JP2005086113A - Electric double layer capacitor - Google Patents
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Abstract
【課題】 優れた低温特性を有する電気二重層キャパシタを提供する。
【解決手段】 本発明の電気二重層キャパシタは、炭素材を電気賦活処理することにより形成された細孔を有する電極部材と、電解質を含み該電極部材を浸漬するキャパシタ用電解質溶液と、からなる電気二重層キャパシタにおいて、前記キャパシタ用電解質溶液は、前記電極部材の細孔よりも相対的に小さい径をもつ電解質イオンを含むことを特徴とする。
キャパシタ用電解質溶液が細孔よりも相対的に小さい径をもつ電解質イオンを含むことにより、電気二重層キャパシタの低温使用時における細孔内での電解質イオンの移動に対する抵抗が緩和され、電気二重層キャパシタの容量の低下を抑えることができ、低温特性に優れる。
【選択図】 図2PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electric double layer capacitor having excellent low temperature characteristics.
An electric double layer capacitor of the present invention comprises an electrode member having pores formed by subjecting a carbon material to electroactivation, and an electrolyte solution for a capacitor containing an electrolyte and immersing the electrode member. In the electric double layer capacitor, the capacitor electrolyte solution includes electrolyte ions having a diameter relatively smaller than the pores of the electrode member.
When the electrolytic solution for the capacitor contains electrolyte ions having a diameter relatively smaller than the pores, the resistance to the movement of the electrolyte ions in the pores during the low temperature use of the electric double layer capacitor is relaxed, and the electric double layer Capacitance reduction of the capacitor can be suppressed, and the low temperature characteristics are excellent.
[Selection] Figure 2
Description
本発明は、電気二重層キャパシタに関するものであり、特に低温特性に優れた電気二重層キャパシタに関する。 The present invention relates to an electric double layer capacitor, and more particularly to an electric double layer capacitor having excellent low temperature characteristics.
電気二重層キャパシタとは、固体と液体の異なる2層が接する面に電荷を蓄える「電気二重層」という現象を動作原理としたキャパシタのことである。電気二重層キャパシタは、大容量で充放電できるため、携帯情報機器や電気自動車、各種補助電源、深夜電力貯蔵など、幅広い産業分野において有望である。そのため、エネルギー密度が高く、急速充電が可能であり、耐久性に優れた電気二重層キャパシタが望まれている。 An electric double layer capacitor is a capacitor based on the principle of “electric double layer” in which electric charges are stored on the surface where two different layers of solid and liquid contact. Since the electric double layer capacitor can be charged and discharged with a large capacity, it is promising in a wide range of industrial fields such as portable information devices, electric vehicles, various auxiliary power supplies, and midnight power storage. Therefore, an electric double layer capacitor having a high energy density, capable of rapid charging, and excellent in durability is desired.
電気二重層キャパシタは、一般に、1対の分極性電極を電解質溶液中にセパレータを介して対向させて正極および負極を構成したもので、分極性電極と電解質溶液の界面に形成される電気二重層に電荷を蓄積する。したがって、電気二重層キャパシタの静電容量は、分極性電極の表面積に比例すると考えられる。そのため、従来、分極性電極は、電気二重層の界面を増すために、表面に無数の細孔を有する比表面積の大きな炭素材が使用されてきた。 An electric double layer capacitor generally has a positive electrode and a negative electrode formed by facing a pair of polarizable electrodes in an electrolyte solution via a separator, and is formed at the interface between the polarizable electrode and the electrolyte solution. Accumulate charge in Therefore, it is considered that the capacitance of the electric double layer capacitor is proportional to the surface area of the polarizable electrode. Therefore, conventionally, a carbon material having a large specific surface area having innumerable pores on the surface has been used for the polarizable electrode in order to increase the interface of the electric double layer.
ところが、低温下では電解質溶液の粘度が増加するので、電荷の移動、特に細孔内での電荷の移動に対する抵抗が高くなり、比表面積の大きな炭素材を用いた分極性電極であっても電気二重層キャパシタの内部抵抗が著しく大きくなることが知られている。そのため、低温下では、室温(例えば25℃)での使用時に比べて大幅に容量が小さくなる。 However, since the viscosity of the electrolyte solution increases at low temperatures, the resistance to charge transfer, particularly charge transfer in the pores, is increased, and even a polarizable electrode using a carbon material with a large specific surface area is electrically It is known that the internal resistance of the double layer capacitor is remarkably increased. Therefore, at low temperatures, the capacity is significantly reduced compared to when used at room temperature (for example, 25 ° C.).
そこで、特許文献1では、炭素質原料をアルカリ中で処理して得られた炭素質物質からなる電極であって、その炭素質物質の面間隔d002 が0.365nm以下であり、かつ比表面積が0.5m2 /g以上290m2 /g以下である電極を用いた電気二重層キャパシタを開示している。特許文献1の電気二重層キャパシタは、従来の比表面積の大きな炭素材に比べてナノメートルサイズの細孔をほとんど有していないので、低温下での電解質イオンの易動度を大きくすることができる。
特許文献1の電気二重層キャパシタは、いわゆる「アルカリ賦活」により炭素質物質の表面に細孔を形成している。しかしながら、アルカリ賦活は、一般的に細孔径の制御が難しいとされており、大小入り交じった細孔が形成されてしまうため、電解質溶液の電解質イオンに対して適度な大きさの細孔を得ることが困難である。したがって、引用文献1で、ナノメートルサイズの細孔の数を抑えることはできても、必要以上に大きな細孔の存在により比表面積が低下する場合があるので、効率の良い賦活処理が行われているとは言い難い。 The electric double layer capacitor of Patent Document 1 has pores formed on the surface of the carbonaceous material by so-called “alkali activation”. However, alkali activation is generally considered to be difficult to control the pore diameter, and pores with large and small sizes are formed, so that pores with an appropriate size for the electrolyte ions in the electrolyte solution are obtained. Is difficult. Therefore, even though the number of nanometer-sized pores can be suppressed in Cited Document 1, the specific surface area may decrease due to the presence of pores larger than necessary, so that an efficient activation process is performed. It's hard to say.
本願発明者は、上記問題点に着目し、電気賦活処理により炭素材表面に細孔を形成し、この電気賦活処理に用いる電解質溶液と、電気二重層キャパシタの使用時に用いる電解質溶液を選択することにより、従来よりも優れた低温特性を有する電気二重層キャパシタが得られることに想到した。 The inventor of the present application pays attention to the above-mentioned problems, and forms pores on the surface of the carbon material by electroactivation treatment, and selects an electrolyte solution used for the electroactivation treatment and an electrolyte solution used when using the electric double layer capacitor. Thus, it has been conceived that an electric double layer capacitor having a low temperature characteristic superior to that of the conventional one can be obtained.
すなわち、本発明の目的は、優れた低温特性を有する電気二重層キャパシタを提供することにある。 That is, an object of the present invention is to provide an electric double layer capacitor having excellent low temperature characteristics.
本発明の電気二重層キャパシタは、炭素材を電気賦活処理することにより形成された細孔を有する電極部材と、電解質を含み該電極部材を浸漬するキャパシタ用電解質溶液と、からなる電気二重層キャパシタにおいて、前記キャパシタ用電解質溶液は、前記電極部材の細孔よりも相対的に小さい径をもつ電解質イオンを含むことを特徴とする。 The electric double layer capacitor of the present invention is an electric double layer capacitor comprising an electrode member having pores formed by electroactivation of a carbon material, and an electrolyte solution for a capacitor containing an electrolyte and immersing the electrode member The capacitor electrolyte solution includes electrolyte ions having a diameter relatively smaller than the pores of the electrode member.
キャパシタ用電解質溶液が細孔よりも相対的に小さい径をもつ電解質イオンを含むことにより、電気二重層キャパシタの内部抵抗、特に低温使用時における細孔内での電解質イオンの移動に対する抵抗が緩和され、電気二重層キャパシタの容量の低下を抑えることができる。 The electrolyte solution for capacitors contains electrolyte ions having a diameter relatively smaller than that of the pores, so that the internal resistance of the electric double layer capacitor, particularly the resistance to movement of the electrolyte ions in the pores when used at a low temperature is alleviated. In addition, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the capacitance of the electric double layer capacitor.
前記電気賦活処理によって形成された前記細孔は、前記キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンよりも相対的に大きい径をもつ電解質イオンを含む賦活処理用電解質溶液により形成されるのが好ましい。 The pores formed by the electroactivation treatment are preferably formed by an electrolyte solution for activation treatment containing electrolyte ions having a relatively larger diameter than the electrolyte ions of the electrolyte solution for capacitors.
賦活処理用電解質溶液がキャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンよりも相対的に大きい径をもつ電解質イオンを含むことにより、キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンは細孔よりも相対的に小さい径となる。そのため、電気二重層キャパシタの内部抵抗、特に低温使用時における細孔内での電解質イオンの移動に対する抵抗が緩和され、電気二重層キャパシタの容量の低下を抑えることができる。 Since the electrolyte solution for activation treatment contains electrolyte ions having a relatively larger diameter than the electrolyte ions of the capacitor electrolyte solution, the electrolyte ions of the capacitor electrolyte solution have a relatively smaller diameter than the pores. As a result, the internal resistance of the electric double layer capacitor, particularly the resistance to the movement of electrolyte ions in the pores when used at a low temperature, is alleviated, and a reduction in the capacity of the electric double layer capacitor can be suppressed.
前記キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンは、イオン径が2〜10Åであるのが好ましい。また、前記賦活処理用電解質溶液の電解質イオンは、イオン径が4〜15Åであるのが好ましい。 The electrolyte ions of the capacitor electrolyte solution preferably have an ion diameter of 2 to 10 Å. Moreover, it is preferable that the electrolyte ion of the electrolyte solution for activation treatment has an ion diameter of 4 to 15%.
前記キャパシタ用電解質溶液は、LiBF4 ,Et4 NBF4 ,Et3 MeNBF4 およびLiPF6 のうち少なくとも1種の電解質を含むのが好ましい。 The capacitor electrolyte solution preferably contains at least one electrolyte selected from LiBF 4 , Et 4 NBF 4 , Et 3 MeNBF 4, and LiPF 6 .
前記賦活処理用電解質溶液は、四級アルキルアンモニウムのトリフルオロメタンスルホン酸塩,過塩素酸塩および六フッ化リン塩のうち少なくとも1種の電解質を含むのが好ましい。また、前記賦活処理用電解質溶液は、Bu4 NCF3 SO3 ,Pr4 NCF3 SO3 ,Et4 NClO4 およびEt4 NCF3 SO3 のうち少なくとも1種の電解質を含むのが好ましい。 The activation treatment electrolyte solution preferably contains at least one electrolyte of quaternary alkyl ammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, perchlorate, and phosphorus hexafluoride. The activation treatment electrolyte solution preferably contains at least one electrolyte of Bu 4 NCF 3 SO 3 , Pr 4 NCF 3 SO 3 , Et 4 NClO 4, and Et 4 NCF 3 SO 3 .
さらに、前記キャパシタ用電解質溶液は、前記賦活処理用電解質溶液の賦活処理用電解質を含む混合溶液であってもよい。本構成によれば、賦活処理後に、賦活処理用電解質溶液にキャパシタ用電解質溶液を混合し、電気二重層キャパシタを組み立てればよいので、実用的である。 Further, the capacitor electrolyte solution may be a mixed solution containing the activation treatment electrolyte of the activation treatment electrolyte solution. According to this configuration, after the activation treatment, the capacitor electrolyte solution is mixed with the activation treatment electrolyte solution to assemble the electric double layer capacitor, which is practical.
また、前記炭素材料は、非多孔性炭素であるのが望ましい。 The carbon material is preferably non-porous carbon.
本発明の電気二重層キャパシタは、キャパシタ用電解質溶液が細孔よりも相対的に小さい径をもつ電解質イオンを含むことにより、電気二重層キャパシタの内部抵抗、特に低温使用時における細孔内での電解質イオンの移動に対する抵抗が緩和され、電気二重層キャパシタの容量の低下を抑えることができる。すなわち、本発明の電気二重層キャパシタは、低温特性に優れる。 In the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention, the electrolytic solution for the capacitor contains electrolyte ions having a diameter relatively smaller than that of the pores. Resistance to migration of electrolyte ions is relaxed, and a reduction in the capacity of the electric double layer capacitor can be suppressed. That is, the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention is excellent in low temperature characteristics.
本発明の電気二重層キャパシタの実施の形態を説明する。 An embodiment of the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention will be described.
本発明の電気二重層キャパシタは、炭素材を電気賦活処理することにより形成された細孔を有する電極部材と、電解質を含み該電極部材を浸漬するキャパシタ用電解質溶液と、からなる。 The electric double layer capacitor of the present invention comprises an electrode member having pores formed by subjecting a carbon material to an electrical activation treatment, and an electrolyte solution for a capacitor containing an electrolyte and immersing the electrode member.
電極部材は細孔を有し、その細孔は炭素材を電気賦活処理することにより形成される。以下に電気賦活処理について説明する。 The electrode member has pores, and the pores are formed by subjecting the carbon material to an electrical activation treatment. The electrical activation process will be described below.
電気賦活処理とは、電気賦活処理用の電解溶液中に炭素を含む電極部材が浸漬されている状態において、電極部材に印加する電圧がある閾値を越えると、電解質イオンが炭素組織内に侵入し、層間を押し広げることにより電気二重層を形成する界面、すなわち電解質イオンの吸着サイトとなる細孔を発現させる賦活処理方法である。電気賦活処理では、電解質イオンが炭素組織内に侵入(インターカレート)し層間を押し広げることにより細孔を形成するため、発現する細孔のサイズは、炭素にインターカレートした電解質イオンの径と同等となる。したがって、電気賦活処理では、電解質イオンの大きさを選択することにより細孔の大きさを制御することが容易にできる。 Electroactivation treatment means that when an electrode member containing carbon is immersed in an electrolytic solution for electroactivation treatment, if a voltage applied to the electrode member exceeds a certain threshold value, electrolyte ions enter the carbon structure. This is an activation treatment method in which the interface forming the electric double layer by pushing the layers apart, that is, the pores serving as the electrolyte ion adsorption sites is developed. In the electroactivation process, electrolyte ions penetrate into the carbon structure (intercalate) and form pores by expanding the layers, so the size of the expressed pores is the diameter of the electrolyte ions intercalated into carbon. Is equivalent to Therefore, in the electroactivation process, the size of the pores can be easily controlled by selecting the size of the electrolyte ions.
本発明の電気二重層キャパシタに用いられる電極部材の細孔は、炭素材を電気賦活処理することにより形成された細孔が適する。なお、他の賦活処理法(例えば、水蒸気賦活、アルカリ賦活など)では、細孔の大きさを制御するのが困難であり、必要以上に大きな細孔や、必要以上に小さな細孔が出来ることがある。必要以上に大きな細孔は炭素材の比表面積を減少させ、必要以上に小さな細孔は電気二重層キャパシタ使用時に電解質イオンの移動の抵抗となるため、電気二重層キャパシタの電極部材の単位重量当たりの容量が減少する。 As the pores of the electrode member used in the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention, pores formed by subjecting a carbon material to an electrical activation treatment are suitable. In addition, with other activation treatment methods (for example, steam activation, alkali activation, etc.), it is difficult to control the size of the pores, and pores larger than necessary or pores smaller than necessary can be formed. There is. Larger pores than necessary reduce the specific surface area of the carbon material, and pores smaller than necessary provide resistance to migration of electrolyte ions when using an electric double layer capacitor. Therefore, per unit weight of the electrode member of the electric double layer capacitor. Capacity decreases.
キャパシタ用電解質溶液は、電気二重層キャパシタの使用時、つまり充放電時に用いられる電解質溶液であり、電極部材を浸漬する。 The electrolytic solution for a capacitor is an electrolytic solution that is used when an electric double layer capacitor is used, that is, during charging and discharging, and immerses the electrode member.
キャパシタ用電解質溶液は、電極部材の細孔よりも相対的に小さい径をもつ電解質イオンを含む。キャパシタ用電解質溶液が細孔よりも相対的に小さい径をもつ電解質イオンを含むことにより、細孔内でのキャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンの移動に対する抵抗が緩和されるので、電極部材の単位重量当たりの容量の大きな電気二重層キャパシタとなる。特に、キャパシタ用電解質溶液の粘度が高くなる低温使用時において、電気二重層キャパシタの容量の低下を抑えることができる。なお、イオンの「径」とは、そのイオンの直径である。 The electrolyte solution for capacitors contains electrolyte ions having a diameter relatively smaller than the pores of the electrode member. Since the capacitor electrolyte solution contains electrolyte ions having a diameter relatively smaller than the pores, the resistance to the migration of the electrolyte ions in the capacitor electrolyte solution within the pores is reduced, so the unit weight of the electrode member An electric double layer capacitor having a large per-capacitance is obtained. In particular, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the capacity of the electric double layer capacitor during low temperature use in which the viscosity of the capacitor electrolyte solution is high. The “diameter” of an ion is the diameter of the ion.
また、電気賦活処理によって形成された細孔は、キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンよりも相対的に大きい径をもつ電解質イオンを含む賦活処理用電解質溶液により形成されるのが好ましい。 In addition, the pores formed by the electroactivation treatment are preferably formed by an activation treatment electrolyte solution containing electrolyte ions having a relatively larger diameter than the electrolyte ions of the capacitor electrolyte solution.
従来、電気賦活処理によって形成された細孔を有する電極を用いる電気二重層キャパシタでは、電気賦活処理時に用いた賦活処理用電解質溶液をそのままキャパシタ用電解質溶液として用い、電気二重層キャパシタを使用した。電気賦活処理では、細孔の大きさは炭素材にインターカレートされた電解質イオンの径と同等となるので、賦活処理用電解質溶液をそのままキャパシタ用電解質溶液として用いると、細孔と電解質イオンとの大きさの差がほとんどなく、細孔内での電解質イオンの動きが悪い。特に、低温での使用では、使用時の温度が低下するに従い、電解質溶液の粘度が高くなるので、細孔内での電解質イオンの動きがさらに悪くなり、電気二重層キャパシタの容量が低下する。 Conventionally, in an electric double layer capacitor using an electrode having pores formed by electric activation treatment, the electrolyte solution for activation treatment used at the time of the electric activation treatment is used as it is as the electrolyte solution for the capacitor, and the electric double layer capacitor is used. In the electroactivation process, the size of the pores is equivalent to the diameter of the electrolyte ions intercalated in the carbon material. Therefore, if the electrolyte solution for activation process is used as it is as the electrolyte solution for capacitors, the pores and the electrolyte ions There is almost no difference in the size of the electrolyte ions, and the movement of electrolyte ions in the pores is poor. In particular, in use at a low temperature, as the temperature at the time of use decreases, the viscosity of the electrolyte solution increases, so that the movement of electrolyte ions in the pores further deteriorates and the capacity of the electric double layer capacitor decreases.
そこで、本発明では、電気賦活処理によって形成される細孔を、キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンよりも相対的に大きい径をもつ電解質イオンを含む賦活処理用電解質溶液により形成する。電気賦活処理にキャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンよりも相対的に大きい径をもつ電解質イオンを含む賦活処理用電解質溶液を用いると、結果的に、細孔径がキャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンよりも大きくなる。このため、電気二重層キャパシタの内部抵抗、特に低温使用時における細孔内でのキャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンの移動に対する抵抗が緩和され、電気二重層キャパシタの容量の低下を抑えることができる。 Therefore, in the present invention, the pores formed by the electroactivation treatment are formed by the activation treatment electrolyte solution containing electrolyte ions having a relatively larger diameter than the electrolyte ions of the capacitor electrolyte solution. When the electrolyte solution for activation treatment containing an electrolyte ion having a relatively larger diameter than the electrolyte ion of the capacitor electrolyte solution is used for the electroactivation treatment, as a result, the pore diameter is larger than the electrolyte ion of the capacitor electrolyte solution. Become. For this reason, the internal resistance of the electric double layer capacitor, particularly the resistance to the migration of the electrolyte ions of the electrolyte solution for the capacitor in the pores at the time of low temperature use is relaxed, and the decrease in the capacity of the electric double layer capacitor can be suppressed.
さらに、本発明では、電極部材の細孔の大きさに合わせて、適度な大きさの電解質イオンからなるキャパシタ用電解質を選択することができ、電極部材の単位重量当たりの容量が大きく低温特性に優れた電気二重層キャパシタが得られる。この際、電気賦活処理された本発明の電極部材は、前述のように細孔の大きさにバラツキがなく、電解質イオンに対して不必要に大きな細孔や小さな細孔が無いため、電気賦活処理により得られた細孔はイオン吸着サイトとして効率よくはたらく。そのため、細孔の大きさにバラツキがあるもの、例えば前述した水蒸気賦活やアルカリ賦活により得られた電極部材は、本発明の電気二重層キャパシタの電極部材として適さない。すなわち、賦活処理用電解質の種類を選択することにより細孔の大きさを制御することが容易にでき、かつ大きさが揃った細孔を形成できる電気賦活処理が、本発明で用いられる賦活処理法として最も効率がよいと言える。 Furthermore, in the present invention, it is possible to select an electrolyte for a capacitor made of an electrolyte ion having an appropriate size according to the size of the pores of the electrode member, and the capacity per unit weight of the electrode member is large, resulting in low temperature characteristics. An excellent electric double layer capacitor can be obtained. At this time, the electrode member of the present invention that has been subjected to electroactivation has no variation in pore size as described above, and there are no unnecessarily large or small pores with respect to electrolyte ions. The pores obtained by the treatment work efficiently as ion adsorption sites. Therefore, the electrode member obtained by the variation in the pore size, for example, the water vapor activation or alkali activation described above is not suitable as the electrode member of the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention. That is, the activation treatment used in the present invention is an electroactivation treatment that can easily control the size of the pores by selecting the type of electrolyte for activation treatment and that can form pores with uniform sizes. This is the most efficient method.
各電解質イオンの大きさは、(賦活用電解質溶液の電解質イオン径)>(キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオン径)の関係であれば特に限定はないが、賦活用電解質溶液の電解質イオン径がキャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオン径の1.2〜4倍であるのが好ましい。そして、キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンはイオン径が2〜10Å、また、賦活処理用電解質溶液の電解質イオンはイオン径が4〜15Åであるのが好ましい。電気賦活処理においては、細孔径は、炭素材にインターカレートされた賦活用電解質溶液の電解質イオンの径と同等となるので、細孔径は、4〜15Åであるのが好ましい。 The size of each electrolyte ion is not particularly limited as long as the relationship of (electrolyte ion diameter of the utilized electrolyte solution)> (electrolyte ion diameter of the electrolyte solution for the capacitor) is satisfied, but the electrolyte ion diameter of the utilized electrolyte solution is the capacitor. It is preferably 1.2 to 4 times the electrolyte ion diameter of the electrolyte solution for use. And it is preferable that the electrolyte ion of the electrolyte solution for capacitors has an ion diameter of 2 to 10 Å, and the electrolyte ion of the electrolyte solution for activation treatment has an ion diameter of 4 to 15 Å. In the electroactivation process, the pore diameter is equivalent to the diameter of the electrolyte ions of the activated electrolyte solution intercalated with the carbon material, and therefore the pore diameter is preferably 4 to 15 mm.
キャパシタ用電解質溶液および賦活処理用電解質溶液は、キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンよりも相対的に大きい径をもつ電解質イオンを含む賦活処理用電解質溶液であれば、通常電気二重層キャパシタに用いられている電解質溶液で特に限定はないが、キャパシタ用電解質溶液は、LiBF4 (陽イオン径:3.6Å,陰イオン径:5.2Å),Et4 NBF4 (陽イオン径:9.1Å,陰イオン径:5.2Å),Et3 MeNBF4 (陽イオン径:8.5Å,陰イオン径:5.2Å)およびLiPF6 (陽イオン径:3.6Å,陰イオン径:6.1Å)のうち少なくとも1種の電解質を含むのが好ましい。また、賦活処理用電解質溶液は、四級アルキルアンモニウムのトリフルオロメタンスルホン酸塩,過塩素酸塩および六フッ化リン塩のうち少なくとも1種の電解質を含むのが好ましい。中でも、Bu4 NCF3 SO3 (陽イオン径:12.4Å,陰イオン径:6.9Å),Pr4 NCF3 SO3 (陽イオン径:11.7Å,陰イオン径:6.9Å),Et4 NClO4 (陽イオン径:9.1Å,陰イオン径:5.9Å),Et4 NCF3 SO3 (陽イオン径:9.1Å,陰イオン径:6.9Å),Bu4 NPF6 (陽イオン径:12.4Å,陰イオン径:6.1Å),Pr4 NPF6 (陽イオン径:11.7Å,陰イオン径:6.1Å),Et4 NPF6 (陽イオン径:9.1Å,陰イオン径:6.1Å)のうち少なくとも1種の電解質を含むのが好ましい。特に、電解質としてBu4 NCF3 SO3 および/またはPr4 NCF3 SO3 を含む賦活処理用電解質溶液と、LiBF4 および/またはEt4 NBF4 を含むキャパシタ用電解質溶液との組み合わせで用いると効果的である。 The electrolyte solution for capacitor and the electrolyte solution for activation treatment are usually used in electric double layer capacitors as long as they are electrolyte solutions for activation treatment containing electrolyte ions having a relatively larger diameter than the electrolyte ions of the electrolyte solution for capacitors. There are no particular restrictions on the electrolyte solution used, but the electrolyte solution for capacitors is LiBF 4 (cation diameter: 3.6 Å, anion diameter: 5.2 Å), Et 4 NBF 4 (cation diameter: 9.1 Å, anion). Of ion diameter: 5.2 Å), Et 3 MeNBF 4 (cation diameter: 8.5 Å, anion diameter: 5.2 Å) and LiPF 6 (cation diameter: 3.6 Å, anion diameter: 6.1 Å) Of these, it is preferable to include at least one electrolyte. The activation treatment electrolyte solution preferably contains at least one electrolyte of quaternary alkyl ammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, perchlorate, and phosphorus hexafluoride. Among them, Bu 4 NCF 3 SO 3 (cation diameter: 12.4 mm, anion diameter: 6.9 mm), Pr 4 NCF 3 SO 3 (cation diameter: 11.7 mm, anion diameter: 6.9 mm), Et 4 NClO 4 (cation diameter: 9.1 Å, anion diameter: 5.9 Å), Et 4 NCF 3 SO 3 (cation diameter: 9.1 Å, anion diameter: 6.9 Å), Bu 4 NPF 6 (Cation diameter: 12.4 mm, anion diameter: 6.1 mm), Pr 4 NPF 6 (cation diameter: 11.7 mm, anion diameter: 6.1 mm), Et 4 NPF 6 (cation diameter: 9 It is preferable that at least one kind of electrolyte is included. In particular, it is effective when used in combination with an electrolyte solution for activation treatment containing Bu 4 NCF 3 SO 3 and / or Pr 4 NCF 3 SO 3 as an electrolyte and a capacitor electrolyte solution containing LiBF 4 and / or Et 4 NBF 4. Is.
さらに、キャパシタ用電解質溶液は、賦活処理用電解質を含む溶液であってもよい。本構成によれば、賦活処理後に、賦活処理用電解質溶液にキャパシタ用電解質溶液を混合し、電気二重層キャパシタを組み立てればよいので、賦活処理用電解質溶液を取り除く工程を省略でき、特に製造工程において実用的な構成となる。この際、賦活処理用電解質溶液とキャパシタ用電解質溶液との混合比は、モル比で1:2〜1:10であるのが好ましい。この範囲の混合比であれば、低温特性の優れた電気二重層キャパシタとなる。 Further, the capacitor electrolyte solution may be a solution containing an activation treatment electrolyte. According to this configuration, after the activation treatment, the capacitor electrolyte solution is mixed with the activation treatment electrolyte solution to assemble the electric double layer capacitor, so that the step of removing the activation treatment electrolyte solution can be omitted, particularly in the manufacturing process. It becomes a practical configuration. At this time, the mixing ratio of the activation treatment electrolyte solution and the capacitor electrolyte solution is preferably 1: 2 to 1:10 in molar ratio. If the mixing ratio is within this range, the electric double layer capacitor is excellent in low temperature characteristics.
なお、キャパシタ用電解質溶液の溶媒は、通常、電気二重層キャパシタの電解質溶液に用いられる溶媒であれば特に限定はないが、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、ジエトキシエタン(DEE)、γ−ブチルラクトン(γ−BL)、アセトニトリル(ACN)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)のうち少なくとも1種を含む溶媒が好ましい。 In addition, the solvent of the electrolyte solution for capacitors is not particularly limited as long as it is a solvent usually used for the electrolyte solution of the electric double layer capacitor, but propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), A solvent containing at least one of diethyl carbonate (DEC), diethoxyethane (DEE), γ-butyllactone (γ-BL), acetonitrile (ACN), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) is preferable.
また、電気賦活処理される炭素材に特に限定はないが、非多孔性炭素が好ましい。ここで、非多孔性炭素とは、各種電解質イオン、溶媒、窒素ガスなどを取り込める程度の大きさの細孔がない炭素をいう。具体的には、BET法による比表面積が、270m2 /g以下、より好ましくは100m2 /g以下である炭素である。また、非多孔性炭素は、層間距離d002 が、0.360〜0.380nmの範囲にある、多層グラファイト構造をもつ炭素であるのが好ましい。さらに、非多孔性炭素は、炭素骨格に直接結合した水素以外の水素や酸素が除かれ、かつ、空気中において酸素や水などと反応する反応活性部位が水素で置換されターミネートあるいはブロックされているような炭素であるのが好ましい。 Moreover, although there is no limitation in particular in the carbon material to be electroactivated, non-porous carbon is preferable. Here, the non-porous carbon refers to carbon that does not have pores of a size that can take in various electrolyte ions, solvents, nitrogen gas, and the like. Specifically, it is carbon whose specific surface area by BET method is 270 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 100 m 2 / g or less. Also, nonporous carbon, the interlayer distance d 002 is in the range of 0.360~0.380Nm, preferably a carbon having a multilayer graphite structure. Furthermore, non-porous carbon has hydrogen or oxygen other than hydrogen directly bonded to the carbon skeleton removed, and the reactive sites that react with oxygen or water in the air are replaced or replaced with hydrogen. Such carbon is preferred.
本発明の電気二重層キャパシタの実施例を比較例と共に、図を用いて説明する。図1は、コイン型の電気二重層キャパシタの説明図である。コイン型の電気二重層キャパシタは、アルミニウム製のケース5内に、一対の電極部材1a,1bの一面側を絶縁物からなるセパレーター3を介して対向して配置するとともに、電極部材1a,1bの他面側に集電体2a,2bを接触させることにより、主要構成部を形成するものである。なお、以下の比較例および実施例の電気二重層キャパシタは、上記のコイン型電気二重層キャパシタとする。
An example of the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention will be described together with a comparative example with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a coin-type electric double layer capacitor. The coin-type electric double layer capacitor is arranged in an
(比較例)
BET法による比表面積が100m2 /g以下である非多孔性炭素を乳鉢に回収し、平均粒径10μm以下に粉砕後、加熱真空乾燥を実施した。次に、この非多孔性炭素に、カーボンブラック、メチルセルロースを加え、乳棒で混合練り合わせ、水を溶媒としたスラリー状の混合材料とした。なお、非多孔性炭素、カーボンブラック、メチルセルロースの重量比は8:1:1である。
(Comparative example)
Nonporous carbon having a specific surface area of 100 m 2 / g or less by the BET method was collected in a mortar, pulverized to an average particle size of 10 μm or less, and then heated and dried under vacuum. Next, carbon black and methylcellulose were added to the non-porous carbon and mixed and kneaded with a pestle to obtain a slurry-like mixed material using water as a solvent. The weight ratio of non-porous carbon, carbon black, and methylcellulose is 8: 1: 1.
次に、混合材料をドクターブレード法により集電体(アルミ箔)2a,2bに塗布し、乾燥して、成型厚さ0.5mmのシート状態にした。そして、シート状態からパンチング治具で19mmφに切り抜き、2枚の電極部材1a,1bを得た。この成型した電極部材を正極1bおよび負極1aとし、セパレーター3を介して対向させ、共に加熱真空乾燥した後、真空含浸槽に移し、賦活処理用電解質溶液4’(プロピレンカーボネート溶媒に、1mol/lのEt4 NBF4 電解質を溶解した溶液)を含浸させた。その後、電極部材に、CCCV充電にて3.7Vで1時間、電圧印加した後、定電流放電で0Vまで放電させて電気賦活処理を行った。
Next, the mixed material was applied to the current collectors (aluminum foils) 2a and 2b by the doctor blade method and dried to form a sheet having a molding thickness of 0.5 mm. And it cut out to 19 mmphi with the punching jig from the sheet | seat state, and obtained two
そして、ケース5を封止して、電気二重層キャパシタNo.1を作成した。なお、Et4 NBF4 電解質を含む賦活処理用電解質溶液4’は、そのままキャパシタ用電解質溶液4として用いた。
Then, the
(実施例1)
本実施例では、比較例の賦活処理用電解質溶液4’を、プロピレンカーボネート溶媒に、1mol/lのPr4 NCF3 SO3 電解質を溶解した溶液を用いた他は、比較例と同様にして、電気賦活処理を行った。
(Example 1)
In this example, the electrolyte solution 4 ′ for activation treatment of the comparative example was used in the same manner as in the comparative example except that a solution obtained by dissolving 1 mol / l Pr 4 NCF 3 SO 3 electrolyte in a propylene carbonate solvent was used. An electrical activation treatment was performed.
その後、賦活処理用電解質溶液4’を取り除き、キャパシタ用電解質溶液4(プロピレンカーボネート溶媒に、1mol/lのEt4 NBF4 電解質を溶解した溶液)を含浸させ、ケース5を封止して、電気二重層キャパシタNo.2を作成した。
Thereafter, the activation treatment electrolyte solution 4 ′ is removed, and the capacitor electrolyte solution 4 (a solution obtained by dissolving 1 mol / l Et 4 NBF 4 electrolyte in a propylene carbonate solvent) is impregnated, and the
(実施例2)
本実施例では、実施例1のキャパシタ用電解質溶液4を、プロピレンカーボネート溶媒に、0.8mol/lのEt4 NBF4 電解質および0.2mol/lのPr4 NCF3 SO3 電解質を溶解した溶液とした他は、実施例1と同様にして、電気二重層キャパシタNo.3を作成した。この際、賦活処理用電解質溶液4’を完全に取り除かず、Et4 NBF4 電解質とPr4 NCF3 SO3 電解質とのモル比が8:2となるように、賦活処理用電解質溶液にEt4 NBF4 電解質溶液を加えることによりキャパシタ用電解質溶液4を調製した。
(Example 2)
In this example, the capacitor electrolyte solution 4 of Example 1 was prepared by dissolving 0.8 mol / l Et 4 NBF 4 electrolyte and 0.2 mol / l Pr 4 NCF 3 SO 3 electrolyte in a propylene carbonate solvent. The electric double layer capacitor no. 3 was created. At this time, not completely removing the activating treatment for the electrolyte solution 4 ', Et 4 NBF 4 molar ratio between the electrolyte and Pr 4 NCF 3 SO 3 electrolyte 8: 2 to become so, Et 4 to activation treatment for the electrolyte solution The capacitor electrolyte solution 4 was prepared by adding the NBF 4 electrolyte solution.
なお、表1に、各電解質溶液に用いた賦活処理用電解質とキャパシタ用電解質をまとめた。 Table 1 summarizes the activation treatment electrolyte and capacitor electrolyte used in each electrolyte solution.
[評価]
以下の測定により、電気二重層キャパシタNo.1〜3の静電容量の温度依存性を求めた。
[Evaluation]
By the following measurement, the electric double layer capacitor No. The temperature dependence of the electrostatic capacity of 1-3 was calculated | required.
No.1〜3の電気二重層キャパシタを用い、市販の充放電装置を使用し、0〜3.7Vまでの充電・放電を定電流(10mA)にて100サイクル繰り返して、静電容量を求めた。なお、静電容量の測定は、−40〜60℃までの温度範囲にて実施した。測定より求められた各電気二重層キャパシタの静電容量の温度依存性を、図2に示す。 No. Using a commercially available charging / discharging device using 1 to 3 electric double layer capacitors, charging / discharging from 0 to 3.7 V was repeated 100 times at a constant current (10 mA) to obtain the capacitance. The capacitance was measured in the temperature range from −40 to 60 ° C. FIG. 2 shows the temperature dependence of the capacitance of each electric double layer capacitor obtained from the measurement.
比較例の電気二重層キャパシタNo.1では、電気賦活処理に用いた賦活処理用電解質溶液を、そのままキャパシタ用電解質溶液として用いて電気二重層キャパシタを使用した。そのため、電気賦活処理により形成された細孔の大きさは、キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンと同等であり、細孔内での電解質イオンの動きが悪くなり電気二重層キャパシタの容量が低く、特に低温になると容量の低下は顕著であった。 Comparative Example Electric Double Layer Capacitor No. In No. 1, an electric double layer capacitor was used by using the electrolyte solution for activation treatment used in the electric activation treatment as it is as the electrolyte solution for capacitors. Therefore, the size of the pores formed by the electroactivation treatment is equivalent to the electrolyte ions of the electrolyte solution for capacitors, and the movement of the electrolyte ions in the pores becomes worse, and the capacity of the electric double layer capacitor is low. The decrease in capacity was remarkable at low temperatures.
実施例の電気二重層キャパシタNo.2およびNo.3では、電気賦活処理に用いた賦活処理用電解質のPr4 NCF3 SO3 のPr4 N+ およびCF3 SO3 -イオンのイオン径が、電気二重層キャパシタの使用時に用いたキャパシタ用電解質のEt4 N+ およびBF4 -イオンのイオン径よりも大きい。そのため、電気賦活処理により形成された細孔の大きさは、キャパシタ用電解質溶液の電解質イオンよりも大きく、電気二重層キャパシタの使用時における細孔内での電解質イオンの移動に対する抵抗が緩和され、低温となっても電気二重層キャパシタの容量の低下を抑えることができた。 The electric double layer capacitor No. of Example 2 and no. 3, the ion diameter of the Pr 4 NCF 3 SO 3 Pr 4 N + and CF 3 SO 3 − ions of the electrolyte for activation used in the electroactivation process is the same as that of the capacitor electrolyte used when using the electric double layer capacitor. It is larger than the ionic diameter of Et 4 N + and BF 4 − ions. Therefore, the size of the pores formed by the electroactivation process is larger than the electrolyte ions of the capacitor electrolyte solution, and the resistance to the movement of the electrolyte ions in the pores when using the electric double layer capacitor is relaxed, Even at low temperatures, the reduction in the capacitance of the electric double layer capacitor could be suppressed.
なお、No.3では、No.2に比べ、電気二重層キャパシタの容量が僅かに劣るものの、低温特性に優れた電気二重層キャパシタであった。 In addition, No. In No. 3, no. Although the capacity of the electric double layer capacitor was slightly inferior to 2, the electric double layer capacitor was excellent in low temperature characteristics.
10:電気二重層キャパシタ
1:電極部材
2:集電体
3:セパレーター
4:キャパシタ用電解質溶液
4’:賦活処理用電解質溶液
5:ケース
10: Electric double layer capacitor 1: Electrode member 2: Current collector 3: Separator 4: Capacitor electrolyte solution 4 ′: Activation treatment electrolyte solution 5: Case
Claims (9)
前記キャパシタ用電解質溶液は、前記電極部材の細孔よりも相対的に小さい径をもつ電解質イオンを含むことを特徴とする電気二重層キャパシタ。 In an electric double layer capacitor comprising an electrode member having pores formed by subjecting a carbon material to electrical activation, and an electrolyte solution for a capacitor containing an electrolyte and immersing the electrode member,
The electric double layer capacitor, wherein the capacitor electrolyte solution contains electrolyte ions having a diameter relatively smaller than the pores of the electrode member.
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| US8080335B2 (en) | 2006-06-09 | 2011-12-20 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Powder material, electrode structure using the powder material, and energy storage device having the electrode structure |
| JP2012023224A (en) * | 2010-07-15 | 2012-02-02 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | Electrochemical device using porous electrode |
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| US8080335B2 (en) | 2006-06-09 | 2011-12-20 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Powder material, electrode structure using the powder material, and energy storage device having the electrode structure |
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| KR20190121755A (en) | 2016-12-22 | 2019-10-28 | 아이앤티 뉴 머티리얼스 씨오., 엘티디 | Electrode of power storage device and its manufacturing method |
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