JP2006176161A - Laminate seal applicator - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an applicator which allows a plurality of seals stacked into a laminate to be applied one by one by a simple operation. <P>SOLUTION: The applicator allows the adhesive seals stacked into the laminate to be peeled one by one from the laminate to be applied. The applicator comprises a hollow, cylindrical body case which serves as a gripping part and has an open lower end, a columnar press part which is fitted into the body case, and a guide member which is held between the inner periphery of the body case and the outer periphery of the press part to form a storage part for holding and storing the seal laminate. The guide member extends vertically, and has holding arms each provided with hook parts bent toward the inside of the storage part at the lower end. When the seal laminate is held and stored in the guide member, the hook parts of the holding arms hook the lower edge of the seal laminate to prevent the laminate from dropping from the lower side of the guide member. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a stationery sticker that is used by sticking to a book, file, document, or other material, and a sticking tool that is used to stick a seal such as a medical bandage to be used by sticking to an injection mark after injection. More specifically, the present invention relates to a sticking tool for peeling off a sticker one by one from a laminate in which stickers are laminated and sticking the sticker to an adherend.

  As shown in Patent Document 1, this type of seal is distributed as a sheet body or a belt-like body that is affixed side by side on the surface of a mount (release paper). And the seal | sticker stuck on the base_sheet | mounting_paper is peeled from the base_sheet | mounting_paper one by one with a fingertip, and is used by sticking with respect to a desired adherend such as a file.

  However, the work of peeling off and sticking the stickers on the mount by hand one by one is troublesome. Also, the mount on which the stickers are stuck is only discarded as waste after all the stickers stuck on it are peeled off, and this is also an environmental problem.

  Therefore, if a laminated body is formed by laminating a plurality of seals, and the stickers are scraped and stuck one by one from the laminated body, the above-described mount is unnecessary and economical. It can also be excellent.

  By the way, as shown in Patent Document 2, the present applicant has previously applied a patch sticking tool that is used by being stuck around the punch hole in order to reinforce the punch hole provided when filing a document. Has proposed. This sticking tool is of a handy stamp type (stamper type) in which a patch laminated body in which patches are adhered and laminated together is accommodated, and patches are stuck one by one from the laminated body. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 8, a sub case 111 is fixed in a cylindrical main body case 110, and a cylindrical slide member 112 is slidably attached to the sub case 111. At the inner end of the slide member 112, a claw portion 112a for preventing removal is provided.

  In the center of the cylindrical slide member 112, a hollow shaft 113 that can be inserted into the punch hole and the patch hole is disposed so as to be movable in the central axis direction. At the inner end of the hollow shaft 113, a claw portion 113a for preventing removal is provided. The inner end portion of the hollow shaft 113 is inserted into a cylindrical support member 114 provided in the main body case 110. A coil spring 115 is disposed between the sub case 111 and the support member 114. The coil spring 115 biases the slide member 112 in the direction of exiting the main body case 110, and the claw portion 112 a is engaged with the step portion of the sub case 111 in a normal state. Another coil spring 116 is disposed inside the support member 114. The coil spring 116 biases the hollow shaft 113 in the direction of exiting the main body case 110, and the claw portion 113 a is engaged with the step portion of the support member 114 in a normal state.

  An annular patch holding member 117 for holding the patch laminate 180 is fitted into the hollow shaft 113 and screwed by a nut support member 114. Thereby, the patch holding member 117 is supported by the main body case 110 so as to be relatively movable between the slide member 112 and the hollow shaft 113. A patch laminate 180 is inserted into a portion where the hollow shaft 113 protrudes from the patch holding member 117, and the innermost patch of the patch laminate 180 is adhered and held on the patch holding member 117.

  When this stamper type sticking tool is used, when the hollow shaft 113 is aligned with the punched hole formed in the paper and the main body case 110 is pressed toward the paper, the slide member 112 and the hollow shaft 113 are placed on, for example, paper. When pressed by a certain desk, it moves toward the main body case 110 against the urging force of the coil springs 115 and 116, and the patch laminate 180 protrudes relatively. Thereby, a patch is affixed around a punch hole. When the pressing of the main body case 110 is stopped, the slide member 112 and the hollow shaft 113 are pushed back by the coil springs 115 and 116, and the slide member 112 pushes the paper, whereby the first (lowermost) patch is patch-laminated. Peel from the body 180 to complete the patch application.

JP2003-1559892A JP-A-11-91283

  However, such a stamper type applicator is suitable for holding a laminate of seals having an opening hole in the center like a patch and attaching them one by one. However, it is unsuitable for a laminated body of seals having no opening hole. That is, the patch laminate 180 is formed with an opening hole in the center from its use, and the hollow shaft 113 is passed through the opening hole and is held by the stamper type sticker. When pasted, the hollow shaft 113 acts appropriately so that only the lowest layer patch can be peeled off from the patch laminate 180, but the stack of seals used for labels, sticky notes, marks, etc. without openings. If the body is applied to the stamper type sticking tool, the hollow shaft 113 cannot be provided, so that the seal laminate is held with the uppermost layer adhered to the patch holding member 117. . In such a state, when an operation of attaching a lowermost seal to an adherend such as paper is performed, a plurality of seals may be left on the surface of the adherend in addition to the lowermost seal. It cannot be pasted.

  This invention is made | formed in view of such a subject, and it aims at providing the sticking tool which can stick a seal | sticker laminated body piece by piece by simple operation.

  As a result of intensive research to achieve the above object, the present inventor has hooked and held the lower end edge of the seal laminate at an appropriate interval and pressed downward from the upper end side of the seal laminate in this state. Then, when the lowermost layer seal was pressed and adhered to the object to be adhered, it was found that only the lowermost layer seal could be successfully peeled off from the seal laminate and adhered one by one. That is, this invention relates to the laminated seal sticking tool as described in the following (1) to (4).

  (1) A laminated seal sticking tool that can be peeled and stuck one by one from a seal laminate in which adhesive seals are laminated, and is a hollow cylindrical main body case that serves as a gripping part and is open at the lower end side And a columnar pressing portion attached in the main body case, and a guide member that is held between the inner periphery of the main body case and the outer periphery of the pressing portion, and forms a receiving portion that holds and holds the seal laminate. And the guide member has a holding arm portion that extends in the vertical direction and has a hook portion that is bent inwardly in the receiving portion at the lower end, and when the seal laminate is received and held in the guide member. A laminated seal adhesive, wherein a lower end edge of the seal laminate is locked by a hook portion of the holding arm portion so that the seal laminate does not fall off from below.

  (2) The above-mentioned main body case is provided with a hollow cylindrical slide portion that is slidably attached to the main body case and the pressing portion and accommodates the pressing portion and the guide portion. (1) Laminated seal adhesive tool.

  (3) The pressing portion has a plurality of protrusions provided on the outer peripheral side surface along the vertical direction, and the guide member has a protrusion protruding on the inner peripheral side surface. Any one of the protrusions is locked with the protrusions, and the protrusions are moved and locked to the protrusions on the upper side of the plurality of protrusions according to the decrease in the sheet laminate. The laminated seal sticking tool according to (1) or (2), wherein the guide member is movable upward with respect to the pressing portion.

  (4) The convex portion is formed so as to project in a bowl shape along the outer periphery of the pressing portion, and the plurality of convex portions are provided along the vertical direction at a predetermined interval. The laminated seal sticking tool according to any one of 1) to (3).

  In the laminated seal applicator of the present invention, it is preferable that the holding arm portion is flexible on the lower end side, and the number thereof is preferably plural, more preferably 2 to 5, Particularly preferably, the number is 3 to 4. This is for simplifying the work of housing the seal laminate in the housing portion of the guide member. That is, when a plurality of holding arm portions are arranged at an appropriate interval according to the lower end shape of the seal laminate such as an equal interval, the tip portion can be bent so that the seal laminate can be easily accommodated in the guide member. . On the other hand, when the number of the holding arm portions is excessively increased, it becomes difficult to accommodate the seal laminate in the guide member, and the adhesive surface of the lowermost seal cannot be properly pressed against the adherend, so that a sticking error tends to occur. On the other hand, if the number of holding arm portions is as small as one, an adhesion error can be prevented, but the holding stability of the seal laminate cannot be obtained. In the laminated seal applicator of the present invention, when the slide portion that accommodates the guide member is provided, the inner wall surface of the slide portion is the seal laminated body even if the guide portion has one holding arm portion. Positional stability can be secured appropriately.

  Further, in the laminated seal adhesive tool of the present invention, the columnar pressing portion presses the upper (end) surface of the seal laminate by its lower (end) surface (pressing surface), and the lower (end) of the seal laminate. ) The surface is pressed against the adherend, but the lower edge of the seal laminate is locked by the hook of the holding arm, so depending on how the pressing part is pressed, The hook part is interposed between the adhesion surface and the adhesive surface of the lowermost seal, and the lowermost seal cannot be pressed against the surface to be adhered with sufficient pressing force, which may cause an adhesion error. There is. Therefore, the shape of the pressing surface of the pressing portion is preferably changed as appropriate according to the holding position of the lower end edge of the seal laminate by the hook portion of the holding arm portion. For example, when the lower end edge of the seal laminate is locked with a plurality of hook portions at equal intervals, the pressing surface of the pressing portion is pressed so that a strong pressing force is applied to the center of the upper surface of the seal laminate. The center part has a shape protruding from the edge part, or the pressing part has a pressing surface area smaller than the area of the upper surface of the seal laminate to press the central part, or the pressing part pressing surface. It is preferable to form a shape in which a pressing force acts on the seal laminate without a hook portion. In order to prevent such sticking mistakes, the pressing part may be slidably attached to the guide part, and the thickness of the hook part is within a range where appropriate locking force and strength can be maintained. It is preferable to make it as thin as possible.

  According to the laminated seal applicator of the present invention, the sticking operation of the seal can be easily performed, and since the fingertip does not touch the seal, the adhesive surface of the seal is not stained, and the medical adhesive plaster is applied to the skin. It is extremely hygienic when it is attached to.

  Further, by using the laminate as the seal, the conventional release paper that has been stuck and held can be made unnecessary, and the use of the seal can be promoted economically and environmentally.

  Further, the pressing portion has a plurality of convex portions provided on the outer peripheral side surface along the vertical direction, and the guide portion has a protruding portion that is convexly provided on the inner peripheral side surface of the plurality of convex portions. Any of the protrusions are locked with the protrusions, and the protrusions move to and lock the protrusions on the upper side of the plurality of protrusions according to the decrease in the sheet laminate. When the guide portion is movable upward with respect to the pressing portion, the other member can move in one direction within one member by the convex portion and the projection portion, but cannot move in the opposite direction. A so-called insulok (registered trademark) mechanism can be configured, and can be moved in both directions depending on the shape of the projection and the projection, and can be locked by the locking action of the projection and the projection. . By providing such a locking mechanism, the pressing force at the time of sticking the stick becomes a reaction and the upper end side of the guide member is gradually moved in the direction of being accommodated in the main body case. The upper end side of the guide member can be pushed into the body case side little by little, the seal laminate can be stably held and accommodated, and good operability can be provided.

  Hereinafter, a stamper type sticking tool according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is an external perspective view of the sticking tool 1, FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view thereof, (A) is a state in which the seal laminate S is not mounted, and (B) is a seal laminate S. The state where is attached.

  The sticking tool 1 is mainly assembled with a resin molded body, and includes a main body case 10, a slide member 11 slidably attached to the main body case 10, and a main body case 10 within the slide member 11. A pressing member 12 attached to the guide member 13, a guide member 13 included in the pressing member 12 in the slide member 11, and a metal member inserted between the body case 10 and the slide member 11. A coil spring 14 is provided. In addition, the code | symbol 16 in FIG. 1 is a bottomed cylindrical cap member which protects the part of the slide member 11 which protruded from the main body case 10 at the time of non-use.

  The main body case 10 becomes a gripping portion when sticking the seal, and is formed in a hollow cylindrical shape (tubular shape) whose lower end side is opened, and the lower end portion of the outer wall 10a is formed thick so that it is a step portion on the inner periphery. A joint portion 10b is formed. Further, a cylindrical protruding portion 10c protruding downward from the central portion of the upper end surface of the main body case 10 is formed at a predetermined distance from the inner peripheral surface of the outer wall 10a to form an annular housing space 10d.

  The slide member 11 is formed in a hollow cylindrical shape (tubular shape) whose upper and lower ends are opened, and has a claw portion 11 a on the outer surface of the upper end portion. The claw portion 11 a is formed on the inner peripheral surface of the main body case 10. By engaging with the engaging portion 10b, the slide member 11 is prevented from falling downward from the main body case 10. Further, an extension portion 11b is formed in which the inner peripheral surface of the side wall on the lower end side of the slide member 11 is thinned so that the opening width is expanded.

  The upper end side of the slide member 11 is inserted into the housing space 10d of the main body case 10 from below, and the coil spring 14 is inserted between the upper wall of the main body case 10 and the upper surface of the slide member 11 in the housing space 10d. The claw portion 11a of the slide member 11 is pressed against and engaged with the engaging portion 10b of the main body case 10 in a normal state. And the lower end side of the slide member 11 protrudes from the lower end side opening of the main body case 10, and the slide member 11 protrudes downward from the main body case 10 or enters the main body case 10 by the expansion and contraction of the coil spring 14. Thus, it is attached so as to be slidable.

  The pressing portion 12 is formed in a cylindrical shape having an outer shape smaller than the protruding portion 10 c of the main body case 10, a male screw portion 12 a is formed on the upper end side, and the male screw portion 12 a is below the protruding portion 10 c of the main body case 10. It is screwed to a female screw portion 10e formed at the center of the end surface, and the lower end side of the pressing portion 12 is located in the slide member 11, and is annular between the peripheral surface of the pressing portion 12 and the inner peripheral surface of the slide member 11. The space 15 is formed. As shown in FIG. 4 (A), hook-shaped convex portions 12b are formed to protrude from the peripheral surface 12b along the outer periphery at a constant interval C in the vertical direction at the center of the peripheral surface of the pressing portion 12. The pressing portion 12 is attached to the main body case 10 by screwing. However, the pressing portion 12 may be fitted and attached, or the lower end of the pressing portion 12 may be attached so as to be swingable.

  The protruding portion 10c and the pressing portion 12 of the main body case 10 may be hollow to reduce the weight.

  The guide member 13 accommodates and holds the seal laminate S. As shown in FIG. 3 (A), three bar-like holding arm portions 13b are equally spaced from the annular portion 13a on the upper end side downward. It is extended. A hook portion 13c that is bent inward is formed at the lower end of each holding arm portion 13b. Further, as shown in FIG. 4B, three projecting portions 13d slightly protrude and are formed at equal intervals on the inner peripheral surface of the annular portion 13a of the guide member 13. A portion surrounded by the holding arm portion 13b is formed with a housing portion 13e for housing the seal laminated body S. By housing the seal laminated body S in the housing portion 13e, the lower end edge (the outermost edge of the seal laminated body S) is formed. The periphery of the adhesive lower surface of the lower layer seal can be locked and held by the hook portion 13c of the holding arm portion 13b (see FIG. 7A). Each holding arm portion 13b is configured such that the lower end side is easily bent outward, and the lower end of the guide member 13 is expanded in a state in which the holding arm portion 13b that pushes the slide member 11 into the main body case 10 and projects outward. The seal laminate S can be easily inserted from the side.

  In addition, you may form the guide member 13 so that the holding arm part 13b may protrude the lower end side outside. That is, as shown in FIG. 3B, the guide member 13 is flexible and the lower end side of the holding arm portion 13b is expanded, and is mounted between the slide member 11 and the pressing portion 12. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 2, the three holding arm portions 13b are arranged to hang in parallel. When the guide member 13 is configured in this way, the lower end portion of the holding arm portion 13b is pushed into the extended portion 11b of the slide member 11 when the slide member 11 is pushed up into the main body case 10 in the sticking operation. As a result, the degree of engagement (contact area) of the hook portion 13c at the lower end edge of the seal laminate S can be reduced, and the lowermost seal S1 in the description of the sticking action of the seal to be described later is attached. When the sticking tool 1 is lifted after being pressed onto the upper surface of P, it can be adjusted so that only the lowermost seal S1 can be successfully peeled off and stuck on the seal laminate S.

  Next, how the guide member 13 and the pressing portion 12 are attached will be described with reference to FIGS. 4A is a partial side view of the pressing portion 12, FIG. 4B is a top view of the guide member 13, and FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-section of the locking portion A between the pressing portion 12 and the guide member 13 in FIG. Show. As described above, the plurality of hook-shaped convex portions 12d are formed on the peripheral surface 12c of the pressing portion 12 so as to protrude along the outer periphery at a constant interval C. The hook-shaped convex part 12d has a gap 12e formed at the tip part.

  On the other hand, on the inner surface of the opening of the annular portion 13a of the guide member 13, three projecting pieces (projecting portions) 13d are projected at equal intervals. The protrusion 13d has a tapered shape with a tapered tip that forms an acute angle on the inner peripheral side.

  The outer peripheral diameter D1 of the flange-shaped convex portion 12d is slightly smaller than the inner diameter D2 of the annular portion 13a of the guide member 13, and the lower end side of the pressing portion 12 can be inserted into the annular portion 13a. Further, the protruding length of the protrusion 13d is slightly smaller than the flange length of the hook-shaped convex portion 19, and the annular portion 13a of the guide member 13 is inserted into the space 15 formed between the pressing portion 12 and the slide member 12. The guide member 13 can be attached to the pressing portion 12 by the hook-shaped convex portion 12d being engaged with the protruding piece 11. An insulation lock mechanism is constituted by the pressing portion 12 having a large number of hook-shaped convex portions 12d and the protruding pieces 11. Thus, in the mounted state of the guide member 13, the slide member 11 covers the holding arm portion 13b of the guide member 13, and forms the accommodating portion 13e of the seal laminate S surrounded by the holding arm portion 13b. Then, as the seal laminate S is mounted in the guide member 13 and the seals are sequentially attached from the seal laminate S and the thickness of the seal laminate S is reduced, the lower end side of the pressing portion 12 gradually moves into the guide member 13. The guide member 13 can be moved with respect to the pressing portion 12 so that the volume of the accommodating portion 13e is reduced in accordance with the size of the seal laminated body S. That is, as the seal consumption progresses, the lowermost layer seal of the seal laminate S can be semi-automatically and stably positioned on the lower end side, and the adjustment work for lowering the position of the seal laminate S each time the seal is consumed. The operability is extremely easy to use. In addition, the pitch C may be gradually changed instead of the formation interval C of the ridge-shaped protrusions being constant.

  In the above-described insulation lock mechanism, the hook-like convex portion 12d having the gap 12e is formed in a hook shape and locked with the protruding piece 13d, so that the guide member 13 is easily moved upward. One or both of the portion 12d and the protruding piece 13d may be formed in a mountain shape so as to be movable in any direction. What is necessary is just to make these hook-shaped convex part 12d and the protrusion piece 13d into various shapes according to a desired moving condition and material. Moreover, what is necessary is just to provide in an appropriate | suitable form also about the arrangement | positioning form of the hook-shaped convex part 12d and the protrusion piece 13d. For example, the ridge-shaped convex portion 12d may be provided so as to partially protrude from the peripheral surface 12c, and the width of the protrusion 13d provided corresponding to this may be provided even if only one or a plurality of protrusion pieces 13d are provided. It may be provided wide or asymmetrically. Further, another set of protruding pieces may be juxtaposed in the orthogonal direction.

  Next, an effect | action when sticking a seal | sticker using the sticking tool 1 of this Embodiment mentioned above is demonstrated. FIG. 6 shows an explanatory diagram thereof. The seal laminate S is configured such that a seal having an adhesive layer formed on the lower surface side of the seal base is sequentially laminated upward. First, the seal laminate S is attached to the lower end of the guide member 13 of the sticking tool 1. It inserts from opening, it mounts | wears with the sticking tool 1, hold | grips the main body case 1, and arrange | positions on the to-be-adhered object P (FIG. 6 (A)). When the lower end of the sticking tool 1, that is, the lower end (lower surface) of the slide member 11 is brought into contact with the upper surface of the adherend P and further pressed downward, the slide member 11 is received in the main body case 10 due to the reaction at that time. It is pushed in, the lower end of the guide member 13 appears, the hook portion 13c at the lower end surface is brought into contact with the upper surface of the adherend P, and the center portion of the sticking surface of the seal S1 in the lowermost layer of the seal laminate S is pressed down. It is made to press on the upper surface of the adherend P by the lower end surface of the part 12 (FIG. 6 (B)).

  Next, when the sticking tool 1 is lifted upward and separated from the upper surface of the adherend P, the adhesive force between the lowermost seal S1 and the upper face of the adherend P is such that the lowermost seal S1 and the seal immediately above it And the peripheral edge of the lowermost seal S1 is bent and deformed (FIG. 6C), and only the seal S1 is applied to the upper surface of the adherend P. It is left and stuck (FIG. 6D).

  In the embodiment described above, the number of holding arm portions 13b of the guide member 13 is three and the shape of the seal (laminated body) is round. However, the number of holding arm portions 13b is not limited to this. It may be changed and can be applied to a laminate of seals having various shapes such as a polygonal shape and an elliptical shape. For example, in FIGS. 7A to 7C, a guide member 13 that can lock the lower end edge of the seal laminate S at three places by the hook portion 13c of the holding arm portion 13b is used, and a round shape, a rectangular shape, and a triangular shape are used. The locked state at the time of mounting | wearing with the laminated body S of a seal | sticker is shown. 7 (D) to (F), the guide member 13 that can lock the lower end edge of the seal laminate S is used in FIG. 7D, and the lock when the round and rectangular seal laminate S is mounted. Indicates the state. Note that the shapes of the main body case 10, the slide member 11, the pressing portion 12, the guide member and the coil spring 14 may be appropriately changed according to the shape of the seal laminate, such as a triangular prism shape or a quadrangular prism shape.

  As is clear from the above, the sticking tool of the present invention can be preferably applied to sticking work using a laminated body of seals for various uses such as stationery seals and medical bandages.

It is a schematic perspective view of the stapler type sticking tool which is one embodiment of the present invention. It is a partial cross section figure of the stapler type sticking tool of FIG. It is a schematic perspective view of a guide member. (A) The partial side view of a pressing part, (B) The top view of a guide member. It is an expanded partial sectional view of the part A of FIG. It is a schematic diagram for demonstrating an effect | action when performing the sticking operation | work with the stapler type sticking tool which is one Embodiment of this invention. It is a schematic diagram for demonstrating the pattern which latches the lower end surface of a seal | sticker laminated body with the holding | maintenance arm part of a guide member. It is a partially broken sectional view of a conventional stamper type patch applicator.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Adhesive tool 10 Main body case 11 Slide member 12 Press-down part 12d Cone-shaped convex part 13 Guide member 13a Annular part 13b Holding arm part 13c Hook part 13d Projection part 13e Housing part 14 Coil spring S Seal laminated body S1 Bottom layer seal P Cover Paste

Claims (4)

A laminated seal applicator that allows the adhesive seals to be peeled off and attached one by one from a seal laminate in which adhesive seals are laminated,
A hollow cylindrical main body case that becomes a gripping portion and that has a lower end opened,
A columnar pressing part mounted in the main body case;
A guide member that is held between an inner periphery of the main body case and an outer periphery of the pressing portion and that forms an accommodating portion that accommodates and holds the seal laminate,
The guide member has a holding arm portion that extends in the vertical direction and is provided with a hook portion that is bent at the lower end inward of the housing portion,
When the seal laminate is accommodated and held in the guide member, the lower end edge of the seal laminate is locked by the hook portion of the holding arm so that the seal laminate does not fall off from below. A laminated adhesive sticking tool.   2. A hollow cylindrical slide portion that is slidably attached to the main body case and the pressing portion and accommodates the pressing portion and the guide member in the main body case. The laminated seal adhesive described. The pressing portion has a plurality of convex portions provided on the outer peripheral side surface along the vertical direction, and the guide member has a projecting portion convexly provided on the inner peripheral side surface,
Any one of the plurality of protrusions is locked with the protrusions, and the protrusions move to the protrusions on the upper side of the plurality of protrusions and lock according to the decrease in the sheet laminate. The laminated seal sticking tool according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the guide member is movable upward with respect to the pressing portion.   The said convex part is protrudingly formed in the hook shape along the outer periphery of the said pressing part, and provided the said some convex part along the said up-down direction at predetermined intervals. The laminated seal sticking tool according to any one of the above.

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