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JP2005264270A - Crankshaft - Google Patents

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JP2005264270A
JP2005264270A JP2004081385A JP2004081385A JP2005264270A JP 2005264270 A JP2005264270 A JP 2005264270A JP 2004081385 A JP2004081385 A JP 2004081385A JP 2004081385 A JP2004081385 A JP 2004081385A JP 2005264270 A JP2005264270 A JP 2005264270A
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mass
steel
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crankshaft
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Masaki Amano
政樹 天野
Keisuke Tsugii
慶介 次井
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Honda Motor Co Ltd
Daido Steel Co Ltd
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Honda Motor Co Ltd
Daido Steel Co Ltd
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Priority to JP2004081385A priority Critical patent/JP2005264270A/en
Priority to CNB2005100554179A priority patent/CN100371488C/en
Priority to US11/082,953 priority patent/US20050205168A1/en
Publication of JP2005264270A publication Critical patent/JP2005264270A/en
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/28Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in one step
    • C23C8/30Carbo-nitriding
    • C23C8/32Carbo-nitriding of ferrous surfaces

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a crankshaft composed of steel in which straightening treatment after soft-nitriding is facilitated even in the case where normalizing treatment after hot forging is omitted and also machining is facilitated even in the case of low Pb content. <P>SOLUTION: Soft-nitriding treatment is applied to the surface of the crankshaft. The steel has a composition which consists of, by mass, 0.35 to 0.45% C, 0.1 to 0.4% Si, 0.4 to 0.7% Mn, 0.04 to 0.07% S, 0.0005 to 0.0050% Ca, 0.0050 to 0.0120% Ti, 0.0042 to 0.0480% N and the balance Fe with inevitable impurities and in which Ti/N (mass content ratio) ranges from 0.25 to 1.2 and Pb content is made to ≤0.03 mass%. Moreover, the cross-sectional structure of the steel is a ferrite plus pearlite structure, and the total number of sulfides with a size of ≥1μm per 160 mm<SP>2</SP>visual field area ranges from 12,000 to 31,000 pieces, and further, the average size of crystal grains ranges from 14 to 20μm. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

本発明は、クランクシャフトに関するものであり、特に優れた曲げ矯正性を示す非鉛系非調質軟窒化鋼からなるクランクシャフトに関する。   The present invention relates to a crankshaft, and more particularly to a crankshaft made of a non-leaded non-tempered nitrocarburized steel exhibiting excellent bend straightening properties.

特開平10−030632号公報JP-A-10-030632 特開平06−128690号公報Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 06-128690 特開平05−279795公報Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 05-279995 特開平05−279794号公報JP 05-279794 A

自動車用のクランクシャフトは、大きなねじり負荷と曲げ負荷とが繰り返し作用する環境下で使用されるため、静的強度と疲労強度とに優れていることが要求される。他方、非常に大形で形状も複雑な部材なので、基本的には熱間鍛造後、焼入焼き戻しを行なわない非調質鋼にて製造するのが一般的である。この場合、強度確保のため最終的には鋼表面の硬化処理が必要であるが、特許文献1〜4には、その表面効果処理として軟窒化処理を用いる方法が開示されている。軟窒化処理は、A1変態点以下、一般には570℃程度の温度で、例えばアンモニアガス雰囲気中で被処理物を処理して、窒素とともに一部の炭素を鋼中に浸入させ、窒化物や炭窒化物を生成させて表層部を硬化させるものである。このような軟窒化処理は、浸炭焼入法のように被処理物に歪を生じることが少なく、また窒化法のように処理に長時間を要することもないため、自動車用の大形エンジン部品であるクランクシャフトの量産に適している。   A crankshaft for an automobile is required to be excellent in static strength and fatigue strength because it is used in an environment where a large torsional load and a bending load repeatedly act. On the other hand, since it is a very large and complicated member, it is generally manufactured from non-tempered steel that is not subjected to quenching and tempering after hot forging. In this case, the steel surface needs to be finally hardened to ensure the strength, but Patent Documents 1 to 4 disclose a method using soft nitriding as the surface effect treatment. Soft nitriding is performed at a temperature below the A1 transformation point, generally at a temperature of about 570 ° C., for example, in an ammonia gas atmosphere. The surface layer portion is hardened by generating nitride. Such soft nitriding treatment is unlikely to cause distortion in the workpiece as in the case of carburizing and quenching, and does not require a long time for processing as in the nitriding method. It is suitable for mass production of crankshafts.

ところで、軟窒化処理を用いたクランクシャフトでは、鍛造時または軟窒化時に発生する曲りを修正するために、軟窒化後の矯正工程が不可欠である。従来は、良好な曲げ矯正性を確保するために、鋼組織の整粒および歪み除去を目的とした焼準処理(いわゆる焼きならし処理)を熱間鍛造後に施していたが、焼準処理が追加される分だけ工数が増え、コストの増大を招いていた。   By the way, in a crankshaft using soft nitriding, a correction process after soft nitriding is indispensable in order to correct the bending that occurs during forging or soft nitriding. Conventionally, in order to ensure good bend straightening, a normalizing process (so-called normalizing process) for the purpose of grain sizing and distortion removal of the steel structure has been performed after hot forging. The man-hours increased by the amount added, leading to an increase in cost.

また、一般的なクランクシャフトは形状が複雑であり、熱間鍛造後の切削加工が必須である。ここで、従来のクランクシャフトでは、焼準処理後の切削加工工程において、発生する切屑が製品に巻きついたり、あるいは工具磨耗を低減する観点から、切屑破砕性向上元素としてPbを含有させることが一般的に行なわれていた。しかしながら、Pbは、環境保護に対する関心が地球規模で高まりつつある近年では次第に敬遠されるようになっており、その使用も制限されつつある。   Moreover, the shape of a general crankshaft is complicated, and cutting after hot forging is essential. Here, in the conventional crankshaft, in the cutting process after the normalizing process, Pb may be included as an element for improving chip friability from the viewpoint of cutting generated chips around the product or reducing tool wear. It was generally done. However, Pb is gradually shunned in recent years when the concern for environmental protection is increasing on a global scale, and its use is also being restricted.

本発明の課題は、熱間鍛造後の焼準処理を省略しても軟窒化後の矯正処理を容易に行なうことができ、しかも、Pb含有量が低いにもかかわらず切削加工が容易な鋼からなるクランクシャフトを提供することにある。   An object of the present invention is to make it easy to perform straightening treatment after soft nitriding even if the normalizing treatment after hot forging is omitted, and in addition, the steel is easy to cut despite having a low Pb content. It is to provide a crankshaft comprising:

課題を解決するための手段及び作用・効果Means and actions / effects for solving the problems

上記の課題を解決するために、本発明のクランクシャフトは、
表面に軟窒化処理が施された鋼よりなるクランクシャフトであって、前記鋼の組成が、
C:0.38質量%以上0.42質量%以下、
Si:0.15質量%以上0.35質量%以下、
Mn:0.45質量%以上0.6質量%以下、
S:0.04質量%以上0.06質量%以下、
Ca:0.0010質量%以上0.0050質量%以下、
Ti:0.0050質量%以上0.0120質量%以下、
N:0.0042質量%以上0.0480質量%以下、
残部Fe及び不可避不純物からなり、
Ti/N(質量含有率の比)が0.25以上1.2以下の範囲にあり、
また、軟窒化処理層を除く鋼断面組織がフェライト+パーライト組織を有し、該フェライト+パーライト組織上において、視野面積160mm当たりに観察される寸法1μm以上の硫化物の総数が12000個以上31000個以下であり、かつ、組織をなすパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法が14μm以上20μm以下であることを特徴とする。
In order to solve the above problems, the crankshaft of the present invention is
A crankshaft made of steel having a surface subjected to soft nitriding, wherein the composition of the steel is
C: 0.38 mass% or more and 0.42 mass% or less,
Si: 0.15 mass% or more and 0.35 mass% or less,
Mn: 0.45 mass% or more and 0.6 mass% or less,
S: 0.04 mass% or more and 0.06 mass% or less,
Ca: 0.0010 mass% or more and 0.0050 mass% or less,
Ti: 0.0050 mass% or more and 0.0120 mass% or less,
N: 0.0042 mass% or more and 0.0480 mass% or less,
It consists of the balance Fe and inevitable impurities,
Ti / N (ratio of mass content) is in the range of 0.25 to 1.2,
Further, the steel cross-sectional structure excluding the soft nitriding layer has a ferrite + pearlite structure, and the total number of sulfides having a dimension of 1 μm or more observed per field area 160 mm 2 on the ferrite + pearlite structure is 12,000 or more and 31000. The average dimension of the pearlite crystal grains constituting the structure is 14 μm or more and 20 μm or less.

クランクシャフトは、回転軸線方向に所定の間隔にて配置されたクランクアームを、前記回転軸線と中心軸線が一致するように配置されるクランクジャーナルと、前記回転軸線から半径方向に一定距離隔たった位置に中心軸線を有するクランクピンとにより、交互に連結した構造を有するものとして構成できる。   The crankshaft is a crank arm arranged at a predetermined interval in the rotation axis direction, a crank journal arranged so that the rotation axis and the center axis coincide with each other, and a position spaced apart from the rotation axis by a certain distance in the radial direction. And a crankpin having a central axis line, and can be configured to have a structure of being alternately connected.

なお、本発明でいう「硫化物数」は、以下のようにして測定した値のことをいう。まず、鋼材の鍛伸方向と平行な鏡面研磨断面(以下、縦断面という)上に、任意に視野160mmを設定し、倍率400倍のCCDカメラを用いて該視野を画像スキャンするともに、画像解析装置により母相と色調の異なる領域を抽出し、各領域の面積を個別に算出する。そして、個々の領域の寸法を、該領域と同一面積を有する円の直径として算出し、当該寸法が1μm以上の領域の数を計数する。本発明にて採用する鋼組成においては、上記のような色調の異なる領域の99%以上が、カチオンの主体がMnである硫化物であることが、別途実施したEPMA(Electron Probe Micro Analisys)分析により判明しており、上記の領域の計数値を「硫化物数」として採用することができる。 The “sulfide number” in the present invention refers to a value measured as follows. First, a field of view of 160 mm 2 is arbitrarily set on a mirror-polished section (hereinafter referred to as a longitudinal section) parallel to the forging direction of the steel material, and the field of view is scanned using a CCD camera with a magnification of 400 times. A region having a different hue from the mother phase is extracted by the analysis device, and the area of each region is calculated individually. Then, the size of each region is calculated as the diameter of a circle having the same area as the region, and the number of regions having the size of 1 μm or more is counted. In the steel composition employed in the present invention, it is confirmed that 99% or more of the regions having different color tones as described above are sulfides whose main cation is Mn. EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analisys) analysis conducted separately Thus, the count value in the above region can be adopted as the “sulfide number”.

一方、フェライト+パーライト組織の「パーライト結晶粒の平均寸法」とは、熱間鍛造にて製造したクランクシャフトのクランクピンの表層から3mm以内の領域(ただし、軟窒化処理層を除く)において、縦断面における金属組織を光学顕微鏡によって観察し、その観察画像上に表れている各パーライト結晶粒について、直交する2本の基準線が各々切り取る2つの粒寸法の平均値を、基準線の向きを種々に変えて測定したとき、その値が最大となる基準線位置での粒寸法の平均値を、当該パーライト結晶粒の寸法として定める。そして、該寸法を、1視野0.5mmとして、任意の30視野に含まれるすべてのパーライト結晶粒について求め、その寸法の平均値をパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法とした。 On the other hand, the “average size of pearlite crystal grains” of ferrite + pearlite structure is a longitudinal section in the region within 3 mm from the surface layer of the crankpin of the crankshaft manufactured by hot forging (excluding the nitrocarburized layer). The surface of the metal structure is observed with an optical microscope, and for each pearlite crystal grain appearing on the observed image, the average value of two grain sizes cut out by two orthogonal reference lines, and the direction of the reference line are varied. The average value of the grain size at the reference line position where the value is maximum is determined as the dimension of the pearlite crystal grain. Then, this dimension was set to 0.5 mm 2 per field, and all pearlite crystal grains included in 30 arbitrary fields were obtained, and the average value of the dimensions was defined as the average dimension of the pearlite crystal grains.

上記の鋼組成を採用して熱間鍛造後、空冷すれば、その組織はフェライト+パーライト組織を必然的に呈するものとなり、かつ、硫化物の総数と、組織をなす結晶粒の平均寸法とが上記の数値範囲を充足するものとなる(これは、軟窒化処理を行なっても変化しない)。そして、該組織の形成により、熱間鍛造後の焼準処理を省略しても軟窒化後の矯正処理を容易に行なうことができるようになり、しかも、Pb含有量を低くしても良好な被削性を示し、軟窒化処理を施したクランクシャフトを安価に製造することが可能となる。   If the above steel composition is employed and hot forging is performed after air forging, the structure will necessarily exhibit a ferrite + pearlite structure, and the total number of sulfides and the average size of the crystal grains forming the structure are The above numerical range is satisfied (this does not change even when soft nitriding is performed). The formation of the structure makes it possible to easily perform the correction process after soft nitriding even if the normalizing process after hot forging is omitted, and it is also good even if the Pb content is lowered. A crankshaft exhibiting machinability and subjected to soft nitriding can be manufactured at low cost.

以下、本発明にて採用する鋼組成及び数値パラメータの限定理由について説明する。
C:0.38質量%以上0.42質量%以下
Cは強度を確保するために必要な元素であるが、0.38質量%未満では強度が確保されない。一方、0.42質量%を超えると硬さが過剰となり、切削加工性を劣化させる。
Hereinafter, the reasons for limiting the steel composition and numerical parameters employed in the present invention will be described.
C: 0.38% by mass or more and 0.42% by mass or less C is an element necessary for ensuring the strength, but if it is less than 0.38% by mass, the strength is not ensured. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.42% by mass, the hardness becomes excessive and the machinability is deteriorated.

Si:0.15質量%以上0.35質量%以下
Siは鋼溶製時の脱酸剤として含有され、また疲労強度を向上させる元素である。0.15質量%未満では所望の効果が得られず、0.35質量%を超えて多量に添加されるとフェライト相を硬化させて、矯正性を悪化させる。
Si: 0.15 mass% or more and 0.35 mass% or less Si is an element which is contained as a deoxidizing agent at the time of steel melting and improves fatigue strength. If it is less than 0.15% by mass, the desired effect cannot be obtained, and if it is added in a large amount exceeding 0.35% by mass, the ferrite phase is hardened and the straightening property is deteriorated.

Mn:0.45質量%以上0.6質量%以下
Mnは被削性向上に寄与するMn系硫化物の必須形成元素である。0.45質量%未満ではMn系硫化物の生成量が不足して被削性が不十分となる。他方、0.6質量%を超えると硬さが過剰となり、被削性が却って低下する。
Mn: 0.45 mass% or more and 0.6 mass% or less Mn is an essential element of Mn-based sulfide that contributes to improvement of machinability. If it is less than 0.45% by mass, the amount of Mn-based sulfide produced is insufficient and the machinability becomes insufficient. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.6% by mass, the hardness becomes excessive, and the machinability deteriorates.

S:0.04質量%以上0.06質量%以下
SはMnとともに、被削性向上に寄与するMn系硫化物の必須形成元素である。0.04質量%未満では硫化物の生成量が不足して被削性が不十分となる。他方、0.06質量%を超えると鋼の靭性と延性が損われるほか、熱間鍛造時に割れ等が発生しやすくなる。
S: 0.04% by mass or more and 0.06% by mass or less S, together with Mn, is an essential element of Mn-based sulfide that contributes to improvement of machinability. If it is less than 0.04% by mass, the amount of sulfide produced is insufficient and the machinability becomes insufficient. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.06 mass%, the toughness and ductility of the steel are impaired, and cracks and the like are likely to occur during hot forging.

Ca:0.0010質量%以上0.0050質量%以下
後述のごとく、本発明で採用する鋼は、被削性向上元素として従来積極添加していたPbを低減し、具体的には不可避不純物レベルの0.03質量%以下に留めるようにする。Caは、それによる被削性低下を補うために添加するものであり、効果を顕著なものとするには0.0010質量%以上の含有が必須である。一方、0.0050質量%を超える過剰なCaの添加は、高融点のCaSを多量に生成し、溶鋼の鋳造工程に多大な障害をもたらすことにつながる。なお、被削性向上元素としては、BiやTeも知られているが、Caはその一部がMnS中に固溶し、熱間鍛造時の硫化物の変形を抑制するので、被削性向上効果がより顕著である。
Ca: 0.0010% by mass or more and 0.0050% by mass or less As described later, the steel employed in the present invention reduces Pb that has been positively added as a machinability improving element, and specifically, an inevitable impurity level. It is made to keep below 0.03 mass%. Ca is added to compensate for the machinability deterioration caused by the Ca, and the content of 0.0010% by mass or more is essential to make the effect remarkable. On the other hand, the addition of excess Ca exceeding 0.0050 mass% produces a large amount of high melting point CaS and leads to a great obstacle to the casting process of molten steel. Bi and Te are also known as machinability improving elements, but since Ca is partly dissolved in MnS and suppresses the deformation of sulfide during hot forging, machinability. The improvement effect is more remarkable.

Ti:0.0050質量%以上0.0120質量%
Tiは鋼中のOと結合して、微細な酸化物を形成する。これがMn系硫化物の析出に対し核として働くので、後述のごとくMn系硫化物を微細に分散させるのに役立つ。また、Tiは鋼中のC、Nとも結合して、微細な窒化物あるいは炭窒化物を形成する。これが、クランクシャフトの熱間鍛造時のオーステナイト結晶粒の粗大化を防止し、冷却後のフェライト+パーライト組織においてフェライトの析出を促進し、パーライト結晶粒を微細化させる作用がある。0.0050質量%未満ではこの効果が発揮されず、0.0120質量%を超えると、粗大なTi窒化物を生成し、これが応力集中源となって部品の疲労強度を却って低下させることにつながる。
Ti: 0.0050 mass% or more and 0.0120 mass%
Ti combines with O in the steel to form a fine oxide. Since this acts as a nucleus for the precipitation of Mn-based sulfide, it serves to finely disperse the Mn-based sulfide as described later. Ti also combines with C and N in the steel to form fine nitrides or carbonitrides. This prevents the austenite crystal grains from coarsening during the hot forging of the crankshaft, promotes the precipitation of ferrite in the ferrite + pearlite structure after cooling, and has the effect of refining the pearlite crystal grains. If the amount is less than 0.0050% by mass, this effect is not exhibited. If the amount exceeds 0.0120% by mass, coarse Ti nitride is generated, which becomes a stress concentration source and leads to a decrease in the fatigue strength of the part. .

Ti/N(質量含有率の比):0.25以上1.2以下
オーステナイト結晶粒の粗大化防止ひいてはパーライト結晶粒を微細化を図るには、Tiの窒化物あるいは炭窒化物を一定量微細に分散形成する必要があり、TiとNとの含有比率が重要となる。Ti/Nの比率が0.25未満の場合は、窒化物あるいは炭窒化物の生成が十分でなく、パーライト結晶粒の粗大化が発生する。他方、Ti/Nの比率が1.2を超えると大型の窒化物あるいは炭窒化物が生成し、これが破壊の起点となって部品の疲労強度を低下させることにつながる。また、前述したTi含有量の範囲を充足しつつ、Ti/Nを0.25以上1.2以下とするには、N含有量は0.0042質量%以上0.0480質量%以下とする必要がある。
Ti / N (ratio of mass content): 0.25 or more and 1.2 or less To prevent austenite grains from coarsening and to refine pearlite grains, a certain amount of Ti nitride or carbonitride is fined. The content ratio of Ti and N is important. When the Ti / N ratio is less than 0.25, the formation of nitrides or carbonitrides is not sufficient, and coarsening of pearlite crystal grains occurs. On the other hand, when the ratio of Ti / N exceeds 1.2, large nitrides or carbonitrides are formed, which becomes a starting point of fracture and leads to a decrease in fatigue strength of the part. Moreover, in order to make Ti / N 0.25 or more and 1.2 or less, while satisfying the range of Ti content mentioned above, N content needs to be 0.0042 mass% or more and 0.0480 mass% or less. There is.

Pb:0.03質量%以下
Pbは前述のごとく使用が制限されつつあり、含有量が極力少ないことが望ましい。自動車工業会では「ハーフ鉛鋼」と称して、0.04質量%以上0.09質量%を含有する鉛快削鋼を定義し、その切削性改善効果を認めている。また、製鋼工程において、0.03質量%以下の微量のPbはスクラップや合金等から混入する可能性がある。従って、本発明においては、0.03質量%を超えるPbは意図的に添加したと考え、不純物として混入不可避の0.03質量%以下、いわゆる「非鉛」と定義する。
Pb: 0.03 mass% or less The use of Pb is being restricted as described above, and it is desirable that the content be as small as possible. The Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association defines lead free-cutting steel containing 0.04% by mass or more and 0.09% by mass as “half-lead steel” and recognizes its machinability improving effect. Further, in the steelmaking process, a small amount of Pb of 0.03% by mass or less may be mixed from scrap, alloy, or the like. Accordingly, in the present invention, it is considered that Pb exceeding 0.03% by mass is intentionally added, and is defined as so-called “non-lead”, which is 0.03% by mass or less unavoidable as an impurity.

なお、本発明にて使用する鋼には、本発明の前述の効果が損なわれない範囲にて上記必須成分以外の成分、例えばCu、Ni、P及びOなどが含有されていてもよい。Cu及びNiは、0.10質量%程度までであれば、スクラップ等から不可避不純物として混入する可能性もある。また、P及びOは製鋼工程上の不可避不純物として混入しうる元素であるが、Pは鋼の靭性を低下させるので、その含有率は0.0030質量%以下とするのがよい。   The steel used in the present invention may contain components other than the above essential components, for example, Cu, Ni, P and O, as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. If Cu and Ni are up to about 0.10% by mass, they may be mixed as inevitable impurities from scrap or the like. P and O are elements that can be mixed as inevitable impurities in the steel making process, but P decreases the toughness of the steel, so the content is preferably 0.0030% by mass or less.

また、非調質快削鋼の内部に存在する介在物としては、芯部がCa,Mg,SiないしAlの酸化物であり、その周囲を、CaSを含有するMnSが取り囲んだ二重構造粒子とすることが、鋼の被削性を改善する観点において望ましい。この場合、鋼の酸素含有量が0.0005質量%未満では、二重構造粒子の芯部(核)となる酸化物が不足し、ひいては該二重構造粒子形成による被削性向上効果が顕著でなくなる。他方、O鋼の酸素含有量が0.01質量%を超えると、形成される酸化物の融点が下がり、二重構造粒子の芯部として機能しない遊離形態の酸化物を多く生ずるので、同様に被削性向上効果が顕著でなくなる。従って、鋼の酸素含有量が0.0005質量%以上0.01質量%に調整することが望ましい。   In addition, the inclusion existing in the non-tempered free-cutting steel is a double-structured particle in which the core is an oxide of Ca, Mg, Si or Al and surrounded by MnS containing CaS. It is desirable to improve the machinability of steel. In this case, when the oxygen content of the steel is less than 0.0005% by mass, the oxide that becomes the core (core) of the double structure particles is insufficient, and the machinability improvement effect due to the formation of the double structure particles is remarkable. Not. On the other hand, when the oxygen content of the O steel exceeds 0.01% by mass, the melting point of the formed oxide is lowered, and many free forms of oxide that do not function as the core of the double structure particles are produced. The machinability improving effect is not significant. Therefore, it is desirable to adjust the oxygen content of the steel to 0.0005 mass% or more and 0.01 mass%.

さらに、上記鋼は、S含有量をWS(質量%)、O含有量をWO(質量%)として、WS/WOが8以上50以下に調整されていることが望ましい。WS/WOを上記の範囲に調整することで、二重構造粒子を主体とした介在物の形成形態が適正化され、従来の鉛系快削鋼に匹敵する被削性を達成することができるようになる(以下、WS/WOを、単に「S/O」とも記す)。   Furthermore, it is desirable that WS / Wo is adjusted to 8 or more and 50 or less, where S content is WS (mass%) and O content is WO (mass%). By adjusting WS / W0 within the above range, the form of inclusions mainly composed of double structure particles can be optimized, and machinability comparable to conventional lead-based free-cutting steel can be achieved. (Hereinafter, WS / W0 is also simply referred to as “S / O”).

また、熱間鍛造温度は、脱炭抑制を図りつつ変形抵抗を十分に低減し、所期のクランクシャフト形状への加工を効率よく行なう観点から、1000℃以上1300℃以下(当然、A1変態点以上である)にて施すのがよい。そして、その熱間鍛造後の冷却を空冷により行なう際に、クランクピンの外径が30mm以上60mm以下の自動車用クランクシャフトへの適用を前提とした場合は、A3変態点を通過する際の冷却速度が30℃/分以上150℃/分以下程度となる。そして、フェライト+パーライト組織を得るためには、鋼のベイナイト生成の臨界冷却速度が、上記冷却速度範囲の上限値よりも大きくなっている必要があり、採用する鋼の上記必須成分の含有量及び副成分の種類及び含有量は、ベイナイト生成の臨界冷却速度が上記のように調整されるように選定する。   In addition, the hot forging temperature is 1000 ° C. or higher and 1300 ° C. or lower (of course, the A1 transformation point from the viewpoint of sufficiently reducing deformation resistance while suppressing decarburization and efficiently processing into the desired crankshaft shape. The above is preferable. And, when cooling after the hot forging is performed by air cooling, assuming that it is applied to a crankshaft for an automobile having an outer diameter of the crankpin of 30 mm or more and 60 mm or less, cooling when passing through the A3 transformation point The speed is about 30 ° C./min to 150 ° C./min. And, in order to obtain a ferrite + pearlite structure, the critical cooling rate of the bainite generation of the steel needs to be larger than the upper limit value of the cooling rate range, the content of the essential components of the steel to be adopted and The types and contents of the subcomponents are selected so that the critical cooling rate for bainite formation is adjusted as described above.

硫化物個数:視野面積160mm当たり12000個以上31000個以下
硫化物を形成するMn量が0.45質量%以上含有される場合、硫化物総体積はS含有量に依存する。総体積量が一定であることを前提とすると、硫化物の数の増大は、硫化物の微細化を意味する。硫化物は、切削時には応力集中源となって、切屑の破砕性向上に寄与する。硫化物数が増大するに従い、応力集中源の数が増大し、切屑の破砕性を向上させる。観察視野面積160mm当たり12000個未満では、切屑の破砕が十分でなく、生成した長い切屑がクランクシャフト自身に絡み付いたり、あるいは詰まりを生じて、切削工程の進行を阻害することにつながる。他方、硫化物個数が31000個を超えると、硫化物が微細化しすぎて切削工具の磨耗を増大させることにつながる。
Number of sulfides: 12,000 or more and 31000 or less per 160 mm 2 visual field area When the amount of Mn forming sulfide is 0.45% by mass or more, the total sulfide volume depends on the S content. Assuming that the total volume is constant, an increase in the number of sulfides means refinement of the sulfides. Sulfide serves as a stress concentration source at the time of cutting and contributes to the improvement of chip crushability. As the number of sulfides increases, the number of stress concentration sources increases, improving chip friability. When the observation visual field area is less than 12000 per 160 mm 2 , the chips are not sufficiently crushed, and the generated long chips are entangled with the crankshaft itself or become clogged, thereby leading to the inhibition of the progress of the cutting process. On the other hand, when the number of sulfides exceeds 31,000, the sulfides are excessively refined, leading to increased wear of the cutting tool.

フェライト+パーライト組織上において、組織をなすパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法が14μm以上20μm以下
熱間鍛造、軟窒化処理において生じた歪みを修正するために矯正を施すが、この際、フェライト+パーライト組織のパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法が20μmを超えると靭性が低下し、十分な矯正性が得られなくなる。他方、パーライト結晶粒の平均寸法が14μm未満になると細かな結晶粒界からのフェライトの生成が増大し、硬度低下による強度不足となる不具合につながる。
On the ferrite + pearlite structure, the average size of the pearlite crystal grains forming the structure is 14 μm or more and 20 μm or less. Correction is performed to correct the distortion caused by hot forging and soft nitriding. When the average size of the pearlite crystal grains exceeds 20 μm, the toughness is lowered and sufficient correctability cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the average size of the pearlite crystal grains is less than 14 μm, the generation of ferrite from fine grain boundaries increases, leading to a problem of insufficient strength due to a decrease in hardness.

図1は、本発明のクランクシャフトの一例を示すものである。該クランクシャフト1は、回転軸線Oの方向に所定の間隔にて配置されたクランクアーム2を、回転軸線Oと中心軸線が一致するように配置されるクランクジャーナル4と、回転軸線Oから半径方向に一定距離隔たった位置に中心軸線を有するクランクピン5とにより、交互に連結した構造を有してなる。クランクピン5には、注油用の孔部8が形成されている。クランクアーム2は、隣接するクランクアーム2と対向する面が平面状の基面2aとされた基面形成部を形成する。クランクジャーナル4及びクランクピン5(軸状部)の突出基端部には、基面2a側に向かうほど外径を漸増させるフィレット部7が形成されている。突出基端縁は凹状であり、曲げ負荷が作用したときに応力集中しやすいが、上記のようなフィレット部7を形成しておくと、応力集中が緩和され、曲げ強度を高めることができる。   FIG. 1 shows an example of the crankshaft of the present invention. The crankshaft 1 includes a crank arm 2 arranged at a predetermined interval in the direction of the rotation axis O, a crank journal 4 arranged so that the rotation axis O and the center axis coincide with each other, and a radial direction from the rotation axis O. And a crank pin 5 having a central axis at a predetermined distance from each other. The crankpin 5 is formed with a hole 8 for lubrication. The crank arm 2 forms a base surface forming portion whose surface facing the adjacent crank arm 2 is a flat base surface 2a. A fillet portion 7 that gradually increases the outer diameter toward the base surface 2a side is formed at the protruding proximal end portions of the crank journal 4 and the crank pin 5 (shaft-shaped portion). The protruding base end edge is concave and tends to concentrate stress when a bending load is applied. However, if the fillet portion 7 as described above is formed, the stress concentration is relaxed and the bending strength can be increased.

クランクジャーナル4及びクランクピン5はいずれも円形断面の軸状に形成されてなり、既に説明した組成の鋼を熱間鍛造後、その外周面全体に軟窒化処理層が形成されている。このようなクランクシャフト1は、以下のようにして形成される。まず、既に詳しく説明した組成の鋼が得られるように原料を溶解・鋳造後、分塊された鋼素材を熱間鍛造後、空冷する。常圧大気中での空冷により、フェライト+パーライト組織が得られるが、前述の組成を採用していることで、視野面積160mm当たりに観察される寸法1μm以上の硫化物の総数が12000個以上31000個以下であり、かつ、組織をなすパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法が14μm以上20μm以下の組織が得られる。 Each of the crank journal 4 and the crankpin 5 is formed in a shaft shape having a circular cross section, and after the hot forging of the steel having the composition described above, a soft nitriding layer is formed on the entire outer peripheral surface. Such a crankshaft 1 is formed as follows. First, the raw material is melted and cast so that a steel having the composition already described in detail is obtained, and then the agglomerated steel material is hot forged and then air-cooled. A ferrite + pearlite structure can be obtained by air cooling in atmospheric pressure, but by adopting the above-mentioned composition, the total number of sulfides with a dimension of 1 μm or more observed per field area of 160 mm 2 is 12,000 or more. A structure having 31,000 or less and an average size of pearlite crystal grains constituting the structure of 14 μm or more and 20 μm or less is obtained.

その後、切削によりクランクシャフト形状に加工するが、硫化物総数が上記のように調整されていることで鋼の被削性が向上し、また切り屑破砕性も良好なので、Pb含有量が低いにもかかわらず切削加工を非常に能率的に行なうことができる。該切削加工後、部材にはアンモニアガス雰囲気中で軟窒化処理を施す。その後、矯正ロール等を用いた周知の冷間矯正加工を施して、軟窒化処理時に生じた部材の変形や歪等を矯正する。本発明にて採用する鋼は、軟窒化処理後においても内部はパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法が14μm以上20μm以下の組織を保つ。これにより、軟窒化後の矯正処理を容易に行なうことができる。   After that, it is processed into a crankshaft shape by cutting, but since the total number of sulfides is adjusted as described above, the machinability of steel is improved and the chip crushability is also good, so the Pb content is low. Nevertheless, cutting can be performed very efficiently. After the cutting, the member is subjected to soft nitriding in an ammonia gas atmosphere. Thereafter, a known cold straightening process using a straightening roll or the like is performed to correct the deformation or distortion of the member generated during the soft nitriding treatment. The steel employed in the present invention maintains a structure in which the average dimension of pearlite crystal grains is 14 μm or more and 20 μm or less even after the soft nitriding treatment. Thereby, the correction process after soft nitriding can be performed easily.

以下、本発明の効果を確認するために行なった実験結果について説明する。
まず、表1に示す組成が得られるように原料を配合し、電気炉で5tonの鋼塊を溶製した。この鋼塊を熱間圧延にて直径88mmの圧延棒鋼とし、1250℃に加熱してクランクシャフトの形状に熱間鍛造した後、空冷により冷却した。その冷却後の部材にガンドリル穴あけ加工を施し、異音や工具折損により切削不能となるまでの加工穴数を、切削性の指標として評価した。なお、切削には、直径6mmの超硬合金製ガンドリルを用い、切削条件は以下の通りとした:
切削速度:150m/分
送り:0.04mm/回転
穴深さ:60mm
Hereinafter, experimental results performed to confirm the effects of the present invention will be described.
First, raw materials were blended so that the composition shown in Table 1 was obtained, and a 5-ton steel ingot was melted in an electric furnace. This steel ingot was turned into a rolled steel bar having a diameter of 88 mm by hot rolling, heated to 1250 ° C. and hot forged into the shape of a crankshaft, and then cooled by air cooling. The cooled member was subjected to gun drill drilling, and the number of drilled holes until cutting became impossible due to abnormal noise or tool breakage was evaluated as an index of machinability. For the cutting, a 6 mm diameter cemented carbide gun drill was used, and the cutting conditions were as follows:
Cutting speed: 150 m / min Feed: 0.04 mm / rotation Hole depth: 60 mm

また、上記各組成の鋼を同様にクランクシャフトの形状に熱間鍛造した後、ガンドリル穴あけを含む機械加工を行なった後、アンモニア雰囲気中で560℃にて120分保持することによりガス軟窒化処理を施して、実用クランクシャフトとした。得られたクランクシャフトは、両端部を支点間距離400mmにて支えながら、中央ジャーナル部に集中荷重を加えることにより3点曲げ試験を行った。この試験において、中央ジャーナル部に亀裂が発生するまで荷重を加え、亀裂発生までの最大たわみ量をそのクランクシャフトの曲げ矯正性として求めた。   In addition, after hot forging the steel of the above composition into the shape of a crankshaft, machining including gun drilling was performed, and then gas soft nitriding treatment was performed by holding at 560 ° C. for 120 minutes in an ammonia atmosphere. To give a practical crankshaft. The obtained crankshaft was subjected to a three-point bending test by applying a concentrated load to the central journal portion while supporting both ends at a fulcrum distance of 400 mm. In this test, a load was applied until a crack occurred in the central journal portion, and the maximum amount of deflection until the crack occurred was determined as the bending straightness of the crankshaft.

次に、同様にガス軟窒化処理を施した実用クランクシャフトを用意して、回転曲げ疲労試験を実施した。この試験は最大負荷荷重を種々に変えて行ない、回転1000万回にて破壊を生じない最大負荷荷重を疲労強度として求めた。以上の結果を、表2に示す。また、各部材はクランクピンの中心軸線と直交する断面にて切断して鏡面研磨後、既に説明した方法により硫化物数(視野面積160mm当たり)を測定した。また同じ組織をピクリン酸にてエッチングし、フェライト−パーライト組織のパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法を既に説明した方法により測定した。硫化物数の結果を表1、パーライト結晶粒の平均寸法の結果を表2にそれぞれ示す。 Next, a practical crankshaft that was similarly subjected to gas soft nitriding was prepared, and a rotating bending fatigue test was performed. This test was performed by changing the maximum load load in various ways, and the maximum load load that did not cause a failure at 10 million rotations was determined as the fatigue strength. The results are shown in Table 2. Each member was cut at a cross section perpendicular to the central axis of the crankpin and mirror-polished, and then the number of sulfides (per field area 160 mm 2 ) was measured by the method already described. The same structure was etched with picric acid, and the average size of the pearlite crystal grains of the ferrite-pearlite structure was measured by the method described above. Table 1 shows the result of the number of sulfides, and Table 2 shows the result of the average size of the pearlite crystal grains.

この結果からも明らかなように、組成、硫化物数及びパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法のいずれかが本発明の範囲外となるた比較例1〜9の鋼を用いたクランクシャフトは、切削性、切屑破砕性、曲げ矯正性及び疲労強度のいずれかが、クランクシャフト部品として必要なレベルに届いていないのに対し、組成、硫化物数及びパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法が本発明の要件を満たす発明例1〜6の鋼を用いたクランクシャフトは、いずれも500穴を越える良好な切削性を有し、切屑の部品への巻付きや詰まりがなく、4mm以上の曲げ矯正性と500MPa以上の疲労強度を有していることがわかる。特に、S/Oを8以上50以下とした発明例1〜5において、効果が顕著である。なお、図2は、発明例5の硫化物形態を比較例6の硫化物形態と比較して示す光学顕微鏡観察画像である(倍率200倍)。また、図3は、発明例5の結晶粒を比較例6の結晶粒と比較して示す光学顕微鏡観察画像である(倍率400倍)。   As is clear from this result, the crankshaft using the steels of Comparative Examples 1 to 9 in which any of the composition, the number of sulfides, and the average size of the pearlite crystal grains is out of the scope of the present invention, An invention that satisfies any of the requirements of the present invention for the composition, the number of sulfides, and the average size of pearlite crystal grains, while any one of chip crushability, bend straightening and fatigue strength has not reached the level required for a crankshaft component. Each of the crankshafts using the steels of Examples 1 to 6 has a good machinability exceeding 500 holes, there is no wrapping or clogging of chips on the part, and a bending straightness of 4 mm or more and fatigue of 500 MPa or more. It can be seen that it has strength. In particular, in Examples 1 to 5 in which S / O is 8 or more and 50 or less, the effect is remarkable. FIG. 2 is an optical microscope observation image showing the sulfide form of Invention Example 5 in comparison with the sulfide form of Comparative Example 6 (magnification 200 times). FIG. 3 is an optical microscope observation image showing the crystal grains of Invention Example 5 in comparison with the crystal grains of Comparative Example 6 (magnification 400 times).

クランクシャフトの一例を示す正面図。The front view which shows an example of a crankshaft. 発明例5の硫化物形態を比較例6の硫化物形態と比較して示す光学顕微鏡観察画像。An optical microscope observation image showing the sulfide form of Invention Example 5 in comparison with the sulfide form of Comparative Example 6. 発明例5の結晶粒を比較例6の結晶粒と比較して示す光学顕微鏡観察画像。An optical microscope observation image showing the crystal grains of Invention Example 5 in comparison with the crystal grains of Comparative Example 6.

Claims (4)

表面に軟窒化処理が施された鋼よりなるクランクシャフトであって、前記鋼の組成が、
C:0.38質量%以上0.42質量%以下、
Si:0.15質量%以上0.35質量%以下、
Mn:0.45質量%以上0.6質量%以下、
S:0.04質量%以上0.06質量%以下、
Ca:0.0010質量%以上0.0050質量%以下、
Ti:0.0050質量%以上0.0120質量%以下、
N:0.0042質量%以上0.0480質量%以下、
残部Fe及び不可避不純物からなり、
Ti/N(質量含有率の比)が0.25以上1.2以下の範囲にあり、
また、軟窒化処理層を除く鋼断面組織がフェライト+パーライト組織を有し、該フェライト+パーライト組織上において、視野面積160mm当たりに観察される寸法1μm以上の硫化物の総数が12000個以上31000個以下であり、かつ、組織をなすパーライト結晶粒の平均寸法が14μm以上20μm以下であることを特徴とするクランクシャフト。
A crankshaft made of steel having a surface subjected to soft nitriding, wherein the composition of the steel is
C: 0.38 mass% or more and 0.42 mass% or less,
Si: 0.15 mass% or more and 0.35 mass% or less,
Mn: 0.45 mass% or more and 0.6 mass% or less,
S: 0.04 mass% or more and 0.06 mass% or less,
Ca: 0.0010 mass% or more and 0.0050 mass% or less,
Ti: 0.0050 mass% or more and 0.0120 mass% or less,
N: 0.0042 mass% or more and 0.0480 mass% or less,
It consists of the balance Fe and inevitable impurities,
Ti / N (ratio of mass content) is in the range of 0.25 to 1.2,
Further, the steel cross-sectional structure excluding the soft nitriding layer has a ferrite + pearlite structure, and the total number of sulfides having a dimension of 1 μm or more observed per field area 160 mm 2 on the ferrite + pearlite structure is 12,000 or more and 31000. The crankshaft is characterized in that the average dimension of pearlite crystal grains constituting the structure is 14 μm or more and 20 μm or less.
前記鋼はPb:0.03質量%以下である請求項1記載のクランクシャフト。 The crankshaft according to claim 1, wherein the steel is Pb: 0.03 mass% or less. 前記鋼は、O含有量が0.0005質量%以上0.01質量%以下である請求項1又は請求項2に記載のクランクシャフト。 The crankshaft according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the steel has an O content of 0.0005 mass% or more and 0.01 mass% or less. 前記鋼は、S含有量をWS(質量%)、O含有量をWO(質量%)として、WS/WOが8以上50以下に調整される請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のクランクシャフト。 The steel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein WS / W0 is adjusted to 8 or more and 50 or less, wherein S content is WS (mass%) and O content is WO (mass%). The described crankshaft.
JP2004081385A 2004-03-19 2004-03-19 Crankshaft Pending JP2005264270A (en)

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