JP2008156412A - Acrylic ester compound and hydroxy compound, (co) polymer of the acrylic ester, electrophotographic photosensitive member using the same, image forming method, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge for image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

【選択図】なしThe present invention provides an acrylate compound that is excellent in film formability and compatibility with other monomers, can form a high-density cross-linked film, and exhibits excellent charge transport properties even when forming a high-density cross-linked film. To do.
A chain polymerizable compound represented by formula (1). Z ₁ and Z ₂ represent a chain polymerizable group.

[Selection figure] None

Description

The present invention relates to a novel chain polymerizable compound, an acrylate compound and a hydroxy compound, and a polymer and a copolymer of the acrylate ester. The acrylate compound has both radical polymerizability and charge transport function (hole transport function), and can form a thermoplastic resin or a cross-linked cured resin by polymerization, and the resulting resin exhibits a charge transport function. Thus, it is useful as a stable semiconductor film forming material for organic devices for organic EL, organic electrophotographic photoreceptors, organic TFTs, organic solar cells and the like. The hydroxy compound is useful as an intermediate for synthesizing various resin materials including the precursor of the acrylate compound.
Furthermore, the present invention uses the (co) polymer of the acrylate ester, and has an extremely high wear resistance during repeated use, and can form a high-quality image with few image defects over a long period of time. The present invention relates to a photoreceptor, an image forming method using the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an image forming apparatus, and a process cartridge.

  As a method for imparting a charge transport function to a resin, a method in which a charge transport material is dispersed in a binder resin is the most common, and in particular, it has been widely used in electrophotographic photoreceptors. However, in order to increase the mechanical strength and heat resistance of the charge transport function part, it is advantageous to integrate the charge transport material and the binder resin, and such efforts have been performed in recent years. Among them, a charge transporting monomer having a chain polymerizable group in the charge transporting structure and a polymer thereof have been proposed. For example, Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent No. 3164426) discloses acrylates having a triphenylamine skeleton and polymers thereof, and Patent Documents 2 and 3 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-066644, No. 2000-206716) shows an application example of a charge transporting monomer having two or more chain polymerizable groups to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and many charge transporting monomers have been proposed. Among them, a large number of acrylic ester compounds having good crosslinkability are disclosed. On the other hand, it is known that aminobiphenyl structures and amino-substituted stilbene structures having an expanded conjugated system exhibit higher mobility than the simple triphenylamine structure in terms of mobility indicating charge transportability. Among these monomers, those having these structures are particularly useful materials. By using these chain polymerizable monomers and forming a three-dimensional crosslinked film having a sufficiently high crosslinking density, it is possible to obtain a high hardness film and a high heat resistance film that are not easily damaged, and durability of various organic semiconductor elements. It can be used for improvement. However, there is a tendency that the charge transport property which is originally required is lowered by increasing the crosslink density, and those satisfying the formation of sufficient crosslink density and good charge transport properties are the many charge proposed so far. Even transportable monomers have not been achieved.

In recent years, organic photoreceptors (OPC) have been widely used in copying machines, facsimile machines, laser printers, and composite machines in place of inorganic photoreceptors because of their good performance and various advantages. This is because, for example, (1) optical characteristics such as the light absorption wavelength range and the amount of absorption, (2) electrical characteristics such as high sensitivity and stable charging characteristics, and (3) material selection range (4) Ease of manufacturing, (5) Low cost, (6) Non-toxicity, and the like. On the other hand, the diameter of the photoconductor has recently been reduced due to the downsizing of the image forming apparatus, and the high speed of the machine and the maintenance-free movement have been added to increase the durability of the photoconductor. From this point of view, organophotoreceptors are generally soft because the charge transport layer is mainly composed of a low molecular charge transport material and an inert polymer, and when used repeatedly in an electrophotographic process, the organophotoreceptor depends on the development system and cleaning system. There is a drawback that wear is likely to occur due to a mechanical load. In addition, due to the demand for higher image quality, the cleaning blade has to be increased in hardness and contact pressure for the purpose of improving the cleaning properties as the particle size of the toner particles is reduced. This also promotes the wear of the photoreceptor. It is a factor. Such abrasion of the photoreceptor deteriorates electrical characteristics such as sensitivity deterioration and chargeability, and causes abnormal images such as image density reduction and background stains. Further, scratches where wear is locally generated cause streak-like stain images due to poor cleaning. Thus, the following measures for improving wear resistance have been taken.
(1) A material using a curable binder for the charge transport layer (for example, see Patent Document 4).
(2) A material using a polymer type charge transport material (for example, see Patent Document 5).
(3) A material in which an inorganic filler is dispersed in a charge transport layer (see, for example, Patent Document 6).
(4) A polyfunctional acrylate monomer cured product (for example, see Patent Document 7).
(5) Provided with a charge transport layer formed by using a coating liquid comprising a monomer having a carbon-carbon double bond, a charge transport material having a carbon-carbon double bond, and a binder resin (for example, Patent Documents) 8).
(6) A compound containing a compound obtained by curing a hole transporting compound having two or more chain polymerizable functional groups in the same molecule (see, for example, Patent Documents 9 and 10).

  Although these improvements have improved wear resistance compared to conventional products, new problems have arisen. Conventional photoconductors are refaced due to wear even if foreign matter adheres to or scratches on the surface, and image defects are not dragged indefinitely. However, photoconductors with improved wear resistance once have strong foreign matter on the surface. When sticking or scratches occur, the state remains indefinitely and continues to produce image defects. Thus, there is a problem that image defects are likely to occur. Particularly in recent years, due to the demand for higher image quality and energy saving, the particle size of the toner is small and the softening temperature is low. In order to ensure its fluidity, it is common to add inorganic fine particles such as silica to the toner. It is getting to be. In some cases, the silica particles may pierce the OPC surface during the development process, and a wax component of toner or the like is deposited on the periphery of the silica particles, making it impossible to develop, resulting in the occurrence of white spot image defects.

  In addition, with the conventionally known four hundred and ten types of chain polymerizable monomers described in Patent Document 7, it is possible to achieve both high wear resistance at a high level and electrical characteristics with small residual potential generation. I could not. The cause is considered to be insufficient crosslinkability. For that purpose, it is necessary to increase the content ratio of the chain polymerizable group, and it is necessary to polyfunctionalize the chain polymerizable group or to reduce the molecular weight of the charge transporting structure. There is a limit to reducing the molecular weight of the structure, which is not a practical method. On the other hand, polyfunctionalization of a chain polymerizable group is effective for increasing the content ratio, but the charge transport property after curing is deteriorated. The reason for this is not clear, but it is presumed that the molecular movement of the charge transporting structure is restricted by cross-linking, and the range of free movement is reduced, reducing the charge hopping mobility. The Thus, at present, no sufficiently satisfactory chain polysynthetic monomer has yet been obtained.

  In recent years, due to the demand for higher image quality and energy saving, the particle size of the toner is small and the softening temperature is low. In order to ensure its fluidity, it is preferable to add inorganic fine particles such as silica to the toner. It is getting done. In some cases, the silica particles may pierce the OPC surface during the development process, and a wax component of toner or the like is deposited on the periphery of the silica particles, making it impossible to develop, resulting in the occurrence of white spot image defects. In addition, along with further higher image quality and higher durability in recent years, it is necessary to make wear resistance and residual potential accumulation compatible at a higher level.

Japanese Patent No. 3164426 JP 2000-066424 A JP 2000-206716 A JP 56-48637 A JP-A 64-1728 JP-A-4-281461 Japanese Patent No. 3262488 Japanese Patent No. 3194392 JP 2000-66425 A JP 2004-221959 A

The object of the present invention is to have good radical polymerizability and charge transportability, excellent film forming properties and compatibility with other monomers, and capable of forming a high-density cross-linked film. An object of the present invention is to provide an acrylate compound exhibiting excellent charge transporting properties even during formation. Another object is to provide a useful production intermediate therefor.
Moreover, this invention makes it a subject to solve the conventional problems and to achieve the following objects. That is, the present invention is to provide a long-life electrophotographic photosensitive member that is excellent in wear resistance and electrical characteristics and has few image defects due to white spots. Another object of the present invention is to provide an image forming method, an image forming apparatus, and a process cartridge for an image forming apparatus that use a long-life photoconductor with few white spot image defects and realize high image quality over a long period of time.

According to the present invention, a chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (1) and an acrylate compound represented by the general formula (2) to the general formula (5) are provided, and as production intermediates thereof. Also useful are the hydroxy compounds represented by the general formula (6) to the general formula (8), and further using the (co) polymer of the acrylate ester, having excellent wear resistance and good electrical characteristics. In addition, a long-life electrophotographic photosensitive member with few image defects due to white spots or the like is provided.
That is, the above-mentioned problems are the following (1) “chain polymerizable compound” of the present invention, the following (2) to (5) “acrylic ester compound” and the following (6) to (8) “hydroxy compound”. In addition, as a result of intensive studies by the present inventors, the following (9) to (23) “electrophotographic photosensitive member”, “image forming method”, “image forming apparatus”, and “for image forming apparatus” It has been found that the above object can be achieved by the process cartridge.
That is, (1) “a chain polymerizable compound represented by the following general formula (1);

（一般式（１）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ａｒ₁は置換もしくは無置換の三価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。Ｚ_１、Ｚ_２は連鎖重合性基を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。）」、
（２）「前記一般式（１）で表わされる連鎖重合性化合物が、下記一般式（２）で表わされるアクリル酸エステル化合物であることを特徴とする前記第（１）項に記載の連鎖重合性化合物；

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group, and X ₁ and X ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted. Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. , Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
(2) The chain polymerization according to item (1), wherein the chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (1) is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (2): Sex compounds;

（一般式（２）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ｒ_３、Ｒ_４は水素原子またはメチル基を表す。Ａｒ₁は置換もしくは無置換の三価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。）」、
（３）「前記一般式（２）で表わされる連鎖重合性化合物が、下記一般式（３）で表わされるアクリル酸エステル化合物であることを特徴とする前記第（２）項に記載の連鎖重合性化合物；

(In the general formula (2), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, R ₃ and R ₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group. X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a combination thereof; A divalent group, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
(3) “Chain polymerization described in the above item (2), wherein the chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (2) is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (3): Sex compounds;

（一般式（３）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ｒ_３、Ｒ_４は水素原子またはメチル基を表す。Ａｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせたニ価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。ｌは０〜３の整数を表す。）」、
（４）「前記一般式（３）で表わされる連鎖重合性化合物が、下記一般式（４）で表されるアクリル酸エステル化合物であることを特徴とする前記第（３）項に記載の連鎖重合性化合物；

(In the general formula (3), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ may be linked to form a ring .R _3, R ₄ is .Ar ₂ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group obtained by combining them; A linking group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, and m and n are 0 to 0. 2 Represents the number, the .l having 1 or more at least one represents an integer of 0 to 3.) "
(4) The chain described in (3) above, wherein the chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (3) is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (4): A polymerizable compound;

（一般式（４）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ｒ_３、Ｒ_４は水素原子またはメチル基を表す。Ｒ_５はアルキル基、アルコキシ基、ハロゲン原子を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。ｌは０〜３の整数を表す。ｏは０〜４の整数を表す。）」、
（５）「前記一般式（４）で表わされる連鎖重合性化合物が、下記一般式（５）で表されるアクリル酸エステル化合物であることを特徴とする前記第（４）項に記載の連鎖重合性化合物；

(In the general formula (4), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly may form a ring .R _3, R ₄ represents .R ₅ is an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a combination thereof; A divalent group, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, m and n each represent an integer of 0 to 2, at least one of which has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, o represents 0 to 4 Represents an integer.) ",
(5) “The chain-polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (4) is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (5): A polymerizable compound;

（一般式（５）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ｒ_３、Ｒ_４は水素原子またはメチル基を表す。Ｒ_５はアルキル基、アルコキシ基、ハロゲン原子を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。ｌは０〜３の整数を表す。ｏは０〜４の整数を表す。）」、
（６）「下記一般式（６）で表されることを特徴とするヒドロキシ化合物；

(In the general formula (5), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly may form a ring .R _3, R ₄ represents .R ₅ is an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom M and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, o represents an integer of 0 to 4).
(6) “A hydroxy compound represented by the following general formula (6):

（一般式（６）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ａｒ₁は置換もしくは無置換の三価基を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。）」、
（７）「前記一般式（６）で表わされるヒドロキシ化合物が、下記一般式（７）で表されることを特徴とする前記第（６）項に記載のヒドロキシ化合物；

(In the general formula (6), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ may .Ar ₁ be linked to form a ring is .m to represent a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group, n represents an integer of 0 to 2 , At least one of which has one or more.
(7) “Hydroxy compound according to item (6), wherein the hydroxy compound represented by the general formula (6) is represented by the following general formula (7);

（一般式（７）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ａｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせたニ価基を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。ｌは０〜３の整数を表す。）」、
（８）「前記一般式（７）で表わされるヒドロキシ化合物が、下記一般式（８）で表されることを特徴とする前記第（７）項に記載のヒドロキシ化合物；

(In General Formula (7), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Alternatively, R ₁ and R ₂ may be combined to form a ring, Ar ₂ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, or a substituted group. Alternatively, it represents an unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group or a divalent group obtained by combining them, m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, at least one of which has an integer of 1 or more, l is an integer of 0 to 3 ) ",
(8) The hydroxy compound according to item (7), wherein the hydroxy compound represented by the general formula (7) is represented by the following general formula (8);

（一般式（８）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ｒ_５はアルキル基、アルコキシ基、ハロゲン原子を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。ｌは０〜３の整数を表す。ｏは０〜４の整数を表す。）」、
（９）「導電性支持体上に少なくとも感光層を有する電子写真感光体において、該感光層が少なくとも下記の成分Ａを連鎖重合させて得られる硬化物を含有することを特徴とする電子写真感光体；
成分Ａ：下記一般式（１）で表される連鎖重合性モノマー

(In the general formula (8), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ may be linked to form a ring .R ₅ is an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, .m represents a halogen atom, n represents an integer of 0 to 2 , At least one of them has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, o represents an integer of 0 to 4).
(9) “Electrophotographic photosensitive member characterized in that, in an electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, the photosensitive layer contains a cured product obtained by chain polymerization of at least the following component A: body;
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1)

（一般式（１）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ａｒ₁は置換もしくは無置換の三価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。Ｚ_１、Ｚ_２は連鎖重合性基を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。）」、
（１０）「導電性支持体上に少なくとも感光層を有する電子写真感光体において、該感光層が少なくとも下記の成分Ａ、成分Ｂの混合物を連鎖重合させて得られる硬化物を含有することを特徴とする電子写真感光体；
成分Ａ：下記一般式（１）で表される連鎖重合性モノマー
成分Ｂ：連鎖重合性基を分子内に３個以上有し成分Ａでない連鎖重合性モノマー

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group, and X ₁ and X ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted. Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. , Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
(10) “In an electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, the photosensitive layer contains a cured product obtained by chain polymerization of at least a mixture of the following components A and B: An electrophotographic photoreceptor;
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1) Component B: Chain polymerizable monomer having 3 or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule and not Component A

（一般式（１）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ａｒ₁は置換もしくは無置換の三価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。Ｚ_１、Ｚ_２は連鎖重合性基を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。）」、
（１１）「導電性支持体上に少なくとも感光層を有する電子写真感光体において、該感光層が少なくとも下記の成分Ａ、成分Ｂ、成分Ｃの混合物を連鎖重合させて得られる硬化物を含有することを特徴とする電子写真感光体；
成分Ａ：下記一般式（１）で表される連鎖重合性モノマー
成分Ｂ：連鎖重合性基を分子内に３個以上有し成分Ａでない連鎖重合性モノマー
成分Ｃ：光重合開始剤

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group, and X ₁ and X ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted. Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. , Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
(11) “In an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, the photosensitive layer contains at least a cured product obtained by chain polymerization of a mixture of the following components A, B and C. An electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized by:
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1) Component B: Chain polymerizable monomer having 3 or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule and not Component A Component C: Photopolymerization initiator

（一般式（１）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ａｒ₁は置換もしくは無置換の三価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。Ｚ_１、Ｚ_２は連鎖重合性基を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。）」、
（１２）「前記成分Ａ及び／又は成分Ｂの連鎖重合性基が、アクリロイルオキシ基及び／又はメタクリロイルオキシ基であることを特徴とする前記第（９）項乃至第（１１）項の何れかに記載の電子写真感光体」、
（１３）「前記一般式（１）で表わされる連鎖重合性モノマー（成分Ａ）が、下記一般式（２）で表されるアクリル酸エステルモノマーであることを特徴とする前記第（９）項乃至第（１２）項の何れかに記載の電子写真感光体；

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group, and X ₁ and X ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted. Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. , Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
(12) Any one of the items (9) to (11), wherein the chain polymerizable group of the component A and / or the component B is an acryloyloxy group and / or a methacryloyloxy group The electrophotographic photoreceptor described in "
(13) The item (9), wherein the chain polymerizable monomer (component A) represented by the general formula (1) is an acrylate monomer represented by the following general formula (2): Thru | or electrophotographic photoreceptor in any one of (12) term;

（一般式（２）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ｒ_３、Ｒ_４は水素原子またはメチル基を表す。Ａｒ₁は置換もしくは無置換の三価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。）」、
（１４）「前記一般式（２）で表わされるアクリル酸エステルモノマーが、下記一般式（３）で表わされるアクリル酸エステルモノマーであることを特徴とする前記第（１３）項に記載の電子写真感光体；

(In the general formula (2), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, R ₃ and R ₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group. X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a combination thereof; A divalent group, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
(14) The electrophotographic image described in (13), wherein the acrylate monomer represented by the general formula (2) is an acrylate monomer represented by the following general formula (3): Photoconductor;

（一般式（３）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ｒ_３、Ｒ_４は水素原子またはメチル基を表す。Ａｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせたニ価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。ｌは０〜３の整数を表す。）」、
（１５）「前記一般式（３）で表わされるアクリル酸エステルモノマーが、下記一般式（４）で表わされるアクリル酸エステルモノマーであることを特徴とする前記第（１４）項に記載の電子写真感光体；

(In the general formula (3), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ may be linked to form a ring .R _3, R ₄ is .Ar ₂ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group obtained by combining them; A linking group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, and m and n are 0 to 0. 2 Represents the number, the .l having 1 or more at least one represents an integer of 0 to 3.) "
(15) The electrophotographic image described in (14) above, wherein the acrylate monomer represented by the general formula (3) is an acrylate monomer represented by the following general formula (4): Photoconductor;

（一般式（４）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ｒ_３、Ｒ_４は水素原子またはメチル基を表す。Ｒ_５はアルキル基、アルコキシ基、ハロゲン原子を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。ｌは０〜３の整数を表す。ｏは０〜４の整数を表す。）」、
（１６）「前記一般式（４）で表わされるアクリル酸エステルモノマーが、下記一般式（５）で表わされるアクリル酸エステルモノマーであることを特徴とする前記第（１５）項に記載の電子写真感光体；

(In the general formula (4), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly may form a ring .R _3, R ₄ represents .R ₅ is an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a combination thereof; A divalent group, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, m and n each represent an integer of 0 to 2, at least one of which has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, o represents 0 to 4 Represents an integer.) ",
(16) The electrophotographic image described in (15) above, wherein the acrylate monomer represented by the general formula (4) is an acrylate monomer represented by the following general formula (5): Photoconductor;

（一般式（５）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ｒ_３、Ｒ_４は水素原子またはメチル基を表す。Ｒ_５はアルキル基、アルコキシ基、ハロゲン原子を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。ｌは０〜３の整数を表す。ｏは０〜４の整数を表す。）」、
（１７）「導電性支持体上に少なくとも単層の感光層を有する電子写真感光体であることを特徴とする前記第（９）項乃至第（１６）項の何れかに記載の電子写真感光体」、
（１８）「導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を順次積層した電子写真感光体であることを特徴とする前記第（９）項乃至第（１６）項の何れかに記載の電子写真感光体」、
（１９）「導電性支持体上に少なくとも電荷発生層、電荷輸送層、及び架橋型電荷輸送層を順次積層した電子写真感光体であって、該架橋型電荷輸送層が少なくとも下記の成分Ａを連鎖重合させて得られる硬化物を含有することを特徴とする前記第（９）項乃至第（１６）項、第（１８）項の何れかに記載の電子写真感光体；
成分Ａ：下記一般式（１）で表される連鎖重合性モノマー

(In the general formula (5), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly may form a ring .R _3, R ₄ represents .R ₅ is an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom M and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, o represents an integer of 0 to 4).
(17) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of (9) to (16) above, which is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a single photosensitive layer on a conductive support. body",
(18) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of (9) to (16) above, which is an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support. Electrophotographic photoreceptor ",
(19) “An electrophotographic photosensitive member in which at least a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer, and a crosslinkable charge transport layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support, wherein the crosslinkable charge transport layer contains at least the following component A: The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of Items (9) to (16) and (18), comprising a cured product obtained by chain polymerization;
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1)

（一般式（１）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ａｒ₁は置換もしくは無置換の三価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。Ｚ_１、Ｚ_２は連鎖重合性基を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。）」、
（２０）「導電性支持体上に少なくとも感光層を有する電子写真感光体であって、該感光層が少なくとも下記の成分Ａを含有することを特徴とする前記第（９）項乃至第（１９）項の何れかに記載の電子写真感光体；
成分Ａ：下記一般式（１）で表される連鎖重合性モノマー

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group, and X ₁ and X ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted. Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. , Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
(20) The electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer contains at least the following component A: (9) to (19) ) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of items
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1)

（一般式（１）中、Ｒ_１、Ｒ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキル基、置換もしくは無置換のアラルキル基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた基を表し、Ｒ_１とＲ_２は共同で環を形成しても良い。Ａｒ₁は置換もしくは無置換の三価基を表す。Ｘ_１、Ｘ_２は置換もしくは無置換のアルキレン基、エーテル結合基、置換もしくは無置換の芳香族炭化水素二価基、置換もしくは無置換の複素環二価基、あるいはそれらを組み合わせた二価基、酸素原子、硫黄原子を表す。Ｚ_１、Ｚ_２は連鎖重合性基を表す。ｍ、ｎは０〜２の整数を表し、少なくとも何れか一方は１以上を有する。）」、
（２１）「前記第（９）項乃至第（２０）項の何れかに記載の電子写真感光体に、少なくとも帯電、画像露光、現像、転写が繰り返し行われることを特徴とする画像形成方法」、
（２２）「少なくとも帯電手段、画像露光手段、現像手段、転写手段、及び前記第（９）乃至第（２０）項の何れかに記載の電子写真感光体を具備してなることを特徴とする画像形成装置」、
（２３）「少なくとも帯電手段、画像露光手段、現像手段、及び転写手段の１つと、前記第（９）項乃至第（２０）項の何れかに記載の電子写真感光体を具備してなることを特徴とする画像形成装置用プロセスカートリッジ」。

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group, and X ₁ and X ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted. Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. , Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
(21) “An image forming method characterized in that at least charging, image exposure, development, and transfer are repeatedly performed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of (9) to (20)”. ,
(22) “At least charging means, image exposure means, developing means, transfer means, and electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of (9) to (20)” above. Image forming apparatus ",
(23) “At least one of a charging unit, an image exposure unit, a developing unit, and a transfer unit and the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of (9) to (20). A process cartridge for an image forming apparatus.

  As is clear from the following detailed and specific description, the chain polymerizable compound (component A) of the present invention, particularly the acrylate compound, has good radical polymerizability and charge transportability, Because of excellent compatibility with other monomers, it is possible to easily form a high-density crosslinked film by using UV irradiation or using a polymerization initiator, and it exhibits good charge transport properties even under such high-density crosslinking conditions. Therefore, an excellent effect of being extremely effective as a material for providing various organic semiconductor devices is obtained. Further, according to the present invention, there is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member having good wear resistance and electrical characteristics by forming an electrophotographic photosensitive member containing a cured product obtained by chain polymerization of at least the component A. In addition, it is possible to provide a long-life photoconductor with few image defects due to white spots. Since the photoconductor having the excellent characteristics as described above can be easily manufactured in a short time, it can be provided to the market at a low cost. Therefore, by using this photoconductor, it is possible to provide an image forming method, an image forming apparatus, and a process cartridge for an image forming apparatus that achieve high image quality over a long period of time.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
The present invention uses the chain polymerizable compound, a cured product obtained by chain polymerization using the chain polymerizable compound as a specific chain polymerizable monomer, an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing the cured product, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor using the cured product. An image forming method, an image forming apparatus, and a process cartridge for the image forming apparatus are basically used. The chain-polymerizable monomer mentioned here has both a structure exhibiting a charge transporting function and a chain-polymerizable structure, and a cured product obtained by polymerization functions as a charge transporting film.

As a result of studying a new chain polymerizable monomer capable of achieving both high-density chain polymerization and charge transportability, a cured product obtained using the chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (1) is obtained. The present invention was invented by finding out that it is effective for achieving both high-density chain polymerization and good charge transportability.
When conventional polyfunctional charge transporting monomers are used, the strain at the time of curing increases, cracks such as cracks occur, and there is a problem of insufficient curability despite the polyfunctionality. In the curing of the specific chain polymerizable monomer in the invention, a uniform film which is sufficiently crosslinked and cured without generation of cracks or the like can be obtained. In addition, the formation of a high-density charge-transporting cured film enables the film strength to be sufficiently high and prevents external additives in extremely hard toner such as silica fine particles from sticking to the photoreceptor. In addition, image defects such as white spots can be reduced.

Realization of a high-density cross-linked cured film is achieved by using the chain polymerizable monomer of Component A. More preferably, component A is mixed with a chain polymerizable monomer having 3 or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule as component B. In addition, various conventionally known methods such as polymerization by heat, light, and radiation can be applied to start chain polymerization. However, the crosslinking density is high by adding a photopolymerization initiator and curing it in a short time by light irradiation. A photoreceptor excellent in mechanical strength can be obtained.
The reason why both high-density chain polymerization and good charge transportability are compatible is not clarified at the present time. However, since the fluorene structure in the component A of the present invention has high molecular flatness, The packing between them is good, and since the chain-polymerizable group is included in the fluorene structure, it is considered that the charge transport property of the amine structure having charge transport property is not lowered. As a result, it is considered that an electrophotographic photosensitive member having both high-density chain polymerizability and good charge transportability can be obtained.

Next, each component will be described. First, component A will be described.
Component A is a chain polymerizable monomer represented by the general formula (1).
Here, in the present invention, chain polymerization refers to the former polymerization reaction form when the polymer formation reaction is largely divided into chain polymerization and sequential polymerization. For example, the form is mainly an intermediate such as a radical or an ion. It means unsaturated polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, isomerization polymerization, etc. in which the reaction proceeds via. The unsaturated polymerization means a reaction in which unsaturated groups such as C═C, C≡C, C═O, C═N, and C≡N are polymerized by radicals or ions. The ring-opening polymerization is a reaction in which an unstable cyclic structure comprising a carbocycle or a heterocyclic ring is activated by the action of a catalyst and the like, and the ring-opening is repeated and at the same time the polymerization is repeated to produce a chain polymer. Means that.
The chain polymerizable functional group used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a functional group capable of chain polymerization, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose, but is a functional group capable of unsaturated polymerization. An unsaturated polymerizable functional group and a ring-opening polymerizable functional group which is a functional group capable of ring-opening polymerization are preferable.
The unsaturated polymerizable functional group is not particularly limited as long as it is a functional group having at least one unsaturated group such as C═C, C≡C, C═O, C═N, C≡N, Those having C═C are general, and those having C═C are preferred as the unsaturated polymerizable functional group used in the present invention. Examples of the unsaturated polymerizable functional group having C = C include the following 1-substituted ethylene functional groups and 1,1-substituted ethylene functional groups. Examples of the 1-substituted ethylene functional group include functional groups represented by the following (formula 1).

（ただし、式中、Ｘ_３は、置換基を有していても良いフェニレン基、ナフチレン基等のアリーレン基、置換基を有していても良いアルケニレン基、カルボニル基、カルボニルオキシ基、−ＣＯＮ（Ｒ_６）−基（Ｒ_６は、水素、メチル基、エチル基等のアルキル基、ベンジル基、ナフチルメチル基、フェネチル基等のアラルキル基、フェニル基、ナフチル基等のアリール基を表わす。）、またはスルフィド基を表わす。）
これらの置換基の具体例としては、ビニル基、スチリル基、２−メチル−１，３−ブタジエニル基、ビニルカルボニル基、アクリロイルオキシ基、アクリロイルアミド基、ビニルチオエーテル基等が挙げられる。
また、１，１−置換エチレン官能基としては、例えば以下の（式２）で表される官能基が挙げられる。

(In the formula, X ₃ represents an arylene group such as a phenylene group or a naphthylene group which may have a substituent, an alkenylene group which may have a substituent, a carbonyl group, a carbonyloxy group, or —CON. (R ₆ ) -group (R ₆ represents an alkyl group such as hydrogen, methyl group or ethyl group, an aralkyl group such as benzyl group, naphthylmethyl group or phenethyl group, or an aryl group such as phenyl group or naphthyl group.) Or a sulfide group.)
Specific examples of these substituents include vinyl group, styryl group, 2-methyl-1,3-butadienyl group, vinylcarbonyl group, acryloyloxy group, acryloylamide group, vinylthioether group and the like.
Examples of the 1,1-substituted ethylene functional group include functional groups represented by the following (formula 2).

（ただし、式中、Ｙは、置換基を有していても良いアルキル基、置換基を有していても良いアラルキル基、置換基を有していても良いフェニル基、ナフチル基等のアリール基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、メトキシ基あるいはエトキシ基等のアルコキシ基、−ＣＯＯＲ_７基（Ｒ_７は、水素原子、置換基を有していても良いメチル基、エチル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有していても良いベンジル、フェネチル基等のアラルキル基、置換基を有していても良いフェニル基、ナフチル基等のアリール基、または−ＣＯＮＲ_８Ｒ_９（Ｒ_８およびＲ_９は、水素原子、置換基を有していても良いメチル基、エチル基等のアルキル基、置換基を有していても良いベンジル基、ナフチルメチル基、あるいはフェネチル基等のアラルキル基、または置換基を有していても良いフェニル基、ナフチル基等のアリール基を表わし、互いに同一または異なっていても良い。）、また、Ｘ_４は上記（式１）のＸ_３と同一の置換基及び単結合、アルキレン基を表わす。ただし、Ｙ、Ｘ_４の少なくとも何れか一方がオキシカルボニル基、シアノ基、アルケニレン基、又は芳香族環である。）

(In the formula, Y is an aryl group such as an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, a phenyl group which may have a substituent, or a naphthyl group. Group, halogen atom, cyano group, nitro group, alkoxy group such as methoxy group or ethoxy group, -COOR ₇ group (R ₇ is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl such as an optionally substituted methyl group or ethyl group) Group, an aralkyl group such as benzyl or phenethyl group which may have a substituent, an aryl group such as phenyl group or naphthyl group which may have a substituent, or -CONR ₈ R ₉ (R ₈ and R ₉ is a hydrogen atom, which may have a substituent an alkyl group such as methyl group and ethyl group, which may have a substituent group benzyl group, naphthylmethyl group or an aralkyl group such as a phenethyl group, or Which may have a substituent phenyl group, an aryl group such as a naphthyl group, may be the same or different from each other.) Further, X ₄ is the same substituent as X ₃ in the above (Formula 1) A group, a single bond, or an alkylene group, provided that at least one of Y and X ₄ is an oxycarbonyl group, a cyano group, an alkenylene group, or an aromatic ring.)

Specific examples of these substituents include an α-acryloyloxy chloride group, a methacryloyloxy group, an α-cyanoethylene group, an α-cyanoacryloyloxy group, an α-cyanophenylene group, and a methacryloylamino group. Examples of the substituent that X ₃ , X ₄ , and Y may have include an alkyl group such as a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a methyl group, and an ethyl group, and an alkoxy group such as a methoxy group and an ethoxy group. Groups, aryloxy groups such as phenoxy groups, aryl groups such as phenyl groups and naphthyl groups, aralkyl groups such as benzyl groups and phenethyl groups, and the like. Among these chain polymerizable functional groups, acryloyloxy group and methacryloyloxy group are particularly useful. By using acryloyloxy group or methacryloyloxy group, it is possible to produce a smooth film that is sufficiently cured in a short time. It becomes.

As the chain polymerizable functional group, a ring-opening polymerizable functional group can be used as described above. The ring-opening polymerizable functional group is not particularly limited as long as it is a functional group having at least one unstable cyclic structure having a distortion consisting of a carbocycle or a heterocyclic ring, and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. Basically, most of the ions act as active species. Examples of the ring-opening polymerizable functional group used in the present invention include cyclic carbonyl and oxirane.
When it has two or more chain polymerizable functional groups, the chain polymerizable functional groups may be the same or different.
Therefore, the chain polymerizable compound of the present invention is a chain polymerizable compound represented by the following general formula (1).

In the above general formula (1), specific examples of R ₁ and R ₂ include alkyl groups such as methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, benzyl, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, etc. Aromatic groups such as aralkyl groups, phenyl groups, naphthyl groups, anthryl groups, pyrenyl groups, etc., heterocyclic groups such as furyl groups, furylmethyl groups, thienyl groups, tenenyl groups, pyridyl, quinolyl groups, or combinations thereof And may have a substituent. Specific examples of the substituent include alkyl groups such as methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group and 2-ethylhexyl group, alkoxy groups such as methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group and butoxy group. Group, phenoxy group, tolyloxy group, naphthyloxy group, aryloxy group such as benzyloxy group, alkylthio group such as methylthio group, ethylthio group, halogen atom such as fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, dimethylamino group, diethylamino group A substituted amino group such as a diphenylamino group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group such as a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, and a pyrenyl group, a complex such as a furyl group, a furylmethyl group, a thienyl group, a tenenyl group, and a pyridyl group. A cyclic group, a nitro group, and a cyano group can be mentioned. R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, and specific examples of the cyclic structure formed by R ₁ , R ₂ and a nitrogen atom include the following structures (A-01) to (A-23). And may have a substituent. Specific examples of the substituent include the above alkyl group, the above alkoxy group, the above aryloxy group, the above alkylthio group, the above halogen atom, the above substituted amino group, the above aromatic hydrocarbon group, and the above. And heterocyclic groups, nitro groups, and cyano groups.

Specific examples of Ar ₁ include trivalent groups having the following structures (B-01) to (B-28), which may have a substituent. Specific examples of the substituent include the above alkyl group, the above alkoxy group, the above aryloxy group, the above alkylthio group, the above halogen atom, the above substituted amino group, the above aromatic hydrocarbon group, and the above. And heterocyclic groups, nitro groups, and cyano groups.

Specific examples of X ₁ and X ₂ include alkylene groups such as methylene, ethylene, trimethylene and tetramethylene, alkenylene groups such as vinylene and propenylene, ether bond groups such as methylenedioxy and ethylenedioxy, phenylene, naphthylene and biphenylene. , Aromatic hydrocarbon divalent groups such as xylylene, heterocyclic divalent groups such as thienylene, or divalent groups combining them, oxygen atoms, and sulfur atoms, which may have a substituent. . Specific examples of the substituent include the above alkyl group, the above alkoxy group, the above aryloxy group, the above alkylthio group, the above halogen atom, the above substituted amino group, the above aromatic hydrocarbon group, and the above. And heterocyclic groups, nitro groups, and cyano groups.
Specific examples of Z ₁ and Z ₂ include the above-mentioned chain polymerizable group.
m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.

  The compound represented by the general formula (1) is preferably an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (2).

In the general formula (2), specific examples of R ₁ and R ₂ can be the same as the substituents in the general formula (1).
Specific examples of R ₃ and R ₄ include a hydrogen atom and a methyl group. Since a difference in radical polymerizability occurs between a hydrogen atom and a methyl group, the hydrogen atom and the methyl group are appropriately selected depending on the use environment. R ₃ and R ₄ may be the same or different.
Specific examples of Ar ₁ include the same ones as the substituents in the general formula (1).
Specific examples of X ₁ and X ₂ include the same ones as the substituents in the general formula (1).
m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.

Furthermore, it is more preferable that it is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (3).

In the general formula (3), specific examples of R ₁ and R ₂ include the same substituents as those in the general formula (1).
Specific examples of R ₃ and R ₄ include a hydrogen atom and a methyl group.
Specific examples of Ar ₂ include alkylene groups such as methylene, ethylene, trimethylene and tetramethylene, aromatic hydrocarbon divalent groups such as phenylene, naphthylene, biphenylene and xylylene, heterocyclic divalent groups such as thienylene, and the like. A combined divalent group can be given and may have a substituent. Specific examples of the substituent include the above alkyl group, the above alkoxy group, the above aryloxy group, the above alkylthio group, the above halogen atom, the above substituted amino group, the above aromatic hydrocarbon group, and the above. And heterocyclic groups, nitro groups, and cyano groups.
Specific examples of X ₁ and X ₂ include the same ones as the substituents in the general formula (1).
m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
l represents an integer of 0 to 3.

  Furthermore, it is more preferable that it is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (4).

In the general formula (4), specific examples of R ₁ and R ₂ may be the same as the substituents in the general formula (1).
Specific examples of R ₃ and R ₄ include a hydrogen atom and a methyl group.
Specific examples of R ₅ include alkyl groups such as methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group and butyl group, alkoxy groups such as methoxy group and ethoxy group, halogen atoms such as fluorine atom, chlorine atom and bromine atom, nitro group, A cyano group or a group obtained by combining these groups can be given, and they may have a substituent. Specific examples of the substituent include the above alkyl group, the above alkoxy group, the above aryloxy group, the above alkylthio group, the above halogen atom, the above substituted amino group, the above aromatic hydrocarbon group, and the above. And heterocyclic groups, nitro groups, and cyano groups.
Specific examples of X ₁ and X ₂ include the same ones as the substituents in the general formula (1).
m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
l represents an integer of 0 to 3.

  Furthermore, it is more preferable that it is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (5).

In the general formula (5), specific examples of R ₁ and R ₂ may include the same substituents as those in the general formula (1).
Specific examples of R ₃ and R ₄ include a hydrogen atom and a methyl group.
Specific examples of R ₅ include the same ones as the substituents in the general formula (4).
m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.
l represents an integer of 0 to 3.

  The present invention also relates to a hydroxy compound represented by the following general formula (6), a hydroxy compound represented by the general formula (7), and a hydroxy compound represented by the general formula (8).

Specific examples of the substituents in the general formula (6) to the general formula (8) can be the same as the substituents in the general formula (1) to the general formula (5).
These hydroxy compounds are useful as intermediates for synthesizing various resin materials, including precursors of acrylic ester compounds represented by general formula (2), general formula (3), general formula (4), and general formula (5). It is.

  Specific exemplary compounds (C-01) to (C-35) of the acrylic ester compound of the present invention are described below, but are not limited to these.

  The chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (1) to the general formula (5), particularly an acrylate compound, is a novel substance and can be easily synthesized by, for example, the following production method.

(Synthesis of hydroxy compounds)

  Formula (D-01) shown above is a step of obtaining a hydroxy compound by demethylation, and a hydroxy compound can be synthesized using a conventionally known method. That is, a method using an acid such as concentrated hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, pyridine hydrochloride, magnesium iodide etherate, aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, boron trichloride, boron tribromide Alternatively, a method using a base such as potassium hydroxide, Grignard reagent, sodium-butanol, lithium-biphenyl, lithium iodide-collidine, lithium diphenyl phosphide-THF, sodium thiolate-DMF, or an organometallic reagent is available. Among these methods, a method using boron tribromide and sodium thiolate-DMF is particularly effective.

  Further, the formula (D-02) shown above is a step of obtaining a hydroxy compound from a halogen compound, and the hydroxy compound can be synthesized using a conventionally known method. That is, a halogen compound can be led to a Grignard reagent or an organic lithium compound, which can be oxidized with an organic peroxide to synthesize a hydroxy compound. A Grignard reagent or an organolithium compound can be led to a boronic acid derivative, if necessary, and oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to synthesize a hydroxy compound.

  Moreover, the hydroxy compound which has a substituent between an aromatic ring and a hydroxyl group like Formula (D-03) and Formula (D-04) shown above can also be synthesized using a conventionally known method. . However, the synthesis method for obtaining the hydroxy compound which is the intermediate of the present invention is not limited to these.

(Synthesis of acrylic or methacrylic compounds)

  Formulas (D-05) and (D-06) shown above are acrylation or methacrylation steps, and can be synthesized in the same manner as conventional esterification. That is, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ester compounds of these carboxylic acids, acid halides, and acid anhydrides are allowed to act on alcohol derivatives. For example, it can be synthesized by heating and stirring a hydroxy compound and acrylic acid together with an esterification catalyst such as p-toluenesulfonic acid while dehydrating in an organic solvent. It can also be easily synthesized by reacting a hydroxy compound and acrylic acid chloride in an organic solvent in the presence of an alkali. As the alkali used at this time, for example, an alkali such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, an aqueous solution thereof, or an amine base such as triethylamine or pyridine can be used. As the organic solvent used in the reaction, a hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene, an ether solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, an ester solvent such as ethyl acetate, a ketone solvent such as methyl ethyl ketone, a halogen solvent such as chloroform, or the like can be used. The synthesis method for obtaining the acrylic compound or methacrylic compound of the present invention is not limited to these.

(Synthesis of epoxy compounds)

  Formulas (D-07) and (D-08) shown above are epoxidation steps and can be synthesized in the same manner as conventional epoxidation. That is, there are a method in which chloromethyloxirane or bromomethyloxirane is reacted with a hydroxy compound, or a method in which an organic peracid is reacted with an olefin compound. Examples of the organic peracid used at this time include perbenzoic acid, metachloroperbenzoic acid, monoperoxyphthalic acid, and peracetic acid. The synthesis method for obtaining the epoxy compound of the present invention is not limited to these.

Next, Component B (a chain polymerizable monomer having three or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule and not Component A) in the present invention will be described.
Examples of the chain polymerizable monomer having three or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule include hole transporting structures such as triarylamine, hydrazone, pyrazoline and carbazole, such as condensed polycyclic quinone, diphenoquinone, cyano group and nitro group. A monomer that does not have an electron transport structure such as an electron-withdrawing aromatic ring and has three or more chain-polymerizable functional groups.
Examples of the chain polymerizable functional group include the same chain polymerizable functional group as the component A described above. Among these chain-polymerizable functional groups, acryloyloxy group and methacryloyloxy group are particularly useful. For example, a compound having three or more acryloyloxy groups is a compound having three or more hydroxyl groups in the molecule and an acrylic group. It can be obtained by using an acid (salt), an acrylic acid halide, or an acrylic ester to cause an ester reaction or an ester exchange reaction. A compound having three or more methacryloyloxy groups can be obtained in the same manner. Further, the chain polymerizable functional groups in the monomer having three or more chain polymerizable functional groups may be the same or different.

  Examples of the chain polymerizable monomer having three or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule include the following, but are not limited to these compounds. That is, examples of the chain polymerizable monomer (component B) used in the present invention include, for example, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (hereinafter abbreviated as TMPTA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane alkylene-modified triacrylate, and trimethylol. Propaneethyleneoxy-modified (hereinafter abbreviated as EO modification) triacrylate, trimethylolpropylenepropyleneoxy-modified (hereinafter abbreviated as PO modification) triacrylate, trimethylolpropanecaprolactone-modified triacrylate, trimethylolpropane alkylene-modified trimethacrylate, Pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (hereinafter abbreviated as PETTA), glycerol triacrylate Glycerol epichlorohydrin modified (hereinafter ECH modified) triacrylate, glycerol EO modified triacrylate, glycerol PO modified triacrylate, tris (acryloxyethyl) isocyanurate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (hereinafter abbreviated as DPHA), Dipentaerythritol caprolactone-modified hexaacrylate, dipentaerythritol hydroxypentaacrylate, alkylated dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, alkylated dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, alkylated dipentaerythritol triacrylate, dimethylolpropane tetraacrylate (hereinafter abbreviated as DTMPTA) ), Pentaerythritol ethoxytetraacrylate, phosphoric acid EO modified Li acrylate, 2, 2,5,5, etc. tetrahydroxy methyl cyclopentanone tetraacrylate and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

Further, the tri- or higher functional chain polymerizable monomer (component B) used in the present invention having no charge transporting structure is formed with respect to the number of functional groups in the monomer in order to form a dense crosslink in the photosensitive layer. The molecular weight ratio (molecular weight / number of functional groups) is preferably 250 or less. When this ratio is larger than 250, the photosensitive layer is soft and wear resistance is somewhat lowered. Therefore, among the above-exemplified chain polymerizable monomers, etc., monomers having a modifying group such as EO, PO, caprolactone are extremely It is not preferable to use a compound having a long modifying group alone.
The component ratio of the chain polymerizable monomer having 3 or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule is 5 to 80% by weight, more preferably 10 to 70% by weight, based on the total amount of the cured product. It depends on the ratio of the chain polymerizable monomer having 3 or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule in the solid content of the working liquid. If the monomer component is less than 5% by weight, the three-dimensional cross-linking density of the photosensitive layer is small, and it is expected that a drastic improvement in wear resistance will not be achieved as compared with the case where a conventional thermoplastic binder resin is used. On the other hand, if it exceeds 80% by weight, the content of the charge transporting compound is lowered, and the electrical characteristics are deteriorated. The electrical characteristics and abrasion resistance required vary depending on the process used, and the film thickness of the photosensitive layer of the photoconductor also varies accordingly. The range of is most preferable.

Next, component C (photopolymerization initiator) in the present invention will be described.
As photopolymerization initiator light (component C), diethoxyacetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethane-1-one, 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, 4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) ) Phenyl- (2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone, 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1- (4-morpholinophenyl) butanone-1,2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane-1 Acetophenones or ketals such as 2-one, 2-methyl-2-morpholino (4-methylthiophenyl) propan-1-one, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione-2- (o-ethoxycarbonyl) oxime Photopolymerization initiator, benzoin, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin iso Benzoin ether photopolymerization initiators such as tilether, benzoin isopropyl ether, benzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, methyl o-benzoylbenzoate, 2-benzoylnaphthalene, 4-benzoylbiphenyl, 4-benzoylphenyl ether, acrylated benzophenone, Benzophenone photopolymerization initiators such as 1,4-benzoylbenzene, thioxanthone light such as 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2,4-dimethylthioxanthone, 2,4-diethylthioxanthone, 2,4-dichlorothioxanthone Examples of the polymerization initiator and other photopolymerization initiators include ethyl anthraquinone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid. Phenylethoxyphosphine oxide, bis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide, bis (2,4-dimethoxybenzoyl) -2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide, methylphenylglyoxyester, 9,10 -Phenanthrene, an acridine type compound, a triazine type compound, an imidazole type compound etc. are mentioned. Moreover, what has a photopolymerization acceleration effect can also be used individually or in combination with the said photoinitiator. Examples thereof include triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, isoamyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, (2-dimethylamino) ethyl benzoate, 4,4′-dimethylaminobenzophenone, and the like. These polymerization initiators may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The preferred content of the polymerization initiator is 0.5 to 40 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total content having chain polymerizability.

Next, a method for forming a cured product will be described.
The cured product used in the present invention is a coating solution containing at least Component A, Component A and Component B, or Component A, Component B and Component C, and coating the coating solution on the surface of the photoreceptor. Then, it is formed by chain polymerization. In the case of Component A, Component B, and Component C, they are formed by light irradiation according to the absorption wavelength of the photopolymerization initiator and polymerization.

  When the polymerizable monomer is a liquid, the coating liquid can be applied by dissolving other components in the liquid, but it is diluted with a solvent as required. Solvents used at this time include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol and butanol, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone, esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and propyl. Examples include ethers such as ether, halogens such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, and chlorobenzene, aromatics such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, and cellosolves such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, and cellosolve acetate. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The dilution ratio with the solvent varies depending on the solubility of the composition, the coating method, and the target film thickness, and is arbitrary. The application can be performed by dip coating, spray coating, bead coating, ring coating, or the like.

  Component A is important for imparting the charge transport performance of the cured product. Component A is preferably 20 to 90% by weight, more preferably 30 to 80% by weight, based on the cured product. If this component is less than 20% by weight, the charge transport performance cannot be sufficiently maintained, and deterioration of electrical characteristics such as a decrease in sensitivity and an increase in residual potential appear after repeated use. On the other hand, if it exceeds 90% by weight, the content of Component B is lowered, causing a decrease in the cross-linking density, making it difficult to exhibit the desired properties.

  In addition to Component A, Component B, and Component C, the coating liquid is a monofunctional or bifunctional chain for the purpose of imparting functions such as viscosity adjustment during coating, stress relaxation of the photosensitive layer, lower surface energy, and friction coefficient reduction. A polymerizable monomer and a chain polymerizable oligomer can be used in combination. Known chain-polymerizable monomers and oligomers can be used. Examples of monofunctional chain monomers include 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl carbitol acrylate, 3-methoxybutyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, and cyclohexyl acrylate. , Isoamyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, methoxytriethylene glycol acrylate, phenoxytetraethylene glycol acrylate, cetyl acrylate, isostearyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, styrene monomer, and the like. Examples of the bifunctional chain polymerizable monomer include 1,3-butanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1, Examples include 6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate bisphenol A-EO modified diacrylate, bisphenol F-EO modified diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, and the like. Examples of the functional monomer include those substituted with a fluorine atom such as octafluoropentyl acrylate, 2-perfluorooctylethyl acrylate, 2-perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate, 2-perfluoroisononylethyl acrylate, No. 60503, JP-B-6-45770, siloxane repeating units: 20-70 acryloyl polydimethylsiloxane ethyl, methacryloyl polydimethylsiloxane ethyl, acryloyl polydimethylsiloxane propyl, acryloyl polydimethylsiloxane butyl, diacryloyl polydimethylsiloxane Examples thereof include vinyl monomers having a polysiloxane group such as diethyl, acrylates and methacrylates. Examples of the chain polymerizable oligomer include epoxy acrylate, urethane acrylate, and polyester acrylate oligomers. However, if a large amount of monofunctional and bifunctional chain-polymerizable monomers and chain-polymerizable oligomers are contained, the three-dimensional cross-linking density of the cured product will be substantially reduced, leading to deterioration of properties. For this reason, the content of these monomers and oligomers is limited to 50 parts by weight or less, more preferably 30 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of Component A.

  Furthermore, the coating liquid can contain additives such as various plasticizers (for the purpose of stress relaxation and adhesion improvement), leveling agents, and low molecular charge transport materials having no chain reactivity as required. As these additives, known additives can be used, and as plasticizers, those used in general resins such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate can be used, and the amount used is the total solid content of the coating liquid. To 20% by weight or less, more preferably 10% or less. As leveling agents, silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil, polymers or oligomers having a perfluoroalkyl group in the side chain can be used, and the amount used is based on the total solid content of the coating liquid. 3% by weight or less is appropriate.

After applying the coating solution, a drying step is optionally inserted, and curing is performed by light irradiation or the like. For UV irradiation, UV light sources such as high-pressure mercury lamps and metal halide lamps, which mainly emit light in the ultraviolet light, can be used. It is. Irradiation light amount is 50 mW / cm ² or more, preferably 2000 mW / cm ² or less, it takes time for the curing reaction is less than 50 mW / cm ^2. When it is higher than 2000 mW / cm ^2, the progress of the reaction becomes non-uniform, and local wrinkles are generated on the surface of the cross-linked charge transport layer, many unreacted residues, reaction termination terminals, and the like are generated. In addition, internal stress increases due to rapid crosslinking, which causes cracks and film peeling. Moreover, nitrogen substitution may be performed at the time of light irradiation to prevent polymerization inhibition by oxygen, or continuous light irradiation may be performed, or irradiation may be intermittently performed in a plurality of times. Electron beam irradiation can also be used as a similar means of light irradiation. However, those using light energy are preferred because of easy reaction rate control and simplicity of the apparatus.
The greater the amount of light irradiation, the higher the gel fraction of the cured product, and a more insoluble and infusible state. In order to achieve the object of the present invention, the gel fraction is preferably 95% or more. The gel fraction can be observed by immersing the cured product in a highly soluble organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran for 3 days or more and measuring the weight loss.

In order to form a cured product having a gel fraction of 95% or more, it is desirable to irradiate cumulative irradiation energy of 10 J / cm ² or more, and it is more preferable to cure to a gel fraction of 97% or more. By increasing the gel fraction, it is possible to further prevent the sticking of silica or the like. In this case, it is desirable to irradiate accumulated irradiation energy of 20 J / cm ² or more.
After curing by light irradiation, annealing is performed at 80 ° C. to 150 ° C., and it is used as an electrophotographic photosensitive member. The annealing time is preferably 1 minute to 60 minutes.

Next, the configuration of the electrophotographic photosensitive member will be described.
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is characterized by containing the cured product. Although the structure is not limited, the compound property of the general formula (1) mentioned as a preferred chain polymerizable monomer of Component A is hole transportable, so that a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are sequentially formed on a conductive support. The cured product is preferably applied to the charge transport layer of the laminated photoreceptor. In particular, when the cured product is applied as a cross-linked charge transport layer as a photosensitive member structure further laminated on the photosensitive layer, it is more preferable because restrictions due to curing reaction conditions are reduced. The cured product can also be applied to a single-layer photoreceptor.
Even if the chain-polymerizable monomer remains uncured in the photosensitive layer, the compound characteristic of the general formula (1) mentioned as the preferred chain-polymerizable monomer of Component A deteriorates the electric characteristics because of the hole transportability. There is no.

Next, the layer structure of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5 are sectional views of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a photosensitive layer (33) mainly composed of a charge generation material and a charge transport material is provided on a conductive support (31).
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, a charge generation layer (35) mainly composed of a charge generation material and a charge transport layer (37) mainly composed of a charge transport material are formed on a conductive support (31). The photosensitive layer is laminated.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, a photosensitive layer (33) mainly composed of a charge generation material and a charge transport material is provided on a conductive support (31), and a crosslinked charge transport layer ( 39).
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a charge generation layer (35) mainly composed of a charge generation material, and then a charge transport layer (37) mainly composed of a charge transport material on a conductive support (31). Are stacked as a photosensitive layer, and a cross-linked charge transport layer (39) is provided on the charge transport layer.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, a charge transport layer (37) containing a charge transport material as a main component and then a charge generation layer (35) containing a charge generation material as a main component are formed on a conductive support (31). The photosensitive layer is laminated, and a cross-linked charge transport layer (39) is further provided on the charge generation layer.

As the conductive support (31), a material having a volume resistance of 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm or less, for example, a metal such as aluminum, nickel, chromium, nichrome, copper, gold, silver, platinum, tin oxide, oxidation Metal oxide such as indium is deposited or sputtered to form film or cylindrical plastic, paper coated, or aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, stainless steel, etc. After conversion, a tube that has been subjected to surface treatment such as cutting, superfinishing, or polishing can be used. In addition, an endless nickel belt and an endless stainless steel belt disclosed in JP-A-52-36016 can also be used as the conductive support (31). In addition, the conductive support dispersed in a suitable binder resin and coated on the support can also be used as the conductive support (31) of the present invention.

  Examples of the conductive powder include carbon black, acetylene black, metal powder such as aluminum, nickel, iron, nichrome, copper, zinc, and silver, or metal oxide powder such as conductive tin oxide and ITO. Can be mentioned. The binder resin used at the same time is polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer. , Polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyarylate resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl toluene, poly-N-vinyl carbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, Examples thereof include thermoplastic, thermosetting resins, and photocurable resins such as melamine resin, urethane resin, phenol resin, and alkyd resin. Such a conductive layer can be provided by dispersing and coating these conductive powder and binder resin in a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, methyl ethyl ketone, and toluene.

  Furthermore, a heat-shrinkable tube in which the conductive powder is contained in a material such as polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyester, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, chlorinated rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene fluororesin on a suitable cylindrical substrate. Those provided with a conductive layer can be used favorably as the conductive support (31) of the present invention.

  The charge generation layer (35) is a layer mainly composed of a charge generation material having a charge generation function, and a binder resin can be used in combination as necessary. As the charge generation material, inorganic materials and organic materials can be used. Inorganic materials include crystalline selenium, amorphous selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-tellurium-halogen, selenium-arsenic compounds, and amorphous silicon. In amorphous silicon, dangling bonds that are terminated with hydrogen atoms or halogen atoms, or those that are doped with boron atoms, phosphorus atoms, or the like are preferably used. On the other hand, a known material can be used as the organic material. For example, phthalocyanine pigments such as metal phthalocyanine and metal-free phthalocyanine, azulenium salt pigments, squaric acid methine pigments, azo pigments having carbazole skeleton, azo pigments having triphenylamine skeleton, azo pigments having diphenylamine skeleton, dibenzothiophene skeleton Azo pigments having a fluorenone skeleton, azo pigments having an oxadiazole skeleton, azo pigments having a bis-stilbene skeleton, azo pigments having a distyryl oxadiazole skeleton, azo pigments having a distyrylcarbazole skeleton, perylene Pigments, anthraquinone or polycyclic quinone pigments, quinoneimine pigments, diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane pigments, benzoquinone and naphthoquinone pigments, cyanine and azomethine pigments, Goido based pigments, and bisbenzimidazole pigments. These charge generation materials can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.

  The binder resin used as necessary for the charge generation layer (35) is polyamide, polyurethane, epoxy resin, polyketone, polycarbonate, silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl ketone, polystyrene, poly-N-. Examples thereof include vinyl carbazole and polyacrylamide. These binder resins can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more. In addition to the binder resin described above as a binder resin for the charge generation layer, a polymer charge transport material having a charge transport function, such as an arylamine skeleton, benzidine skeleton, hydrazone skeleton, carbazole skeleton, stilbene skeleton, pyrazoline skeleton, etc. Polymer materials such as polycarbonate, polyester, polyurethane, polyether, polysiloxane, and acrylic resin, polymer materials having a polysilane skeleton, and the like can be used.

  Specific examples of the former include JP-A-01-001728, JP-A-01-009964, JP-A-01-013061, JP-A-01-019049, JP-A-01-241559, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. 04-011627, 04-175337, 04-183719, 04-2225014, 04-230767, 04-320420, 05 -232727, JP-A 05-310904, JP-A 06-234836, JP-A 06-234837, JP-A 06-234838, JP-A 06-234839, JP-A 06-234840. No. 1, JP-A 06-234841, JP-A 06-239049, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. 06-236050, 06-236051, 06-295077, 07-0756374, 08-176293, 08-208820, 08 No. -21640, JP 08-253568, JP 08-269183, JP 09-062019, JP 09-043883, JP 09-71642, JP 09-87376. JP-A 09-104746, JP-A 09-110974, JP-A 09-110976, JP-A 09-157378, JP-A 09-221544, JP-A 09-227669. JP 09-235367 A, JP 09-241369 A Charge transporting polymer materials described in JP 09-268226 A, JP 09-272735 A, JP 09-302084 A, JP 09-302085 A, JP 09-328539 A, etc. Can be mentioned. Specific examples of the latter include polysilylene polymers described in, for example, JP-A No. 63-285552, JP-A No. 05-19497, JP-A No. 05-70595, JP-A No. 10-73944, and the like. Illustrated.

  The charge generation layer (35) may contain a low molecular charge transport material. Low molecular charge transport materials that can be used in combination with the charge generation layer (35) include hole transport materials and electron transport materials. Examples of the electron transporting material include chloroanil, bromanyl, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone, 2,4 , 5,7-tetranitroxanthone, 2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, 2,6,8-trinitro-4H-indeno [1,2-b] thiophen-4-one, 1,3,7-tri Examples thereof include electron-accepting substances such as nitrodibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide and diphenoquinone derivatives. These electron transport materials can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.

  Examples of the hole transporting material include the electron donating materials shown below and are used favorably. As hole transport materials, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, monoarylamine derivatives, diarylamine derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, α-phenylstilbene derivatives, benzidine derivatives, diarylmethane derivatives, triaryls Other known materials such as methane derivatives, 9-styrylanthracene derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, divinylbenzene derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, indene derivatives, butadiene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, bisstilbene derivatives, enamine derivatives, and the like can be given. These hole transport materials can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.

  Methods for forming the charge generation layer (35) include a vacuum thin film preparation method and a casting method from a solution dispersion system. As the former method, a vacuum deposition method, a glow discharge decomposition method, an ion plating method, a sputtering method, a reactive sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like is used, and the above-described inorganic materials and organic materials can be satisfactorily formed. In addition, in order to provide a charge generation layer by the casting method described later, if necessary, the inorganic or organic charge generation material together with a binder resin, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dioxolane, toluene, dichloromethane, monochlorobenzene, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone, cyclohexane. It can be formed by dispersing with a ball mill, attritor, sand mill, bead mill, etc. using a solvent such as pentanone, anisole, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc. Further, a leveling agent such as dimethyl silicone oil or methyl phenyl silicone oil can be added as necessary. The application can be performed by dip coating, spray coating, bead coating, ring coating, or the like. The film thickness of the charge generation layer provided as described above is suitably about 0.01 to 5 μm, more preferably 0. 05-2 μm.

  The charge transport layer (37) is a layer having a charge transport function. A charge transport material having a charge transport function and a binder resin are dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate solvent, and this is coated on the charge generation layer (35) and dried. To form. As the charge transport material, the electron transport material, hole transport material and polymer charge transport material described in the charge generation layer (35) can be used. In particular, the use of the polymer charge transport material can reduce the solubility of the lower layer when the cross-linked charge transport layer (39) is applied, and is particularly useful.

  As the binder resin, polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, Polyvinylidene chloride, polyarylate resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate resin, ethyl cellulose resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl toluene, poly-N-vinyl carbazole, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, urethane resin And thermoplastic or thermosetting resins such as phenol resins and alkyd resins. The amount of the charge transport material is appropriately 20 to 300 parts by weight, preferably 40 to 150 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. However, when a polymer charge transport material is used, it can be used alone or in combination with a binder resin. As the solvent used for coating the charge transport layer (37), the same solvent as the charge generation layer (35) can be used, but a solvent that dissolves the charge transport material and the binder resin well is suitable. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The lower layer portion of the charge transport layer (37) can be formed by the same coating method as that for the charge generation layer (35).

  If necessary, a plasticizer and a leveling agent can be added. As a plasticizer that can be used in combination with the charge transport layer (37), those used as plasticizers for general resins such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate can be used as they are, and the amount used is 100 parts by weight of binder resin. About 0 to 30 parts by weight is appropriate. Examples of the leveling agent that can be used in the charge transport layer (37) include silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil, and polymers or oligomers having a perfluoroalkyl group in the side chain. About 0 to 1 part by weight is appropriate for 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. The film thickness of the charge transport layer (37) is suitably about 5 to 40 μm, more preferably about 10 to 30 μm. On the charge transport layer (37) thus formed, the above-mentioned curable coating liquid is applied, dried as necessary, and then the curing reaction is initiated by the external energy of light irradiation. (39) is formed.

  Next, the photosensitive layer (33) will be described. The photosensitive layer (33) can be formed by dissolving or dispersing a charge generation material, a charge transport material, and a binder resin in a suitable solvent, and applying and drying the solution. Moreover, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, antioxidant, etc. can also be added as needed.

  As the binder resin, in addition to the binder resin previously mentioned in the charge transport layer (37), the binder resin mentioned in the charge generation layer (35) may be mixed and used. Of course, the polymer charge transport materials mentioned above can also be used favorably. The amount of the charge generation material relative to the binder resin is preferably 5 to 40% by weight, and the amount of the charge transport material is preferably 0 to 190% by weight, more preferably 50 to 150% by weight.

  The photosensitive layer (33) is a dip coating method, spray coating, a coating solution in which a charge generation material and a binder resin are dispersed together with a charge transport material using a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dichloroethane, and cyclohexane. It can be formed by coating with bead coat or ring coat. The film thickness of the photosensitive layer (33) is suitably about 5 to 35 μm.

  In the photoreceptor of the present invention, the charge transport layer (37) and the crosslinked charge transport layer (39) and the charge to the crosslinked charge transport layer between the photosensitive layer (33) and the crosslinked charge transport layer (39). It is possible to provide an intermediate layer for the purpose of suppressing mixing of the transport layer components or improving the adhesion between the two layers. For this reason, as the intermediate layer, those which are insoluble or hardly soluble in the cross-linked charge transport layer coating solution are suitable, and generally a binder resin is used as a main component. Examples of these resins include polyamide, alcohol-soluble nylon, water-soluble polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl butyral, and polyvinyl alcohol. As a method for forming the intermediate layer, a generally used coating method is employed as described above. The thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably about 0.05 to 2 μm.

  In the photoreceptor of the present invention, an undercoat layer can be provided between the conductive support (31) and the photosensitive layer. In general, the undercoat layer is mainly composed of a resin. However, considering that the photosensitive layer is coated with a solvent on these resins, the resin may be a resin having high solvent resistance with respect to a general organic solvent. desirable. Examples of such resins include water-soluble resins such as polyvinyl alcohol, casein, and sodium polyacrylate, alcohol-soluble resins such as copolymer nylon and methoxymethylated nylon, polyurethane, melamine resin, phenol resin, alkyd-melamine resin, and epoxy. Examples thereof include a curable resin that forms a three-dimensional network structure such as a resin. Further, a metal oxide fine powder pigment exemplified by titanium oxide, silica, alumina, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide and the like may be added to the undercoat layer in order to prevent moire and reduce residual potential. These undercoat layers can be formed using an appropriate solvent and a coating method like the above-mentioned photosensitive layer. Furthermore, a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, a chromium coupling agent, or the like can be used as the undercoat layer of the present invention. In addition, the undercoat layer of the present invention is vacuum-treated with anodized alumina, organic substances such as polyparaxylylene (parylene), and inorganic substances such as silica, tin oxide, titanium oxide, ITO, and ceria. Those provided by the thin film preparation method can also be used favorably. In addition, known ones can be used. The thickness of the undercoat layer is preferably 0 to 5 μm.

  In the present invention, in order to improve environmental resistance, in order to prevent a decrease in sensitivity and an increase in residual potential, a cross-linked charge transport layer (39), a charge transport layer (37), a charge generation layer ( 35) An antioxidant can be added to each layer such as the undercoat layer and the intermediate layer. Antioxidants that can be used in the present invention include 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol, butylated hydroxyanisole, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol, stearyl-β- (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, 2,2′-methylene-bis- (4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 2,2′-methylene-bis- (4 -Ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis- (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-butylidenebis- (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 1, 1,3-tris- (2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylphenyl) butane, 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-tert-butyl- 4-hide Xylbenzyl) benzene, tetrakis- [methylene-3- (3 ′, 5′-di-t-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane, bis [3,3′-bis (4′-hydroxy-3 ′) -T-Butylphenyl) butyric acid] phenolic compounds, tocopherols and other phenolic compounds, N-phenyl-N'-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N'-di-sec-butyl-p- Phenylenediamine, N-phenyl-N-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N'-di-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-di-t-butyl- Paraphenylenediamine compounds such as p-phenylenediamine, 2,5-di-t-octylhydroquinone, 2,6-didodecyl Hydroquinone compounds such as droquinone, 2-dodecylhydroquinone, 2-dodecyl-5-chlorohydroquinone, 2-t-octyl-5-methylhydroquinone, 2- (2-octadecenyl) -5-methylhydroquinone, dilauryl-3,3 Organic sulfur compounds such as' -thiodipropionate, distearyl-3,3'-thiodipropionate, ditetradecyl-3,3'-thiodipropionate, triphenylphosphine, tri (nonylphenyl) phosphine, tri Examples thereof include organic phosphorus compounds such as (dinonylphenyl) phosphine, tricresylphosphine, and tri (2,4-dibutylphenoxy) phosphine. These compounds are known as antioxidants such as rubbers, plastics, oils and fats, and commercially available products can be easily obtained. The addition amount of the antioxidant in the present invention is 0.01 to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the layer to be added.

  The film thickness of the crosslinked charge transport layer (39) of the present invention is preferably 1 μm or more and 10 μm or less, more preferably 3 μm or more and 10 μm or less. When it is thicker than 10 μm, cracks and film peeling are likely to occur, and chain polymerization due to photocleavage of the photoinitiator is less likely to occur in the deep part, so that it is difficult to form a film with a high crosslinking density. On the other hand, when chain polymerization proceeds with radicals, it is susceptible to oxygen inhibition, and on the surface in contact with the air, crosslinking does not proceed due to the influence of radical trapping by oxygen, and it tends to be non-uniform. This effect appears remarkably in the surface layer of 1 μm or less, and the cross-linked charge transport layer (39) having a thickness of less than this thickness is liable to cause a reduction in wear resistance or uneven wear. In addition, when the crosslinkable charge transport layer (39) is applied, the lower charge transport layer (37) component is mixed. When the coating film thickness of the crosslinkable charge transport layer (39) is thin, contaminants spread throughout the layer, resulting in inhibition of the curing reaction and a decrease in the crosslink density. For these reasons, the cross-linked charge transport layer (39) of the present invention can form a high-density cross-linked body with a film thickness of 1 μm or more, thereby preventing white spots. In addition, a decrease in film thickness due to wear in repeated use tends to cause local chargeability and sensitivity fluctuations, and the film thickness of the cross-linked charge transport layer (39) should be 3 μm or more from the viewpoint of extending the life. desirable.

  Next, the image forming method and the image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The image forming method and the image forming apparatus of the present invention maintain a high image quality with few image defects, having a cross-linked charge transport layer on the surface that is three-dimensionally cross-linked and cured by chain polymerization and has excellent wear resistance during repeated use. Continued use of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, for example, at least after the process of charging, image exposure and development of the photoreceptor, transfer of the toner image to an image carrier (transfer paper), fixing and cleaning of the surface of the photoreceptor An image forming method and an image forming apparatus. In some cases, an image forming method or the like in which an electrostatic latent image is directly transferred to a transfer member and developed does not necessarily have the above-described process arranged on a photosensitive member.

  FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus. A charging charger (3) is used as a means for charging the photoconductor on average. As the charging means, a corotron device, a scorotron device, a solid discharge element, a needle electrode device, a roller charging device, a conductive brush device, or the like is used, and a known method can be used. In particular, the configuration of the present invention is particularly effective when a charging unit such as a contact charging method or a non-contact proximity arrangement charging method is used in which the photosensitive composition is decomposed by proximity discharge from the charging unit. The contact charging method referred to here is a charging method in which a charging roller, a charging brush, a charging blade, or the like is in direct contact with the photosensitive member. On the other hand, the proximity charging method is, for example, a type in which the charging roller is arranged in a non-contact state so as to have a gap of 200 μm or less between the surface of the photoreceptor and the charging means. If this gap is too large, the charging tends to become unstable, and if it is too small, the surface of the charging member may be contaminated when toner remaining on the photoreceptor exists. is there. Accordingly, the gap is suitably 10 to 200 μm, preferably 10 to 100 μm.

  Next, the image exposure unit (5) is used to form an electrostatic latent image on the uniformly charged photoreceptor (1). As the light source, all luminescent materials such as a fluorescent lamp, a tungsten lamp, a halogen lamp, a mercury lamp, a sodium lamp, a light emitting diode (LED), a semiconductor laser (LD), and an electroluminescence (EL) can be used. Various types of filters such as a sharp cut filter, a band pass filter, a near infrared cut filter, a dichroic filter, an interference filter, and a color temperature conversion filter can be used to irradiate only light in a desired wavelength range.

  Next, the developing unit (6) is used to visualize the electrostatic latent image formed on the photoreceptor (1). Development methods include a one-component development method using a dry toner, a two-component development method, and a wet development method using a wet toner. When the photosensitive member is positively (negatively) charged and image exposure is performed, a positive (negative) electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the photosensitive member. A positive image can be obtained by developing this with negative (positive) toner (electrodetection fine particles), and a negative image can be obtained by developing with positive (negative) toner.

  Next, a transfer charger (10) is used to transfer the toner image visualized on the photoconductor onto the transfer body (9). In addition, a pre-transfer charger (7) may be used for better transfer. As these transfer means, a transfer charger, an electrostatic transfer method using a bias roller, a mechanical transfer method such as an adhesive transfer method and a pressure transfer method, and a magnetic transfer method can be used. As the electrostatic transfer method, the charging means can be used.

Next, a separation charger (11) and a separation claw (12) are used as means for separating the transfer body (9) from the photoreceptor (1). As other separation means, electrostatic adsorption induction separation, side end belt separation, tip grip conveyance, curvature separation, and the like are used. As the separation charger (11), the charging means can be used.
Next, a fur brush (14) and a cleaning blade (15) are used to clean the toner remaining on the photoreceptor after transfer. Further, a pre-cleaning charger (13) may be used in order to perform cleaning more efficiently. As other cleaning means, there are a web system, a magnet brush system, and the like, but a single system or a plurality of systems may be used together. Next, a neutralizing unit is used for the purpose of removing the latent image on the photoconductor as necessary. As the charge removal means, a charge removal lamp (2) and a charge removal charger are used, and the exposure light source and the charging means can be used respectively. In addition, known processes can be used for reading, feeding, fixing, paper discharge and the like that are not close to the photoconductor.

  The present invention is an image forming method and an image forming apparatus using the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention for such image forming means. The image forming means may be fixedly incorporated in a copying apparatus, facsimile, or printer, but may be incorporated in these apparatuses in the form of a process cartridge and detachable.

  FIG. 7 shows an example of a process cartridge. The process cartridge for the image forming apparatus includes a photoconductor (16), and in addition, a charging means (17), a developing means (20), a transfer means (not shown), a cleaning means (18), and a charge eliminating means (see FIG. And an apparatus (part) that is detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus.

  As is apparent from the above description, the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is not only used in electrophotographic copying machines, but also in electrophotographic application fields such as laser beam printers, CRT printers, LED printers, liquid crystal printers, and laser plate making. Can also be used widely.

  Hereinafter, examples including synthesis examples will be shown to describe the present invention in more detail. However, the present invention is not limited to these synthesis examples and examples. In addition, all "parts" used in an Example represent a mass part.

[Synthesis Example]
[Synthesis Example 1]: Synthesis of Halogen Compound A reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and a dropping funnel was charged with 21.90 g of 2-iodofluorene and 150 ml of dehydrated tetrahydrofuran and stirred at room temperature in a nitrogen atmosphere. There, 28.95 g of 28% -sodium methoxide / methanol solution was dropped, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Thereto was added dropwise a mixed solution of 24.85 g of 4- (N, N-di-p-tolylamino) benzaldehyde and 35 ml of dehydrated tetrahydrofuran, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction solution was poured into ice water, diluted hydrochloric acid was added, the mixture was stirred at room temperature, extracted with toluene, and washed with water. The organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel column chromatography (adsorption medium: silica gel, developing solvent: toluene / n-hexane = 2/3) to obtain the desired halogen compound. 2-iodo-9- [4- (N, N-di-p-tolylamino) benzylidene] fluorene was obtained. Yield 41.85 g.

[Synthesis Example 2]: Synthesis of boronic acid compound In a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and a dropping funnel, 34.53 g of the halogen compound obtained in Synthesis Example 1 and 150 ml of dehydrated tetrahydrofuran were placed and stirred in a nitrogen atmosphere. And cooled to -74 ° C. Thereto, 36 ml of 2.6M (molar concentration) -n-butyllithium / n-hexane solution was added dropwise and stirred at the same temperature for 2 hours. Thereto was added dropwise a mixed solution of 18.69 g of trimethoxyborane and 10 ml of dehydrated tetrahydrofuran, and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 2 hours and further stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with aqueous sodium bisulfite solution, and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated under reduced pressure, washed with n-hexane, and the target boronic acid compound, 2-boronic acid-9- [4- (N, N-di-p-tolylamino) benzylidene] Obtained fluorene. Yield 11.84 g.

[Synthesis Example 3]: Synthesis of Hydroxy Compound A reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and a dropping funnel was charged with 4.93 g of the boronic acid compound obtained in Synthesis Example 2 and 100 ml of tetrahydrofuran and stirred at room temperature. Thereto, 0.90 g of acetic acid was added dropwise, and a mixed solution of 30% -hydrogen peroxide 0.15 g and water 10 ml was added dropwise, stirred at the same temperature for 30 minutes, and further stirred at 50 ° C. for 1 hour. The reaction solution was poured into ice water, extracted with ethyl acetate, and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (adsorption medium: silica gel, developing solvent: toluene / ethyl acetate = 19/1) to obtain the desired hydroxy compound, 2-Hydroxy-9- [4- (N, N-di-p-tolylamino) benzylidene] fluorene was obtained. Yield 4.61 g.

[Synthesis Example 4]: Synthesis of acrylic ester compound (C-03) 2.33 g of hydroxy compound obtained in Synthesis Example 3 and 0.76 g of triethylamine were added to a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and a dropping funnel. 30 ml of dehydrated tetrahydrofuran was added and stirred at room temperature. Thereto was added dropwise a mixed solution of acryloyl chloride 0.5 ml and dehydrated tetrahydrofuran 1 ml, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction solution was poured into ice water, extracted with ethyl acetate, and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (adsorption medium: silica gel, developing solvent: toluene) to obtain the desired acrylate compound, 2-acryloyloxy- 9- [4- (N, N-di-p-tolylamino) benzylidene] fluorene was obtained. Yield 1.71 g. The IR spectrum is shown in FIG.

[Example of photoconductor]
[Example 1]
By applying and drying an undercoat layer coating solution, a charge generation layer coating solution, and a charge transport layer coating solution in sequence on an aluminum plate, an undercoat layer having a thickness of 0.3 μm, A 0.3 μm charge generation layer and a 20 μm charge transport layer were formed to produce an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
[Coating liquid for undercoat layer]
Polyamide resin (CM-8000: manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) 2 parts Methanol 49 parts Butanol 49 parts [Coating liquid for charge generation layer]
Charge generating material represented by the following structural formula (E-01) 2.5 parts Polyvinyl butyral resin (XYHL: manufactured by UCC) 0.5 part Cyclohexanone 200 parts Methyl ethyl ketone 80 parts

[Coating liquid for charge transport layer]
10 parts of bisphenol Z polycarbonate resin (Panlite TS-2050: manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
Charge transport material: Exemplified compound (C-03) 10 parts Tetrahydrofuran 80 parts 1% Silicone oil tetrahydrofuran solution 0.2 part (KF-50-100CS: manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.)

[Example 2] to [Example 5]
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner except that the charge transport material of Example 1 was replaced with the exemplified compounds shown in Table 1.

[Comparative Example 1] to [Comparative Example 4]
The charge transport material of Example 1 was prepared by the following structural formula (F-01: a compound obtained by a synthesis method described in JP-A No. 2000-147804) and a structural formula (F-02: a synthesis method described in Japanese Patent No. 3164426). Obtained compound), structural formula (F-03: compound obtained by the synthesis method described in Japanese Patent No. 3164426), and electrophotography in the same manner except that the charge transporting material is represented by the structural formula (F-04). A photoreceptor was prepared.

  About the electrophotographic photoreceptors obtained in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, in the dark using a commercially available electrostatic copying paper testing apparatus [EPA-8200 type manufactured by Kawaguchi Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd.] After charging to -800V by corona discharge of 6kV, irradiate tungsten lamp light so that the illuminance on the surface of the photosensitive member becomes 5.3 lux, and obtain the time (seconds) until the potential becomes 1/2. The half-exposure amount E1 / 2 (lux · sec) was calculated. Further, the residual potential (−V) after 30 seconds of exposure was determined. The results are shown in Table 1.

  As described above, when the charge transportability is viewed from the sensitivity of the photoreceptor (the smaller the half-exposure amount, the better the sensitivity) and the residual potential (the smaller the amount, there is no charge trapping), the chain polymerizable compound of the present invention is good. It can be seen that it exhibits charge transport properties.

[Example 6]
A coating solution having the following composition was applied onto an aluminum plate by blades and air-dried for 20 minutes, then a metal halide lamp: 160 W / cm, irradiation distance: 120 mm, irradiation intensity: 750 mW / cm ² , irradiation time: 240 seconds Was irradiated with light to produce a cured film having a thickness of 5 μm.
[Coating fluid]
Component A: 10 parts of exemplary compound (C-03) Component B: 10 parts of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku: KAYARAD TMPTA, molecular weight: 296, functional group number = 3 functional, molecular weight / functional group number = 99))
Component C: 1 part of 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone (Ciba Specialty Chemicals: Irgacure 184)
Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

[Example 7] to [Example 19]
A cured film having a thickness of 5 μm was prepared in the same manner except that the component A of Example 6 was replaced with the exemplified compounds shown in Table 2.

[Example 20]
A cured film having a thickness of 5 μm was prepared in the same manner except that component B of Example 6 was not added.

[Example 21]
A cured film having a thickness of 5 μm was prepared in the same manner except that component C of Example 6 was not added.

[Example 22]
A cured film having a thickness of 5 μm was prepared in the same manner except that Component B and Component C of Example 6 were not added.

[Comparative Example 5] to [Comparative Example 8]
A cured film having a thickness of 5 μm was prepared in the same manner except that the component A of Example 6 was replaced with the exemplified compounds shown in Table 2.

  About the cured film obtained in Examples 6-22 and Comparative Examples 5-8, the surface was observed visually and the presence or absence of the crack was judged. Moreover, it immersed in tetrahydrofuran at 25 degreeC for 5 days, and calculated | required the weight residual rate of a gel part. The results are shown in Table 2.

  As described above, the chain polymerizable compound of the present invention has excellent crosslinkability.

[Example 23]
By coating and drying an undercoat layer coating solution, a charge generation layer coating solution, and a charge transport layer coating solution in the following composition on a φ30 mm aluminum cylinder in succession, the thickness is reduced to 3.5 μm. A pulling layer, a 0.2 μm charge generation layer, and an 18 μm charge transport layer were formed. On this charge transport layer, a coating solution for a crosslinkable charge transport layer having the following composition is spray-coated and naturally dried for 20 minutes, and then a metal halide lamp: 160 W / cm, irradiation distance: 110 mm, irradiation intensity: 750 mW / cm ^2. Irradiation time: Light irradiation was performed under the condition of 240 seconds to cure the coating film. Further, it was dried at 130 ° C. for 20 minutes, and a cross-linked charge transport layer having a thickness of 5 μm was provided to produce the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
[Coating liquid for undercoat layer]
Alkyd resin 6 parts (Dainippon Ink & Chemicals: Beckosol 1307-60-EL)
4 parts of melamine resin (Dainippon Ink Chemical Industries, Ltd .: Super Becamine G-821-60)
Titanium oxide (Ishihara Sangyo: Type CR-50) 40 parts Methyl ethyl ketone 50 parts [Coating liquid for charge generation layer]
Charge generating material represented by the above structural formula (E-01) 2.5 parts Polyvinyl butyral resin (XYHL: manufactured by UCC) 0.5 part Cyclohexanone 200 parts Methyl ethyl ketone 80 parts [Coating liquid for charge transport layer]
10 parts of bisphenol Z polycarbonate resin (Panlite TS-2050: manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
Charge transport material represented by the following structural formula (E-02) 7 parts Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts 1% silicone oil tetrahydrofuran solution 0.2 part (KF-50-100CS: manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.)

[Coating liquid for cross-linked charge transport layer]
Component A: Exemplified compound (C-03) 10 parts Component B: Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku: KAYARAD TMPTA, molecular weight: 296, functional group number = 3 functional, molecular weight / functional group number = 99)) 10 parts Component C: 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone (Ciba Specialty Chemicals: Irgacure 184) 1 part Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

[Example 24] to [Example 30]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that the component A of Example 23 was replaced with the exemplified compounds shown in Table 3. The film thickness of the cross-linked charge transport layer was all 5 μm.

[Comparative Example 9] to [Comparative Example 12]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that the component A of Example 23 was replaced with the exemplified compounds shown in Table 3. The film thickness of the cross-linked charge transport layer was all 5 μm.

About the electrophotographic photoreceptors obtained in Examples 23 to 30 and Comparative Examples 9 to 12, after being charged to −800 V by a −6 kV corona discharge in the dark using an electrostatic property evaluation apparatus manufactured in-house, Irradiation with a 655 nm semiconductor laser so that the illuminance on the surface of the photosensitive member becomes 7.2 μW / cm ² , the time (second) until the potential becomes 1/2 is obtained, and the half exposure amount E1 / 2 (μJ / Cm ² ) was calculated. Further, the residual potential (V) after 30 seconds of exposure was determined. The results are shown in Table 3.

  As described above, it can be seen that the chain polymerizable compound of the present invention exhibits a good charge transporting property even after crosslinking.

[Example 31]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that Component B of Example 23 was not added. The film thickness of the cross-linked charge transport layer was all 5 μm.

[Example 32]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that Component C of Example 23 was not added. The film thickness of the cross-linked charge transport layer was all 5 μm.

[Example 33]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that Component B and Component C of Example 23 were not added. The film thickness of the cross-linked charge transport layer was all 5 μm.

[Example 34]
An undercoat layer coating solution and a photosensitive layer coating solution having the following composition are sequentially applied onto an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 30 mm, and dried to form an undercoat layer having a thickness of 3.5 μm and a photosensitive layer having a thickness of 15 μm. Formed. A coating solution for a crosslinkable charge transport layer having the following composition is spray-coated on this photosensitive layer, and after naturally drying for 20 minutes, a metal halide lamp: 160 W / cm, an irradiation distance: 110 mm, an irradiation intensity: 750 mW / cm ² , Irradiation time: Light irradiation was performed under the condition of 240 seconds to cure the coating film. Further, it was dried at 130 ° C. for 20 minutes, and a cross-linked charge transport layer having a thickness of 5 μm was provided to produce the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
[Coating liquid for undercoat layer]
Alkyd resin 6 parts (Dainippon Ink & Chemicals: Beckosol 1307-60-EL)
4 parts of melamine resin (Dainippon Ink Chemical Industries, Ltd .: Super Becamine G-821-60)
Titanium oxide (Ishihara Sangyo: Type CR-50) 40 parts Methyl ethyl ketone 50 parts [Coating solution for photosensitive layer]
X-type metal-free phthalocyanine 2 parts (Dainippon Ink Chemical Industries, Ltd .: FastogenBlue8120B)
30 parts of a hole transport material represented by the following structural formula (E-03) 18 parts of an electron transport material represented by the following structural formula (E-04) 18 parts 2 parts of an electron transport material represented by the following structural formula (E-05) 50 parts of Z polycarbonate resin (Teijin Chemicals Limited: Panlite TS-2050)
Tetrahydrofuran 500 parts

[Coating liquid for cross-linked charge transport layer]
Component A: Exemplified compound (C-17) 10 parts Component B: Trimethylolpropane triacrylate 10 parts (Nippon Kayaku: KAYARAD TMPTA, molecular weight: 296, functional group number = 3 functional, molecular weight / functional group number = 99))
Component C: 1 part of 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone (Ciba Specialty Chemicals: Irgacure 184)
124 parts of tetrahydrofuran

[Example 35]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that the component A of Example 34 was replaced by the exemplified compound (C-23). The film thickness of the crosslinked charge transport layer was 5 μm.

[Example 36]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that the component A of Example 34 was replaced by the exemplified compound (C-28). The film thickness of the crosslinked charge transport layer was 5 μm.

[Comparative Example 13]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that Component A in Example 34 was replaced with the exemplified compound (F-03). The film thickness of the crosslinked charge transport layer was 5 μm.

[Comparative Example 14]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that the component A of Example 34 was replaced with the exemplified compound (F-04). The film thickness of the crosslinked charge transport layer was 5 μm.

  Using the electrophotographic photoreceptors obtained in Examples 23 to 36 and Comparative Examples 9 to 14 and toner containing a silica external additive, a paper passing test of 50,000 sheets of A4 size was performed. First, the photosensitive member was mounted on a process cartridge for an electrophotographic apparatus, and the initial dark portion potential was set to −700 V with a Ricoh imagio Neo 270 remodeling machine using a 655 nm semiconductor laser as an image exposure light source. Then, measure the total film thickness after the initial and 50,000 copies, calculate the amount of film thickness reduction from the difference, observe the image after 50,000 copies, and from the solid image area per unit area of white spots I counted the number of. Further, in order to check the residual potential accumulation property, the initial portion and the exposure portion potential (VL) after 50,000 copies were measured. The results are shown in Table 4.

  As shown in Table 4, it can be seen that the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is excellent in abrasion resistance from the amount of decrease in the film thickness, and it can be seen from the result of the number of white spots that an image with few defects can be output. It is clear that the most important factor is the specific component A used in the present invention in comparison with the comparative example, and an electrophotographic film having a cured product obtained by chain polymerization of the component A in the present invention on the surface. It represents that the photoreceptor has excellent characteristics. The curing conditions of the examples were determined to be substantially insoluble in organic solvents from the gel fraction data (Table 2), and excellent wear resistance and image stability could be achieved under these conditions. It is shown that. Moreover, it turns out that the cured | curing material of this invention has a favorable electrophotographic characteristic even if there is no component B and there is no component C. Even if an uncured product of component A remained, there was no problem in image stability and electrical characteristics.

[Example 37]
By applying and drying an undercoat layer coating solution, a charge generation layer coating solution, and a charge transport layer coating solution in sequence on an aluminum plate, an undercoat layer having a thickness of 0.3 μm, A 0.3 μm charge generation layer and a 20 μm charge transport layer were formed. Next, light irradiation was performed under the conditions of a metal halide lamp: 160 W / cm, irradiation distance: 110 mm, irradiation intensity: 750 mW / cm ² , irradiation time: 240 seconds, and the coating film was cured. Furthermore, it was dried at 130 ° C. for 20 minutes to produce the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
[Coating liquid for undercoat layer]
Polyamide resin (CM-8000: manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) 2 parts Methanol 49 parts Butanol 49 parts [Coating liquid for charge generation layer]
Charge generating material represented by the above structural formula (E-01) 2.5 parts Polyvinyl butyral resin (XYHL: manufactured by UCC) 0.5 part Cyclohexanone 200 parts Methyl ethyl ketone 80 parts [Coating liquid for charge transport layer]
10 parts of bisphenol Z polycarbonate resin (Panlite TS-2050: manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
Charge transport material: Exemplified compound (C-24) 10 parts Tetrahydrofuran 80 parts 1% Silicone oil tetrahydrofuran solution 0.2 part (KF-50-100CS: manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.)

  The electrophotographic photoreceptor obtained in Example 37 was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, the half-exposure amount was 0.83 lux · sec, the residual potential was 0 V, and excellent characteristics were exhibited.

[Comparative Example 15]
An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner except that the exemplified compound (C-24) of Example 37 was replaced with the comparative compound (F-04). As a result of evaluating the obtained photoreceptor in the same manner as in Example 1, the half exposure amount was 2.02 lux · sec, and the residual potential was 47V.

[Example 38]
An undercoat layer coating solution and a photosensitive layer coating solution having the following composition are sequentially applied onto an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 30 mm, and dried to form an undercoat layer having a thickness of 3.5 μm and a photosensitive layer having a thickness of 15 μm. Formed. Next, light irradiation was performed under the conditions of a metal halide lamp: 160 W / cm, irradiation distance: 110 mm, irradiation intensity: 750 mW / cm ² , irradiation time: 240 seconds, and the coating film was cured. Furthermore, it was dried at 130 ° C. for 20 minutes to produce the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
[Coating liquid for undercoat layer]
Alkyd resin 6 parts (Dainippon Ink & Chemicals: Beckosol 1307-60-EL)
4 parts of melamine resin (Dainippon Ink Chemical Industries, Ltd .: Super Becamine G-821-60)
40 parts of titanium oxide (Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd .: Taipei CR-50)
Methyl ethyl ketone 50 parts [Coating solution for photosensitive layer]
X-type metal-free phthalocyanine 2 parts (Dainippon Ink Chemical Industries, Ltd .: FastogenBlue8120B)
Example Compound (C-17) 30 parts Electron Transport Material Represented by Structural Formula (E-04) 18 parts Electron Transport Material Represented by Structural Formula (E-05) 2 parts Bisphenol Z Polycarbonate Resin 50 parts (Teijin Chemicals) Manufactured by Panlite TS-2050)
Tetrahydrofuran 500 parts

  The electrophotographic photosensitive member obtained in Example 38 was charged to +700 V by a corona discharge of +6 kV in the dark using a commercially available electrostatic copying paper test apparatus [EPA-8200 type manufactured by Kawaguchi Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd.]. After that, the tungsten lamp light is irradiated so that the illuminance on the surface of the photosensitive member becomes 5.3 lux, and the time (second) until the potential becomes 1/2 is obtained, and the half exposure amount E1 / 2 (lux · sec. ) Was calculated. Further, the residual potential (V) after 30 seconds of exposure was determined. As a result, the half exposure amount was 1.0 lux · sec, and the residual potential was 120 V.

[Comparative Example 16]
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was produced in the same manner except that the exemplified compound (C-17) of Example 38 was replaced with the comparative compound (F-04). As a result of evaluating the obtained photoreceptor in the same manner as in Example 38, the half exposure amount was 3.05 lux · sec, and the residual potential was 160 V.

It is drawing which shows an example of the laminated constitution of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in this invention. It is drawing which shows another example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in this invention. It is drawing which shows another example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in this invention. It is drawing which shows another example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in this invention. It is drawing which shows another example of the layer structure of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in this invention. It is the schematic for demonstrating an example of the electrophotographic process of this invention. It is the schematic for demonstrating an example of a process cartridge. It is the figure which showed IR spectrum data of the acrylate compound obtained in Synthesis Example 4.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Photoconductor 2 Static elimination lamp 3 Charger charger 4 Eraser 5 Image exposure part 6 Development unit 7 Charger before transfer 8 Registration roller 9 Transfer body 10 Transfer charger 11 Separation charger 12 Separation nail 13 Charger before cleaning 14 Fur brush 15 Cleaning blade 16 Photoconductor 17 Charging means 18 Cleaning means 19 Image exposure unit 20 Developing means 31 Support 33 Photosensitive layer 35 Charge generation layer 37 Charge transport layer 39 Crosslinkable charge transport layer

Claims (23)

A chain polymerizable compound represented by the following general formula (1).

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly good .Ar ₁ to form a ring is .X _1, X ₂ representing a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group substituted or unsubstituted Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.) 2. The chain polymerizable compound according to claim 1, wherein the chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (1) is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (2).

(In the general formula (2), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, R ₃ and R ₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group. X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a combination thereof; A divalent group, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.) The chain polymerizable compound according to claim 2, wherein the chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (2) is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (3).

(In the general formula (3), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ may be linked to form a ring .R _3, R ₄ is .Ar ₂ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group obtained by combining them; A linking group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, and m and n are 0 to 0. 2 Represents the number, the .l having 1 or more at least one represents an integer of 0 to 3.) The chain polymerizable compound according to claim 3, wherein the chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (3) is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (4).

(In the general formula (4), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly may form a ring .R _3, R ₄ represents .R ₅ is an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a combination thereof; A divalent group, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, m and n each represent an integer of 0 to 2, at least one of which has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, o represents 0 to 4 Represents an integer.) The chain polymerizable compound represented by the general formula (4) is an acrylate compound represented by the following general formula (5).

(In the general formula (5), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Alternatively, it represents a group in which R ₁ and R ₂ may jointly form a ring, R ₃ and R ₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ₅ represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, or a halogen atom. M and n each represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, and o represents an integer of 0 to 4.) A hydroxy compound represented by the following general formula (6):

(In the general formula (6), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or it represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ may .Ar ₁ be linked to form a ring the .m to represent a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group, n represents an integer of 0 to 2 , At least one of which has one or more.) The hydroxy compound represented by the general formula (6) is represented by the following general formula (7).

(In the general formula (7), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Alternatively, R ₁ and R ₂ may be combined to form a ring, Ar ₂ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, or a substituted group. Alternatively, it represents an unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group or a divalent group obtained by combining them, m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, at least one of which has an integer of 1 or more, l is an integer of 0 to 3 Represents.) The hydroxy compound according to claim 7, wherein the hydroxy compound represented by the general formula (7) is represented by the following general formula (8).

(In the general formula (8), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ may be linked to form a ring .R ₅ is an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, .m represents a halogen atom, n represents an integer of 0 to 2 And at least one of them has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, and o represents an integer of 0 to 4.) An electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer contains a cured product obtained by chain polymerization of at least the following component A.
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1)

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly good .Ar ₁ to form a ring is .X _1, X ₂ representing a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group substituted or unsubstituted Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.) An electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer contains a cured product obtained by chain polymerization of at least a mixture of the following components A and B: Photoconductor.
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1) Component B: Chain polymerizable monomer having 3 or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule and not Component A

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly good .Ar ₁ to form a ring is .X _1, X ₂ representing a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group substituted or unsubstituted Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.) An electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer contains at least a cured product obtained by chain polymerization of a mixture of the following components A, B and C: An electrophotographic photoreceptor.
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1) Component B: Chain polymerizable monomer having 3 or more chain polymerizable groups in the molecule and not Component A Component C: Photopolymerization initiator

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly good .Ar ₁ to form a ring is .X _1, X ₂ representing a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group substituted or unsubstituted Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 9, wherein the chain polymerizable group of component A and / or component B is an acryloyloxy group and / or a methacryloyloxy group. The chain polymerizable monomer (component A) represented by the general formula (1) is an acrylate monomer represented by the following general formula (2). Electrophotographic photoreceptor.

(In the general formula (2), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Or a combination of them, R ₁ and R ₂ may form a ring together, R ₃ and R ₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and Ar ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group. X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a combination thereof; A divalent group, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, m and n represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 13, wherein the acrylate monomer represented by the general formula (2) is an acrylate monomer represented by the following general formula (3).

(In the general formula (3), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ may be linked to form a ring .R _3, R ₄ is .Ar ₂ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group obtained by combining them; A linking group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, and m and n are 0 to 0. 2 Represents the number, the .l having 1 or more at least one represents an integer of 0 to 3.) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 14, wherein the acrylate monomer represented by the general formula (3) is an acrylate monomer represented by the following general formula (4).

(In the general formula (4), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly may form a ring .R _3, R ₄ represents .R ₅ is an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom X ₁ and X ₂ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a combination thereof; A divalent group, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, m and n each represent an integer of 0 to 2, at least one of which has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, o represents 0 to 4 Represents an integer.) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 15, wherein the acrylate monomer represented by the general formula (4) is an acrylate monomer represented by the following general formula (5).

(In the general formula (5), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, Alternatively, it represents a group in which R ₁ and R ₂ may jointly form a ring, R ₃ and R ₄ each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ₅ represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, or a halogen atom. M and n each represent an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, and o represents an integer of 0 to 4.) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 9, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a single photosensitive layer on a conductive support. 17. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 9, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support. An electrophotographic photosensitive member in which at least a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer, and a crosslinkable charge transport layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support, wherein the crosslinkable charge transport layer causes at least the following component A to undergo chain polymerization. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 9, further comprising a cured product obtained.
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1)

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly good .Ar ₁ to form a ring is .X _1, X ₂ representing a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group substituted or unsubstituted Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.) The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 9 to 19, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, and the photosensitive layer contains at least the following component A. body.
Component A: Chain polymerizable monomer represented by the following general formula (1)

(In the general formula (1), R ₁ and R ₂ are substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups, or represents a group composed of a combination thereof, R ₁ and R ₂ jointly good .Ar ₁ to form a ring is .X _1, X ₂ representing a substituted or unsubstituted trivalent group substituted or unsubstituted Z ₁ represents an alkylene group, an ether bond group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon divalent group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic divalent group, or a divalent group combining them, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. Z ₂ represents a chain polymerizable group, m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 2, and at least one of them has 1 or more.) 21. An image forming method, wherein at least charging, image exposure, development, and transfer are repeatedly performed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 9. An image forming apparatus comprising at least a charging unit, an image exposure unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 9 to 20. 21. A process cartridge for an image forming apparatus, comprising at least one of a charging unit, an image exposure unit, a developing unit, and a transfer unit, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 9.

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