JP2007226019A - Display device and electronic watch - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a panel-like display device which is thin, has sufficient strength, can be made larger in display surface and has flexibility, and to provide an electronic watch digitally displaying time by using the same. <P>SOLUTION: A display panel 2 is configured by bonding a display module 21 using an electrophoretic element through a parting layer 22 to the backside of a flexible plastic plate 20 at the peripheral part of the display surface 21a and coating a rubber sheet 23 so as to cover the display module 21 and the backside of the plastic plate 20 including the parting layer 22. The parting layer 22 may be formed on a front surface 20a of the plastic plate 20. The clearance between the display module 21 and the plastic plate 20 can be made smaller by subjecting the surface of the display module 21 to water repellent treatment or the like. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a display device using a display module using an electrophoretic display element, and an electronic timepiece that digitally displays time using the display device.

As thin display devices, liquid crystal display devices are widely used in various electronic devices, and in recent years, they are also used as large color displays such as computers and televisions. Plasma displays are also used as large color displays for televisions.
However, although liquid crystal display devices and plasma displays are much thinner than CRT displays, they are still not thin enough for some applications and cannot be bent. Further, when it is used as a display of a portable device, the power consumption is further reduced.

Therefore, as a display device that realizes further thinning and low power consumption, a display module, also called electronic paper using an electrophoretic display element, has been developed. An electronic book, an electronic newspaper, an electronic advertising billboard, and a guidance display board are developed. Attempts have been made to use it.
A display module using this electrophoretic display element is composed of a substrate, an electrode layer, an image display layer, a transparent electrode layer, and a transparent surface layer, as can be seen, for example, in Patent Document 1.

  The image display layer is a display layer made of microcapsules (electronic ink) having a diameter of several tens of μm containing white particles and black particles charged to different polarities and a dispersion medium for dispersing them, and the electrode layer sandwiching them Depending on the direction of the electric field generated between the transparent electrode layers, white particles and black particles in the microcapsule are electrophoresed, and one of them gathers on the surface side to display white or black. Once a display is applied by applying an electric field, it has non-volatility (memory property) that maintains the display state even when no electric field is applied. Therefore, it is possible to significantly reduce power consumption.

In addition to using display modules using such electrophoretic display elements as electronic paper in electronic notebooks and electronic books, it has also been proposed to use them as displays for various electronic devices such as personal computers, mobile phones, and televisions. (For example, refer to Patent Document 2).
In addition, it has been proposed to form a display surface suitable for a three-dimensional substrate having a plurality of different curvatures (see, for example, Patent Document 3).

JP 2005-156759 A Japanese Patent No. 3719172 Japanese Patent No. 3527167

However, a display module using such a conventional electrophoretic display element and a display device using the same are applied to electronic paper, relatively small electronic devices, small advertisement display boards, guide display boards, and the like. However, there were problems in terms of strength in order to make a large display.
The present invention has been made in view of such a background, and an object of the present invention is to provide a panel-like display device that is thin and has sufficient strength, can have a large display surface, and has flexibility. And Another object of the present invention is to provide an electronic timepiece that digitally displays time using the display device.

  In order to achieve the above object, a display device according to the present invention has a display module using an electrophoretic display element on the back surface of a bendable transparent plastic plate with a parting layer interposed between the display module and a peripheral portion on the display surface side. A rubber sheet is adhered so as to cover the back side of the plastic plate including the display module and the parting layer.

  Alternatively, a parting layer is formed on the front surface of a bendable transparent plastic plate, and a display module using an electrophoretic display element is adhered to the back surface of the plastic plate at the periphery on the display surface side. A rubber sheet may be attached to cover the back side of the plastic plate.

And it is desirable to coat the surface of the display module on the display surface side with a water repellent agent.
Alternatively, antiglare treatment with fine particles or the like may be performed on the display surface side surface of the display module.
Furthermore, it is preferable to apply an antireflection treatment to the front surface or the front surface and the back surface of the plastic plate.
Further, it is desirable to apply antireflection treatment to the surface of the display module on the display surface side.

The display module can be configured to include portions for displaying a plurality of numbers for displaying time.
The electronic timepiece according to the present invention includes this display device and a time display LSI that digitally displays the time by each portion that drives the display device to display a plurality of numbers on the display module.

The display device according to the present invention is a panel-like display device that is thin and has sufficient strength, can enlarge the display surface, and has flexibility, such as an arbitrary wall surface or pillar inside or outside a building, Or it can be freely attached along the surface of an arbitrary structure or the like, and is suitable for performing large time display, advertisement display, information display, and the like.
Since the electronic timepiece according to the present invention digitally displays the time using the display device, the time can be displayed largely on a pillar or wall surface, or the time can be displayed so that many people can see it outdoors.

Hereinafter, the best mode for carrying out the present invention will be specifically described with reference to the drawings.
1 to 10 are diagrams for explaining an embodiment of a display device according to the present invention and an electronic timepiece using the display device. FIG. 1 is a front view of the electronic timepiece, FIG. 2 is a plan view, and FIG. It is a right view. 4 is a front view of a parting layer in the display panel, FIGS. 5A and 5B are a front view and a left side view of a right case storing an LSI, and FIGS. 6A and 6B are left views storing a battery. FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the upper half portion along the line AA of the display device (display panel) shown in FIG. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a part of a display module using an electrophoretic display element, and FIG. 9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the electrophoretic display element for explaining the display principle. FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing an example of a circuit configuration as an electronic timepiece.

First, the outline of this display device will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 and FIG.
The electronic timepiece 1 includes a display panel 2 that is a panel-like display device, a right cover 3 that houses a time display LSI that drives the display panel 2 to digitally display the time, and a battery that is a power source for the LSI. Left cover 4 and the like.
As clearly shown in FIG. 7, the display panel 2 uses an electrophoretic display element through a parting layer 22 made of an opaque resin film of a desired color on the back surface 20b of a transparent plastic plate 20 that can be bent. The display module 21 is bonded at the peripheral portion 21b on the display surface 21a side, and a rubber sheet 23 is attached so as to cover the entire back surface 20b side of the plastic plate 20 including the display module 21 and the parting layer 22. In this embodiment, an acrylic plate having high transparency is used as the plastic plate 20, but a vinyl chloride plate or a PET film can also be used.

  Adhesive may be used for bonding the peripheral portion 21b of the display module 21, but if a material having adhesiveness is used for the parting layer 22, it can also serve as an adhesive. Since the peripheral portion of the rubber sheet 23 is also adhered to the back surface of the plastic plate 20, an adhesive or a double-sided adhesive tape may be used. However, if a material having an adhesive property is used for the parting layer 22, the adhesive is adhered thereto. You can also. Or you may adhere | attach by thermocompression bonding.

  With this configuration, the parting layer 22 also serves as a spacer, and a gap 24 is formed between the back surface 20b of the plastic plate 20 and the display surface 21a of the display module 21 to prevent both surfaces from coming into close contact with each other. Further, by attaching a rubber sheet having a bending coefficient different from that of the plastic plate 20 on the entire back surface side, the whole becomes easy to bend and the moisture-proof performance is improved.

  When the parting layer is as thick as 1 mm or more, even if the display panel 2 of the present invention is curved, the display surface 21a of the display module 21 and the back surface of the plastic plate 20 do not adhere to each other and moire does not occur, but the parting layer is thin. In this case, when the display panel 2 is bent, the display surface 21a of the display module 21 and the back surface of the plastic plate 20 are in close contact with each other, and moire may occur.

In this example, in order to make the parting layer as thin as 0.1 mm, the surface of the display module 21 on the display surface 21a side was coated with a water repellent treatment agent such as silicon agent or tetrafluoroethylene resin. As a result, it is possible to prevent adhesion between the plastic plate 20 and the display surface 21a of the display module 21 and to prevent the occurrence of moire, and to realize a very thin display panel 2 that can be bent.

Further, the antiglare process may be performed on the surface on the display surface 21a side of the display module 21 with fine particles or the like. This also prevents adhesion between the plastic plate 20 and the display surface 21a of the display module 21, prevents moiré and prevents glare on the display surface 21a.
Further, in both of the display panels 2 and 12, the non-reflective film is formed by adhering a non-reflective film coated with an inorganic multilayer film or an organic multilayer film to the front surface 20a of the plastic plate 20 or both surfaces of the front surface 20a and the back surface 20b. It is good to apply processing. Accordingly, incident light from the viewing side can be prevented from being reflected by those surfaces and returning to the viewing side, thereby improving the visibility of the display.
Further, if the surface of the display module 21 on the display surface 21a side is also subjected to a non-reflection treatment, it becomes easier to see.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, the parting layer 22 has two hour display windows 22a and two minute display windows 22b, and colon display holes 22c formed between them, and through holes for set screws in the vicinity of the four corners. 22d is formed. The hour display window 22a and the minute display window 22b are provided so that number display portions 21A to 21D formed with a seven-segment number pattern 21s for displaying the time of the display module 21 can be seen. It is provided so that the colon display portion 21E of the display module 21 can be seen. Each of these numeric display units 21A to 21D and the colon display unit 21E may be an individual display module or a single display module.

A right cover 3 is attached along a right edge portion and a left cover 4 is attached along a left edge portion with a set screw 25 as viewed from the front of the display panel 2 shown in FIG. A parting layer 22 and a rubber sheet 23 are sandwiched between the cover 3 and the left cover 4.
As shown in FIG. 5, the right cover 3 is formed into an elongated and shallow tray shape by an aluminum plate, and convex metal fittings in which screw holes 31 a are provided by burring on the inner sides near both ends in the longitudinal direction. 31 is fixed by welding. In addition, two through holes 32 and 33 are formed in the bottom surface 3a, and a notch 34 is formed in the lower end portion of the left side surface 3b.

The right cover 3 is fixed by screwing set screws 25 inserted from the surface 20a side of the plastic plate 20 into the screw holes 31a of the pair of metal fittings 31.
The right cover 3 houses a time display LSI 5, which will be described later with reference to FIG. 10, a crystal resonator 6, two operation switches SW 1 and SW 2, a booster circuit 8, and the like. A wiring (not shown) for connecting to the number display portions 21A to 21D and the colon display portion 21E is led out from the notch 34, and is led to the inside of the rubber sheet 23 through a small hole (not shown) formed in the rubber sheet 23.

  The left cover 4 is configured as shown in FIG. 6 and, like the right cover shown in FIG. 5, is formed into a thin and shallow tray shape by an aluminum plate, and inside the vicinity of both ends in the longitudinal direction, Convex metal fittings 41 each having a screw hole 41a formed by burring are fixed by welding. However, no through hole is formed in the bottom surface 4a. And the notch 44 is formed in the lower end part of the right side surface 4b.

The left cover 4 is also fixed by screwing a set screw 25 inserted from the surface 20a side of the plastic plate 20 into the screw hole 41a of the pair of metal fittings 41.
In the left cover 4, a battery 7, which will be described later with reference to FIG. 10, is housed. A wiring (not shown) for supplying power to the LSI 5 and the booster circuit 8 in the left cover 4 is led out from the notch 44 and formed in the rubber sheet 23. A small hole (not shown) leads to the inside of the rubber sheet 23 and is wired.
An example of the thickness of the display panel 2 and the thickness of each element constituting the display panel 2 is 1 mm for the plastic plate 20, 0.1 mm for the parting layer 22, 0.7 mm for the display module 21, and the rubber sheet 23. 1.0 mm, about 2.8 mm in total.

  Here, the display module 21 which is a display member using the electrophoretic display element used in this embodiment will be described. This is a known one as disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 3 described above. is there. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a part of a display module using the electrophoretic display element, and FIG. 9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the electrophoretic display element for explaining the display principle.

  In the display module 21 shown in FIG. 8, a transparent electrode 212 made of an ITO (indium tin oxide) film is formed on the entire back surface of a transparent resin substrate 211, and a microcapsule display layer 213, also called electronic ink, is formed thereon. It is formed into a film. The film is formed by adhering an adhesive layer 214 onto a flexible printed circuit board 215 having an electrode pattern 216 for each pixel formed on the surface.

  In the microcapsule display layer 213, a large number of microcapsules 220 having a diameter of about several tens of μm are dispersed in a mixture of a binder, a surfactant, a thickener, pure water, and the like. As shown in FIG. 9, the microcapsule 220 has white particles 223 made of titanium oxide or the like and black particles 224 made of carbon black or the like inside a capsule shell 221 made of transparent methacrylic resin or the like. It is enclosed in a state of being dispersed in a transparent dispersion medium 222 having a high viscosity. The white particles 223 are negatively charged and the black particles 224 are positively charged.

  Therefore, among the electrodes arranged so as to sandwich the microcapsule display layer 213, one of the entire transparent electrodes 212 is grounded and a negative voltage is applied to the electrode pattern 216 on the other flexible printed circuit board 215. Since the negatively charged white particles 223 in the microcapsule 220 are moved to the transparent electrode 212 side by the electric field, and the positively charged black particles 224 are moved to the electrode pattern 216 side, it is viewed from the viewing side (upper side in FIG. 9). Looks white. On the other hand, in a portion where a positive voltage is applied to the electrode pattern 216, the positively charged black particles 224 in the microcapsule 220 are transferred to the transparent electrode 212 side by the opposite electric field, and the negatively charged white particles 223 are the electrode pattern 216. Since it moves to the side, it looks black when viewed from the viewing side.

  As in the central microcapsule 220 in FIG. 9, in the microcapsule 220 at a position straddling the electrode pattern to which a negative voltage is applied and the electrode pattern to which a positive voltage is applied, a part of the white particles 223 is a transparent electrode. Since the remaining part moves to the electrode pattern 216 side, a part of the black particles 224 moves to the electrode pattern 216 side, and the remaining part moves to the transparent electrode 212 side, the finer display is possible than the diameter of the microcapsule. Is possible.

Further, by adjusting the applied voltage and the application time, it is possible to hold the black particles 224 and the white particles 223 in a state of being mixed in the middle, and display a gray scale or the like.
Therefore, the display state can be changed to white, black, or gray depending on the polarity of the voltage applied between the transparent electrode 212 and the electrode pattern 216. At this time, the white particles 223 and the black particles 224 move in the dispersion medium 222 by electrophoresis. However, since the dispersion medium 222 has a high viscosity, the display state is changed by applying a voltage, and then the application of the voltage is stopped. However, it has a memory effect that maintains its display state.

  In the case of this embodiment, in each of the number display portions 21A to 21D constituting the display module shown in FIG. 1, the electrode pattern 216 is composed of seven segment electrodes constituting the number pattern 21s, and other peripheral electrodes in the background portion. And formed separately. The colon display portion 21E may be two circular electrodes. The segment electrode of the number pattern 21 s applies a positive voltage only to the segment electrodes necessary to form the numbers to be displayed to display the black portion, and applies a negative voltage to the other segment electrodes and peripheral electrodes. These areas are displayed in white.

Since this display module has a memory property as described above, it is sufficient to apply a drive voltage only when the display is changed, so that power consumption is very small.
In the case of the electronic timepiece of this embodiment, the number display portion 21B is displayed once every hour when the number display portion 21A of the hour display window 22a changes from 9 o'clock to 10 o'clock and 12:00 to 1 o'clock. The number display unit 21C of 22b only needs to apply a voltage for a short time only once every 10 minutes, and the number display unit 21D only once per minute.

Once a negative voltage is applied to the peripheral electrode to display the background in white, it is not necessary to apply a voltage for the time being. However, after refreshing from time to time to obtain a beautiful white display, once a positive voltage is applied for a short time A refresh process for applying a negative voltage for a short time may be performed at appropriate time intervals.
A positive voltage and a negative voltage are alternately applied to the circular electrode of the colon display portion 21E every second for a short time to blink. However, in order to reduce power consumption, it is preferable to fix the colon display portion to white or black.

The display module 21 has not only ultra-low power consumption as described above, but also has a high contrast when displaying two colors, with white display being close to white of paper with high reflectivity in terms of visibility. The angle is very large (close to 180 °), and there are advantages such as no flicker. In addition, it is thin and light, flexible and not cracked.
In the display panel 2 of the above-described embodiment, the display module 21 is sandwiched between the plastic plate 20 and the rubber sheet 23 via the parting layer 22 to increase the strength and maintain the bendability, and the visibility is not impaired. I am doing so.

  Next, an example of a circuit configuration as an electronic timepiece of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. The circuit configuration shown in FIG. 10 is the same as that of a digital display electronic timepiece using a conventional liquid crystal display device. That is, an oscillation circuit 51 that oscillates a clock signal having a reference frequency (for example, 32.768 kHz) using the crystal resonator 6, a frequency divider circuit 52 that divides the clock signal, and the frequency division signal is counted and logically counted. A clock circuit 53 for generating a time signal in combination, and a display driving circuit for applying a voltage to necessary electrodes of the display module 21 in the display panel 2 in accordance with the time signal and displaying the time on the number display units 21A to 21D. The time display LSI 5 provided with 54 is used.

The display driving circuit 54 is different from the electronic timepiece using the liquid crystal display device in that the voltage only needs to be applied to the necessary segment electrodes for a short time only when the display state of each of the number display units 21A to 21D is changed. To do.
The time display LSI 5 is supplied with a battery voltage and a voltage boosted by the booster circuit 8 as a power source. Instead of the battery, a necessary DC voltage may be supplied from a commercial AC power source through a power adapter including a step-down transformer and a rectifying / smoothing circuit.

  In this example, two operation switches SW1 and SW2 are connected to the time measuring circuit 53. By these operations, a mode is selected and operations such as time adjustment can be performed. These operation switches SW1 and SW2 are push button type switches, which are arranged inside the positions corresponding to the two through holes 32 and 33 provided in the right cover shown in FIG. It is only retracted so that it is not inadvertently operated. The time display LSI 5 can also be composed of a controller IC composed of an oscillation circuit 51, a frequency dividing circuit 52, and a time measuring circuit 53, and a driver IC composed of a booster circuit 8 and a display drive circuit 54.

Next, another embodiment of the display device according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 11 is an enlarged sectional view similar to FIG. 7 of the display panel which is the display device, and the same reference numerals are given to portions corresponding to FIG. 7, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.
In this display panel 12, a parting layer 22 is formed on the front surface 20a of a bendable transparent plastic plate 20, and a display module 21 using an electrophoretic display element is disposed on the back surface 20b of the plastic plate 20 on the display surface 21a side. The rubber sheet 23 is attached so as to cover the back surface 20b side of the plastic plate 20 including the display module 21.

In this embodiment, the parting layer 22 of any color and shape can be easily and thinly formed on the front surface 20a of the plastic plate 20 by printing.
The display panel 12 and the display panel 2 described with reference to FIG. 7 differ only in the position of the parting layer 22, and the display panel 12 can provide substantially the same effect as the display panel 2. However, since the display surface 21 a of the display module 21 is in close contact with the back surface of the plastic plate 20, moire may occur. Therefore, the surface of the display module 21 on the display surface 21a side may be coated with a water repellent treatment agent such as silicon agent or tetrafluoroethylene resin. Thereby, the close contact between the plastic plate 20 and the display surface 21a of the display module 21 can be prevented, and the occurrence of moire can be prevented.

Further, the antiglare process may be performed on the surface on the display surface 21a side of the display module 21 with fine particles or the like. This also prevents adhesion between the plastic plate 20 and the display surface 21a of the display module 21, prevents moiré and prevents glare on the display surface 21a.
Further, in any of the display panels 2 and 12, it is preferable to perform an antireflection treatment by bonding an inorganic multilayer film on the front surface 20a of the plastic plate 20 or both the front surface 20a and the back surface 20b. Accordingly, incident light from the viewing side can be prevented from being reflected by those surfaces and returning to the viewing side, thereby improving the visibility of the display.
Further, if the surface of the display module 21 on the display surface 21a side is also subjected to a non-reflection treatment, it becomes easier to see.

The electronic timepiece of the embodiment described above only displays the time, but it may also display a calendar and other information. When an arbitrary character or image is displayed by the display module, one of the electrode patterns may be formed in a dot matrix. Thereby, the display device according to the present invention can be used not only for the time display of the electronic timepiece but also for various displays such as an advertisement display, a guidance display, and a news display.
Further, by changing the black particles 224 in the microcapsule 220 shown in FIG. 9 into red particles, blue particles, green particles, etc., it is possible to display them in colors such as red, blue, green, etc. It is also possible to display.

  As described above, according to the present invention, a flexible electrophoretic display type display module can be sandwiched between a transparent plastic plate such as an acrylic plate and a rubber sheet, and can be bent thinly. In addition, a display device with good moisture-proof performance can be provided. Furthermore, by performing water repellent treatment or anti-glare treatment on the surface of the display module, moire does not occur even if the gap between the display module and the plastic plate is reduced, and a thinner display device can be provided.

  In addition, by providing the display device with a time display LSI, a digital electronic timepiece that can be thinly bent can be provided.

  Since the display device (display panel) according to the present invention is thin and has sufficient strength, and the display surface is large and flexible, any wall surface or pillar inside or outside the building in the building, or any structure It can be freely attached along the surface of an object, etc., and is suitable for performing large time display, advertisement display, information display, and the like. Since the plastic plate 20 and the rubber sheet 23 are in close contact with each other, a moisture-proof property with no problem even when installed outdoors is obtained.

  Not only fixed structures, but also can be installed outside or inside transport equipment such as automobiles, trains, airplanes, and ships, and can also be used as displays for various stationary and portable electronic devices and devices. . Further, the present invention is not limited to a large display device, and can be used as a bracelet-type wristwatch, a table clock or a wall clock with a curved display surface, or other various small display devices.

It is a front view which shows one Example of the electronic timepiece using the display apparatus by this invention. It is the same top view. It is the right side view similarly. It is a front view of the parting layer of the display apparatus shown in FIG. FIG. 4 is a front view and a left side view of the right case shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 3 is a front view and a right side view of the left case shown in FIG. 2.

It is an expanded sectional view of the upper half part along the AA line of the display apparatus (display panel) shown in FIG. It is sectional drawing which shows typically a part of display module using the electrophoretic display element used for the display apparatus of this Example. It is an enlarged sectional view of an electrophoretic display element for explaining the display principle. It is a block block diagram which shows an example of a circuit structure as an electronic timepiece of this Example. It is an expanded sectional view similar to FIG. 7 which shows the other Example of the display apparatus by this invention.

Explanation of symbols

1: Electronic clock 2, 12: Display panel (display device) 3: Right cover 4: Left cover 5: Time display LSI 6: Crystal resonator
7: Battery 8: Booster circuit 20: Plastic plate 21: Display module
21s: Number pattern of 7 segments 21A to 21D: Number display part
21E: Colon display part 22: Parting layer 22a: Time display window
22b: Minute display window 22c: Colon display hole 23: Rubber sheet 24: Clearance 25: Set screw

51: Oscillating circuit 52: Frequency dividing circuit 53: Timing circuit 54: Display drive circuit 211: Resin base material 212: Transparent electrode 213: Microcapsule display layer 214: Adhesive layer 215: Printed circuit board 216: Electrode pattern 220: Microcapsule 221: Capsule shell 222: Dispersion medium 223: White particles 224: Black particles
SW1, SW2: Operation switches

Claims (8)

  A display module using an electrophoretic display element is bonded to the back surface of a bendable transparent plastic plate via a parting layer at the periphery of the display surface side, and the display module and the plastic plate including the parting layer are bonded. A display device comprising a rubber sheet attached to cover the back side.   A parting layer is formed on the front surface of a bendable transparent plastic plate, and a display module using an electrophoretic display element is adhered to the back surface of the plastic plate at a peripheral portion on the display surface side, including the display module. A display device comprising a rubber sheet attached to cover the back side of a plastic plate.   The display device according to claim 1, wherein a water repellent treatment agent is coated on a display surface side surface of the display module.   The display device according to claim 1, wherein an anti-glare process is performed on a surface on a display surface side of the display module.   The display device according to claim 1, wherein the front surface or the front surface and the back surface of the plastic plate are subjected to an antireflection treatment.   The display device according to claim 5, wherein a non-reflective treatment is performed on a surface on a display surface side of the display module.   The display device according to claim 1, wherein the display module includes a portion for displaying a plurality of numbers for displaying time. 8. An electronic timepiece comprising: the display device according to claim 7; and a time display LSI that drives the display device to digitally display time by each part of the display module.

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