JP2004298772A - Decomposing method of vegetable residue - Google Patents
Decomposing method of vegetable residue Download PDFInfo
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- JP2004298772A JP2004298772A JP2003095461A JP2003095461A JP2004298772A JP 2004298772 A JP2004298772 A JP 2004298772A JP 2003095461 A JP2003095461 A JP 2003095461A JP 2003095461 A JP2003095461 A JP 2003095461A JP 2004298772 A JP2004298772 A JP 2004298772A
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
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- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、植物の産業利用に際して大量に排出される植物残渣、特に有色植物から色素等の有用成分を抽出した後に排出される植物残渣の処理方法に関する。さらに詳しくは、本発明は大量に排出される植物残渣の絶対量を低減し、同時に、残渣に含まれている高分子成分を低分子化して有用成分への変換を効率良く実施するための方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
産業活動を行う中で生活環境や地球環境に配慮することが重要な課題となっている。食品加工業者等においても、近年制定された食品リサイクル法のもと、食物残渣、産業廃棄物等の処理についての規制がますます厳しくなり、その再生利用が不可欠な状況となってきている。この食品リサイクル法とは、食品循環資源の再生利用推進を目的として、食品関連事業者に具体的基準に従った食品循環資源の再生利用を行うことを定めた法律である。
【0003】
このような社会的要請にも関わらず、農産加工業、特に天然物抽出に関する植物の産業利用領域から排出される植物残渣や廃棄物は、一部は圃場還元や飼料などに利用されているものの、ほとんどは再利用されずに焼却や埋め立てなどの方法で廃棄処分されているのが実情である。このように廃棄される植物残渣の中には有用成分として再加工して再利用することができる成分が多く含まれているが、それらの有効利用についてはほとんど着手されていないのが実情である。このため、大量に廃棄されている植物残渣を経済的に有利な形で有効に再利用する技術の開発が望まれている。特に、ゼロエミッションと称し、産業廃棄物を減少させ、さらには分解したものを有効利用する方法の開発が求められている。
【0004】
かかる方法の一つとして、植物残渣中に多量に含まれるセルロースを分解して肥料などの有用成分を調製したり、セルロースからグルコース等の糖類を効率よく収得する方法が検討されている。前者の方法としては、植物残渣をサイロで腐敗させて肥料にするといった原始的な方法のほか、植物残渣を人工的に酵素処理することによって低分子化して肥料にする方法を例示することができる。しかしながら、これらの方法を実際に実施するには大きなスペースと長い時間が必要になる。他の方法としては植物残渣を酸や熱によって化学分解する方法(例えば、特許文献1等参照のこと);植物残渣等のセルロースを含有する材料からセルロース成分を超臨界水又は亜臨界水で可溶化した後、処理液をセルラーゼ処理して加水分解することによってセロオリゴ糖及び/又はグルコースを生産する方法(例えば、特許文献2等参照のこと);セルロース等の天然又は合成高分子化合物を、超臨界状態または亜臨界状態の水を溶媒として用いて選択的に加水分解及び/又は熱分解する方法(例えば、特許文献3等参照のこと)が提案されている。
【0005】
しかしながら、熱分解法は反応制御が難しいため所望する低分子成分の取得を効率的に行うことが困難であるという問題があり、また酸処理法は使用する装置の腐食の問題や得られた生成物から酸を除去する操作が必要であるといった点から実用性に乏しい。また、酵素を用いた例えば特許文献2に記載される方法は、酵素(セルラーゼ)を用いた加水分解処理が全処理工程の律速段階となり、効率性が求められる工業的な処理方法としては余り適していない。また、特許文献3に記載された方法は、開示された処理条件が広すぎるため、特定の所望成分の取得方法としてまだ十分に利用できる方法ではない。
【0006】
【特許文献1】特開平1−146991号公報
【0007】
【特許文献2】特開2001−95594号公報
【0008】
【特許文献3】特開平5−31000号公報
【0009】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、植物残渣の量を低減すると共に、植物残渣から有用な低分子成分を効率よく取得する方法を提供することを目的とする。より具体的には、本発明は緩やかな条件を利用した処理でもって、植物残渣から有用な低分子成分、特にグルコースなどの単糖よりも低分子の成分を取得する方法を提供することを目的とするものである。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するために、本発明者らは、特に赤色色素の製造に伴って排出する多量の赤キャベツ残渣に着目して、日夜鋭意研究を行っていたところ、上記赤キャベツ残渣を特定の亜臨界条件下におくことで、それが比較的緩和な条件であるにも関わらず、植物残渣中に含まれる高分子成分が効率良く分解されてグルコースなどの単糖よりも低分子の有用成分にまで改変すること、そして同時に植物残渣の量が著しく低減することを見出した。すなわち、本発明者らは、上記処理方法によれば、植物残渣の排出量を大幅に削減できると共に、処理工程で得られた分解生成物がメタン発酵等の発酵原料(エネルギーまたは栄養源)または液肥等の肥料として有効に再利用することができることを確認した。本発明は、かかる知見に基づいて完成したものである。
【0011】
このように、本発明は、赤キャベツ残渣等のように、色素などの有用成分を抽出した後に排出される植物残渣を、特定条件の亜臨界状態におくことにより効率よく有用成分にまで分解して植物残渣の有効利用を図るとともに、最終的な廃棄物の排出量を削減することのできる処理方法である。具体的には、本発明は下記の態様を含む;
項1. 植物残渣を、溶媒の存在下、温度200〜360℃の範囲における亜臨界条件で5〜30分間処理することを特徴とする植物残渣の処理方法。
項2. 植物残渣を、溶媒の存在下で、温度200〜360℃及び圧力15.9〜220kg/cm2の範囲から選択される亜臨界条件下で、5〜30分間処理することを特徴とする植物残渣の処理方法。
項3. 溶媒が水である項1または2に記載の植物残渣の処理方法。
項4. 植物残渣を水の存在下で、温度260℃における亜臨界条件下で15分間処理する方法である項3に記載する植物残渣の処理方法。
項5. 植物残渣を水の存在下で、温度260℃、圧力約48kg/cm2における亜臨界条件下で15分間処理する方法である項3または4に記載する植物残渣の処理方法。
項6. 植物残渣が、植物体から有効成分を抽出した後に残る植物残渣である項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の植物残渣の処理方法。
項7. 植物残渣が、植物体から色素または香気成分を抽出した後に残る植物残渣である項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の植物残渣の処理方法。
項8. 植物体が、赤キャベツ、赤大根、紫イモ、紅花、ワニラビーンズ、及び柑橘系果物から選択される少なくとも1種の植物である項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の植物残渣の処理方法。
項9. 植物体が赤キャベツの残渣である項1乃至8のいずれかに記載の植物残渣の処理方法。
項10.項1乃至9のいずれかの方法によって得られる植物残渣の処理生成物。
項11.肥料または発酵原料として用いられる項10に記載の植物残渣の処理生成物。
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明が対象とする植物残渣とは、農林業、建築業界、食品業界をはじめとする各種の産業分野より排出される産業廃棄物を広く意味する。具体的には、企業より排出される紙ゴミなどの廃棄物、家屋の解体等によって排出される材木片等の解体廃棄物、農作物を採取した後の藁等の植物廃棄物、野菜くず等の調理過程で排出される植物廃棄物などが例示される。
【0013】
さらに本発明が対象とする植物残渣には、植物体から有効成分を抽出した後の植物残渣、例えば天然色素の製造に際して排出される色素抽出後の植物残渣(具体的には赤キャベツ残渣、赤大根残渣、紫イモ残渣、紅花残渣等)、香料原料として利用される植物体から香気成分を抽出した後に残る植物残渣(例えば、ワニラビーンズ残渣、ミカンやレモンなどの柑橘系果物の残渣(特に果皮残渣)等)を挙げることができる。好ましくは植物体から色素抽出後に残る植物残渣、具体的には赤キャベツ残渣である。
【0014】
赤キャベツ残渣は、通常は下記に例示されるような色素抽出処理工程によって生じる植物残渣であって、かかる残渣は従来、圃場還元や飼料などに利用される他は、廃棄物として処理されている。
【0015】
<色素抽出処理工程>
赤キャベツの葉をカッターで裁断したもの1重量部に対して有機酸を含む水を約2重量部混合し、30〜120分間程度放置して抽出処理する。次いでアントシアニン色素を含有する溶液と固形物(赤キャベツ残渣)とに固液分離する。分離されたアントシアニン色素を含有する溶液は色素原料となり、更に数段階の精製工程に供されて色素(着色料)として調製される。このような色素抽出処理方法によれば、通常3tの赤キャベツから植物残渣(赤キャベツ残渣)が約2t(全体の2/3に相当する)生じる。
【0016】
本発明は、このような色素抽出処理工程等といった植物体の処理工程で発生する植物残渣を処理する方法であり、植物残渣を処理条件が比較的緩和な亜臨界状態で処理することに、その特徴を有する。具体的には、植物残渣を、溶媒存在下で、温度200〜360℃の範囲から選択される亜臨界条件下で5〜15分間処理することを特徴とする。
【0017】
ここで溶媒としては、水、エタノールやメタノール等のアルコール、ヘキサンおよびこれらの混合物を挙げることができる。好ましくは水、エタノール等の低級アルコール(例えば、炭素数1〜6,好ましくは1〜4)、またはこれらの混合物であり、より好ましくは水である。
【0018】
水は、温度及び圧力をそれぞれ374.15℃(647.30K)及び22.12MPaまで上げると、水でもなく水蒸気でもない均一な流体となることが知られている。この点を臨界点いい、この点以上の状態を超臨界状態という。この臨界点よりも温度または圧力の低い状態を亜臨界状態という。本発明は、好適には水分を含む赤キャベツ残渣を溶媒存在下、好ましくは水存在下で亜臨界状態におくことで赤キャベツ残渣に含まれる高分子成分の分解を行う方法である。
【0019】
処理に採用する温度、圧力及び時間等の条件は、それによって得られる状態が亜臨界状態であれば特に制限されず、処理する植物残渣の量、用いる溶媒の種類に応じて適宜調整設定することが出来る。例えば、水を溶媒として用いる場合、作業効率、得られる分解物に含まれる有効成分の収率から、温度、圧力及び処理時間の条件としてはそれぞれ200〜360℃、15.9〜220kg/cm2、及び5〜30分間の範囲を挙げることができ、この範囲において亜臨界状態となる条件を適宜設定し使用することができる。より好ましい処理方法は、水の存在下、約260℃での亜臨界条件下、好ましくは、圧力が約4.7MPa(約48kg/cm2)の条件下で約15分間処理する方法である。
【0020】
温度が200℃(または圧力15.9kg/cm2)を大きく下回ると、分解効率が低下して、所望する植物残渣の効率的な処理ができなくなる傾向がある。その結果、残存する植物残渣の量が増加し、また分解の程度も悪化するため、本発明が効果の一つとして掲げる、残渣量低減の達成、並びに分解生成物のメタン発酵や液肥としての有効利用が困難になる。また、温度が360℃(または圧力220kg/cm2)を大きく超えると、植物残渣の分解が、液肥やメタン発酵には適さない成分にまでが進むため好ましくない。また、上記亜臨界状態下での処理時間が、5分よりも著しく短い場合も分解が不十分となり、また30分を大きく超えて長すぎると分解が進みすぎるため好ましくない。
【0021】
本発明において植物残渣を亜臨界条件下で処理するために用いられる設備は、適当な溶媒、好ましくは水を亜臨界状態にできる装置と、かかる亜臨界条件下に植物残渣を供給し配置できる装置を有する物であれば、特に制限なく利用することができる。通常、市販されている設備を用いることができ、具体的には石川島播磨重工業株式会社の亜臨界抽出装置などが例示できる。
【0022】
本発明は、以上述べるような亜臨界条件下での処理方法により植物残渣を処理するものである。係る処理により、産業廃棄物として廃棄された植物残渣の量を大幅に削減することができ、さらに得られた処理生成物(分解生成物)も液肥等の肥料としての用途やメタン発酵等の発酵原料(発酵のエネルギー源や栄養源)としての用途に供することで有効に活用することが可能となる。具体的には、本発明の方法によって得られる処理生成物を出発原料としてメタン発酵する場合は、グルコース等の単糖を出発原料とする時よりも短時間で発酵が完了するという利点がある。また、本発明の方法によって得られる処理生成物を液肥等の肥料とする場合は、低分子化されているがゆえに植物への吸収が速やかに行われ、このためより効率的な肥料として有効に用いることができる。
【0023】
ゆえに、本発明は、上記処理方法で得られる処理生成物を、液肥などの肥料として、またはメタン発酵などの発酵原料として提供するものでもある。上記方法で得られる処理生成物は、そのままの状態で肥料並びに発酵原料として用いることもできるし、さらに熟成などの加工処理を施すこともできる。
【0024】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例によって更に詳細に説明するが、下記実施例は本発明を何ら限定するものではない。なお、下記の実施例において、特に言及しない限り、%は重量%を意味するものとする。
【0025】
実施例1 赤キャベツ残渣の亜臨界処理
(1)赤キャベツ残渣の調製
赤キャベツ1.5kgをフードカッターで約5mm角に細断し、その1kgに0.5%クエン酸含有酸性水溶液2Lを加えて、25℃、攪拌下しながら2時間抽出処理を行った。次に得られた抽出物を60メッシュの金網を用いて固液分離し、色素液2.4Lと赤キャベツ残渣600gを得た。得られた赤キャベツ残渣の栄養分析は、粗蛋白0.8%、粗脂肪0%、水分含量94.3%、灰分0.2%、炭水化物4.7%であった。
【0026】
(2)赤キャベツ残渣の亜臨界処理
(2−1) 温度による影響
(1)で得られた赤キャベツ残渣を密閉できるステンレス製反応管(内容積, 約7cm3)に約2g入れて重量を正確に秤量し、次いで溶融塩浴中で温度条件を下記の表1に示すように変えて、5分間処理を行った。なお、表1中、「始めの固形量」は、秤量した赤キャベツ残渣を110℃で3時間乾燥した後、重量を測定して得られた重さを意味する。
【0027】
その後、直ちに水浴で反応管を冷却し、約20mlのイオン交換水を加えて内容物を、洗浄しながら、ろ紙(アドバンテックNo.5C)にてろ過した。次いで得られたろ過液をイオン交換水にて50mlにメスアップし、ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma)検出器付きのHPLC分析器を用いて下記の条件で炭素原素分析を行って平均分子量を求めた。なお、ICP検出器は、プラズマにより励起状態になった原子が元の状態に戻るときに発する元素固有のスペクトル線の強度を測定し元素を分析する検出器である。
【0028】
<HPLC条件>
カラム:Shodex SB−803 HQゲルクロマトグラフィーカラム
(分子量0 ̄10万の成分を分離する能力を有する)
カラム温度: 60℃
サンプルインジェクション量:300μL
移動相: 50mM NaNO3溶液
流速:0.5ml/min
検出器:ICP検出器。
【0029】
<ICP検出器の条件>
測定波長:193nm
Plasma gas流速: 15L/min
Auxiliary gas流速: 15L/min
Neb. press :150kPa
PMT voltage: 750V。
【0030】
さらに、ろ過液(50ml)について、波長280nmにおける吸光度、及び糖度を測定した。
【0031】
一方、ろ紙上に残った赤キャベツ残渣は、60℃で24h処理して乾燥した後に秤量し、得られた重さを「固形量」(処理後の固形量)とした。
【0032】
【表1】
【0033】
表1の「Rete(%)」は、赤キャベツ残渣を種々の条件(処理温度:150〜390℃)で処理する前と後で赤キャベツ残渣の固形分含量(固形量)を対比したものであって、処理前の固形量を100重量%とした場合に対する処理後の重量%を「残存率(Rete(%))」として示すものである。
【0034】
赤キャベツ残渣を種々の条件(処理温度:150〜390℃)で処理すると、固形物の残存率(Rete(%))が150℃での処理では83.4%と多かったものが、温度を上げるに従って残存率が低下し、分解が進行して水溶性成分に変わっていることがうかがわれた。
【0035】
ろ過液中の「Brix」は、ろ過液の糖度を示し、その増加は糖(グルコース)の生成、例えばセルロースからグルコースへの分解を意味する。また糖度の低下は、グルコースなどの糖がさらに低分子成分に分解されていることを意味する。上記表1に示すように、処理温度を上げるに従って、ろ過液の「Brix」値は低下し、300℃以上の処理では0となった。これは300℃以上の処理ではセルロースの分解が進行してグルコースよりも低分子のものが生成したことによるものと考えられる。
【0036】
ろ過液中の「OD(280)」は、280nmにおける吸光度を示し、その値はろ過液中における280nmに吸収のある物質の量を反映する。表1の結果から、150〜200℃における処理では280nm吸収物質は存在していないが、230℃での処理で急激に多く生成し、それ以上の温度での処理では温度との相関関係はないものの280nm吸収物質の生成が認められた。390℃での処理では280nm吸収物質の生成の急激な低下が認められた。このことから390℃といった過酷条件での処理によって280nm吸収物質がさらに分解されて280nmにおいて吸収性のない物質に変換したと考えられた。
【0037】
また表1に示すように、ろ過液の平均分子量は、処理温度150℃〜260℃まで上げるに従って低下するものの、260℃を境として再び分子量が増加する傾向にあることが認められた。 以上の実験から、260℃での処理条件が、キャベツ残渣を低分子化する上で一番適した条件であることがわかった。
【0038】
一方、亜臨界以外の条件下、150℃で処理したものは、処理後の固形物の残存率が83.4%で、またBrixも0.4と他の条件における処理物よりも高くなった。このことから、150℃の条件での処理では赤キャベツ残渣の固形物はほとんど分解されていないことがわかる。また亜臨界以外の条件下、390℃で処理したものは、処理後の固形物の残存率は1.9%と最も低い値となったものの、ろ過液中の平均分子量は687と比較的大きかった。このことから、かかる温度条件での処理は植物残渣の廃棄量の削減に貢献できるものの、分解物の有効利用という点からはあまり好ましくないと考えられた。
【0039】
(2−2)処理時間による影響
次に、処理後の赤キャベツ残渣の固形残存率(Rete(%))とろ過液の平均分子量から、処理時間(処理温度260℃)による影響を調べた。結果を表2に示す。
【0040】
【表2】
【0041】
表2に示すように、処理時間が長くなるにつれて、キャベツ残渣の固形残存率が低下し、またろ過液の平均分子量も低下する傾向が認められた。すなわち、キャベツ残渣の固形物は、処理時間の経過とともに分解が進行したが、温度条件を上げた場合よりも分解によって生じる平均分子量の減少率は低かった。また平均分子量は、5分以上の処理を境として急激に低下し、260℃の条件下、15分間処理することによって平均分子量は147と低分子化され、メタン発酵や液肥として利用するのに最も望ましい分子量となっていた。
【0042】
以上の実験結果より、赤キャベツ残渣を水の存在下、亜臨界条件下で処理することで、赤キャベツ残渣の固形量は、最大、元の5%まで減少した(温度360℃処理時間15分)。これは赤キャベツ色素の製造において排出される一日15tの赤キャベツ残渣が750kg程度に低減される計算となった。また、得られた分解物は、平均分子量100〜200程度まで分解されていたことから、セルロースや糖よりも小さく分解されており、メタン発酵、液肥等に有効利用されることが可能となった。特に、水の存在下、温度260℃、処理時間15分が最も効率的な処理条件といえる。これは、特許文献3及び4に記載された処理条件よりも緩やかな条件であるにもかかわらず、セルロースから糖以下の低分子成分まで分解し、かつ得られた分解物の有効利用が明確な、非常に効率的な処理条件であることが明らかとなった。
【0043】
【発明の効果】
本発明の方法によれば、植物の産業利用に際して大量に排出される植物残渣、特に有色植物から色素等の有用成分を抽出した後に排出される植物残渣の絶対量を低減し、同時に、残渣に含まれている高分子成分を低分子化して有用成分への変換を効率良く実施することができる。例えばかかる処理方法によって得られた生成物は、メタン発酵等の発酵原料(エネルギーまたは栄養源)または液肥等の肥料として有効に再利用することができる。[0001]
[Industrial applications]
The present invention relates to a method for treating plant residues discharged in large quantities during industrial use of plants, particularly plant residues discharged after extracting useful components such as pigments from colored plants. More specifically, the present invention is a method for reducing the absolute amount of plant residues discharged in large quantities, and at the same time, efficiently converting high-molecular components contained in the residues to useful components and efficiently converting them into useful components. It is about.
[0002]
[Prior art]
It is important to consider living environment and global environment in industrial activities. Even for food processors and the like, regulations on the treatment of food residues, industrial wastes, and the like have become increasingly strict under the Food Recycling Law enacted in recent years, and the recycling of them has become indispensable. The Food Recycling Law is a law that stipulates that food-related businesses recycle food circulating resources in accordance with specific standards for the purpose of promoting the recycling of food circulating resources.
[0003]
Despite such social demands, plant residues and wastes discharged from the agricultural processing industry, particularly from the industrial use area of plants related to natural product extraction, are partially used for field reduction and feed. In fact, most of them are disposed of by incineration or landfill without being reused. The plant residues thus discarded contain many components that can be reprocessed and reused as useful components, but the fact is that little has been started on their effective use. . For this reason, there is a demand for the development of a technique for effectively recycling plant residues that have been disposed of in large quantities in an economically advantageous manner. In particular, there is a demand for the development of a method called zero emission, which reduces industrial waste and effectively utilizes decomposed waste.
[0004]
As one of such methods, a method of decomposing cellulose contained in a large amount in a plant residue to prepare a useful component such as a fertilizer, or a method of efficiently obtaining a saccharide such as glucose from cellulose has been studied. Examples of the former method include a primitive method in which plant residues are spoiled in silos to produce fertilizers, and a method in which plant residues are artificially treated with enzymes to reduce the molecular weight to produce fertilizers. . However, actually implementing these methods requires a large space and a long time. Another method is to chemically decompose a plant residue with acid or heat (for example, see Patent Document 1); a cellulose component from a cellulose-containing material such as a plant residue can be supercritical water or subcritical water. A method for producing cellooligosaccharide and / or glucose by subjecting the treated solution to cellulase treatment and hydrolysis after solubilization (for example, see Patent Document 2); A method of selectively hydrolyzing and / or thermally decomposing water using water in a critical state or a subcritical state as a solvent has been proposed (for example, see Patent Document 3).
[0005]
However, the thermal decomposition method has a problem that it is difficult to efficiently obtain a desired low-molecular component due to the difficulty in controlling the reaction, and the acid treatment method has a problem of corrosion of an apparatus used and a resulting product. It is not practical because it requires an operation to remove acid from the material. In addition, in the method using an enzyme, for example, described in Patent Document 2, hydrolysis treatment using an enzyme (cellulase) is the rate-determining step of the entire processing step, and is very suitable as an industrial processing method requiring efficiency. Not. Further, the method described in Patent Document 3 is not yet a sufficiently usable method for obtaining a specific desired component because the disclosed processing conditions are too wide.
[0006]
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 1-146991
[Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-95594
[Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-31000
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for reducing the amount of plant residue and efficiently obtaining useful low-molecular components from the plant residue. More specifically, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for obtaining a useful low-molecular component from a plant residue, particularly a component having a lower molecular weight than a monosaccharide such as glucose, by a treatment using mild conditions. It is assumed that.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, the present inventors have paid particular attention to a large amount of red cabbage residue discharged along with the production of a red pigment, and have been conducting diligent research day and night. Under subcritical conditions, high-molecular components contained in plant residues are efficiently decomposed even though these conditions are relatively mild, and useful components with lower molecular weight than monosaccharides such as glucose , And at the same time, the amount of plant residues was significantly reduced. In other words, the present inventors have found that, according to the above-mentioned treatment method, the amount of plant residue discharged can be significantly reduced, and the decomposition products obtained in the treatment step can be obtained by fermentation raw materials (energy or nutrient sources) such as methane fermentation or the like. It was confirmed that it can be effectively reused as fertilizer such as liquid manure. The present invention has been completed based on such findings.
[0011]
Thus, the present invention, such as red cabbage residue and the like, efficiently decomposes plant residues discharged after extracting useful components such as pigments into useful components by placing them in a subcritical state under specific conditions. This is a treatment method that can effectively utilize plant residues and reduce the final amount of waste generated. Specifically, the present invention includes the following embodiments;
Item 1. A method for treating a plant residue, comprising treating the plant residue in the presence of a solvent under subcritical conditions at a temperature in the range of 200 to 360 ° C for 5 to 30 minutes.
Item 2. Treating plant residue in the presence of a solvent under subcritical conditions selected from a temperature range of 200 to 360 ° C. and a pressure of 15.9 to 220 kg / cm 2 for 5 to 30 minutes. Processing method.
Item 3. Item 3. The method for treating a plant residue according to Item 1 or 2, wherein the solvent is water.
Item 4. Item 3. The method for treating a plant residue according to Item 3, which is a method for treating a plant residue in the presence of water at a temperature of 260 ° C under subcritical conditions for 15 minutes.
Item 5. Item 5. The method for treating a plant residue according to Item 3 or 4, wherein the plant residue is treated in the presence of water at a temperature of 260 ° C. and a pressure of about 48 kg / cm 2 for 15 minutes under subcritical conditions.
Item 6. Item 6. The method for treating a plant residue according to any one of Items 1 to 5, wherein the plant residue is a plant residue remaining after extracting an active ingredient from a plant.
Item 7. Item 7. The method for treating a plant residue according to any one of Items 1 to 6, wherein the plant residue is a plant residue remaining after extracting a pigment or an aroma component from a plant.
Item 8. Item 8. The method for treating plant residues according to any one of Items 1 to 7, wherein the plant is at least one plant selected from red cabbage, red radish, purple potato, safflower, crocodile beans, and citrus fruits.
Item 9. Item 10. The method for treating a plant residue according to any one of Items 1 to 8, wherein the plant is a residue of red cabbage.
Item 10. Item 10. A treated product of a plant residue obtained by the method according to any one of Items 1 to 9.
Item 11. Item 11. A treated product of a plant residue according to Item 10, which is used as a fertilizer or a fermentation raw material.
[0012]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The plant residue targeted by the present invention broadly means industrial waste discharged from various industrial fields such as agriculture, forestry, construction industry, food industry and the like. Specifically, waste such as paper garbage discharged from companies, demolition waste such as timber chips discharged from house demolition, plant waste such as straw after harvesting crops, vegetable waste, etc. Examples include plant waste discharged in the cooking process.
[0013]
Further, the plant residue targeted by the present invention includes a plant residue after extracting an active ingredient from a plant body, for example, a plant residue after pigment extraction discharged during production of a natural pigment (specifically, red cabbage residue, red cabbage residue, Radish residue, purple potato residue, safflower residue, etc.), plant residue remaining after extracting aroma components from a plant used as a perfume raw material (eg, crocodile beans residue, residue of citrus fruits such as mandarin and lemon (especially pericarp residue) ) Etc.). Preferably, it is a plant residue remaining after pigment extraction from a plant, specifically, a red cabbage residue.
[0014]
Red cabbage residue is usually a plant residue generated by a pigment extraction process as exemplified below, and such a residue has been conventionally treated as waste, in addition to being used for field reduction and feed. .
[0015]
<Dye extraction process>
About 2 parts by weight of water containing an organic acid is mixed with 1 part by weight of a red cabbage leaf cut with a cutter, and the mixture is left for about 30 to 120 minutes to perform an extraction treatment. Next, solid-liquid separation is carried out into a solution containing an anthocyanin dye and a solid (red cabbage residue). The solution containing the separated anthocyanin dye becomes a dye raw material, and is subjected to several purification steps to be prepared as a dye (colorant). According to such a pigment extraction processing method, about 2 t (corresponding to 2/3 of the whole) of plant residue (red cabbage residue) is generated from 3 t of red cabbage.
[0016]
The present invention is a method of treating plant residues generated in a plant treatment step such as the pigment extraction treatment step, and treating the plant residue in a subcritical state where treatment conditions are relatively moderate. Has features. Specifically, the method is characterized in that the plant residue is treated in the presence of a solvent for 5 to 15 minutes under subcritical conditions selected from a temperature range of 200 to 360 ° C.
[0017]
Here, examples of the solvent include water, alcohols such as ethanol and methanol, hexane, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, it is water, a lower alcohol such as ethanol (for example, having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms), or a mixture thereof, and more preferably water.
[0018]
Water is known to become a homogeneous fluid that is neither water nor water vapor when the temperature and pressure are increased to 374.15 ° C. (647.30 K) and 22.12 MPa, respectively. This point is called the critical point, and the state above this point is called the supercritical state. A state in which the temperature or the pressure is lower than the critical point is called a subcritical state. The present invention is a method for decomposing a polymer component contained in a red cabbage residue by placing the red cabbage residue containing water suitably in a subcritical state in the presence of a solvent, preferably in the presence of water.
[0019]
Conditions such as temperature, pressure and time adopted for the treatment are not particularly limited as long as the resulting state is a subcritical state, and may be appropriately adjusted and set according to the amount of the plant residue to be treated and the type of the solvent to be used. Can be done. For example, when water is used as the solvent, the conditions of temperature, pressure and treatment time are 200 to 360 ° C. and 15.9 to 220 kg / cm 2 , respectively, from the working efficiency and the yield of the active ingredient contained in the obtained decomposition product. , And a range of 5 to 30 minutes. In this range, the conditions for a subcritical state can be appropriately set and used. A more preferred treatment method is a treatment method in the presence of water at a temperature of about 260 ° C. under subcritical conditions, preferably at a pressure of about 4.7 MPa (about 48 kg / cm 2 ) for about 15 minutes.
[0020]
When the temperature is significantly lower than 200 ° C. (or the pressure is 15.9 kg / cm 2 ), the decomposition efficiency tends to decrease, and the desired treatment of the plant residue cannot be efficiently performed. As a result, the amount of remaining plant residues increases, and the degree of decomposition also worsens.Therefore, one of the effects of the present invention is to achieve reduction of the amount of residues, and effective use of decomposition products as methane fermentation and liquid fertilizer. Use becomes difficult. On the other hand, if the temperature greatly exceeds 360 ° C. (or the pressure is 220 kg / cm 2 ), it is not preferable because the decomposition of plant residues proceeds to components not suitable for liquid fertilizer or methane fermentation. In addition, if the treatment time under the subcritical state is significantly shorter than 5 minutes, the decomposition becomes insufficient, and if it is much longer than 30 minutes, the decomposition proceeds too much, which is not preferable.
[0021]
The equipment used for treating plant residues under subcritical conditions in the present invention is an apparatus capable of bringing a suitable solvent, preferably water, to a subcritical state, and an apparatus capable of supplying and arranging plant residues under such subcritical conditions. Can be used without particular limitation. Usually, commercially available equipment can be used, and specific examples include a subcriticality extraction device of Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Ltd.
[0022]
The present invention is to treat a plant residue by the treatment method under subcritical conditions as described above. By such treatment, the amount of plant residue discarded as industrial waste can be significantly reduced, and the resulting treated product (decomposition product) can also be used as a fertilizer such as liquid manure or fermentation such as methane fermentation. It can be used effectively by being used as a raw material (fermentation energy source or nutrient source). Specifically, when methane fermentation is performed using the treated product obtained by the method of the present invention as a starting material, there is an advantage that fermentation is completed in a shorter time than when monosaccharides such as glucose are used as a starting material. In addition, when the treated product obtained by the method of the present invention is used as a fertilizer such as liquid fertilizer, it is rapidly absorbed into plants due to its low molecular weight, and thus effectively used as a more efficient fertilizer. Can be used.
[0023]
Therefore, the present invention also provides a treatment product obtained by the above treatment method as a fertilizer such as liquid fertilizer or a fermentation raw material such as methane fermentation. The treated product obtained by the above method can be used as it is as a fertilizer and a raw material for fermentation, or can be further subjected to processing such as aging.
[0024]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples, but the following examples do not limit the present invention in any way. In the following Examples,% means% by weight unless otherwise specified.
[0025]
Example 1 Sub-critical treatment of red cabbage residue (1) Preparation of red cabbage residue 1.5 kg of red cabbage was cut into about 5 mm squares with a food cutter, and 2 L of 0.5% citric acid-containing aqueous acid solution was added to 1 kg of the red cabbage. Then, an extraction treatment was performed at 25 ° C. with stirring for 2 hours. Next, the obtained extract was subjected to solid-liquid separation using a 60-mesh wire net to obtain 2.4 L of a dye solution and 600 g of a red cabbage residue. The nutritional analysis of the obtained red cabbage residue showed that crude protein was 0.8%, crude fat was 0%, water content was 94.3%, ash content was 0.2%, and carbohydrate was 4.7%.
[0026]
(2) Subcritical treatment of red cabbage residue (2-1) Influence of temperature About 2 g is put into a stainless steel reaction tube (internal volume, about 7 cm 3 ) that can seal the red cabbage residue obtained in (1), and weighs it. The sample was accurately weighed and then treated in a molten salt bath for 5 minutes while changing the temperature conditions as shown in Table 1 below. In Table 1, "initial solid content" means the weight obtained by drying the weighed red cabbage residue at 110 ° C for 3 hours and measuring the weight.
[0027]
Then, the reaction tube was immediately cooled with a water bath, and about 20 ml of ion-exchanged water was added thereto, and the content was washed and filtered with filter paper (Advantech No. 5C). Next, the obtained filtrate was made up to 50 ml with ion-exchanged water, and carbon elementary analysis was performed under the following conditions using an HPLC analyzer equipped with an ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) detector to determine an average molecular weight. . Note that the ICP detector is a detector that measures the intensity of a spectral line peculiar to an element generated when an atom excited by plasma returns to an original state, and analyzes the element.
[0028]
<HPLC conditions>
Column: Shodex SB-803 HQ gel chromatography column (capable of separating components with a molecular weight of 0-100,000)
Column temperature: 60 ° C
Sample injection volume: 300 μL
Mobile phase: 50 mM NaNO 3 solution flow rate: 0.5 ml / min
Detector: ICP detector.
[0029]
<Conditions for ICP detector>
Measurement wavelength: 193 nm
Plasma gas flow rate: 15 L / min
Auxiliary gas flow rate: 15 L / min
Neb. press: 150 kPa
PMT voltage: 750V.
[0030]
Further, the absorbance at a wavelength of 280 nm and the sugar content of the filtrate (50 ml) were measured.
[0031]
On the other hand, the red cabbage residue remaining on the filter paper was treated at 60 ° C. for 24 hours, dried and weighed, and the obtained weight was defined as “solid content” (solid content after treatment).
[0032]
[Table 1]
[0033]
"Rete (%)" in Table 1 compares the solid content (solid content) of the red cabbage residue before and after treating the red cabbage residue under various conditions (treatment temperature: 150 to 390 ° C). Here, the weight% after the treatment with respect to the case where the solid content before the treatment is 100% by weight is shown as "residual rate (Rete (%))".
[0034]
When the red cabbage residue is treated under various conditions (treatment temperature: 150 to 390 ° C.), the solid content remaining rate (Rete (%)) is as large as 83.4% in the treatment at 150 ° C. It was found that the residual ratio decreased as the value was increased, and decomposition proceeded to change to water-soluble components.
[0035]
“Brix” in the filtrate indicates the sugar content of the filtrate, and an increase in the Brix indicates production of sugar (glucose), for example, decomposition of cellulose into glucose. Further, a decrease in sugar content means that sugar such as glucose is further decomposed into low molecular components. As shown in Table 1 above, the Brix value of the filtrate decreased as the treatment temperature was increased, and became 0 in the treatment at 300 ° C or higher. This is considered to be due to the fact that in the treatment at 300 ° C. or more, the decomposition of cellulose progressed to produce a substance having a lower molecular weight than glucose.
[0036]
“OD (280)” in the filtrate indicates the absorbance at 280 nm, and the value reflects the amount of the substance that absorbs at 280 nm in the filtrate. From the results in Table 1, the treatment at 150 to 200 ° C. does not include the 280 nm absorbing substance, but the treatment at 230 ° C. rapidly generates a large amount, and the treatment at a higher temperature has no correlation with the temperature. However, formation of a 280 nm absorbing substance was observed. In the treatment at 390 ° C., a sharp decrease in the production of the 280 nm absorbing substance was observed. From this, it was considered that the 280 nm absorbing substance was further decomposed by the treatment under severe conditions such as 390 ° C. and converted into a substance having no absorption at 280 nm.
[0037]
Further, as shown in Table 1, although the average molecular weight of the filtrate decreased as the treatment temperature was increased from 150 ° C to 260 ° C, it was recognized that the molecular weight tended to increase again at 260 ° C. From the above experiment, it was found that the treatment condition at 260 ° C. was the most suitable condition for reducing the molecular weight of the cabbage residue.
[0038]
On the other hand, those treated at 150 ° C. under conditions other than subcriticality had a residual ratio of solids after treatment of 83.4%, and Brix was 0.4, which was higher than that of the treated material under other conditions. . This indicates that the solid matter of the red cabbage residue was hardly decomposed by the treatment at 150 ° C. In the case of treatment at 390 ° C. under conditions other than subcriticality, the residual ratio of solids after treatment was 1.9%, which was the lowest value, but the average molecular weight in the filtrate was relatively high at 687. Was. From this, it was considered that treatment under such temperature conditions can contribute to reduction of the amount of waste plant residues, but it is not preferable from the viewpoint of effective use of the decomposition products.
[0039]
(2-2) Effect of treatment time Next, the influence of the treatment time (treatment temperature of 260 ° C) was examined from the solid residual ratio (Rete (%)) of the red cabbage residue after treatment and the average molecular weight of the filtrate. Table 2 shows the results.
[0040]
[Table 2]
[0041]
As shown in Table 2, as the treatment time became longer, the solid residual ratio of the cabbage residue decreased, and the average molecular weight of the filtrate tended to decrease. That is, the solid matter of the cabbage residue decomposed with the lapse of the treatment time, but the reduction rate of the average molecular weight caused by the decomposition was lower than when the temperature condition was increased. In addition, the average molecular weight decreases rapidly after the treatment for 5 minutes or more, and the average molecular weight is reduced to 147 by treating at 260 ° C. for 15 minutes, which is the most suitable for use as methane fermentation or liquid fertilizer. The desired molecular weight was obtained.
[0042]
According to the above experimental results, by treating the red cabbage residue under subcritical conditions in the presence of water, the solid content of the red cabbage residue was reduced to a maximum of 5% of the original value (temperature: 360 ° C., treatment time: 15 minutes) ). This was calculated to reduce 15 tons of red cabbage residue per day discharged in the production of red cabbage pigment to about 750 kg. In addition, since the obtained decomposed product was decomposed to an average molecular weight of about 100 to 200, it was decomposed smaller than cellulose or sugar, and could be effectively used for methane fermentation, liquid fertilizer, and the like. . In particular, a temperature of 260 ° C. and a processing time of 15 minutes in the presence of water can be said to be the most efficient processing conditions. Although this is a milder condition than the treatment conditions described in Patent Documents 3 and 4, it decomposes from cellulose to low-molecular components lower than sugar, and the effective use of the obtained decomposed product is clear. It was found that the processing conditions were very efficient.
[0043]
【The invention's effect】
According to the method of the present invention, the amount of plant residues discharged in large quantities during industrial use of plants, particularly the absolute amount of plant residues discharged after extracting useful components such as pigments from colored plants, is reduced. The contained high molecular components can be reduced in molecular weight and can be efficiently converted into useful components. For example, a product obtained by such a treatment method can be effectively reused as a fermentation raw material (energy or nutrient source) such as methane fermentation or a fertilizer such as liquid fertilizer.
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| JP2007023214A (en) * | 2005-07-20 | 2007-02-01 | Hiroshima Univ | Biomass gasification method and system |
| JP2007313476A (en) * | 2006-05-29 | 2007-12-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Decomposition method for woody waste |
| WO2008105035A1 (en) * | 2007-02-27 | 2008-09-04 | National University Corporation Shizuoka University | Oil cake treatment apparatus, oil cake treatment method, and method for production of fertilizer derived from oil cake |
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| CN108586025A (en) * | 2018-01-24 | 2018-09-28 | 杨凌普 | Application and application process of the sweet potato residue in fruits and vegetables plantation |
| CN108863451A (en) * | 2018-08-22 | 2018-11-23 | 泰安市泰山林业科学研究院 | A method of organic fertilizer is prepared using the fresh material of fruit |
| WO2019244920A1 (en) * | 2018-06-19 | 2019-12-26 | 三栄源エフ・エフ・アイ株式会社 | Colorant composition |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2007023214A (en) * | 2005-07-20 | 2007-02-01 | Hiroshima Univ | Biomass gasification method and system |
| JP2007313476A (en) * | 2006-05-29 | 2007-12-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Decomposition method for woody waste |
| WO2008105035A1 (en) * | 2007-02-27 | 2008-09-04 | National University Corporation Shizuoka University | Oil cake treatment apparatus, oil cake treatment method, and method for production of fertilizer derived from oil cake |
| US8246712B2 (en) | 2007-02-27 | 2012-08-21 | National University Corporation Shizuoka University | Soapstock treatment apparatus, soapstock treatment method, and method for manufacturing fertilizer derived from soapstock |
| JP2016056174A (en) * | 2015-10-07 | 2016-04-21 | 株式会社クラフトマン | Method and apparatus for producing immunoactivator |
| CN108586025A (en) * | 2018-01-24 | 2018-09-28 | 杨凌普 | Application and application process of the sweet potato residue in fruits and vegetables plantation |
| WO2019244920A1 (en) * | 2018-06-19 | 2019-12-26 | 三栄源エフ・エフ・アイ株式会社 | Colorant composition |
| CN108863451A (en) * | 2018-08-22 | 2018-11-23 | 泰安市泰山林业科学研究院 | A method of organic fertilizer is prepared using the fresh material of fruit |
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