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JP2004305677A - Hollow string type blood purifier excellent in blood compatibility - Google Patents

Hollow string type blood purifier excellent in blood compatibility Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004305677A
JP2004305677A JP2003136570A JP2003136570A JP2004305677A JP 2004305677 A JP2004305677 A JP 2004305677A JP 2003136570 A JP2003136570 A JP 2003136570A JP 2003136570 A JP2003136570 A JP 2003136570A JP 2004305677 A JP2004305677 A JP 2004305677A
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Prior art keywords
hollow fiber
blood
membrane
coagulation bath
hydrophilic polymer
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JP2003136570A
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JP4388302B2 (en
Inventor
Noriko Kadota
典子 門田
Noriaki Kato
典昭 加藤
Yoshihito Sagara
誉仁 相良
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Toyobo Co Ltd
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Toyobo Co Ltd
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a hollow string type blood purifier in which the elution of hydrophobic polymers is small and which is excellent in blood compatibility in the hollow string type blood cleaner composed of hydrophobic polymers and hydrophilic polymers. <P>SOLUTION: By discharging a stock solution composed of hydrophobic polymers, hydrophilic polymers, common solvent and non-solvent from a nozzle with an inner liquid, guiding it to a solidifying bath via an idle running part, and solidifying a hollow string membrane while applying a highly magnifying drawing in the solidifying bath, a hollow string type blood cleaning membrane which has a high hole alignment, is uniform, and has a high smoothness in the inner surface can be obtained. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は適度な吸着除去性能を持ち、なおかつ血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器に関する。特に疎水性高分子と親水性高分子からなる中空糸膜を用いた医療用中空糸型血液浄化器に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
血液浄化などを目的とした医療用中空糸型血液浄化器に用いられる中空糸膜素材には、天然素材であるセルロース、またその誘導体であるセルロースジアセテート、セルローストリアセテート、合成高分子としてはポリスルホン、ポリメタクリレート、ポリアクリロニトリルなどが使用されている。血液と接触する膜がかかえる重大な問題点は、血液成分の膜への吸着である。特に疎水性ポリマーを単独で膜に成形した場合、血小板や蛋白質の吸着は顕著であり、血液浄化治療後の血液浄化器内の残血の原因になったり、膜性能が経時的に低下するという欠点になる。蛋白吸着を抑制する方法としては、疎水性高分子に親水性高分子をブレンドする方法が開発されている。親水性高分子をブレンドすることにより、膜の親水性が向上して血液中の蛋白が吸着しにくくなり、膜特性の経時的変化は少なく、分画特性に優れた膜となる。
【0003】
しかし、ブレンドする親水性高分子は水溶性であり、血液と接触すると容易に血中へ溶出する可能性がある。溶出した親水性高分子は患者にアナフィラキシー様反応などを引き起こす危険性が示唆されているため、膜から血中への親水性高分子の溶出量はできるだけ低く抑えることが望ましい。この課題を解決するための従来の技術として、ポリスルホン系樹脂と親水性高分子を混和溶解した溶液に該ポリスルホン系樹脂に対して非溶媒もしくは膨潤剤なる添加剤を加えた系を製膜原液としてとして製造したポリスルホン系樹脂半透膜に熱処理および/または放射線処理を施すことを特徴とするポリスルホン系樹脂半透膜の処理方法があり(例えば、特許文献1参照)、また、疎水性高分子を主たる素材とした膜の製造工程中で親水性成分を導入し該親水性成分を放射線または/および熱により水不溶化することを特徴とする親水化膜の製造法(例えば、特許文献2参照)、さらに、親水性高分子を含有するポリスルホン系中空糸膜において、該親水性高分子は架橋されて水に不溶化しており、かつ水を含有してヒドロゲル状態で膜構造中に存在することを特徴とするポリスルホン系選択透過性中空糸膜(例えば、特許文献3参照)がある。すなわち、これらは親水性高分子の溶出を放射線もしくは熱処理により、親水性高分子を架橋させることなどで積極的に水不溶化させる方法である。しかしこの架橋により親水性ポリマーが不溶化するためか、親水性ポリマーの効果は低下し、血小板が粘着、活性化し、透析膜内の残血が多くなる。
【0004】
血液浄化を目的とした中空糸膜において親水性ポリマーの役割は、前記した通り蛋白の不可逆的な過剰吸着の抑制であるが、中空糸膜中の親水性ポリマーの存在比が高くなると血中に溶出し、臨床上好ましくない。この相反する事象についての解決策の一つとして、中空糸膜表面に存在する親水性ポリマーの存在比を限定した、中空糸内膜表面のポリビニルピロリドンの濃度を30〜45%の範囲であることを特徴としたポリスルホン系中空糸型血液浄化膜(例えば、特許文献4参照)がある。中空糸膜表面のポリビニルピロリドンの存在比を規定することでポリビニルピロリドンの溶出量を低く抑え、さらに分画特性に優れた中空糸膜となることが記載されている。ところが、この中空糸膜では、膜内面の親水性が強すぎて、補体系が活性化し、血液適合性に問題がある。
【0005】
【特許文献1】
特開昭63−97205号公報(第1頁、特許請求の範囲1)
【特許文献2】
特開昭63−97634号公報(第1頁、特許請求の範囲2)
【特許文献3】
特開平4−300636号公報(第2頁、特許請求の範囲1)
【特許文献4】
特開平11−309355公報(第2頁、請求の範囲1)
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
疎水性高分子と親水性高分子とからなる中空糸型血液浄化器において、血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器を得ることにある。
【0007】
【課題を解決する為の手段】
本発明は、以下のとおりのものである。
(1)疎水性高分子と親水性高分子とからなる中空糸膜を含む中空糸型血液浄化器において、該中空糸型血液浄化器のビタミンB12の吸着量が30%未満、かつミオクロビンの吸着量が25%以上である吸着除去性能を持つことを特徴とする血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器。
(2)該中空糸膜の血液接触部である内表面の細孔形状が、配向方向沿った変形が無く、孔径の均一性が高く、かつ孔の整列性の高い微細構造からなり、一方、膜表面には緻密層の形成が抑制されていることを特徴とする血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器。
(3)該疎水性高分子がポリスルホン系高分子であることを特徴とする血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器。
(4)該親水性高分子がポリビニルピロリドンであることを特徴とする血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器。
(5)該中空糸膜が、疎水性高分子と親水性高分子、共通溶媒、非溶媒とからなる.紡糸原液をノズルから吐出しすることにより凝固浴内に導き、凝固浴内で高倍率の延伸を掛けながら中空膜を凝固させることにより製造されたことを特徴とする中空糸型血液浄化器。
(6)該中空糸膜が、凝固浴内で、1〜60%の高倍率の延伸を掛けながら中空膜を凝固させることにより製造されたことを特徴とする中空糸型血液浄化器。
(7)疎水性高分子と親水性高分子とからなる製膜原液を、凝固浴内で、1〜60%の高倍率の延伸を掛けながら中空膜を凝固させることにより製造することを特徴とする中空糸型血液浄化器用中空糸膜の製造方法。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の中空糸型血液浄化器に用いる中空糸膜の素材は疎水性高分子と親水性高分子である。疎水性高分子には、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリスルホン系樹脂、ポリメタクリレート、ポリアミド、ポリエーテル、ポリカーボネート、ポリウレタン、およびそれらのポリマーブレンド物などが挙げられる。各種の疎水性高分子のうち、物理的特性の優れたポリスルホン系樹脂が好ましい。ポリスルホン系樹脂とは、スルホン結合を有する高分子化合物の総称であり、特に規定はしないが、化1式または化2式で示す化学構造を持つポリスルホンが入手容易なため好ましく中でも化2式のポリエーテルスルホン(PES)が好ましい。これらの高分子は、市販品として市場から容易に入手できる。
【化1】

Figure 2004305677
【化2】
Figure 2004305677
【0009】
親水性高分子にはポリビリルピロリドン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール、ポリグリコールモノエステル、カルボキシメチルセルロース、デンプン、酢酸セルロース、などが使用できる。特にポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)がポリスルホン系樹脂と相溶性が良く好ましい。親水性高分子の分子量が、中空糸膜の孔径や、架橋反応に影響するので、その目的に応じて任意に選定しなければならないが、通常は500〜10000程度のもの、あるいは10000〜1200000程度のものが使用できる。ポリエチレングリコールとしては、重量平均分子量300〜100000程度のものが好適に使用できる。ポリビニルピロリドンの場合においては、N−ビニルー2−ピロリドンの繰り返し(n;80〜5000)程度のものがよく知られている。市販の製品としては、例えば、BASF社製の分子量10000(K−15)から分子量200000(K−90)を含む、通常の分子量10000〜1200000程度の市販のポリビニルピロリドンが使用できる。
【0010】
ビタミンB12の疎水性高分子からなる膜に対する吸着挙動は血液中の血小板の粘着と相関がある。血小板は膜に粘着した後に活性化して凝集反応を起こす。この過程で血小板は何種類もの物質を細胞外へ放出し、それらの物質の一部が血液凝固を促進させ、血栓形成へと導く。ビタミンB12の膜への吸着性能を調べることは、臨床における中空糸型血液浄化器の血小板粘着および活性化に関した血液適合性を間接的に知るために有用な方法である。中空糸膜へのビタミンB12と血小板との粘着挙動の相関性の根拠は不明であるが、ビタミンB12と血小板との部分的な高次構造の類似が膜への相互作用の相関と関係している可能性が考えられる。本発明の中空糸型血液浄化器に用いる中空糸膜へのビタミンB12の吸着量は30%未満が好ましい。この範囲であれば、血液浄化療法において、ビタミンB12と相関する血小板粘着数は十分に少なく、血小板活性化による血栓形成や血小板粘着そのものによる細孔の詰まりはほとんどなく、中空糸膜性能の低下もほとんどおこらない。30%以上では血小板の中空糸膜への粘着量が多すぎ、細孔の詰まりが原因の膜性能低下も著しいばかりか、血小板の活性化が進行し血液凝集による中空部の詰まりや残血も無視できなくなる。より好ましいビタミンB12の吸着量は、28%未満である。さらに好ましいビタミンB12の吸着量は25%未満である。
【0011】
本発明の中空糸型血液浄化器に用いる中空糸膜へのミオグロビンの吸着量は25%以上が好ましい。ミオグロビンは分子量17000の血液色素蛋白である。ミオグロビンの膜への吸着挙動から、同程度の分子量を持つ他の血液浄化法により除去を期待される物質の吸着挙動を予測する指標になる。ミオグロビンの吸着量が25%以上であれば、それらの物質の吸着除去効果による治療効果が期待できる。またミオグロビンの吸着量の上限は95%未満が好ましい。ミオグロビン吸着が95%以上になるとミオグロビン吸着と相関する同程度の物質などが膜表面へ吸着さらに積層化し、経時的な膜性能の低下を招く。物質の吸着による膜性能低下と吸着除去性能との相反する効果の兼ね合いから、より好ましいミオグロビン吸着量は30%以上、90%未満、さらに好ましくは35%以上、80%未満である。25%未満では臨床上の効果は望めない。
【0012】
本発明の中空糸型血液浄化器に用いる中空糸膜の表面に存在する親水性高分子の割合は15%以上、28%以下が好ましい。15%未満では親水性に乏しく蛋白や血小板の吸着、粘着が顕著であり残血も多い。また28%以上では、中空糸膜からの親水性高分子の溶出抑制のコントロールが困難である上に、膜表面の親水性が強すぎて補体の活性化が著しい。内表面近傍の親水性高分子の存在比をこのように15%以上、28%以下の存在比にコントロールすることで、中空糸膜への蛋白の吸着現象はみられるが、過剰な吸着ではなく、適度な吸着量にとどめることができ血液適合性に優れた膜となる。血液浄化療法中の膜性能の低下に至らない程度の吸着メカニズムの詳細は不明であるが、この適度な吸着は親水性高分子非存在の中空糸膜でみられる過剰な不可逆的吸着とは異なり、よりフレキシブルである可逆的吸着である可能性が考えられる。さらに、親水性高分子の量が極力少ないため膜からの溶出量も少ない。
【0013】
本発明の中空糸型血液浄化器に用いる中空糸膜の詳細な構造は、血液接触部である内表面の細孔形状が、配向方向沿った変形が無く、孔径の均一性が高く、かつ孔の整列性の高い微細構造からなる。本発明の中空糸膜を製造する典型的な方法の一つは、詳細に後述する詳細な説明および実施例などにおいてみるとおり、疎水性高分子と親水性高分子、共通溶媒、非溶媒戸からなる.紡糸原液をノズルから内液とともに吐出し走行部を経て凝固浴内に導き、凝固浴内で高倍率の延伸を掛けながら中空膜を凝固させる手法により入手することができるものである。この延伸速度、延伸倍率を適度に制御しないと、延伸方向に配向することによる、フイブリル化のような、いわゆる、孔が繊維方向につぶれるという現象が発生することが懸念されるが、本件発明ではこのような障害を克服している。
本発明の内表面の細孔形状が、配向方向沿った変形が無いということは、スポンジ構造の変形がないということであり、このような変形を防止する為に、延伸倍率、延伸速度などの延伸条件を微妙に制御することにより達成できる。また、孔径の均一性が高いということは、孔径のばらつきが少なく、ボイドのような孔も少ないということである。そして、本発明の中空糸膜の孔は不均一に形成されているわけではなく、多くの孔が整然と整列されたように配置されているということである。
また、中空糸膜の膜表面には緻密層の形成が抑制されているということは、通常の凝固方法においてよく見られる、膜表面に形成される皮層のことであり、本発明の中空糸膜においては、著しくその緻密層の形成が抑制されているということは予期せぬ材料挙動である。
このような構造の中空糸膜を製造する場合に、疎水性高分子、親水性高分子の種類、紡糸原液の仕様、凝固条件などの違いが構造にも微妙に影響するが、本発明は、従来公知の凝固条件からは予想されない、制御された延伸方法を採用することにより達成できたものである。
【0014】
このような中空糸膜を得る方法としては、ドープの組成と紡糸時の凝固条件を規定することが有効である。例えば、疎水性高分子がPES、親水性高分子がPVPの場合、ドープの各々の組成は、PESが30重量部から50重量部の範囲、PVPが1重量部から10重量部の範囲、溶媒はN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)、非溶媒にトリエチレングリコール(TEG)であり、それぞれを混合し加熱して均一状態とする。PESは、還元粘度で0.2から0.7であることが好ましく、さらには0.35から0.6であることが好ましい。この範囲のポリマーを使用することで、ドープが凝固液に入った際の凝固速度が適度に制御され、余剰な親水性高分子が洗い流され易くなり、使用時の溶出物量を低く抑制することができる。内液は非凝固性の液体または気体、凝固性液体を使用することができる。非凝固性の液体とは炭素数が12以上の高級炭化水素、炭素数12以上の高級脂肪酸エステルなどであり、単独で使用しても流動パラフィンなどのような混合物を使用してもよい。非凝固性の気体としては乾燥空気、窒素、アルゴンなどが使用できる。凝固性の液体としては、疎水性高分子に対する溶媒、非溶媒、水からなる混合物を使用することができ、目的とする膜特性(構造、性能)を得るために適宜調製するのが好ましい。ドープを二重紡糸口金の外側から、内液を二重紡糸口金の内側から吐出し、エアーギャップを通過させた後、凝固浴浸漬、純水洗浄工程を経て中空糸膜を得る。凝固浴の組成は5から70wt%のNMP水溶液が好ましい。さらには7から65wt%がより好ましい。このような凝固液を使用することで膜表面の緻密化が抑制され、余剰な親水性高分子が洗い流され易くなり、使用時の溶出物量を抑制できる。使用する凝固液の温度は室温以下であることが好ましい。具体的には0から30℃、さらに好ましくは5から25℃である。この条件にすることにより膜表面の緻密化を抑制できる。加えて、凝固浴中で1から60%の延伸を行うことが好ましい。2から55%の延伸を行うことがより好ましい。3から50%がさらに好ましい。具体的には、5%、10%、25%、40%、50%のような任意の延伸倍率において実施可能である。延伸が1%以下、例えば0.5%程度では、延伸による膜の性能特性に殆んど期待できない。一方、延伸が、60%以上、たとえば、65%、80%程度になると、膜の性能特性に悪い影響をする。ここで言う延伸とは凝固浴入口ローラー速度と凝固浴出口ローラー速度との比である。延伸は一般に細孔形状の変形や配向をもたらす。極端な延伸は細孔の変形、つぶれ、過度の配向につながり、このような内表面を持つ中空糸膜は血液と接触した際に血小板粘着および血中蛋白吸着の積層化により、膜性能が経時的に低下する。一方、PESのような結晶化しにくいポリマーを非凝固性の内液を用いて紡糸する場合は、凝固反応がゆるやかであり、凝固浴中における延伸効果はマイルドである。したがって、このような条件の延伸工程を得た中空糸膜は膜のスポンジ構造の変形が微視的であり、また血液接触部である内表面の状態は、細孔形状の変形が大きくなりすぎず、孔の整列性が高く、均一で平滑性のある状態となる。このような特徴をもつことにより、血小板の粘着は抑制され、血中蛋白の吸着は単分子層に抑制されるため、本発明の特徴である血小板や蛋白の適度な吸着特性が得られると考えられる。また、延伸をすることにより膜表面の緻密化を抑制し、過剰な親水性高分子が除去され易く、使用時の溶出物量を抑制する効果もある。
【0015】
本発明の中空糸膜を構成する疎水性高分子は、親水性高分子により親水化されており、特に膜表面は15〜30重量%程度の親水性高分子が存在する。
親水性高分子樹脂の血液への溶出を抑えるために、加熱処理、アルカリ加熱処理、紫外線、γ線、放射線などの任意の手段で架橋させることが可能であるが、本発明の場合には、その架橋をさせる必要がないほどの優れた特性を備えているが、もし、架橋を採用する場合には、架橋度を高くすると、溶出する物質が減少する一方で、親水性が阻害されるばかりでなく、ビタミンB12の吸着量、およびミオクロビンの吸着量に関する吸着除去性能にも影響するので、その架橋の採用の適否は膜全体の性能を考慮して決めることができる。
【0016】
本発明の中空糸型血液浄化器の血液適合性とは、臨床使用時において血球を過剰に吸着しないこと、および血小板を過剰に粘着、活性化しないことを意味し、特に血液浄化療法の前後において白血球や血小板数の変動が少ないこと、または、血液循環ののち、返血した後もモジュール内に血栓などの血液凝集物の残存が少ないことを意味する。
【0017】
以下、本発明の有効性を実施例を挙げて説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
【0018】
(中空糸膜内表面の親水性高分子量の測定)
中空糸膜を両面テープの上に並べた後、カッターで繊維軸方向に切開し、中空糸膜の内側が表になるように押し広げたものを試料とし、X線光電子分光(ESCA)光電子脱出角度45度にて測定する。ポリビニルピロリドンの場合、C1s、O1s、N1s、S2pスペクトルの面積強度より、装置付属の相対感度係数を用いて窒素の表面濃度(N)と硫黄の表面濃度(S)を求め、
表面PVP濃度=N×100/(N×111+S×442)
より表面PVP濃度を算出する。
【0019】
(溶出物試験)
本発明における中空糸膜からの溶出物とは、人工腎臓装置承認基準に準じた方法による水抽出と、40v/v%エタノールによる抽出の二種の評価方法にて測定した値を意味する。水による抽出の溶出物評価方法を具体的に示す。中空糸膜1.0gを水100mlに浸漬し70℃水浴中1時間加温し試験液(抽出液)を調製する。試験液の吸光度を波長220〜350nmの範囲で測定する。なお人工腎臓装置承認基準では、本条件での規格を0.1以下としている。
【0020】
(溶出物試験−エタノール抽出試験)
40%v/vエタノールによる抽出の具体的方法は次の通りである。モジュールの透析液側流路を閉じた状態でシリコンチューブ回路に接続し、モジュール血液側に純水を流し、モジュール、回路とも純水で満たされた状態とした後、モジュール血液側に40v/v%エタノールを150ml/minの流速で、回路出口から100ml廃棄する。血液側を鉗子で閉じ、透析液側に40v/v%エタノールを満たし再び透析液側を閉じる。40v/v%エタノール、回路、モジュール全てを40℃にコントロールし150ml/minの流速で循環する。60分後、回路、モジュール内の液を全て排出し循環液とともに回収し体積を測定する。透析液側の液も別途回収し体積を測定する。それぞれの液についてPVP含量を測定する。PVP含量測定手順は次の通りである。サンプル2.5mlに0.2mol/Lクエン酸を1.25ml加え撹拌後、0.006規定ヨウ素を500μL加え撹拌、室温で10分静置後、470nmの吸光度を測定する。PVP濃度が高い場合は、原液を10倍、100倍に希釈して測定する。同条件で作成した検量線よりサンプル中のPVP量を算出し、モジュール(1.5m)あたりのPVP溶出量(mg/1.5m)を計算する。
【0021】
(クリアランス−ビタミンB12の吸着量の測定)
ビタミンB12を20ppm、尿素1000ppm、塩化ナトリウム180ppm、リン酸一ナトリウム(無水)40ppm、リン酸二ナトリウム(12水和物)480ppmにしたキンダリー希釈液(35倍希釈)を使い、膜面積1.5mのモジュールで測定する。血液側の流速は200±1ml/min、透析液側の流速は500±10ml/minとし、37℃で液を流した。流し始めてから1分後に3分間透析液側の液をサンプリング、その間血液側(out)の液のサンプリングを1分間、2回行い、それぞれの液についてビタミンB12の濃度を360nmで測定する。
中空糸膜への吸着率(%)=(1−Qf/(Qbi−Qbo))×100
上記式にて中空糸膜への吸着率を算出する。ここでQfは透析液側の濃度、Qbiは循環液の初期濃度、Qboは血液側(out)の液の濃度である。
【0022】
(クリアランス−ミオグロビンの吸着量の測定)
ミオグロビン100ppmをキンダリー液に溶解し、ガラスフィルターで濾過し試験液とする。膜面積1.5mのモジュールで測定する。血液側の流速は200±1ml/min、透析液側の流速は500±10ml/minとし、37℃で液を流した。流し始めてから1分後に3分間透析液側の液をサンプリング、その間血液側(out)の液のサンプリングを1分間、2回行い、それぞれの液についてミオグロビンの濃度を波長408nmの吸光度で測定する。
中空糸膜への吸着率(%)=(1−Qf/(Qbi−Qbo))×100
上記式にて中空糸膜への吸着率を算出する。ここでQfは透析液側の濃度、Qbiは循環液の初期濃度、Qboは血液側(out)の液の濃度である。
【0023】
(血液適合性の評価−血液循環試験)
膜面積1.5mのモジュールの透析液側を生理食塩水で満たし、健康人から採取したヘパリン加血200mlを血液バッグに詰め、血液バッグとモジュールをチューブで連結し、37℃で血液流速100ml/min、1時間循環する。循環開始前と循環60分との血液をサンプリングし、白血球数、血小板数を測定する。測定した値はヘマトクリットの値で補正する。
補正値=測定値(60分)×ヘマトクリット(0分)/ヘマトクリット(60分)
補正値から白血球と血小板の変化率を算出する。
変化率=補正値(60分)/循環開始前値×100
60分循環終了後、生理食塩水で返血し、残血している糸の本数を数えた。
【0024】
(実施例1)
ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)中での還元粘度が0.48であるPES(住化ケムテックス社4800P)およびBASF社製PVP(K−90)をNMPとTEGの混合液(重量比でNMP:TEG=8:2)にそれぞれ40重量%、7重量%になるよう混合・溶解し、均一な溶液とした。この溶液を紡糸原液として、二重環状スリット口金から吐出すると同時に、紡糸原液に対して非凝固性である流動パラフィンを内液として吐出した。口金から凝固層までの乾式部分を経て凝固層内に紡糸原液/内液を落とし込み凝固させ、凝固浴中での50%延伸工程を経て中空糸膜として成形し、75m/minの速度で巻取った。中空糸膜巻き取りの過程において、水洗浴、30重量%のグリセリン水溶液浴を経ることで洗浄、表面へのグリセリン塗布を行い、さらに乾燥を行った。この際、内液となる流動パラフィンの流量を調節することで中空糸の内径を200μmに制御した。
【0025】
これらの中空糸膜10098本をポリエチレン製パイプに挿入し、所定の長さに切断後、乾燥しバンドルとした。
【0026】
バンドルを充填率60%でケースに充填し、端部をウレタン樹脂で接着し、樹脂を切り出しモジュールとした。このモジュールを脱酸素剤とともにアルミシールし、20kGyでガンマ線照射して滅菌済み完成品とした。
【0027】
完成したモジュールの中空糸膜について、膜内表面のPVPの量を測定した。結果を表1に示した。
【0028】
完成したモジュールについて、溶出物試験、エタノール抽出試験を実施した。結果を表1に示した。
【0029】
完成したモジュールについて、ビタミンB12とミオグロビンの吸着量を測定した。結果を表1に示した。
【0030】
完成したモジュールを用いて、血液循環試験を実施した。測定した白血球と血小板数の変化率、残血糸の本数を表1に示した。
【0031】
(実施例2)
DMF中での還元粘度が0.48であるPES(住化ケムテックス社4800P)およびBASF社製PVP(K−90)をNMPとTEGの混合液(重量比でNMP:TEG=8:2)にそれぞれ40重量%、3重量%になるよう混合・溶解し、均一な溶液とした。この溶液を紡糸原液として、二重環状スリット口金から吐出すると同時に、紡糸原液に対して非凝固性である流動パラフィンを内液として吐出した。口金から凝固層までの乾式部分を経て凝固層内に紡糸原液/内液を落とし込み凝固させ、凝固浴中での20%延伸工程を経て中空糸膜として成形し、75m/minの速度で巻取った。中空糸膜巻き取りの過程において、水洗浴、30重量%のグリセリン水溶液浴を経ることで洗浄、表面へのグリセリン塗布を行い、さらに乾燥を行った。この際、内液となる流動パラフィンの流量を調節することで中空糸の内径を200μmに制御した。
【0032】
モジュール化および評価は実施例1と同様に行い、結果を表1に示した。
【0033】
(比較例1)
DMF中での還元粘度が0.48であるPESおよびBASF社製PVP(K−90)をNMPとTEGの混合液(重量比でNMP:TEG=8:2)にそれぞれ40重量%、5重量%になるよう混合・溶解し、均一な溶液とした。この溶液を紡糸原液として、二重環状スリット口金から吐出すると同時に、紡糸原液に対して非凝固性である流動パラフィンを内液として吐出した。口金から凝固層までの乾式部分を経て凝固層内に紡糸原液/内液を落とし込み凝固させ、凝固浴中での延伸は行わず、中空糸膜として成形し、75m/minの速度で巻取った。中空糸膜巻き取りの過程において、水洗浴、30重量%のグリセリン水溶液浴を経ることで洗浄、表面へのグリセリン塗布を行い、さらに乾燥を行った。この際、内液となる流動パラフィンの流量を調節することで中空糸の内径を200μmに制御した。
【0034】
モジュール化および評価は実施例1と同様に行い、結果を表1に示した。
【0035】
(比較例2)
DMF中での還元粘度が0.48であるPESおよびBASF社製PVP(K−90)をNMPとTEGの混合液(重量比でNMP:TEG=8:2)にそれぞれ40重量%、7重量%になるよう混合・溶解し、均一な溶液とした。この溶液を紡糸原液として、二重環状スリット口金から吐出すると同時に、紡糸原液に対して非凝固性である流動パラフィンを内液として吐出した。口金から凝固層までの乾式部分を経て凝固層内に紡糸原液/内液を落とし込み凝固させ、凝固浴中での80%延伸工程を経て中空糸膜として成形し、75m/minの速度で巻取った。中空糸膜巻き取りの過程において、水洗浴、30重量%のグリセリン水溶液浴を経ることで洗浄、表面へのグリセリン塗布を行い、さらに乾燥を行った。この際、内液となる流動パラフィンの流量を調節することで中空糸の内径を200μmに制御した。
【0036】
モジュール化および評価は実施例1と同様に行い、結果を表1に示した。
【0037】
(比較例3)
市販品のPVP親水化PEPA膜について血液循環試験を実施した。測定した白血球と血小板数の変化率、残血糸の本数を表1に示した。
【0038】
【表1】
Figure 2004305677
【0039】
実施例1,2、比較例1ともに溶出物(UV値)は人工腎臓装置承認基準の0.1以下であり、エタノール抽出量も大差なかった。比較例1ではビタミンB12の吸着量が特に高く、比較例2ではビタミンB12吸着量、ミオグロビン吸着量の両方が高値であった。血液循環試験で実施例は白血球の変化率が比較例と比較してやや少なく、血小板の変化率は極めて少なく、また残血糸の数も少なく、実施例が比較例と比較して血液適合性に優れていることが分かった。
【0040】
【発明の効果】
疎水性高分子と親水性高分子とからなる中空糸を含む中空糸型血液浄化器において、ビタミンB12やミオグロビンの吸着除去効果をコントロールすることにより、血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器が得られる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a hollow fiber type blood purifier having an appropriate adsorption removal performance and excellent blood compatibility. In particular, it relates to a medical hollow fiber blood purifier using a hollow fiber membrane made of a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Hollow fiber membrane materials used in medical hollow fiber blood purifiers for the purpose of blood purification and the like include cellulose, which is a natural material, and cellulose derivatives such as cellulose diacetate and cellulose triacetate, and polysulfone as a synthetic polymer. Polymethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile and the like are used. A significant problem with membranes in contact with blood is the adsorption of blood components to the membrane. In particular, when a hydrophobic polymer alone is molded into a membrane, platelet and protein adsorption is remarkable, which may cause residual blood in the blood purifier after the blood purification treatment, and that the membrane performance decreases over time. It becomes a disadvantage. As a method of suppressing protein adsorption, a method of blending a hydrophilic polymer with a hydrophobic polymer has been developed. By blending the hydrophilic polymer, the hydrophilicity of the membrane is improved, so that proteins in blood are less likely to be adsorbed, and the membrane characteristics are less changed over time, resulting in a membrane having excellent fractionation properties.
[0003]
However, the hydrophilic polymer to be blended is water-soluble, and may easily elute into blood upon contact with blood. Since the eluted hydrophilic polymer is suggested to cause a risk of causing an anaphylactic reaction or the like in a patient, it is desirable to minimize the amount of the eluted hydrophilic polymer from the membrane into the blood. As a conventional technique for solving this problem, a solution obtained by mixing and dissolving a polysulfone-based resin and a hydrophilic polymer and adding an additive such as a non-solvent or a swelling agent to the polysulfone-based resin is used as a membrane-forming stock solution. There is a method for treating a polysulfone-based resin semipermeable membrane characterized by subjecting a semi-permeable polysulfone-based resin membrane to heat treatment and / or radiation treatment (for example, see Patent Document 1). A method for producing a hydrophilized membrane, which comprises introducing a hydrophilic component in a process of producing a membrane as a main material and insolubilizing the hydrophilic component with water by radiation or / and heat (for example, see Patent Document 2); Further, in a polysulfone-based hollow fiber membrane containing a hydrophilic polymer, the hydrophilic polymer is cross-linked and insoluble in water, and contains water to form a membrane in a hydrogel state. There are polysulfone permselective hollow fiber membrane, characterized in that present in (e.g., see Patent Document 3). That is, these are methods in which the elution of the hydrophilic polymer is positively made insoluble in water by crosslinking the hydrophilic polymer by radiation or heat treatment. However, the effect of the hydrophilic polymer is reduced, probably due to the insolubilization of the hydrophilic polymer due to this cross-linking, platelets stick and activate, and the residual blood in the dialysis membrane increases.
[0004]
The role of the hydrophilic polymer in the hollow fiber membrane for the purpose of blood purification is to suppress the irreversible excessive adsorption of the protein as described above, but when the abundance ratio of the hydrophilic polymer in the hollow fiber membrane increases, the It elutes and is clinically undesirable. One of the solutions to this contradictory event is that the concentration of the polyvinylpyrrolidone on the inner surface of the hollow fiber is in the range of 30 to 45%, which limits the abundance ratio of the hydrophilic polymer present on the surface of the hollow fiber membrane. (See, for example, Patent Document 4). It is described that by regulating the abundance ratio of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the surface of the hollow fiber membrane, the amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone eluted is suppressed to a low level, and a hollow fiber membrane having more excellent fractionation properties is obtained. However, in this hollow fiber membrane, the hydrophilicity of the inner surface of the membrane is too strong, so that the complement system is activated, and there is a problem in blood compatibility.
[0005]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-63-97205 (page 1, claim 1)
[Patent Document 2]
JP-A-63-97634 (page 1, claim 2)
[Patent Document 3]
JP-A-4-300636 (page 2, claim 1)
[Patent Document 4]
JP-A-11-309355 (page 2, claim 1)
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to obtain a hollow fiber blood purifier having excellent blood compatibility in a hollow fiber blood purifier comprising a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer.
[0007]
[Means for solving the problem]
The present invention is as follows.
(1) In a hollow fiber blood purifier including a hollow fiber membrane made of a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer, the amount of vitamin B12 adsorbed by the hollow fiber blood purifier is less than 30%, and the adsorption of myoclobin is performed. A hollow fiber blood purifier having excellent blood compatibility characterized by having an adsorption removal performance of 25% or more.
(2) The pore shape of the inner surface, which is the blood contact portion of the hollow fiber membrane, is not deformed along the orientation direction, has a uniform pore diameter, and has a fine structure with high pore alignment. A hollow fiber blood purifier having excellent blood compatibility, characterized in that the formation of a dense layer on the membrane surface is suppressed.
(3) A hollow fiber blood purifier having excellent blood compatibility, wherein the hydrophobic polymer is a polysulfone polymer.
(4) A hollow fiber blood purifier having excellent blood compatibility, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone.
(5) The hollow fiber membrane comprises a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer, a common solvent, and a non-solvent. A hollow fiber blood purifier manufactured by discharging a spinning stock solution from a nozzle into a coagulation bath and coagulating a hollow membrane while applying high-magnification stretching in the coagulation bath.
(6) A hollow fiber blood purifier characterized in that the hollow fiber membrane is produced by coagulating the hollow membrane while stretching it at a high magnification of 1 to 60% in a coagulation bath.
(7) The method is characterized in that a stock solution comprising a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer is produced by coagulating a hollow membrane in a coagulation bath while stretching at a high magnification of 1 to 60%. Of producing a hollow fiber membrane for a hollow fiber blood purifier.
[0008]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The material of the hollow fiber membrane used for the hollow fiber blood purifier of the present invention is a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer. Examples of the hydrophobic polymer include polyacrylonitrile, polysulfone-based resin, polymethacrylate, polyamide, polyether, polycarbonate, polyurethane, and a polymer blend thereof. Among various hydrophobic polymers, a polysulfone-based resin having excellent physical properties is preferable. The polysulfone-based resin is a general term for a polymer compound having a sulfone bond, and is not particularly limited, but is preferably a polysulfone having a chemical structure represented by Chemical Formula 1 or Chemical Formula 2 because it is easily available. Ether sulfone (PES) is preferred. These polymers can be easily obtained from the market as commercial products.
Embedded image
Figure 2004305677
Embedded image
Figure 2004305677
[0009]
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyglycol monoester, carboxymethylcellulose, starch, cellulose acetate, and the like can be used as the hydrophilic polymer. Particularly, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is preferable because it has high compatibility with the polysulfone resin. Since the molecular weight of the hydrophilic polymer affects the pore size of the hollow fiber membrane and the crosslinking reaction, it must be arbitrarily selected according to the purpose, but usually it is about 500 to 10,000, or about 10,000 to 1200,000. Can be used. As the polyethylene glycol, those having a weight average molecular weight of about 300 to 100,000 can be suitably used. In the case of polyvinylpyrrolidone, those having a repetition of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (n; 80 to 5000) are well known. As a commercially available product, for example, commercially available polyvinylpyrrolidone having an ordinary molecular weight of about 10,000 to 1200,000, having a molecular weight of 10,000 (K-15) to 200,000 (K-90) manufactured by BASF can be used.
[0010]
The adsorption behavior of vitamin B12 to a membrane made of a hydrophobic polymer is correlated with the adhesion of platelets in blood. After adhering to the membrane, platelets are activated and cause an agglutination reaction. In this process, platelets release a number of substances out of the cell, some of which promote blood coagulation and lead to thrombus formation. Examining the adsorption performance of vitamin B12 to a membrane is a useful method for indirectly knowing the blood compatibility of platelet adhesion and activation of a hollow fiber blood purifier in clinical practice. The basis of the correlation between the adhesion behavior of vitamin B12 and platelets to the hollow fiber membrane is unknown, but the similarity of the partial higher-order structure between vitamin B12 and platelets is related to the correlation of the interaction with the membrane. It is possible. The amount of vitamin B12 adsorbed on the hollow fiber membrane used in the hollow fiber blood purifier of the present invention is preferably less than 30%. Within this range, in blood purification therapy, the number of platelet adhesions correlated with vitamin B12 is sufficiently small, there is almost no clot formation due to platelet activation or clogging of pores due to platelet adhesion itself, and the performance of hollow fiber membranes is also reduced. Rarely happen. At 30% or more, the amount of adherence of platelets to the hollow fiber membrane is too large, not only does the membrane performance significantly decrease due to clogging of pores, but also platelet activation progresses, and clogging of the hollow part due to blood aggregation and residual blood also occur. It cannot be ignored. A more preferred adsorption amount of vitamin B12 is less than 28%. A more preferred adsorption amount of vitamin B12 is less than 25%.
[0011]
The amount of myoglobin adsorbed on the hollow fiber membrane used in the hollow fiber blood purifier of the present invention is preferably 25% or more. Myoglobin is a blood chromoprotein with a molecular weight of 17000. The adsorption behavior of myoglobin on the membrane is an index for predicting the adsorption behavior of a substance expected to be removed by another blood purification method having a similar molecular weight. If the amount of adsorbed myoglobin is 25% or more, a therapeutic effect by the effect of adsorbing and removing those substances can be expected. The upper limit of the amount of myoglobin adsorbed is preferably less than 95%. When the myoglobin adsorption becomes 95% or more, the same substance or the like correlated with the myoglobin adsorption is further adsorbed on the film surface and further laminated, which causes deterioration of the film performance over time. In view of the trade-off between the membrane performance reduction due to the substance adsorption and the opposing effects of the adsorption removal performance, the more preferable amount of adsorbed myoglobin is 30% or more and less than 90%, more preferably 35% or more and less than 80%. If it is less than 25%, no clinical effect can be expected.
[0012]
The ratio of the hydrophilic polymer present on the surface of the hollow fiber membrane used in the hollow fiber blood purifier of the present invention is preferably 15% or more and 28% or less. If it is less than 15%, the hydrophilicity is poor and the adsorption and adhesion of proteins and platelets are remarkable, and there is much residual blood. If it is 28% or more, it is difficult to control the elution of the hydrophilic polymer from the hollow fiber membrane, and the activation of complement is remarkable because the membrane surface is too hydrophilic. By controlling the abundance ratio of the hydrophilic polymer in the vicinity of the inner surface to an abundance ratio of 15% or more and 28% or less in this manner, the phenomenon of protein adsorption to the hollow fiber membrane is observed, but not excessive adsorption. In addition, the membrane can be kept at an appropriate amount of adsorption and has excellent blood compatibility. Although the details of the adsorption mechanism that does not lead to a decrease in membrane performance during blood purification therapy are unknown, this moderate adsorption differs from the excessive irreversible adsorption seen in hollow fiber membranes without hydrophilic polymer. It is possible that the reversible adsorption is more flexible. Further, since the amount of the hydrophilic polymer is as small as possible, the elution amount from the membrane is also small.
[0013]
The detailed structure of the hollow fiber membrane used in the hollow fiber blood purifier of the present invention is such that the pore shape of the inner surface, which is the blood contact portion, has no deformation along the orientation direction, high uniformity of the pore diameter, and Consisting of fine structures with high alignment. One of the typical methods for producing the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention is, as seen in the detailed description and Examples, which will be described in detail later, from a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer, a common solvent, and a non-solvent door. Become. The spinning stock solution is discharged from a nozzle together with the inner solution, guided into a coagulation bath through a running section, and can be obtained by a method of coagulating a hollow membrane while stretching at a high magnification in the coagulation bath. If the stretching speed and the stretching ratio are not appropriately controlled, there is a concern that a phenomenon in which so-called pores are crushed in the fiber direction, such as fibrillation, due to orientation in the stretching direction may occur, but in the present invention. These obstacles have been overcome.
The pore shape of the inner surface of the present invention, that there is no deformation along the orientation direction means that there is no deformation of the sponge structure, in order to prevent such deformation, stretching ratio, stretching speed and the like This can be achieved by finely controlling the stretching conditions. The high uniformity of the hole diameter means that there is little variation in the hole diameter and there are few holes such as voids. Further, the holes of the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention are not formed unevenly, but that many holes are arranged so as to be neatly arranged.
The fact that the formation of a dense layer on the membrane surface of the hollow fiber membrane is suppressed means a skin layer formed on the membrane surface, which is often seen in ordinary coagulation methods, and the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention. In the above, it is an unexpected material behavior that the formation of the dense layer is remarkably suppressed.
When manufacturing a hollow fiber membrane having such a structure, differences in hydrophobic polymer, hydrophilic polymer type, specifications of spinning solution, coagulation conditions, etc. slightly affect the structure, but the present invention provides This has been achieved by employing a controlled stretching method which is not expected from conventionally known coagulation conditions.
[0014]
As a method for obtaining such a hollow fiber membrane, it is effective to define the composition of the dope and the coagulation conditions during spinning. For example, when the hydrophobic polymer is PES and the hydrophilic polymer is PVP, the composition of each dope is such that PES is in the range of 30 to 50 parts by weight, PVP is in the range of 1 to 10 parts by weight, and the solvent is Is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and triethylene glycol (TEG) as a non-solvent, and they are mixed and heated to a uniform state. The PES preferably has a reduced viscosity of 0.2 to 0.7, and more preferably 0.35 to 0.6. By using a polymer in this range, the coagulation rate when the dope enters the coagulation liquid is appropriately controlled, the excess hydrophilic polymer is easily washed out, and the amount of eluted material during use can be suppressed to a low level. it can. As the internal liquid, a non-coagulating liquid, a gas, or a coagulating liquid can be used. The non-coagulable liquid is a higher hydrocarbon having 12 or more carbon atoms or a higher fatty acid ester having 12 or more carbon atoms, and may be used alone or in a mixture such as liquid paraffin. Dry air, nitrogen, argon and the like can be used as the non-coagulable gas. As the coagulable liquid, a mixture composed of a solvent, a non-solvent, and water for the hydrophobic polymer can be used, and it is preferable to appropriately adjust the liquid in order to obtain the desired membrane characteristics (structure, performance). The dope is discharged from the outside of the double spinneret, and the inner solution is discharged from the inside of the double spinneret. After passing through an air gap, a hollow fiber membrane is obtained through a coagulation bath immersion and a pure water washing step. The composition of the coagulation bath is preferably a 5 to 70 wt% NMP aqueous solution. Furthermore, 7 to 65 wt% is more preferable. By using such a coagulating liquid, the densification of the membrane surface is suppressed, the excess hydrophilic polymer is easily washed away, and the amount of eluted material during use can be suppressed. The temperature of the coagulating liquid used is preferably room temperature or lower. Specifically, it is 0 to 30 ° C, more preferably 5 to 25 ° C. Under these conditions, densification of the film surface can be suppressed. In addition, it is preferable to perform 1 to 60% stretching in the coagulation bath. More preferably, the stretching is performed at 2 to 55%. More preferred is 3 to 50%. Specifically, it can be carried out at any stretch ratio such as 5%, 10%, 25%, 40%, and 50%. When the stretching is 1% or less, for example, about 0.5%, almost no performance characteristics can be expected of the film by stretching. On the other hand, when the stretching is 60% or more, for example, about 65% or 80%, it adversely affects the performance characteristics of the film. The term “stretching” as used herein refers to the ratio of the speed of the coagulation bath inlet roller to the speed of the coagulation bath outlet roller. Stretching generally causes deformation and orientation of the pore shape. Extreme stretching results in deformation, crushing, and excessive orientation of the pores, and the hollow fiber membrane with such an inner surface has a time-dependent membrane performance due to the lamination of platelet adhesion and blood protein adsorption when in contact with blood. Decline. On the other hand, when spinning a hardly crystallizable polymer such as PES using a non-coagulating internal solution, the coagulation reaction is slow and the drawing effect in the coagulation bath is mild. Therefore, in the hollow fiber membrane obtained under the stretching step under such conditions, the deformation of the sponge structure of the membrane is microscopic, and the state of the inner surface, which is the blood contact portion, is too large in the deformation of the pore shape. And the holes are highly aligned and uniform and smooth. By having such characteristics, platelet adhesion is suppressed, and blood protein adsorption is suppressed to a monomolecular layer, and thus it is considered that appropriate adsorption characteristics of platelets and proteins characteristic of the present invention can be obtained. Can be In addition, by stretching, densification of the membrane surface is suppressed, excess hydrophilic polymer is easily removed, and there is also an effect of suppressing the amount of eluted material during use.
[0015]
The hydrophobic polymer constituting the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention is hydrophilized by a hydrophilic polymer. In particular, about 15 to 30% by weight of the hydrophilic polymer exists on the membrane surface.
In order to suppress the elution of the hydrophilic polymer resin into blood, heat treatment, alkali heat treatment, ultraviolet rays, γ-rays, it is possible to crosslink by any means such as radiation, in the case of the present invention, Although it has such excellent properties that it does not need to be cross-linked, if cross-linking is used, increasing the degree of cross-linking reduces the amount of eluted substances, but only inhibits hydrophilicity. However, it also affects the adsorption removal performance related to the amount of vitamin B12 adsorbed and the amount of myoclobin adsorbed. Therefore, the suitability of the use of the crosslinking can be determined in consideration of the performance of the entire membrane.
[0016]
The blood compatibility of the hollow fiber blood purifier of the present invention means that it does not excessively adsorb blood cells during clinical use, and that it does not excessively adhere and activate platelets, particularly before and after blood purification treatment. This means that the number of white blood cells and platelets fluctuates little, or that blood aggregates such as thrombus remain in the module after blood circulation, even after returning blood.
[0017]
Hereinafter, the effectiveness of the present invention will be described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
[0018]
(Measurement of hydrophilic high molecular weight on inner surface of hollow fiber membrane)
After arranging the hollow fiber membrane on the double-sided tape, incising it in the fiber axis direction with a cutter, expanding the hollow fiber membrane so that the inside of the hollow fiber membrane faces up, and using it as a sample, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) photoelectron escape Measure at an angle of 45 degrees. In the case of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the surface concentration of nitrogen (N) and the surface concentration of sulfur (S) were determined from the area intensities of the C1s, O1s, N1s, and S2p spectra using the relative sensitivity coefficient attached to the device.
Surface PVP concentration = N × 100 / (N × 111 + S × 442)
Then, the surface PVP concentration is calculated.
[0019]
(Eluent test)
The effluent from the hollow fiber membrane in the present invention means a value measured by two types of evaluation methods: water extraction by a method according to the standard for approval of an artificial kidney device and extraction with 40 v / v% ethanol. The method for evaluating the eluate in water extraction is specifically described. 1.0 g of the hollow fiber membrane is immersed in 100 ml of water and heated in a 70 ° C. water bath for 1 hour to prepare a test solution (extract). The absorbance of the test solution is measured in the wavelength range of 220 to 350 nm. In the artificial kidney device approval standard, the standard under this condition is 0.1 or less.
[0020]
(Eluent test-Ethanol extraction test)
The specific method of extraction with 40% v / v ethanol is as follows. With the dialysate-side flow path of the module closed, it was connected to a silicon tube circuit, pure water was flown to the module blood side, and the module and circuit were filled with pure water, and then 40 v / v to the module blood side. 100 ml of% ethanol is discarded from the circuit outlet at a flow rate of 150 ml / min. Close the blood side with forceps, fill the dialysate side with 40 v / v% ethanol and close the dialysate side again. 40 v / v% ethanol, all circuits and modules are controlled at 40 ° C. and circulated at a flow rate of 150 ml / min. After 60 minutes, all the liquid in the circuit and the module is discharged, collected together with the circulating liquid, and the volume is measured. The solution on the dialysate side is also collected separately and its volume is measured. The PVP content is measured for each solution. The procedure for measuring the PVP content is as follows. After adding 1.25 ml of 0.2 mol / L citric acid to 2.5 ml of the sample and stirring, add 500 μL of 0.006 N iodine, stir, allow to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes, and measure the absorbance at 470 nm. When the PVP concentration is high, the stock solution is diluted 10 times and 100 times to measure. The amount of PVP in the sample was calculated from the calibration curve created under the same conditions, and a module (1.5 m 2 Elution amount per mg) (mg / 1.5m) 2 ) Is calculated.
[0021]
(Clearance-Measurement of Adsorption Amount of Vitamin B12)
Vitamin B12 was 20 ppm, urea 1000 ppm, sodium chloride 180 ppm, monosodium phosphate (anhydrous) 40 ppm, disodium phosphate (decahydrate) 480 ppm, Kindary diluent (35-fold dilution), membrane area 1.5 m 2 Measure with the module. The flow rate on the blood side was 200 ± 1 ml / min, and the flow rate on the dialysate side was 500 ± 10 ml / min. One minute after the start of the flow, the fluid on the dialysate side is sampled for 3 minutes, and during that time, the fluid on the blood side (out) is sampled twice for 1 minute, and the concentration of vitamin B12 in each solution is measured at 360 nm.
Adsorption rate (%) to hollow fiber membrane = (1−Qf / (Qbi−Qbo)) × 100
The adsorption rate to the hollow fiber membrane is calculated by the above equation. Here, Qf is the concentration on the dialysate side, Qbi is the initial concentration of the circulating fluid, and Qbo is the concentration of the fluid on the blood side (out).
[0022]
(Clearance-Measurement of myoglobin adsorption amount)
100 ppm of myoglobin is dissolved in Kindery liquid and filtered through a glass filter to obtain a test liquid. Film area 1.5m 2 Measure with the module. The flow rate on the blood side was 200 ± 1 ml / min, and the flow rate on the dialysate side was 500 ± 10 ml / min. One minute after the start of the flow, the solution on the dialysate side is sampled for 3 minutes, during which the sampling of the solution on the blood side (out) is performed twice for 1 minute, and the concentration of myoglobin in each solution is measured by absorbance at a wavelength of 408 nm.
Adsorption rate (%) to hollow fiber membrane = (1−Qf / (Qbi−Qbo)) × 100
The adsorption rate to the hollow fiber membrane is calculated by the above equation. Here, Qf is the concentration on the dialysate side, Qbi is the initial concentration of the circulating fluid, and Qbo is the concentration of the fluid on the blood side (out).
[0023]
(Evaluation of blood compatibility-blood circulation test)
Film area 1.5m 2 Fill the dialysate side of the module with physiological saline, fill 200 ml of heparinized blood collected from a healthy person into a blood bag, connect the blood bag and the module with a tube, and circulate at 37 ° C. a blood flow rate of 100 ml / min for 1 hour. I do. Blood is sampled before the start of circulation and 60 minutes after the circulation, and the numbers of white blood cells and platelets are measured. The measured value is corrected by the value of hematocrit.
Correction value = measured value (60 minutes) x hematocrit (0 minutes) / hematocrit (60 minutes)
The change rate of white blood cells and platelets is calculated from the correction value.
Rate of change = correction value (60 minutes) / value before circulation start × 100
After completion of the circulation for 60 minutes, the blood was returned with physiological saline, and the number of remaining blood threads was counted.
[0024]
(Example 1)
A mixture of NMP and TEG (weight ratio of NMP: TEG = 8) was prepared by mixing PES (4800P, manufactured by Sumika Chemtex) and PVP (K-90), manufactured by BASF, whose reduced viscosity in dimethylformamide (DMF) is 0.48. : 2) were mixed and dissolved to be 40% by weight and 7% by weight, respectively, to obtain uniform solutions. This solution was discharged as a spinning dope from a double annular slit die, and at the same time, liquid paraffin which was non-coagulable with respect to the spinning dope was discharged as an inner liquid. The spinning solution / inner solution is dropped into the coagulation layer through the dry portion from the die to the coagulation layer to be coagulated, and is formed into a hollow fiber membrane through a 50% stretching step in a coagulation bath, and is wound at a speed of 75 m / min. Was. In the process of winding the hollow fiber membrane, washing was performed by passing through a water washing bath and a 30% by weight glycerin aqueous solution bath, glycerin was applied to the surface, and further dried. At this time, the inner diameter of the hollow fiber was controlled to 200 μm by adjusting the flow rate of the liquid paraffin as the internal liquid.
[0025]
These 10098 hollow fiber membranes were inserted into a polyethylene pipe, cut into a predetermined length, and dried to form a bundle.
[0026]
The case was filled with the bundle at a filling rate of 60%, the ends were bonded with urethane resin, and the resin was cut out to form a module. The module was sealed with an oxygen absorber together with aluminum, and irradiated with gamma rays at 20 kGy to obtain a sterilized finished product.
[0027]
For the hollow fiber membrane of the completed module, the amount of PVP on the inner surface of the membrane was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0028]
An eluate test and an ethanol extraction test were performed on the completed module. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0029]
About the completed module, the adsorption amount of vitamin B12 and myoglobin was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0030]
A blood circulation test was performed using the completed module. Table 1 shows the measured rates of change in the numbers of white blood cells and platelets and the number of residual blood threads.
[0031]
(Example 2)
PES having a reduced viscosity in DMF of 0.48 (4800P, manufactured by Sumika Chemtex) and PVP (K-90), manufactured by BASF, were converted to a mixed solution of NMP and TEG (NMP: TEG = 8: 2 by weight ratio). They were mixed and dissolved so as to be 40% by weight and 3% by weight, respectively, to obtain uniform solutions. This solution was discharged as a spinning dope from a double annular slit die, and at the same time, liquid paraffin which was non-coagulable with respect to the spinning dope was discharged as an inner liquid. The spinning stock solution / inner solution is dropped into the coagulation layer through the dry portion from the die to the coagulation layer to be coagulated, formed into a hollow fiber membrane through a 20% stretching step in a coagulation bath, and wound at a speed of 75 m / min. Was. In the process of winding the hollow fiber membrane, washing was performed by passing through a water washing bath and a 30% by weight glycerin aqueous solution bath, glycerin was applied to the surface, and further dried. At this time, the inner diameter of the hollow fiber was controlled to 200 μm by adjusting the flow rate of the liquid paraffin as the internal liquid.
[0032]
Modularization and evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 1.
[0033]
(Comparative Example 1)
PES having a reduced viscosity in DMF of 0.48 and PVP (K-90) manufactured by BASF were added to a mixed solution of NMP and TEG (NMP: TEG = 8: 2 by weight ratio) at 40% by weight and 5% by weight, respectively. % To obtain a uniform solution. This solution was discharged as a spinning dope from a double annular slit die, and at the same time, liquid paraffin which was non-coagulable with respect to the spinning dope was discharged as an inner liquid. The spinning solution / inner solution was dropped into the solidified layer via the dry portion from the die to the solidified layer, solidified, and formed into a hollow fiber membrane without drawing in the coagulation bath, and wound at a speed of 75 m / min. . In the process of winding the hollow fiber membrane, washing was performed by passing through a water washing bath and a 30% by weight glycerin aqueous solution bath, glycerin was applied to the surface, and further dried. At this time, the inner diameter of the hollow fiber was controlled to 200 μm by adjusting the flow rate of the liquid paraffin as the internal liquid.
[0034]
Modularization and evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 1.
[0035]
(Comparative Example 2)
PES having a reduced viscosity of 0.48 in DMF and PVP (K-90) manufactured by BASF were added to a mixed solution of NMP and TEG (NMP: TEG = 8: 2 by weight ratio) at 40% by weight and 7% by weight, respectively. % To obtain a uniform solution. This solution was discharged as a spinning dope from a double annular slit die, and at the same time, liquid paraffin which was non-coagulable with respect to the spinning dope was discharged as an inner liquid. The spinning solution / inner solution is dropped into the coagulation layer through the dry portion from the die to the coagulation layer to be coagulated, formed into a hollow fiber membrane through an 80% stretching step in a coagulation bath, and wound at a speed of 75 m / min. Was. In the process of winding the hollow fiber membrane, washing was performed by passing through a water washing bath and a 30% by weight glycerin aqueous solution bath, glycerin was applied to the surface, and further dried. At this time, the inner diameter of the hollow fiber was controlled to 200 μm by adjusting the flow rate of the liquid paraffin as the internal liquid.
[0036]
Modularization and evaluation were performed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 1.
[0037]
(Comparative Example 3)
A blood circulation test was performed on a commercially available PVP hydrophilized PEPA membrane. Table 1 shows the measured rates of change in the numbers of white blood cells and platelets and the number of residual blood threads.
[0038]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004305677
[0039]
The eluate (UV value) of each of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 was 0.1 or less, which is the approval standard of the artificial kidney apparatus, and the ethanol extraction amount was not much different. In Comparative Example 1, the amount of adsorbed vitamin B12 was particularly high, and in Comparative Example 2, both the amount of adsorbed vitamin B12 and the amount of adsorbed myoglobin were high. In the blood circulation test, the example showed a slightly lower leukocyte change rate than the comparative example, an extremely low platelet change rate, and a smaller number of residual blood threads, and the example showed better blood compatibility than the comparative example. It turned out to be excellent.
[0040]
【The invention's effect】
A hollow fiber blood purifier with excellent blood compatibility by controlling the effect of removing and adsorbing vitamin B12 and myoglobin in a hollow fiber blood purifier containing a hollow fiber composed of a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer. Is obtained.

Claims (7)

疎水性高分子と親水性高分子とからなる中空糸膜を含む中空糸型血液浄化器において、該中空糸型血液浄化器のビタミンB12の吸着量が30%未満、かつミオクロビンの吸着量が25%以上である吸着除去性能を持つことを特徴とする血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器。In a hollow fiber blood purifier including a hollow fiber membrane comprising a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer, the hollow fiber blood purifier has an adsorption amount of vitamin B12 of less than 30% and an adsorption amount of myoclobin of less than 25%. %. A hollow fiber type blood purifier having excellent blood compatibility characterized by having an adsorption removal performance of at least 10%. 該中空糸膜の血液接触部である内表面の細孔形状が、配向方向沿った変形が無く、孔径の均一性が高く、かつ孔の整列性の高い微細構造からなり、一方、膜表面には緻密層の形成が抑制されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器。The pore shape of the inner surface, which is the blood contact portion of the hollow fiber membrane, has no deformation along the orientation direction, has a high uniformity of pore diameter, and has a microstructure with high pore alignment. The hollow fiber blood purifier having excellent blood compatibility according to claim 1, wherein the formation of a dense layer is suppressed. 該疎水性高分子がポリスルホン系高分子であることを特徴とする請求項1〜2のいずれかに記載の血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器。The hollow fiber blood purifier having excellent blood compatibility according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the hydrophobic polymer is a polysulfone-based polymer. 該親水性高分子がポリビニルピロリドンであることを特徴とする請求項1〜2のいずれか記載の血液適合性に優れた中空糸型血液浄化器。The hollow fiber type blood purifier having excellent blood compatibility according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone. 該中空糸膜が、疎水性高分子と親水性高分子、共通溶媒、非溶媒とからなる.紡糸原液をノズルから吐出しすることにより凝固浴内に導き、凝固浴内で高倍率の延伸を掛けながら中空膜を凝固させることにより製造されたことを特徴とする請求項1〜2のいずれかに記載の中空糸型血液浄化器。The hollow fiber membrane is composed of a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer, a common solvent, and a non-solvent. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the spinning solution is discharged from a nozzle, guided into a coagulation bath, and coagulated in the coagulation bath while stretching at a high magnification in the coagulation bath. The hollow fiber type blood purifier according to item 1. 該中空糸膜が、凝固浴内で、1〜60%の高倍率の延伸を掛けながら中空膜を凝固させることにより製造されたことを特徴とする請求項5に記載の中空糸型血液浄化器。The hollow fiber type blood purifier according to claim 5, wherein the hollow fiber membrane is produced by coagulating the hollow membrane while stretching it at a high magnification of 1 to 60% in a coagulation bath. . 疎水性高分子と親水性高分子とからなる製膜原液を、凝固浴内で、1〜60%の高倍率の延伸を掛けながら中空膜を凝固させることにより製造することを特徴とする中空糸型血液浄化器用中空糸膜の製造方法。A hollow fiber characterized by being produced by coagulating a hollow membrane in a coagulation bath while applying a high-magnification stretching of 1 to 60% in a coagulation bath in a coagulation bath comprising a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer. For producing hollow fiber membranes for blood purifiers.
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010090174A1 (en) 2009-02-04 2010-08-12 東洋紡績株式会社 Hollow-fiber membrane, process for producing same, and blood purification module
JP2010233987A (en) * 2009-03-31 2010-10-21 Asahi Kasei Kuraray Medical Co Ltd Blood purifier
WO2016114051A1 (en) * 2015-01-16 2016-07-21 株式会社クラレ Hollow fiber membrane, and method for manufacturing hollow fiber membrane

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010090174A1 (en) 2009-02-04 2010-08-12 東洋紡績株式会社 Hollow-fiber membrane, process for producing same, and blood purification module
US8840788B2 (en) 2009-02-04 2014-09-23 Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha Hollow fiber membrane, method for manufacturing the same, and blood purification module
JP2010233987A (en) * 2009-03-31 2010-10-21 Asahi Kasei Kuraray Medical Co Ltd Blood purifier
WO2016114051A1 (en) * 2015-01-16 2016-07-21 株式会社クラレ Hollow fiber membrane, and method for manufacturing hollow fiber membrane
JPWO2016114051A1 (en) * 2015-01-16 2017-10-26 株式会社クラレ Hollow fiber membrane and method for producing hollow fiber membrane

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