JP2005002365A - High strength stabilizer - Google Patents
High strength stabilizer Download PDFInfo
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- JP2005002365A JP2005002365A JP2003164140A JP2003164140A JP2005002365A JP 2005002365 A JP2005002365 A JP 2005002365A JP 2003164140 A JP2003164140 A JP 2003164140A JP 2003164140 A JP2003164140 A JP 2003164140A JP 2005002365 A JP2005002365 A JP 2005002365A
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- strength stabilizer
- stabilizer according
- shot peening
- tempering
- stabilizer
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- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 18
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 10
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009863 impact test Methods 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000639 Spring steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009661 fatigue test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100381534 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) BEM2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- KPSZQYZCNSCYGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].[B] Chemical compound [B].[B] KPSZQYZCNSCYGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QDLZHJXUBZCCAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cr].[Mn] Chemical compound [Cr].[Mn] QDLZHJXUBZCCAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000005252 bulbus oculi Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- QKJXFFMKZPQALO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium;iron;methane;silicon Chemical compound C.[Si].[Cr].[Fe] QKJXFFMKZPQALO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- PYLLWONICXJARP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese silicon Chemical compound [Si].[Mn] PYLLWONICXJARP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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Abstract
【課題】スタビライザのばねとしての特殊性を考慮しつつ、近年の高剛性化傾向に対応することのできるスタビライザの材料、製造方法及び製品を提供する。
【解決手段】重量比にしてC:0.45〜0.70%、Si:1.20〜2.50%、Mn:0.10〜0.80%、Cr:0.10〜0.80%を含有し、更に、V:0.05〜0.25%、Ni:0.10〜0.80%、B:0.001〜0.003%且つTi:0.01〜0.05%のいずれか一以上を含有した鋼を素材とし、所定の形状に成形した後、通電加熱により25℃/秒以上の速度で900℃〜1000℃の範囲内に加熱した後急冷して焼入れを行い、硬さHRC45以上となるように焼戻しを行う。なお、焼戻しも通電加熱により行うことが望ましい。また、焼戻し後、1段又は2段以上のショットピーニングを行うことが望ましい。更に、ショットピーニングは、処理後の表面圧縮残留応力が600MPa以上となるような条件で行うことが望ましい。
【選択図】図5The present invention provides a stabilizer material, a manufacturing method, and a product that can cope with the recent trend of increasing rigidity while taking into consideration the particularity of the stabilizer as a spring.
SOLUTION: In a weight ratio, C: 0.45-0.70%, Si: 1.20-2.50%, Mn: 0.10-0.80%, Cr: 0.10-0.80%, V: 0.05-0.25%, Ni: The steel containing any one or more of 0.10 to 0.80%, B: 0.001 to 0.003% and Ti: 0.01 to 0.05% is formed into a specified shape, and then heated at a rate of 25 ° C / second or more by energization heating. After heating in the range of 900 ° C to 1000 ° C, quenching is performed by quenching, and tempering is performed so that the hardness becomes HRC45 or higher. In addition, it is desirable to perform tempering by electric heating. In addition, it is desirable to perform one-stage or two-stage or more shot peening after tempering. Furthermore, the shot peening is desirably performed under conditions such that the surface compressive residual stress after treatment is 600 MPa or more.
[Selection] Figure 5
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、自動車のロール安定性を高めるために装着されるスタビライザに関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
スタビライザは、略直線状の中央部分と、その両端に屈曲して設けられたアーム部とからなり、中央部分を自動車の車体側に固定し、アーム部を左右輪側に固定して装着する。これにより、自動車が旋回する際のロールを抑え、自動車の走行安定性を高める。
【0003】
自動車の走行安定性を高める方法は種々あるが、その中でもスタビライザ装着による効果は大きく、車高の高いいわゆるSUV(Sports Utility Vehicle)が増加するにつれてスタビライザの装着率(全自動車数に対するスタビライザ装着者数の比率)は近年増加する傾向にある。また、装着されるスタビライザの剛性も高くなる傾向にある。
【0004】
スタビライザは車体の左右両輪を接続するように固定しなければならないが、左右両輪の間にはシャフトやジョイント、更には前輪側ではエンジン等が存在するため、スタビライザはそれらを避けるために複雑な形状とならざるを得ない。
従って、スタビライザは形状の点では設計の自由度が低く、車種が定まるとばねとして作動する部分の長さ(実効長)も、ほぼ定まる。そして自動車の設計側からばね定数が与えられると、スタビライザの径も定まってしまい、材料の側からそれに応じた耐久性を有するものを選択せざるを得ない。
【0005】
スタビライザに関しては、従来より専ら重量軽減の観点から種々の工夫がなされてきた。中空材(パイプ)を使用するというのはその一つであり(非特許文献1)、その断面形状やシーム(継ぎ目)の方向等に関して多くの特許出願もなされている(例えば、特許文献1)。
【0006】
【非特許文献1】
ばね技術研究会編「ばねの種類と用途例」1998年、日刊工業新聞社、p.23
【特許文献1】
特開平8−142632号公報
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上記の通り、近年スタビライザの剛性が高くなる傾向にあるため、それに見合った設計がなされつつあるが、その殆どは上記のように形状等の機械的方面から対応されており、材料面からの対応は殆どなされていない。
【0008】
本発明はこのような課題を解決するために成されたものであり、その目的とするところは、スタビライザのばねとしての特殊性を考慮しつつ、近年の高剛性化傾向に対応することのできるスタビライザの材料、製造方法及び製品を提供することにある。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するために成された本発明に係る高強度スタビライザの製造方法は、重量比にしてC:0.45〜0.70%、Si:1.20〜2.50%、Mn:0.10〜0.80%、Cr:0.10〜0.80%を含有し、更に、V:0.05〜0.25%、Ni:0.10〜0.80%、B:0.001〜0.003%且つTi:0.01〜0.05%のいずれか一以上を含有した鋼を素材とし、所定の形状に成形した後、加熱により25℃/秒以上の速度で900℃〜1000℃の範囲内に加熱した後急冷して焼入れを行い、硬さHRC45以上となるように焼戻しを行うことを特徴とする。
【0010】
なお、焼入れ時の加熱は、このような加熱速度を実現するためには通電加熱又は高周波加熱を使用することが望ましいが、スタビライザの径が小さい場合は、通常の炉加熱でも構わない。なお、焼戻しも通電加熱又は高周波加熱により行うことが望ましい。
【0011】
また、焼戻し後、1段又は2段以上のショットピーニングを行うことが望ましい。ここで、2段以上のショットピーニングを行う場合、1段目のショットピーニングにおいて径0.8mm以上のショット粒を使用し、2段目以降のショットピーニングにおいて1段目のショットピーニングで使用したショット粒の径以下の径のショット粒を使用することが望ましい。更に、ショットピーニングは、処理後の表面圧縮残留応力が600MPa以上となるような条件で行うことが望ましい。
【0012】
なお、上記処理を行った後のスタビライザには、膜厚100μm以上の粉体塗装を施すことが望ましい。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
自動車の通常の懸架ばね(コイルばね)と比較した場合、スタビライザは、負荷を受ける繰り返しの数が非常に少ないという特徴がある。すなわち、基本的にはスタビライザは自動車の旋回時にしか負荷を受けることがなく、走行中常に繰り返し負荷を受ける懸架用ばねとは負荷条件が大きく異なる。また、コイルばねの線径は通常15〜20mm程度であるのに対し、スタビライザは20〜30mm程度と大きい。従って、素材及び製造方法を設計するにあたっては、これらスタビライザ特有の条件を十分に考慮しなければならない。
【0014】
そこで本発明を成すにあたり、スタビライザの要求特性を、最大剪断応力τmax=1100MPa又は1200MPa(ただし、平均応力τmean=0)で耐久回数2万回と設定した。また、靭性も重要な要求性能の一つであり、シャルピー衝撃値で20J/cm2以上の値を有することが望ましい。このような要求性能を踏まえ、本発明では上記のような必要条件を決定するに至った。まず、素材に関しては、本願発明に係るスタビライザにおいて上記成分範囲の鋼を用いることにしたのは、次のような理由からである。
【0015】
C:0.45〜0.70%と規定したのは、0.45%未満の炭素含有量では熱処理後にスタビライザとして十分な硬さが得られないためである。また、0.70%を越えて含有させると鋼の靭性が損なわれ、使用時に折損の恐れが生じるためである。
【0016】
Si:1.20〜2.50%と規定したのは、シリコンの焼戻し軟化抵抗付与性を重視したためである。すなわち、シリコンは鋼の焼戻し時の軟化点を高温側にシフトする特性を有する。本願発明ではこの特性を積極的に利用することとしたものであり、そのような効果は1.20%未満のシリコン含有量では十分に得られない。一方、シリコンは加熱時の表面脱炭を促進する元素としても知られている。表面脱炭は鋼製品の耐疲労性能を著しく損なう。そこで、本願発明ではシリコン含有量の上限を2.50%として、そのような恐れを排除した。
【0017】
Mn:0.10〜0.80%と規定したのは、焼入性を考慮したためである。Mnは鋼の焼入性を向上させる元素として知られている。上記の通り、スタビライザは懸架コイルばねよりも太い線径で使用されるため、内部まで十分な熱処理の効果を及ぼすには、焼入れ時に十分なマルテンサイト化を図っておく必要がある。そこで本願発明ではマンガン含有量を0.10%以上とした。なお、この値を決定する際には、次に述べるクロム含有量も考慮した。一方、上記のようなスタビライザの径(20〜30mm)を考慮した場合、その焼入性向上効果は0.80%程度で十分であり、それを超えて含有させても無駄であるばかりでなく、鋼製造時の高温脆化の問題が生ずる。そこで上限を0.80%とした。
【0018】
Cr:0.10〜0.80%と規定したのは、マンガン同様、その焼入性向上効果を考慮したためである。またクロムは、鋼の耐食性を向上させる効果も知られている。スタビライザは特に車体の下面の露出部分に装着されるものであるため、その腐食による耐久性の劣化には注意を払わなければならない。Cr:0.10%は、それら焼入性及び耐食性向上効果を得るに最低限必要な含有量である。
【0019】
一方、耐食性向上を考慮すると多量のクロムを含有させることが望ましいが、クロムは比較的高価な元素であり、素材コストを大きく引き上げる。従って、耐食性に関しては、後述の粉体塗装等の措置を併用することを考慮して、過度な添加を抑えなければならない。焼入性に関しては、スタビライザ程度の径であれば0.80%程度のクロム含有量で十分である。そこでクロム含有量の上限を0.80%とした。
【0020】
本願発明では更に、[V:0.05〜0.25%]、[Ni:0.10〜0.80%]、[B:0.001〜0.003%且つTi:0.01〜0.05%]のいずれか一以上を含有することとした。基本的には上記元素の含有により良好な素材鋼を得ることができるが、これらについても規定したのは、これらにより各種の付加的な特性を付与する素材設計が可能となるためである。
【0021】
すなわち、V:0.05〜0.25%を添加することにより、バナジウムの微細炭化物が鋼中に析出するようになり、焼入れ加熱時のオーステナイト粒の粗大化を抑えることができる。これにより、同じ硬さ(強度レベル)でも靭性の高い素材を得ることができる。また、焼戻し時の微細炭化物による析出硬化も期待することができ、同じ目的硬さ(強度)であっても焼戻し温度を高くすることができ、組織を安定化することができる。このような効果は0.05%未満の添加では十分に得ることはできず、一方、0.25%を超えて添加してもそのような効果は飽和する。
【0022】
Ni:0.10〜0.80%を添加することにより、クロム同様、素材の耐食性を向上させることができる。このような効果は0.10%未満の添加では十分に得ることはできず、一方、0.80%を超えて添加した場合、前記クロムの場合と同様、素材コストへの負担が過度となり、その他の方策(粉体塗装等)を取る方が総体的なコストが低下する。
【0023】
B:0.001〜0.003%とTi:0.01〜0.05%は、共に鋼中でN(窒素)と化合して窒化物を形成し、微細に析出して結晶粒の粗大化を防止する。また、それにより鋼中のNを固定化することで、遊離窒素による鋼の脆化を抑える。これらの添加量は、そのような効果を得るに必要且つ十分な範囲として定めたものである。
【0024】
また、ボロン(ホウ素)は微量でも鋼の焼入性を増大させるのに効果的な元素であるが、過度に添加すると鋼製造時に熱間脆化を生じる。従って、0.003%を超えて添加することは適切ではない。
【0025】
上記成分を有する鋼の目的径の線材を、まず所定の形状に加工する。曲げ加工は通常は冷間で行い、両端の固定穴(いわゆる目玉)の成形は熱間で行う。成形後、焼入れ・焼戻し処理を行う。焼入れ時及び/又は焼戻し処理時に、曲げ加工で成形した所定の形状に歪が出ないように、型にはめておくようにしてもよい。
焼入れは、急速加熱が可能な通電加熱により行うこととし、脱炭を防止するためにその昇温速度は25℃/秒以上とする。このように昇温速度が高い分、焼入れ加熱温度をやや高めとすることが望ましいため、本願発明では最高加熱温度を1000℃以上とした。ただし、1000℃を超えると結晶粒の粗大化が激しくなるとともに、脱炭も無視し得ないものとなるため、焼入れ時の最高加熱温度はそれ以下となるように注意しなければならない。
【0026】
焼戻しは、一般の懸架ばね等で使用されている加熱炉を用いてもよいが、焼入れ時の設備をそのまま使用することができるという点で、同様に通電加熱を用いることが望ましい。焼戻しは、処理後の素材の内部が目標硬さとなるように、予め化学成分に応じた温度を決定しておく。目標硬さは、一般的な使用条件ではHRC45以上とすればよいが、上記のように最大剪断応力τmax=1100MPa又は1200MPa(ただし、平均応力τmean=0)で耐久回数2万回という要求性能を満たすためには、それぞれHRC50、HRC52を目標とすることが望ましい。なお、この程度の硬さであれば、前記の靭性に関する要求性能(シャルピー衝撃値で20J/cm2以上)を確保することは可能である。
【0027】
上記成分範囲内にある鋼の場合、このような硬さとするための焼戻し温度範囲は、シリコンによる焼戻し軟化抵抗の効果もあり、概ね400〜500℃程度となる。
【0028】
スタビライザの場合、上記の通り実使用時の負荷回数はそれ程多くないため、負荷応力条件が緩やかな場合はショットピーニングを施さない使用も考えられるが、近年の高応力化使用に対応するためにはやはりショットピーニングを行うことにより表面に圧縮残留応力を形成しておくことが望ましい。しかも、その回数を2回またはそれ以上とし、それぞれ別個の条件でショットピーニングを施すことが望ましい。すなわち、最初のショットピーニングでは0.8mm以上の大きなショット粒を使用することにより、深い部分まで十分な圧縮残留応力をまず与えておく。次にそれよりも小さいショット粒を使用することにより、表面粗さを低下させて疲労破壊の起点となるような凹凸をなるべく少なくするとともに、より表面に近い部分の圧縮残留応力を増加させる。これらによって最終的な表面圧縮残留応力の値を600MPa以上とすることにより、上記の耐久性に対する要求特性(平均応力τmean=0、最大剪断応力τmax=1200MPaで耐久回数2万回)を満たすことが可能となる。
【0029】
最後に、耐腐食処理として、表面に厚さ100μm以上の粉体塗装を施す。これにより、通常の使用条件の下では十分な程度の耐食性がスタビライザ製品に付与され、腐食(又は腐食疲労)による折損の可能性が大幅に低減する。
【0030】
【発明の効果】
上記素材を使用し、上記方法で製造することにより、本発明に係るスタビライザは従来よりも高い応力で十分な耐久性を有する。そのため、車種により所定の形状が与えられ、ばね定数も定められたときであっても、十分な耐久性を持つスタビライザを設計することができるようになった。
【0031】
【実施例】
本発明に係るスタビライザの性能を明らかにするために、次のような試験を行った。
【0032】
まず、図1に示すような化学組成を有する5種の鋼を作成した。第1の供試材は本発明が規定する化学組成範囲に入る鋼であり、それ以降の4種の供試材は、少なくとも一つの化学組成において本件発明が規定する化学成分範囲を外れる比較材である。なお、比較材1は本発明が規定する成分のうち、Bが範囲を外れたものである。比較材2は従来よりマンガンクロム系ばね用鋼として広く用いられているSUP9(JIS−G4801)、比較材3はシリコンマンガン系ばね用鋼として広く用いられているSUP7(JIS−G4801)、比較材4は弁ばね用シリコンクロムオイルテンパー線SWOSC−V(JIS−G3566)にVを添加したものである。
【0033】
これらの供試材について、図2に示す工程で、径23mmのスタビライザを作製した。熱処理条件を決定するため、まず、各供試材の焼戻し温度と焼戻し後の硬さの関係を調査した。代表例として、本発明材及び比較材2の焼戻し特性(焼戻し温度と硬さの関係)を図3に示す。本発明材はどの部位(表層、1/2R、中心)においても、比較材2よりも高い硬さを示している。逆に言うと、同じ硬さを得るための焼戻し温度を比較材2よりも高くすることができる。
この特性を予め調査した上で、硬さがほぼHRC50となるように各供試材を熱処理(焼入れ・焼戻し)した。その後、本発明材については2段のショットピーニングを行い、第1段目のショットピーニング(1)においては粒径0.8mmのショット粒を、第2段目のショットピーニング(2)においては粒径0.3mmのショット粒を使用した。比較材はいずれも従来通りの1段のショットピーニングとした。
【0034】
このようにして作製した供試サンプル及びスタビライザについて、シャルピー衝撃試験を行った。まず、焼戻し温度(硬さ)とシャルピー衝撃値の関係を、本発明材と比較材2について調べた。その結果は図4に示す通りであり、本発明材はいずれの焼戻し温度(硬さ)においても比較材2よりもシャルピー衝撃値が高く、しかも、その値は焼戻し温度が350℃程度の高い硬さ領域においても20J/cm2以上の衝撃値を有している。次に、焼戻し温度を調節することにより硬さをほぼHRC50に揃えた上で、各供試剤のシャルピー衝撃試験を行った。その結果は図5に示す通りであり、いずれも20J/cm2以上の衝撃値を有しているが、本発明材は比較材1〜3よりも高い靭性を有することが示されている。次に、焼入性を比較した。焼入性は、各成分値に基づき算出した理想臨界直径DI(mm)で表した。その結果は図6に示す通りであり、本発明材は最も高い焼入性を示している。これにより、本発明材は太径のスタビライザに対しても利用可能であることがわかる。
【0035】
ショットピーニング後の表面の圧縮残留応力分布を図7に示す。比較材2が最表面で400MPa、最大値で800MPa程度であるのに対し、本発明材は最表面において700MPa、最大値で1200MPaという高い応力値を示している。
【0036】
最後に、線径23mmのスタビライザの状態で耐久疲労試験を行った結果を図8に示す。なお、平均応力τmは0である。本発明材は、上記の、最大剪断応力τmax=1200MPaで耐久回数2万回という要求性能を満たしている。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施例で用いた発明材及び比較材の化学成分表。
【図2】本発明材及び比較材の製造工程を示す工程図。
【図3】
【図4】
【図5】本発明材及び比較材のシャルピー衝撃試験結果のグラフ。
【図6】本発明材及び比較材の焼入性の指標であるDI値の計算結果のグラフ。
【図7】本発明材及び比較材のショットピーニング後の表面圧縮残留応力分布のグラフ。
【図8】本発明材及び比較材の疲労試験結果のグラフ。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a stabilizer that is mounted to increase the roll stability of an automobile.
[0002]
[Prior art]
The stabilizer is composed of a substantially straight central portion and arm portions bent at both ends thereof, and the central portion is fixed to the vehicle body side of the automobile, and the arm portions are fixed to the left and right wheels. Thereby, the roll at the time of a motor vehicle turning is suppressed, and the driving | running | working stability of a motor vehicle is improved.
[0003]
There are various methods for improving the running stability of automobiles. Among them, the effect of attaching a stabilizer is significant, and as the so-called SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) with a high vehicle height increases, the stabilizer installation rate (the number of stabilizer users relative to the total number of vehicles) ) Has been increasing in recent years. Further, the rigidity of the mounted stabilizer tends to increase.
[0004]
The stabilizer must be fixed so that the left and right wheels of the vehicle body are connected, but there are shafts and joints between the left and right wheels, and the engine etc. on the front wheel side, so the stabilizer has a complicated shape to avoid them It must be.
Therefore, the stabilizer has a low degree of design freedom in terms of shape, and when the vehicle type is determined, the length (effective length) of the portion that operates as a spring is substantially determined. When the spring constant is given from the design side of the automobile, the diameter of the stabilizer is also determined, and a material having durability corresponding to the material must be selected from the material side.
[0005]
With respect to the stabilizer, various devices have been conventionally made exclusively from the viewpoint of weight reduction. The use of a hollow material (pipe) is one of them (Non-Patent Document 1), and many patent applications have been filed regarding its cross-sectional shape, seam (seam) direction, and the like (for example, Patent Document 1). .
[0006]
[Non-Patent Document 1]
Spring Technology Study Group “Spring Types and Applications” 1998, Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, p. 23
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-8-142632 [0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As mentioned above, stabilizers tend to become more rigid in recent years, so designs are being made accordingly.Most of them are supported from the mechanical aspect such as the shape as described above, and the response from the material aspect Is hardly done.
[0008]
The present invention has been made to solve such problems, and the object of the present invention is to cope with the recent trend toward higher rigidity while taking into account the special nature of the stabilizer as a spring. The object is to provide stabilizer materials, manufacturing methods and products.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The manufacturing method of the high intensity | strength stabilizer based on this invention comprised in order to solve the said subject is C: 0.45-0.70% by weight ratio, Si: 1.20-2.50%, Mn: 0.10 to 0.80%, Cr: 0.10 to 0.80%, V: 0.05 to 0.25%, Ni: 0.10 to 0.80%, B: 0 A steel containing any one or more of 0.001 to 0.003% and Ti: 0.01 to 0.05% is formed into a predetermined shape, and then heated at a rate of 25 ° C./second or more by heating. It is characterized in that after heating in the range of ℃-1000 ℃, quenching is performed by quenching, and tempering is performed so that the hardness becomes HRC45 or more.
[0010]
The heating at the time of quenching is desirably electric heating or high-frequency heating in order to realize such a heating rate. However, when the diameter of the stabilizer is small, normal furnace heating may be used. In addition, it is desirable to perform tempering by electric heating or high frequency heating.
[0011]
In addition, it is desirable to perform one-stage or two-stage or more shot peening after tempering. Here, when two or more stages of shot peening are performed, shot grains having a diameter of 0.8 mm or more are used in the first stage of shot peening, and shots used in the first stage of shot peening in the second and subsequent stages of shot peening It is desirable to use shot grains having a diameter equal to or smaller than the diameter of the grains. Furthermore, the shot peening is desirably performed under conditions such that the surface compressive residual stress after the treatment is 600 MPa or more.
[0012]
In addition, it is desirable to give powder coating with a film thickness of 100 μm or more to the stabilizer after the above processing.
[0013]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
When compared with a normal suspension spring (coil spring) of an automobile, the stabilizer is characterized in that the number of repeated loads is very small. In other words, the stabilizer basically receives a load only when the vehicle turns, and the load condition is significantly different from that of a suspension spring that receives a load repeatedly during traveling. Further, the wire diameter of the coil spring is usually about 15 to 20 mm, whereas the stabilizer is as large as about 20 to 30 mm. Therefore, in designing the material and the manufacturing method, the conditions specific to these stabilizers must be fully considered.
[0014]
Therefore, in forming the present invention, the required characteristics of the stabilizer are set to the maximum shear stress τmax = 1100 MPa or 1200 MPa (where the average stress τmean = 0) and the durability is 20,000 times. In addition, toughness is one of the important performance requirements, and it is desirable to have a Charpy impact value of 20 J / cm 2 or more. Based on such required performance, the present invention has determined the necessary conditions as described above. First, regarding the material, the steel of the above component range is used in the stabilizer according to the present invention for the following reason.
[0015]
The reason why C is defined as 0.45 to 0.70% is that a carbon content of less than 0.45% cannot provide sufficient hardness as a stabilizer after heat treatment. Further, if the content exceeds 0.70%, the toughness of the steel is impaired, and there is a risk of breakage during use.
[0016]
The reason why Si is defined as 1.20 to 2.50% is that the emphasis was placed on imparting temper softening resistance of silicon. That is, silicon has a characteristic of shifting the softening point during tempering of the steel to the high temperature side. In the present invention, this characteristic is positively utilized, and such an effect cannot be sufficiently obtained with a silicon content of less than 1.20%. On the other hand, silicon is also known as an element that promotes surface decarburization during heating. Surface decarburization significantly impairs the fatigue resistance of steel products. Therefore, in the present invention, the upper limit of the silicon content is set to 2.50% to eliminate such fear.
[0017]
The reason why Mn is defined as 0.10 to 0.80% is that hardenability is taken into consideration. Mn is known as an element that improves the hardenability of steel. As described above, the stabilizer is used with a wire diameter larger than that of the suspension coil spring. Therefore, in order to exert a sufficient heat treatment effect to the inside, it is necessary to achieve sufficient martensite at the time of quenching. Therefore, in the present invention, the manganese content is set to 0.10% or more. In addition, when determining this value, the chromium content described below was also taken into consideration. On the other hand, when considering the diameter of the stabilizer (20 to 30 mm) as described above, the effect of improving the hardenability is about 0.80%, and it is not only useless if it is included beyond that. This causes the problem of high temperature embrittlement during steel production. Therefore, the upper limit was made 0.80%.
[0018]
The reason why Cr is defined as 0.10 to 0.80% is that the effect of improving the hardenability is taken into consideration as in the case of manganese. Chromium is also known to improve the corrosion resistance of steel. Since the stabilizer is mounted especially on the exposed portion of the lower surface of the vehicle body, attention must be paid to deterioration of durability due to corrosion. Cr: 0.10% is the minimum content necessary to obtain the effect of improving the hardenability and corrosion resistance.
[0019]
On the other hand, considering the improvement of corrosion resistance, it is desirable to contain a large amount of chromium. However, chromium is a relatively expensive element, which greatly increases the material cost. Therefore, regarding corrosion resistance, excessive addition must be suppressed in consideration of the combined use of measures such as powder coating described later. As for hardenability, a chromium content of about 0.80% is sufficient if the diameter is about the same as a stabilizer. Therefore, the upper limit of the chromium content is set to 0.80%.
[0020]
In the present invention, [V: 0.05 to 0.25%], [Ni: 0.10 to 0.80%], [B: 0.001 to 0.003%, and Ti: 0.01 to 0] .05%] is included. Basically, good material steel can be obtained by the inclusion of the above elements, but these are also defined because they enable material design to impart various additional characteristics.
[0021]
That is, by adding V: 0.05 to 0.25%, fine carbides of vanadium are precipitated in the steel, and coarsening of austenite grains during quenching heating can be suppressed. Thereby, a material with high toughness can be obtained even with the same hardness (strength level). In addition, precipitation hardening due to fine carbides during tempering can be expected, and even with the same target hardness (strength), the tempering temperature can be increased and the structure can be stabilized. Such an effect cannot be sufficiently obtained with an addition of less than 0.05%. On the other hand, such an effect is saturated even when the addition exceeds 0.25%.
[0022]
By adding Ni: 0.10 to 0.80%, the corrosion resistance of the material can be improved in the same manner as chromium. Such an effect cannot be sufficiently obtained with addition of less than 0.10%. On the other hand, when added over 0.80%, the burden on the material cost becomes excessive as in the case of chromium, Taking other measures (powder coating etc.) reduces the overall cost.
[0023]
B: 0.001 to 0.003% and Ti: 0.01 to 0.05% both combine with N (nitrogen) in the steel to form a nitride, which is finely precipitated and coarsened. To prevent Moreover, the embrittlement of steel by free nitrogen is suppressed by fixing N in steel by it. These addition amounts are determined as necessary and sufficient ranges for obtaining such effects.
[0024]
Further, boron (boron) is an element effective for increasing the hardenability of steel even in a small amount, but if added excessively, it causes hot embrittlement during steel production. Therefore, it is not appropriate to add more than 0.003%.
[0025]
First, a wire having a target diameter of steel having the above components is processed into a predetermined shape. Bending is usually performed cold, and fixing holes (so-called eyeballs) at both ends are formed hot. After molding, quenching and tempering are performed. At the time of quenching and / or tempering, a predetermined shape formed by bending may be placed in a mold so as not to be distorted.
Quenching is performed by energization heating capable of rapid heating, and the temperature increase rate is 25 ° C./second or more in order to prevent decarburization. Thus, since it is desirable to raise the quenching heating temperature a little because of the high temperature rising rate, the maximum heating temperature is set to 1000 ° C. or higher in the present invention. However, when the temperature exceeds 1000 ° C., the coarsening of crystal grains becomes severe and decarburization cannot be ignored, so care must be taken that the maximum heating temperature during quenching is lower than that.
[0026]
For the tempering, a heating furnace used in a general suspension spring or the like may be used, but similarly, it is desirable to use electric heating in that the equipment at the time of quenching can be used as it is. Tempering determines the temperature according to a chemical component previously so that the inside of the raw material after a process may become target hardness. The target hardness may be HRC45 or more under general use conditions. However, as described above, the required performance of 20,000 durability times with the maximum shear stress τmax = 1100 MPa or 1200 MPa (however, the average stress τmean = 0). In order to satisfy, it is desirable to aim at HRC50 and HRC52, respectively. In addition, if it is this degree of hardness, it is possible to ensure the required performance regarding the toughness (Charpy impact value of 20 J / cm 2 or more).
[0027]
In the case of steel within the above component range, the tempering temperature range for achieving such hardness is generally about 400 to 500 ° C. due to the effect of temper softening resistance by silicon.
[0028]
In the case of a stabilizer, since the number of loads during actual use is not so large as described above, it is possible to use shot peening when the load stress condition is moderate, but in order to cope with the recent use of high stress. It is desirable to form a compressive residual stress on the surface by performing shot peening. In addition, it is desirable that the number of times be two or more and that shot peening be performed under different conditions. That is, in the first shot peening, by using large shot grains of 0.8 mm or more, sufficient compressive residual stress is first applied to a deep portion. Next, by using smaller shot grains, the surface roughness is reduced to reduce the unevenness that becomes the starting point of fatigue failure as much as possible, and the compressive residual stress in the portion closer to the surface is increased. Thus, by setting the final surface compressive residual stress value to 600 MPa or more, the above required characteristics for durability (average stress τmean = 0, maximum shear stress τmax = 1200 MPa, durability 20,000 times) can be satisfied. It becomes possible.
[0029]
Finally, as a corrosion-resistant treatment, a powder coating having a thickness of 100 μm or more is applied to the surface. Thereby, a sufficient degree of corrosion resistance is imparted to the stabilizer product under normal use conditions, and the possibility of breakage due to corrosion (or corrosion fatigue) is greatly reduced.
[0030]
【The invention's effect】
By using the above-mentioned material and manufacturing by the above-mentioned method, the stabilizer according to the present invention has sufficient durability at a higher stress than before. For this reason, it is possible to design a stabilizer having sufficient durability even when a predetermined shape is given depending on the vehicle type and a spring constant is determined.
[0031]
【Example】
In order to clarify the performance of the stabilizer according to the present invention, the following test was performed.
[0032]
First, five types of steel having chemical compositions as shown in FIG. 1 were prepared. The first test material is steel that falls within the chemical composition range defined by the present invention, and the following four types of test materials are comparative materials that deviate from the chemical component range defined by the present invention in at least one chemical composition. It is. The comparative material 1 is one in which B is out of the range among the components defined by the present invention.
[0033]
About these test materials, the stabilizer of diameter 23mm was produced in the process shown in FIG. In order to determine the heat treatment conditions, first, the relationship between the tempering temperature of each specimen and the hardness after tempering was investigated. As a representative example, the tempering characteristics (relation between tempering temperature and hardness) of the present invention material and the
After examining this characteristic in advance, each specimen was heat-treated (quenched / tempered) so that the hardness was approximately HRC50. Thereafter, the material of the present invention is subjected to two-stage shot peening. In the first-stage shot peening (1), shot grains having a particle size of 0.8 mm are used. In the second-stage shot peening (2), grains are used. Shot grains having a diameter of 0.3 mm were used. Each of the comparative materials was a conventional one-stage shot peening.
[0034]
A Charpy impact test was performed on the test sample and the stabilizer thus manufactured. First, the relationship between the tempering temperature (hardness) and the Charpy impact value was examined for the material of the present invention and the
[0035]
FIG. 7 shows the compressive residual stress distribution on the surface after shot peening. The
[0036]
Finally, FIG. 8 shows the result of the endurance fatigue test in the state of a stabilizer having a wire diameter of 23 mm. The average stress τm is zero. The material of the present invention satisfies the required performance of 20,000 times of durability at the maximum shear stress τmax = 1200 MPa.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a chemical composition table of inventive materials and comparative materials used in Examples of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a process diagram showing manufacturing steps of the material of the present invention and a comparative material.
[Fig. 3]
[Fig. 4]
FIG. 5 is a graph of Charpy impact test results of the inventive material and the comparative material.
FIG. 6 is a graph of a calculation result of DI value that is an index of hardenability of the material of the present invention and the comparative material.
FIG. 7 is a graph of surface compressive residual stress distribution after shot peening of the material of the present invention and the comparative material.
FIG. 8 is a graph of fatigue test results of the inventive material and the comparative material.
Claims (16)
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