JP2005118011A - Forest biomass transport method and system - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and a system for transporting forest biomass from a forest at a collection site.
In a forest, a chip 128 made from forest biomass by a forest biomass crusher is a liquid film of water 114 that circulates in the order of a tank 112, a water supply pipe 116, a chip supply device 124, a chip transport pipe 132, and a filter 140. Accompanying the stream 138 is transported from the chip supply location 102 to the chip collection location 104. At this time, the chip 128 moves with the force received from the gravity and the liquid film flow acting on the chip 128 by being accompanied by the liquid film flow 138.
[Selection] Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to a method and a system for transporting forest biomass such as thinned thinned wood, forest land residual wood, etc. left in a forest.

Forest biomass, such as pruned thinning and forest land left over from thinning or clearing, can be used as biomass energy or useful material, but there is no economical or efficient transportation method. Left to decay and eventually decay. A system that effectively uses forest biomass is disclosed in Patent Document 1, in which an apparatus for transporting forest biomass from a forest is incorporated as part of the system. This disclosed transport system includes an apparatus for crushing forest biomass and a pipe through which crushed and chipped forest biomass (hereinafter referred to as “chip”) moves by air. In this transportation system, the forest biomass is chipped in the forest to which the forest biomass is supplied, and is transported to the outside of the forest along with the airflow formed in the pipe.
JP 2002-330644 A

  However, the above system requires a blower that generates airflow in the vicinity of the crushing device in addition to the crushing device in order to transport the chips to the outside from the forest where the chips are supplied via pipes by airflow. And In addition, if a high-power blower is used for the airflow, it is possible to keep the speed high to the outside of the forest and continue to supply the moving force to the chip, but basically the chip moving force (moving speed) is the tip. It is unavoidable to attenuate as the moving distance increases. In order to solve this, the above system is provided with a suction machine outside the forest, which is not preferable from the viewpoint of cost or energy.

  In addition, when implemented in sloping forests or when the pipe path is complex, the tip may be transported upward (from low to high), with gravity acting on the tip. As a result, the moving speed of the chip is further attenuated. As a result, the pipe may be blocked by the chip. In Japanese forests, slope forests occupy a lot, so the places where the above system can be implemented are extremely limited.

  SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a forest biomass transportation method and system that can continue to supply unmoved moving force to chips being transported and can be applied not only to plain forests but also to sloped forests. And

  In order to solve the above-described problems, the transport method and system according to the present invention uses a liquid instead of a gas as a fluid that is a chip transport means. The transport method and system is that the forest biomass chip is accompanied by a liquid film flow (liquid film flow) that travels downward along the inclined forest from the supply location of the forest biomass chip to the recovery location in the inclined forest. By doing so, the forest biomass chip is transported from the supply place to the collection place by the gravity acting on itself and the force received from the liquid film flow.

  Another transport method and system also allows forest biomass chips to be entrained in a liquid stream that travels upward along the inclined forest from the forest biomass chip supply location to the collection location in the inclined forest. Thus, the forest biomass chip is transported from the supply place to the collection place by buoyancy acting on itself or by force received from the buoyancy and liquid flow.

  In the present specification, “tilted forest” refers to a forest that naturally grows on sloping land, while “flat forest” refers to a forest that naturally grows on flat land. These include natural forests or artificial forests. Further, “liquid flow” refers to a continuous flow of liquid. Furthermore, the “liquid film flow” refers to a liquid flow having a continuous liquid surface in contact with air, for example, in which the liquid flows shallowly in a film shape. The liquid described here includes a liquid in which a gas (bubbles) is contained, either artificially or naturally, and does not completely deny the gas present inside.

  According to the present invention, forest biomass chips can be transported in a small configuration. The system can be easily moved and removed, and the energy is consumed only by the fluid forming means that gives flow to the liquid, for example, only the pump. No significant burden or impact.

  DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, embodiments of a forest biomass chip transport method and transport system according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The system of the embodiment shown below consists of a plurality of components that can be easily and repeatedly transferred to different locations, and is implemented in combination with a transport means, such as a truck, for transporting these components.

First embodiment.
FIG. 1 schematically shows a system 100 according to a first embodiment of the present invention, in particular, the part relating to the transport of chips is shown as a cross section. As is apparent from FIG. 1, the system 100 transports chips from a high chip supply place (high side) 102 to a low chip collection place (low side) 104 (hereinafter referred to as “downward transport”). ). Referring to FIG. 1, the forest in which the present embodiment is implemented has an inclined land 106, and a horizontal land 108 such as a forest road or a soil field (timber accumulation site) exists on the lower side 104. On this horizontal ground 108, a truck 110 that carries a plurality of components of the system 100 and moves is arranged. The loading portion of the truck 110 has a tank 112, in which water 114 is stored. The water 114 is obtained from a water source in the vicinity of the slope 106, for example. The water supply pipe 116 through which the water 114 moves is laid such that the low-side opening 118 is disposed in the tank 112 and the high-side opening 120 is connected to a chip supply device described later. The water pipe 116 also has a pump 122 that moves the water 114 from the low side 104 to the high side 102 in the middle thereof. The pump 122 can be provided anywhere in the middle of the water supply pipe 116, but is preferably provided in the chip collection place 104 where the operator exists. The pump 122 can also be a general pump, but considering that it is difficult to obtain power in a forest, an engine pump is preferable. The pump head capacity is preferably determined according to the slope of the forest in which the system is implemented and the chip transport distance, but it is sufficient if it can accommodate 100-150 m. The reason is that the average distance from the forest road to the chip supply place (place where forest biomass is generated) is about 200 m (see “Forestry Technology Handbook” supervised by the Forestry Agency) in the Japanese sloped forest where the system of the present invention is implemented. If the slope between them is about 30 degrees, the pump head capacity is about 100 m, and if the slope is about 45 degrees, the head capacity of the pump is about 140 m. However, there are not many forests having an inclination of 45 degrees or more over the entire distance of 200 m, and such forests are not safe for workers. Therefore, in reality, it is sufficient to have a pump head capacity that can cope with an inclined forest having a gradient of about 45 degrees at the maximum.

  The water supply pipe 116 is laid from the tip collection place 104 to the tip supply place 102 along the slope 106 as much as possible with a straight path in consideration of the load of the pump. The water supply pipe 116 is a flexible pipe, and is thus made of a soft material such as light metal, rubber, or resin that has a pressure resistance and is rust-proofed. In particular, the flexible tube is preferably a lightweight and separable tube that can be stored in a truck, easily transferred, and further adjustable in length. Moreover, it is preferable that the outer surface of the water supply pipe 116 has a bellows shape so as not to slide down even when laid on an inclined ground. The high side opening 120 of the water supply pipe 116 is connected to a chip supply device 124 installed in the chip supply place 102.

  The chip supply device 124 includes a chip insertion port 126 that is open at one end, and a space 130 that is connected to the other end of the insertion port and that mixes the chip 128 with the water 114 fed from the water pipe 116. This space 130 is disposed so as to be interposed between the upstream water supply pipe 116 and the downstream chip transport pipe 132, and communicates the internal spaces of both. The chips 128 are made from forest biomass by a forest biomass crusher (not shown) arranged in the vicinity of the chip supply device 124. The forest biomass crusher is a general chipper, and is preferably a movable type that can be mounted on the truck 110 and can be easily moved to the chip supply place 102, or a self-propelled type.

  The chip transport pipe 132 is laid so that the high side opening 134 is connected to the chip supply device 124, and the low side opening 136 is disposed above the water surface of the water 114 in the tank 112. The chip transport pipe 132 has substantially the same shape, material, and structure as the water supply pipe 116, but differs only in diameter and is larger than the diameter of the water supply pipe. The reason is to form a liquid film stream 138 that transports the chip 128. Although the present embodiment can naturally be implemented with a liquid flow, in consideration of the load of the pump 122, the liquid film flow with the minimum liquid amount that the chip 128 is transported without staying in the chip transport pipe 132 is used. Further, the path of the tip transport pipe 132 does not have to be a path along the water supply pipe 116. Particularly when the slope is steep, the flow velocity formed inside does not become too large near the low-side opening. Thus, it is preferable to lay in a meandering manner in the inclined direction. In addition, in this embodiment, the tip transport tube 132 may be a tube whose upward direction of gravity is open, that is, a tube whose cross section is a semicircle.

  Between the lower side opening 136 of the chip transport pipe 132 and the surface of the water 114 in the tank 112, a filter 140 for separating the chip from the liquid film flow 138 accompanied by the chip 128 is disposed. The filter 140 does not need to transmit the chip 128 having a size of about 20 to 30 mm, and may be a mesh. The reason is related to chip cleaning. When the chip 128 moves along with the liquid film flow 138 in the transport pipe 132, the attached soil and gravel (attached to the forest biomass before being crushed into chips) are washed away, The filter 140 is separated in a washed state. On the other hand, soil and gravel are discharged into the tank 112 along with the liquid film flow 138. At this time, if the eyes of the filter 140 are so small that soil and gravel remain on the filter, the soil and gravel remain on the filter and adhere to the chip 128 again. This is not preferable because the chip needs to be re-washed later when the chip is used.

  As described above, the system 100 according to the first embodiment of the present invention is configured. Hereinafter, the operation of the system 100 will be described.

  First, each component of the system 100 is disposed at a predetermined position, and the pump 122 is driven. The pump 122 pumps up the water 114 in the tank 112 from the lower side opening 118 of the water supply pipe 116 and discharges it from the high side opening 120 of the water supply pipe into the space 130 of the chip supply device 124. A predetermined amount (the amount necessary for mixing the chips) of the water 114 discharged into the space 130 is stored in the space, and then is inserted into the chip transport pipe 132 by gravity through the high-side opening 134. Inflow. The water 114 moves in the state of the liquid film flow 138 in the chip transport pipe 132, is discharged onto the filter 140 from the lower side opening 136, passes through the filter, and is stored in the tank 112. Thereby, the circulation system of the system 100 of the first embodiment according to the present invention is formed.

  After the circulation system is formed, the chips 128 created by the forest biomass crusher are supplied from the chip insertion port 126 of the chip supply device 124 to the water 114 in the space 130. The chips 128 are fed into the chip transport pipe 132 along with the water 114. The tip 128 is cleaned by gravity acting on itself and by being moved along with the liquid film flow 138 of the water 114 in the chip transport tube 132 and mixed with this liquid film flow, and as a result, The soil, gravel and wood powder that have adhered are washed away. The cleaned chip 128 is discharged onto the filter 140 together with the water 114 containing soil, gravel and wood powder, where the chip and water are separated. The chips 128 remaining on the filter 140 are collected by appropriate means (not shown). The water 114 that has passed through the filter 140 is stored in the tank 112. Here, soil and gravel contained in the water 114 are deposited on the bottom of the tank 112 by gravity separation. The water 114 from which the soil and gravel have been removed by the accumulation is sent to the water supply pipe 116 by the pump 122.

Second embodiment.
FIG. 2 schematically shows a system 200 according to a second embodiment of the present invention, in particular, the part relating to the transport of chips is shown as a cross section. As is apparent from FIG. 2, the system 200 transports forest biomass chips from a low chip supply place (low side) 202 to a high chip collection place (high place side) 204 (hereinafter “upward transport”). To be implemented.) Referring to FIG. 2, the forest in which the second embodiment is implemented includes an inclined land 206, and a horizontal land 208 such as a forest road or a soil (timber accumulation place) exists on the high side 204. On this horizontal ground 208, a track 210 that carries a plurality of components of the system 200 and moves is disposed. The loading portion of the truck 210 has a tank 212 in which water 214 is stored. The water 214 is obtained, for example, from a water source in the vicinity of the sloping land 206. The water supply pipe 216 through which the water 214 moves is laid such that the high side opening 218 is disposed in the tank 212 and the low side opening 220 is connected to a chip supply device described later. The water supply pipe 216 also has a pump 222 in the middle thereof. The pump 222 is the same as the pump 122 of the first embodiment.

  The water supply pipe 216 is laid from the tip collection place 204 to the tip supply place 202 along a slope 206 as much as possible and with a straight path. This water pipe 216 is the same as the water pipe 116 of the first embodiment. The lower side opening 220 of the water pipe 216 is connected to a chip supply device 224 installed at the chip supply place 202.

  The chip supply device 224 has a chip insertion port 226 that is open at one end, and a space 230 that is connected to the other end of the insertion port and that mixes the water 214 fed from the water supply pipe 216 and the chip 228. In addition, the space 230 is divided into a first space 232 and a second space 234, and a first shut-off door 236 that can be opened and closed along an arrow 235 that shuts off the communication between the two, an input port 226, There is a second blocking door 238 that is provided between the spaces 230 and that can be opened and closed along an arrow 237 that blocks communication between the outside air and the space 230. When the first shut-off door 236 is in a completely closed state, only the first space 232 communicates the internal space of the upstream water pipe 216 and the internal space of the downstream chip transport tube 240. The position is such that only the second space 234 is connected to the chip insertion port 226. The chip supply device 224 also includes a pump 239 that feeds water present in the second space 234 into the first space 232 when the first blocking door 236 is closed. The chip 228 is made from forest biomass by a forest biomass crusher (not shown) arranged in the vicinity of the chip supply device 224. The forest biomass crusher is a general chipper, and is preferably a movable type that can be mounted on the truck 210 and can be easily moved to the chip supply place 202, or a self-propelled type.

  The chip transport pipe 240 has two openings, one low side opening 242 is connected to the chip supply device 224, and the other high side opening 244 is arranged above the water surface of the water 214 in the tank 212. It is laid along the sloping land 206. The tip transport tube 240 may be the same as the tip transport tube 132 of the first embodiment, but may be smaller in diameter than the tip transport tube 132 of the first embodiment. The reason is that in upward transport, it is impossible to form a continuous liquid film flow, and the diameter can be reduced because there is no air necessary for the liquid film flow.

  Between the high-side opening 244 of the chip transport tube 240 and the water surface of the water 214 in the tank 212, a filter 248 for separating the chip from the liquid flow 246 accompanied by the chip 228 is disposed. The filter 248 is the same as the filter 140 of the first embodiment.

  As described above, the system 200 according to the second embodiment of the present invention is configured. The operation of the system 200 will be described below with reference to FIG. 3 together with FIG.

  First, each component of the system 200 is arranged at a predetermined position, and the pump 222 is driven. The pump 222 pumps up the water 214 in the tank 212 from the high side opening 218 of the water supply pipe 216 and discharges it from the low side opening 220 of the water supply pipe into the space 230 of the chip supply device 224. At this time, the first blocking door 236 of the chip supply device 224 is in a closed state (see FIG. 2). The water 214 discharged into the first space 232 of the space 230 fills this space and flows into the chip transport pipe 240 through the lower side opening 242. The water 214 moves in the state of the liquid flow 246 in the chip transport pipe 240, is discharged onto the filter 248 from the high side opening 244, passes through the filter, and is stored in the tank 212. Thereby, the circulation system of the system 200 of the second embodiment according to the present invention is formed.

  After the circulation system is formed, the chip 228 created by the forest biomass crusher is introduced into the flow of the water 214 from the chip supply device 224, but the method is greatly different from the system 100 of the first embodiment. The reason is that the chip supply device 224 of the system 200 of the present embodiment is disposed in the lower part of the water circulation system, so that the water 214 existing in the device is subjected to water pressure by water existing at a higher position than the position. ing. The device space 230 (the space where water exists) is not in contact with the outside air so that the water 214 in the chip supply device 224 is not ejected from the device by this water pressure. Therefore, the chip supply device 224 employs the above structure to supply the chip 228 from the outside air into the water 214, and operates as described below.

  This will be specifically described with reference to FIG. FIG. 3A shows a stage before the chip 228 is inserted into the chip supply device 224. At this stage, the first blocking door 236 is in a closed state, and the second blocking door 238 is in an open state. The water 214 has moved from the water supply pipe 216 into the chip transport pipe 240 through the first space 232 (indicated by an arrow 250). The second space 234 is not filled with water 214 in order to secure a space 252 for storing the chips 228 inserted from the chip insertion port 226. This is because when the water 214 is filled, the inserted chip 228 remains floating on the surface of the water, and the amount of chips stored in the second space 234 of the chip supply device 224 decreases. The chip 228 is inserted into the second space 234, and the second blocking door 238 is closed (see FIG. 3B). Next, the first blocking door 236 is opened (see FIG. 3C). Thus, the two spaces 232 and 234 become one space 230, and the chip 228 stored in the second space 234 is mixed with the water 214 in the two spaces. The chip 228 mixed with the water 214 gathers in the upper part of the space 230 filled with the water 214 by buoyancy acting on the chip, and is fed into the chip transport tube 240 according to the flow of the water 214 indicated by the arrow 250. In addition, after all the chips 228 in the space 230 have moved to the chip transport tube 240, the first blocking door 236 is closed to connect the first space 232 and the second space 234 in order to supply the next chip. Form again. Thereafter, the second blocking door 238 is opened, and the water 214 in the second space 234 is moved into the first space 232 by the pump 239 (see FIG. 3A).

  Returning to FIG. 2, the chip 228 delivered from the chip supply device 224 is moved by the buoyancy acting on itself or in addition to the liquid flow 246 of the water 214 in the chip transport pipe 240. . The chips 228 remaining on the filter 248 are collected by suitable means (not shown). The water 214 that has passed through the filter 248 is stored in the tank 212. Here, the soil and gravel contained in the water 214 are deposited on the bottom of the tank 212 by gravity separation. The water 214 from which the soil and gravel have been removed by the deposition is sent to the water pipe 216 by the pump 222.

  As an improved example of the system 200 of the second embodiment, a bubble supply device that supplies bubbles (air) into the liquid flow 246 can be attached to the chip supply device 224 or the chip transport tube 240. When the chip 228 is introduced into the water 214 via the chip supply device 224, air is also mixed in. In this improved example, air is mixed into the liquid flow 246 in addition to that. In particular, when the system 200 is implemented in a gently sloping forest, this bubble supply device is used because the tip moving speed provided by the buoyancy acting on the tip 228 is small. Or when the chip | tip 228 stays in the chip | tip transport pipe | tube 240, it is used in order to power this chip | tip and to ensure the stable transport. Bubbles mixed from the chip supply device 224 or the bubble supply device (not shown) attached to the chip transport pipe 240 rise in the liquid flow 246 toward the high-side opening 244 of the transport pipe. At this time, the chip 228 transported in the liquid flow 246 moves vigorously with the bubbles.

  Further, it is obvious that the chip supply device 224 of the second embodiment can be used as the chip supply device of the first embodiment when the two blocking doors 236 and 238 are opened simultaneously (FIG. 4). reference.). Specifically, in the second embodiment, when the liquid circulation system is formed, the two blocking doors are not opened at the same time, but in the first embodiment, the two blocking doors are not opened. There is a state where the door opens at the same time. In this case, for example, it is preferable that the operation of the chip supply device has two modes, that is, an upward transportation mode and a downward transportation mode, and the operator selects them. In this upward transport mode, if there is liquid in the chip supply device, if the two shut doors are not opened at the same time, the operator will accidentally open the two shut doors and drain the water inside the system. It will not overflow. These include, for example, a sensor for detecting the presence of liquid in the chip supply device, and when the sensor detects the presence of liquid, the operator opens the first shut-off door, and then the second This is accomplished by automatically locking the second door so that it does not open when operated to open the door.

  Furthermore, in the place where water is extremely difficult to obtain, it is preferable that the pump provided in the water pipe is a reversible pump. When the chip is transported at one point and the system is moved to the next point, the reversible pump returns the water remaining in the system to the tank many times without wasting the water once obtained. Can be used. Also, by providing a pump start switch connected to the pump via wire or wirelessly at the chip supply location, it is possible for one operator who creates or supplies the chip to operate the pump only during chip transportation. Therefore, the cost is reduced even in terms of energy or labor.

  In addition, the system according to the present invention can be improved in various forms. For example, when collecting a large amount of chips in one place, a plurality of chip supply devices, chip transport pipes, water pipes, pumps, forest biomass crushers and one large tank are used to remove chips from a plurality of places. It is also possible to transport to one collection place.

  Furthermore, the liquid used in the present invention is not particularly limited. Naturally, water that is harmless to the environment, easy to handle, and does not require washing of the chip after collection is also possible and preferable.

  The system according to the present invention can be transported as long as it can be wet like a chip or has a specific gravity lighter than a liquid. For example, the present invention can be applied to fruits cultivated in an orchard existing on an inclined land. In this case, fruits can be collected on the supply side and fruits can be packed on the collection side simultaneously.

1 schematically shows a first embodiment of a system according to the invention. FIG. It is a figure showing roughly a 2nd embodiment of a system concerning the present invention. It is a figure which shows schematically the operation | movement process of the chip supply apparatus of FIG. It is a figure which shows schematically the chip | tip supply apparatus of 2nd Embodiment used for the system of 1st Embodiment.

Explanation of symbols

100 system, 102 tip supply location, 104 tip collection location, 106 sloped ground, 108 horizontal location, 110 truck, 112 tank, 114 water, 116 water pipe, 118 low side opening, 120 high side opening, 122 pump, 124 tip Supply device, 126 chip inlet, 128 chip, 130 space, 132 chip transport pipe, 134 high side opening, 136 low side opening, 138 liquid film flow, 140 filter,
200 system, 202 tip supply location, 204 tip collection location, 206 sloped ground, 208 horizontal location, 210 truck, 212 tank, 214 water, 216 water pipe, 218 high side opening, 220 low side opening, 222 pump, 224 tip Supply device, 226 chip insertion port, 228 chip, 230 space, 232 first space, 234 second space, 235 opening / closing direction, 236 first blocking door, 237 opening / closing direction, 238 second blocking door, 239 pump , 240 chip transport pipe, 242 low side opening, 244 high side opening, 246 liquid flow, 248 filter, 250 flow direction, 252 space

Claims (9)

A method for transporting forest biomass chips in an inclined forest,
The forest biomass chip is caused to accompany the forest biomass chip in a liquid film flow (liquid film flow) traveling downward along the inclined forest from the supply location of the forest biomass chip toward the recovery location. Is transported from the supply site to the recovery site by gravity acting on itself and the force received from the liquid film flow. A method for transporting forest biomass chips in an inclined forest,
By bringing the forest biomass chip into the liquid flow (liquid flow) that travels upward along the inclined forest from the forest biomass chip supply location to the collection location, the forest biomass chip is attached to itself. Transporting from the supply site to the collection site by acting buoyancy or by force received from the buoyancy and the liquid flow.   3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid is circulated by being returned to the supply location and reused after moving to the recovery location.   The method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid is water. A system for transporting forest biomass chips in a sloping forest,
A liquid film-like flow (liquid film flow) that progresses downward along the inclined forest from the supply location of the forest biomass chip toward the recovery location is formed inside, and each of the supply location and the recovery location A chip transport tube having an opening in
A chip supply device connected to the supply location side opening of the chip transport pipe, and entraining the forest biomass chip with the liquid;
A filter disposed in the vicinity of the recovery location side opening of the chip transport pipe, wherein the liquid is permeated to separate the forest biomass chip and the liquid;
It is installed so as to oppose the collection side opening of the chip transport pipe across the filter, and a tank for storing the liquid,
A water pipe in which the liquid stored in the tank moves from the tank toward the chip supply device;
A transportation system comprising: a pump provided in the middle of the water pipe and moving the liquid inside the water pipe. A system for transporting forest biomass chips in a sloping forest,
A liquid flow (liquid flow) traveling upward along the inclined forest from the supply location of the forest biomass chip to the recovery location is formed inside, and an opening is formed in each of the supply location and the recovery location. A chip transport pipe having
A chip supply device connected to the supply side opening of the chip transport pipe and entraining the forest biomass chip with the liquid;
A filter disposed in the vicinity of the recovery location side opening of the chip transport pipe, wherein the liquid is permeated to separate the forest biomass chip and the liquid;
A tank that can store the liquid, and is installed so as to face the collection side opening of the chip transport pipe across the filter;
A water pipe in which the liquid stored in the tank moves from the tank toward the chip supply device;
A transportation system comprising: a pump provided in the middle of the water pipe and moving the liquid inside the water pipe.   The transport system according to claim 6, further comprising a device for supplying bubbles into the liquid flow in the transport pipe. The chip supply device includes a first space, a second space provided between the first space and the outside air, and a first openable / closable member that blocks communication between the two spaces. A shut-off door, and a second shut-off door that can be opened and closed to shut off communication between the outside air and the second space,
When the first blocking door is closed to block communication between the two spaces,
Only the first space is connected to the space in the chip transport pipe and the space in the water pipe,
The transportation system according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein only the second space can communicate with outside air. The transport system according to claim 5, wherein the liquid is water.

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