の温度および絶対湿度が確実に安全なレベルになるようにし、且つ搬送チューブの内面の温度が確実に安全なレベルを超えないようにしなければならない。このことは搬送チューブの内壁温度が一定であることを意味する。
なおチューブの一部を正温度係数材料とは逆に作用する負温度係数材料から形成してもよい。
従来の給湿器では、温度を計測するためにプローブ状のセンサを呼吸回路の側方にある特別に形成された孔を通って挿入するように使用する傾向にある。しかしながら、上述した給湿器は給湿チャンバ周りの多数のセンサと組み合わされて構成されているので、図12に示したようなマニホルド59を使用するのが有用である。
上述した全ての異なった給湿器について絶対湿度センサで説明したが、相対湿度センサを用いてもよい。この場合、制御アルゴリズムは上述した制御アルゴリズムとは僅かに異なる。また、相対湿度センサは温度センサと組み合わせてもよい。こうすることで、絶対湿度を直接計測するのではなく相対湿度および温度から絶対湿度を計算することができるようになる。
2…気体搬送システム
4…ポート
5…ポート
6…温水
7…センサ
8…センサ
9…加熱プレート
10…ポート
11…チューブ
12…加熱器
Claims (11)
- 気体が必要な患者またはその他の人に供給する気体を給湿する給湿装置であって、
給湿チャンバ手段であって、該給湿チャンバ手段を通って前記気体が流れるように入口と出口とを有する給湿チャンバ手段と、
前記給湿チャンバ手段に隣接して設けられたチャンバ加熱手段であって、前記給湿チャンバ手段を通過する気体に水蒸気を供給するために該給湿チャンバ手段内の液体水を蒸発させるように構成されたチャンバ加熱手段と、
前記気体が必要な患者にまたはその他の人に前記気体流を送るために前記給湿チャンバの出口に連結される気体搬送通路手段と、
予め定められた温度特性とほぼ一致するように前記気体搬送通路手段に沿った気体流の温度特性および/または該気体搬送通路手段の温度特性を調整するように構成された調整式導管加熱手段と、を備えている、
ことを特徴とする給湿装置。 - 前記調整式導管加熱手段は正温度係数材料の少なくとも一つの部分を備え、前記各部分の局所的な電気抵抗は局所的な温度に正方向に関係する、
請求項1に記載の給湿装置。 - 前記調整式導管加熱手段は負温度係数材料の少なくとも一つの部分を備え、前記各部分の局所的な電気抵抗は局所的な温度に負方向に関係する、
請求項1に記載の給湿装置。 - 前記調整式導管加熱手段は正温度係数材料でできた複数の部分を備え、この各部分の局所的な電気抵抗は、局所的な温度部分と前記気体搬送通路手段に沿って延びる少なくとも二つの電気伝導体とに正方向に関係し、各電気伝導体は電気的に前記各部分の別個の部分に接続され、各部分は前記導電体を介する連結部を除いた全ての他の部分から絶縁されている、
請求項1に記載の給湿装置。 - 前記気体搬送通路手段は前記給湿チャンバの出口に流体的に通じる吸気導管手段と、前記吸気導管手段と流体的に通じる連結手段と、前記連結手段と流体的に通じる可撓チューブ延長手段と、前記可撓チューブ延長手段と流体的に通じ且つ前記気体流を患者に送るように構成された患者インターフェイス手段と、を更に備えている、
請求項1ないし4のいずれか一項に記載の給湿装置。 - 前記可撓チューブ延長手段は、正温度係数材料の少なくとも一つの部分を有する可撓チューブ延長加熱手段を備え、前記正温度係数材料の局所的な電気抵抗値は局所的な温度に正方向に関係する、
請求項5に記載の給湿装置。 - 前記患者インターフェイス手段は、正温度係数材料の少なくとも一つの部分を有する患者インターフェイス加熱手段を備え、前記正温度係数材料の各部分の局所的な電気抵抗値は局所的な温度に正方向に関係する、
請求項5または6に記載の給湿装置。 - 前記給湿チャンバ手段の出口における前記気体流の絶対湿度を示す湿度検知手段を更に備えている、
請求項1ないし7のいずれか一項に記載の給湿装置。 - 前記給湿チャンバ手段の出口における前記気体流の温度を示す温度検知手段を更に備えている、
請求項1ないし8のいずれか一項に記載の給湿装置。 - 前記気体搬送通路手段は二重壁型吸息導管を備え、前記調整式導管加熱手段は前記二重壁型吸息導管の内壁と外壁との間で循環させられる暖かい流体を提供する、
請求項1に記載の給湿装置。 - 前記予め定められた温度特性は前記気体搬送通路手段の長さ方向に沿ってほぼ一定の温度であることに関する、
請求項1ないし10のいずれか一項に記載の給湿装置。
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