JP2004294750A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor - Google Patents
Electrophotographic photoreceptor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2004294750A JP2004294750A JP2003086810A JP2003086810A JP2004294750A JP 2004294750 A JP2004294750 A JP 2004294750A JP 2003086810 A JP2003086810 A JP 2003086810A JP 2003086810 A JP2003086810 A JP 2003086810A JP 2004294750 A JP2004294750 A JP 2004294750A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- group
- general formula
- photosensitive layer
- optionally substituted
- bis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 5
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 32
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000006748 scratching Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002393 scratching effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 87
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 51
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 51
- -1 n-octyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 41
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 28
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 21
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 19
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 15
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 13
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol F Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 9
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 6
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 6
- 125000001140 1,4-phenylene group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([*:2])=C([H])C([H])=C1[*:1] 0.000 description 5
- AZZWZMUXHALBCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-2,6-dimethylphenol Chemical compound CC1=C(O)C(C)=CC(CC=2C=C(C)C(O)=C(C)C=2)=C1 AZZWZMUXHALBCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 5
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QQOMQLYQAXGHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C)C(O)=C1C QQOMQLYQAXGHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930185605 Bisphenol Natural products 0.000 description 4
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical class C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- HTZCNXWZYVXIMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl(triethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 HTZCNXWZYVXIMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- YKPAABNCNAGAAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(CC)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 YKPAABNCNAGAAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000001989 1,3-phenylene group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([*:1])=C([H])C([*:2])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 3
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229920006287 phenoxy resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- QPFMBZIOSGYJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(Cl)Cl QPFMBZIOSGYJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCNHNBLSNVSJTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HCNHNBLSNVSJTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002030 1,2-phenylene group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([*:1])=C([*:2])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C)=CC=CC2=C1 QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VHQGURIJMFPBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,7-trinitrofluoren-9-one Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C2C3=CC=C([N+](=O)[O-])C=C3C(=O)C2=C1 VHQGURIJMFPBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FKUJGZJNDUGCFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dimethylterephthalic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(O)=O)=C(C)C=C1C(O)=O FKUJGZJNDUGCFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNZQDUSMALZDQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)OCC2=C1 WNZQDUSMALZDQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLLIQLLCWZCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxyethyl acetate Chemical compound COCCOC(C)=O XLLIQLLCWZCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004493 2-methylbut-1-yl group Chemical group CC(C*)CC 0.000 description 2
- YMTYZTXUZLQUSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3'-Dimethylbisphenol A Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(C)=CC(C(C)(C)C=2C=C(C)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 YMTYZTXUZLQUSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(oxolan-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1CCCO1 WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YDSGCMVPVMGPGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-2,5-dimethylphenol Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(C)=CC(CC=2C(=CC(O)=C(C)C=2)C)=C1C YDSGCMVPVMGPGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDGXPHFWSPGAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)ethyl]-2-methylphenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C(C)=CC=1C(C)C1=CC=C(O)C(C)=C1 XDGXPHFWSPGAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ODJUOZPKKHIEOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propan-2-yl]-2,6-dimethylphenol Chemical compound CC1=C(O)C(C)=CC(C(C)(C)C=2C=C(C)C(O)=C(C)C=2)=C1 ODJUOZPKKHIEOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BKTRENAPTCBBFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-phenylphenyl)propan-2-yl]-2-phenylphenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=CC=1C(C)(C)C(C=1)=CC=C(O)C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 BKTRENAPTCBBFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HXDOZKJGKXYMEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethylphenol Chemical compound CCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HXDOZKJGKXYMEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VOWWYDCFAISREI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bisphenol AP Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 VOWWYDCFAISREI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SDDLEVPIDBLVHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bisphenol Z Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)CCCCC1 SDDLEVPIDBLVHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012695 Interfacial polymerization Methods 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMNPXXIGUOKIPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4-(carbamothioylamino)phenyl]thiourea Chemical compound NC(=S)NC1=CC=C(NC(N)=S)C=C1 AMNPXXIGUOKIPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002178 anthracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002529 biphenylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C12)* 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001716 carbazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002993 cycloalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical group [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QWVGKYWNOKOFNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-cresol Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1O QWVGKYWNOKOFNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IWDCLRJOBJJRNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-cresol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IWDCLRJOBJJRNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenolphthalein Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)O1 KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013034 phenoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004714 phosphonium salts Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005668 polycarbonate resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004431 polycarbonate resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GUEIZVNYDFNHJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinizarin Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C(O)=CC=C2O GUEIZVNYDFNHJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004053 quinones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000003548 sec-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FHIDEWWHKSJPTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3,5-dinitrophenyl)-phenylmethanone Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC(C(=O)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 FHIDEWWHKSJPTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YRTPZXMEBGTPLM-UVTDQMKNSA-N (3z)-3-benzylidene-2-benzofuran-1-one Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C(=O)O\C1=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 YRTPZXMEBGTPLM-UVTDQMKNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M (4z)-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-[[1-(3-methylbutyl)quinolin-1-ium-4-yl]methylidene]quinoline;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C12=CC=CC=C2N(CCC(C)C)C=CC1=CC1=CC=[N+](CCC(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 0 **c1c(*c(c(*)c2*)c(*)c(*)c2O)c(*)c(*)c(O)c1* Chemical compound **c1c(*c(c(*)c2*)c(*)c(*)c2O)c(*)c(*)c(O)c1* 0.000 description 1
- UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)(Cl)Cl UOCLXMDMGBRAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SPEUIVXLLWOEMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COC(C)OC SPEUIVXLLWOEMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004955 1,4-cyclohexylene group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOZLLWQPJJSWPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-5-nitroanthracene-9,10-dione Chemical compound O=C1C2=C(Cl)C=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=CC=C2[N+](=O)[O-] VOZLLWQPJJSWPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVFWSIQTAXZIPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-dodecyl-2-methylpyridin-1-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1C TVFWSIQTAXZIPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GKQHIYSTBXDYNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-dodecylpyridin-1-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 GKQHIYSTBXDYNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCANAXVBJKNANM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitroanthracene-9,10-dione Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=CC=C2[N+](=O)[O-] YCANAXVBJKNANM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=NC2=C1 HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVPKNMBRVBMTLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dichloronaphthalene-1,4-dione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(=O)C2=C1 SVPKNMBRVBMTLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOERSAVCLPYNIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluoren-9-one Chemical compound O=C1C2=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C2C2=C1C=C([N+](=O)[O-])C=C2[N+]([O-])=O JOERSAVCLPYNIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPRYUXCVCCNUFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trimethylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C(O)C(C)=C1 BPRYUXCVCCNUFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RPFQLNVYEXATJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dimethylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C)=C1C(O)=O RPFQLNVYEXATJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIQYOFNSIZEILQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dimethylterephthalic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC(C)=C1C(O)=O SIQYOFNSIZEILQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLJBWJNKXZYYHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-(3-oxo-2-benzofuran-1-ylidene)acetonitrile Chemical compound C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1C(C#N)=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)O1 KLJBWJNKXZYYHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RDMANBWYQHJIFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(anthracen-9-ylmethylidene)propanedinitrile Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C=C(C#N)C#N)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=CC2=C1 RDMANBWYQHJIFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KUBDPQJOLOUJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane;4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound ClCC1CO1.C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KUBDPQJOLOUJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NGNBDVOYPDDBFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2,4-di(pentan-2-yl)phenoxy]acetyl chloride Chemical compound CCCC(C)C1=CC=C(OCC(Cl)=O)C(C(C)CCC)=C1 NGNBDVOYPDDBFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WAVNYPVYNSIHNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzylidenepropanedinitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WAVNYPVYNSIHNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCUMMFDPFFDQEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butan-2-yl-4-[2-(3-butan-2-yl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(C(C)CC)=CC(C(C)(C)C=2C=C(C(O)=CC=2)C(C)CC)=C1 XCUMMFDPFFDQEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBQRPFBBTWXIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-4-[2-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C(Cl)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C(Cl)=C1 XBQRPFBBTWXIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPKCTSIVDAWGFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroanthracene-9,10-dione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(Cl)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 FPKCTSIVDAWGFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XQOAPEATHLRJMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-4-[2-(3-ethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(CC)=CC(C(C)(C)C=2C=C(CC)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 XQOAPEATHLRJMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLPQUCKLVZXJEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-fluoro-4-[2-(3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C(F)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C(F)=C1 KLPQUCKLVZXJEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABMULKFGWTYIIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hexylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O ABMULKFGWTYIIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AIDLAEPHWROGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC=C1C(O)=O AIDLAEPHWROGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFMBOFGKHIXOTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylterephthalic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC=C1C(O)=O UFMBOFGKHIXOTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IVYVGNFZSMVGIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylterephthalic acid;phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O.CC1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC=C1C(O)=O IVYVGNFZSMVGIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMWKITSNTDAEDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitrobenzaldehyde Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C=O CMWKITSNTDAEDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MEEKGULDSDXFCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-pentylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O MEEKGULDSDXFCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCHYEKKJCUJAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-propylphenol Chemical compound CCCC1=CC=CC=C1O LCHYEKKJCUJAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=C1 VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKNCVRMXCLUOJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3'-dibromobisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C(Br)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C(Br)=C1 CKNCVRMXCLUOJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJBCDCXWTILPBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,6-dimethylnaphthalene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=C(C(O)=O)C=C2C=C(C(O)=O)C(C)=CC2=C1 BJBCDCXWTILPBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLXXUWLAHOWTJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,7-dimethylnaphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=C(C)C=C2C=C(C(O)=O)C(C)=CC2=C1 ZLXXUWLAHOWTJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSSYVKMJJLDTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-phenylphthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1C(O)=O HSSYVKMJJLDTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFFZGYRTVIPBFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3h-indene-1,2-dione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(=O)CC2=C1 WFFZGYRTVIPBFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VWGKEVWFBOUAND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-thiodiphenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1SC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VWGKEVWFBOUAND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPSSMIFTUQKPSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dimethylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1C CPSSMIFTUQKPSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NZGQHKSLKRFZFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)phenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 NZGQHKSLKRFZFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDTHMESPCBONDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one Chemical compound C1=CC(=O)C=CC1=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 DDTHMESPCBONDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLSLBUSXWBJMEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Propylphenol Chemical compound CCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KLSLBUSXWBJMEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKNMHADBVOPGEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)methyl]-3-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC(O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1C WKNMHADBVOPGEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIFGCULLADMRTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)methyl]-2-methylphenol Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(C)=CC(CC=2C=C(C)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 MIFGCULLADMRTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DFAXBVOHLIMORA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-hydroxy-3-phenylphenyl)methyl]-2-phenylphenol Chemical compound C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=CC=C1CC(C=1)=CC=C(O)C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 DFAXBVOHLIMORA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BATCUENAARTUKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)-diphenylmethyl]phenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 BATCUENAARTUKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUTXHCCMQDOMQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1-(4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-2,5-dimethylphenol Chemical compound C=1C(C)=C(O)C=C(C)C=1C(C)C1=CC(C)=C(O)C=C1C GUTXHCCMQDOMQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WZDLEYNMGWZAEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-2,6-dimethylphenol Chemical compound C=1C(C)=C(O)C(C)=CC=1C(C)C1=CC(C)=C(O)C(C)=C1 WZDLEYNMGWZAEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BNGGVJXIUPQHJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1-(4-hydroxy-3-phenylphenyl)ethyl]-2-phenylphenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=CC=1C(C)C(C=1)=CC=C(O)C=1C1=CC=CC=C1 BNGGVJXIUPQHJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CNMNEYFYZTUKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenylpropyl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)(CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 CNMNEYFYZTUKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MEULQGJMDOFEQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]phenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C=CCCC1 MEULQGJMDOFEQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVVCSFQRAXVPGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclopentyl]phenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)CCCC1 OVVCSFQRAXVPGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJWIRZQYWANBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-propan-2-ylphenyl)propan-2-yl]-2-propan-2-ylphenol Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(C(C)C)=CC(C(C)(C)C=2C=C(C(O)=CC=2)C(C)C)=C1 IJWIRZQYWANBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RCBCKMFUCKSULG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-diphenylpropan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)(CC=1C=CC=CC=1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 RCBCKMFUCKSULG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KANXFMWQMYCHHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylbutan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C(C)C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KANXFMWQMYCHHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHLLJTHDWPAQEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylpentan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(CC(C)C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VHLLJTHDWPAQEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQTPHEAGPRFALE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(CCCC)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ZQTPHEAGPRFALE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WCUDAIJOADOKAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(CCC)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 WCUDAIJOADOKAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UJEUBSWHCGDJQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C2=CC=CC3=C2C1=CC=C3Cl UJEUBSWHCGDJQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNWSHHILERSSLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1C(O)=O PNWSHHILERSSLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MEPYMUOZRROULQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC(C)=C1O MEPYMUOZRROULQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHPQWRBYOIRBIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butylphenol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QHPQWRBYOIRBIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMZBHPUNQNKBOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 PMZBHPUNQNKBOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YYVYAPXYZVYDHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9,10-phenanthroquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 YYVYAPXYZVYDHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HTVITOHKHWFJKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bisphenol B Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(CC)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HTVITOHKHWFJKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyraldehyde Chemical compound CCCC=O ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000000177 Indigofera tinctoria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonylphenol Natural products CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phthalic anhydride Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic aldehyde Chemical compound CCC=O NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinacridone Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C1C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3NC1=C2 NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001370 Se alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLNFINLXAKOTJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [As].[Se] Chemical compound [As].[Se] QLNFINLXAKOTJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- WJGAPUXHSQQWQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC(O)=O WJGAPUXHSQQWQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous glutaric acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001448 anilines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007743 anodising Methods 0.000 description 1
- YBIBFEHHOULQKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-9-yl(phenyl)methanone Chemical compound C=12C=CC=CC2=CC2=CC=CC=C2C=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 YBIBFEHHOULQKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FNGGVJIEWDRLFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C3C=C21 FNGGVJIEWDRLFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940054051 antipsychotic indole derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005667 attractant Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium titanate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])([O-])[O-] JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002113 barium titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- DKENIBCTMGZSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfinyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 DKENIBCTMGZSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CSKNSYBAZOQPLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CSKNSYBAZOQPLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PASDCCFISLVPSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 PASDCCFISLVPSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJGNLOIQCWLBJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl(tributyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 VJGNLOIQCWLBJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KXHPPCXNWTUNSB-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 KXHPPCXNWTUNSB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YXVFYQXJAXKLAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N biphenyl-4-ol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YXVFYQXJAXKLAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001506 brilliant green Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HXCILVUBKWANLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N brilliant green cation Chemical compound C1=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)=C1C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C1 HXCILVUBKWANLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromic acid Chemical compound OBr(=O)=O SXDBWCPKPHAZSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- XZKRXPZXQLARHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-dienylbenzene Chemical group C=CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XZKRXPZXQLARHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1CC1(F)F JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVECBJCOGJRVPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyryl chloride Chemical compound CCCC(Cl)=O DVECBJCOGJRVPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AOWKSNWVBZGMTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium titanate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O AOWKSNWVBZGMTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- XOYLJNJLGBYDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlorogallium Chemical compound [Ga]Cl XOYLJNJLGBYDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M crystal violet Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1[C+](C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C)C)C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007766 curtain coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004956 cyclohexylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000664 diazo group Chemical group [N-]=[N+]=[*] 0.000 description 1
- 150000001990 dicarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940117389 dichlorobenzene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IBDMRHDXAQZJAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorophosphorylbenzene Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 IBDMRHDXAQZJAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010528 free radical solution polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- QFWPJPIVLCBXFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N glymidine Chemical compound N1=CC(OCCOC)=CN=C1NS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QFWPJPIVLCBXFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007857 hydrazones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002433 hydrophilic molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940097275 indigo Drugs 0.000 description 1
- COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indigo powder Natural products N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1=C1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1 COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- APHGZSBLRQFRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M indium(1+);chloride Chemical compound [In]Cl APHGZSBLRQFRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002475 indoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010954 inorganic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079865 intestinal antiinfectives imidazole derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NYGZLYXAPMMJTE-UHFFFAOYSA-M metanil yellow Chemical group [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC(N=NC=2C=CC(NC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)=C1 NYGZLYXAPMMJTE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M methylene blue Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960000907 methylthioninium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XKBGEWXEAPTVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyltrioctylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC XKBGEWXEAPTVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTAZYLNFDRKIHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dioctyloctan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC XTAZYLNFDRKIHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABMFBCRYHDZLRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=C(C(O)=O)C2=C1 ABMFBCRYHDZLRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007978 oxazole derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- SJHHDDDGXWOYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxytitamium phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Ti+2]=O.C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 SJHHDDDGXWOYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003022 phthalic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005506 phthalide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000019612 pigmentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001470 polyketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003217 pyrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003219 pyrazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001629 stilbenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LXEJRKJRKIFVNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N terephthaloyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(Cl)=O)C=C1 LXEJRKJRKIFVNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylphosphanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[P+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(=O)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C1=O UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoethylene Chemical group N#CC(C#N)=C(C#N)C#N NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoquinodimethane Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=C1C=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1 PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004867 thiadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001016 thiazine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OLKUPBYQDDHEET-UHFFFAOYSA-M triethyl(octadecyl)phosphanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[P+](CC)(CC)CC OLKUPBYQDDHEET-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005287 vanadyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
Abstract
【課題】電子写真プロセスで繰り返し使用される際の、クリ−ニングブレ−ド、磁気ブラシなどの摺擦や現像剤、紙との接触等による感光層表面の摩耗や傷の発生、膜の剥がれといった機械的劣化に対する耐久性の高い電子写真感光体を提供する。
【解決手段】導電性支持体上に少なくとも感光層を有する電子写真感光体であって、感光層中に下記一般式(1)で表される構造を含むポリエステル樹脂を含有することを特徴とする電子写真感光体。
(但し、一般式(1)中X1、X2は独立にエステル結合またはエーテル結合を示し、Y1は二価の置換されていても良い炭化水素基を表し、R1〜R8 は、それぞれ独立に、水素、アルキル基、アリール基、ハロゲン原子またはアルコキシル基を表し、W1は二価の置換されていても良い芳香族基または二価の置換されていてもよい炭化水素基を表す。)When repeatedly used in an electrophotographic process, abrading or scratching of a photosensitive layer surface due to rubbing of a cleaning blade, a magnetic brush or the like, contact with a developer or paper, peeling of a film, etc. Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having high durability against mechanical deterioration.
An electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, characterized in that the photosensitive layer contains a polyester resin having a structure represented by the following general formula (1). Electrophotographic photoreceptor.
(However, in the general formula (1), X 1 and X 2 each independently represent an ester bond or an ether bond, Y 1 represents a divalent optionally substituted hydrocarbon group, and R 1 to R 8 Each independently represents hydrogen, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a halogen atom or an alkoxyl group, and W 1 represents a divalent optionally substituted aromatic group or a divalent optionally substituted hydrocarbon group Represents )
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、電子写真感光体に関し、さらに詳しくは、特定の構造を有するポリエステル樹脂を含有する電子写真感光体に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
電子写真技術は、即時性、高品質の画像が得られることなどから、近年では複写機の分野にとどまらず、各種プリンタ−の分野でも広く使われ応用されている。電子写真技術の中核となる感光体については、その光導電材料として従来からのセレニウム、ヒ素−セレニウム合金、硫化カドミニウム、酸化亜鉛といった無機系の光導電体から、最近では、無公害で成膜が容易、製造が容易である等の利点を有する有機系の光導電材料を使用した感光体が開発されている。
【0003】
有機系感光体の中でも電荷発生層、及び電荷輸送層を積層した、いわゆる積層型感光体が考案され、研究の主流となっている。積層型感光体は、それぞれ効率の高い電荷発生物質、及び電荷輸送物質を組合せることにより高感度な感光体が得られること、材料の選択範囲が広く安全性の高い感光体が得られること、また塗布の生産性が高く比較的コスト面でも有利なことから、感光体の主流となっており、鋭意開発されている。
【0004】
しかしながら、従来の技術では有機系の光導電材料を使用した感光体は、感度、帯電性といった電気的特性においては十分な性能を持つが、感光体表面の物理的強度に於いて不十分であるため実用上限られた耐刷性能に留まっているのが現状であり、このような感光体表面の物理的強度をほぼ決定するのは、感光体の最表面層の機械的特性である。
【0005】
これまで、機械的強度を高めるために、最表面層のバインダー樹脂としてポリカーボネートが用いられていたが、近年ではポリアリレート樹脂のような耐摩耗性の高い樹脂を使用することが提案されている(例えば、特許文献1および特許文献2参照)。しかし、ポリアリレート樹脂を使用した感光体では、感光層を塗布形成する際の塗布液を調製する際に用いられる非ハロゲン系溶媒への溶解性が悪かったり、電気特性が悪化するなどの問題を含んでいるのが現状である。
【0006】
【特許文献1】特開昭56−135844号公報
【特許文献2】特開平13−312077号公報
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
電子写真感光体は、電子写真プロセスすなわち帯電、露光、現像、転写、クリーニング、除電等のサイクルで繰り返し使用されるためその間様々なストレスを受け劣化する。この様な劣化としては例えば帯電器として普通用いられるコロナ帯電器から発生する強酸化性のオゾンやNOxが感光層に化学的なダメ−ジを与えたり、像露光で生成したキャリア−(電流)が感光層内を流れることや除電光、外部からの光によって感光層組成物が分解するなどによる化学的、電気的劣化がある。またこれとは別の劣化としてクリ−ニングブレ−ド、磁気ブラシなどの摺擦や現像剤、紙との接触等による感光層表面の摩耗や傷の発生、膜の剥がれといった機械的劣化がある。特にこの様な感光層表面に生じる損傷はコピ−画像上に現れやすく、直接画像品質を損うため感光体の寿命を制限する大きな要因となっている。すなわち高寿命の感光体を開発するためには、電気的、化学的耐久性を高めると同時に機械的強度を高めることも必須条件である。
【0008】
電子写真感光体において機械的劣化を生じるのはその最表面層であり、一般に、単層型感光体では感光層が、積層型感光体では電荷輸送層である。積層型感光体における電荷輸送層は、通常バインダー樹脂と電荷輸送物質からなっており、これまで電荷輸送層のバインダー樹脂としてはポリメタクリレート、ポリスチレン、ポリ塩化ビニル等のビニル重合体およびその共重合体、ポリカーボネート、ポリエステル、ポリスルホン、フェノキシ、エポキシ、シリコーン樹脂等の熱可塑性樹脂や熱硬化性樹脂が用いられている。中でもバインダー樹脂として優れた性能を有する種々のポリカーボネート樹脂が、開発され実用に共されている。しかしながら、従来の有機感光体はトナーによる現像、紙との摩擦、クリーニング部材(ブレード)による摩擦など実用上の負荷によって表面が摩耗してしまったり表面に傷が生じてしまうなどの欠点を有しており、実用上は限られた印刷性能にとどまっているのが現状である。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は、これらの現状に鑑み、機械的強度の改良について鋭意検討を重ねた結果、特定の構造を有するポリエステル樹脂を最表面層に含有させることにより、耐摩耗性が著しく高まることを見いだし、また電気特性が改良された電子写真感光体を提供することができる本発明に至った。
【0010】
すなわち本発明は、導電性支持体上に少なくとも感光層を有する電子写真感光体であって、感光層中に下記一般式(1)で表される構造を含むポリエステル樹脂を含有することを特徴とする電子写真感光体に関する。
【0011】
【化3】
(但し、一般式(1)中X1、X2は独立にエステル結合またはエーテル結合を示し、Y1は二価の置換されていても良い炭化水素基を表し、R1〜R8 は、それぞれ独立に、水素、アルキル基、アリール基、ハロゲン原子またはアルコキシル基を表し、W1は二価の置換されていても良い芳香族基または二価の置換されていてもよい炭化水素基を表す。)
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明を詳細に説明する。
本発明の電子写真感光体は、導電性支持体上に感光層を有するものであり、該感光層が下記一般式(1)で表される構造を含むポリエステル樹脂を含有する。
【0013】
【化4】
一般式(1)の構造単位を有するポリエステル樹脂は、下記一般式(3)で表されるジヒドロキシ化合物と、下記一般式(4)で表されるジカルボン酸、又はその誘導体とを重合させることにより製造することができる。
【0014】
【化5】
一般式(1)または(3)中のX1、X2は、それぞれ独立に、エステル結合またはエーテル結合である。
【0015】
Y1は二価の置換されていても良い炭化水素基を表すが、好ましくはメチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ヘキサメチレン基などの炭素数1以上20以下のアルキレン基または1,4−シクロヘキシレン基などの炭素数3以上25以下のシクロアルキレン基を表し、さらに好ましくはエチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ヘキサメチレン基、1,4−シクロヘキシレン基等の炭素数2以上8以下のアルキレン基またはシクロアルキレン基が、挙げられる。
【0016】
R1〜R8は、水素;塩素、フッ素、臭素などのハロゲン原子;メチル基、エチル基、n−プロピル基、イソプロピル基、n−ブチル基、イソブチル基、tert−ブチル基、sec−ブチル基、n−ペンチル基、シクロペンチル基、iso−ペンチル基、sec−ペンチル基、neo−ペンチル基、2−メチルブチル基、1,1−ジメチルプロピル基、1−エチルプロピル基、n−ヘキシル基、シクロヘキシル基、n−オクチル基、n−ノニル基などのアルキル基;フェニル基、ナフチル基、アントラセニル基などのアリール基;メトキシ基、エトキシ基などのアルコキシル基、が挙げられる。これらのうち水素またはアルキル基が好ましく、これらの中でも特にメチル基が好ましい。
【0017】
W1は二価の置換されていても良い芳香族基または二価の置換されていてもよい炭化水素基を表す。より具体的には、1,4−フェニレン基、2−メチル−1,4−フェニレン基、2,5−ジメチル−1,4−フェニレン基、1,3−フェニレン基、1,2−フェニレン基、2,3−ナフタレンジイル基、2,6−ナフタレンジイル基、2,7−ナフタレンジイル基、2,3−アントラセンジイル基、2,7−ナフタレンジイル基、2,8−ナフタレンジイル基、4,4’−ビフェニレン基等のアリーレン基;メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基等のアルキレン基およびビニレン基等が挙げられるが、好ましくは、1,4−フェニレン基、2,6−ナフタレンジイル基、アントラセンジイル基、ビフェニレン基等のアリーレン基;メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基等のアルキレン基が挙げられ、これらの中でもアリーレン基、特に1,4−フェニレン基または1,3−フェニレン基が好ましい。
【0018】
本発明の一般式(4)で表される繰り返し単位を構成する2価カルボン酸としては、テレフタル酸(以下、TPAということがある)、イソフタル酸(以下、IPAということがある)、フタル酸、2−メチル−1,4−ベンゼンジカルボン酸、2,5−ジメチル−1,4−ベンゼンジカルボン酸、2,6−ジメチル−1,4−ベンゼンジカルボン酸、2−メチル−1,3−ベンゼンジカルボン酸、4−メチル−1,3−ベンゼンジカルボン酸、5−メチル−1,3−ベンゼンジカルボン酸、2,4−ジメチル−1,3−ベンゼンジカルボン酸、4,5−ジメチル−1,3−ベンゼンジカルボン酸等のベンゼンジカルボン酸;3,6−ジメチル−2,7−ナフタレンジカルボン酸、3,7−ジメチル−2,6−ナフタレンジカルボン酸、2,7−ナフタレンジカルボン酸、2,6−ナフタレンジカルボン酸、1,4−ナフタレンジカルボン酸等のナフタレンジカルボン酸;アントラセンジカルボン酸;ビフェニルジカルボン酸などの芳香族ジカルボン酸:並びにマロン酸、コハク酸、グルタル酸、アジピン酸等の脂肪族飽和ジカルボン酸;及びフマル酸、マレイン酸等の脂肪族不飽和ジカルボン酸などの脂肪族ジカルボン酸が挙げられる。
【0019】
これらの中で、TPA、IPA、2−メチル−1,4−ベンゼンジカルボン酸、又は2,5−ジメチル−1,4−ベンゼンジカルボン酸が好ましい。最も好ましいのは、TPA又はIPAである。
これらのジカルボン酸は、単独で用いてもよいが、複数を併用するのが好ましい。なかでも、IPAとTPAとを併用するのが好ましい。TPAとIPAとを併用する場合には、IPAに由来する基が多くなると電気特性が悪化することがあるため、通常全ジカルボン酸成分に対して50モル%未満、好ましくは30モル%未満、特に好ましくは10モル%未満となるようにするのが好ましい。
【0020】
ジカルボン酸誘導体としては、ジカルボン酸の酸ハロゲン化物が挙げられる。酸ハロゲン化物としては、酸塩化物が好ましい。
一般式(1)で表される繰り返し単位の具体例としては、下記の構造の繰り返し単位が挙げられる。
【0021】
【化6】
本発明におけるポリエステル樹脂は、さらに、一般式(1)で表される繰り返し単位と、下記一般式(2)で表される繰り返し単位との共重合体を含有するものが好ましい。この場合、一般式(1)で表される繰り返し単位のみを含むポリエステル樹脂と、一般式(1)および一般式(2)で表される繰り返し単位による共重合体であるポリエステル樹脂の混合物でも良いが、該共重合体のみで構成されるのがより好ましい。
【0022】
【化7】
【0023】
本発明におけるポリエステル樹脂が、一般式(1)で表される繰り返し単位のみを含むポリエステル樹脂と、一般式(1)および一般式(2)で表される繰り返し単位による共重合体であるポリエステル樹脂の混合物であっても、一般式(1)および一般式(2)で表される繰り返し単位による共重合体のみであっても、感光体が十分な耐久性を得るために、該共重合体における一般式(1)で表される繰り返し単位の共重合比率は、モル比で0.1%以上、好ましくは1%以上、より好ましくは5%以上であり、感光層形成用塗布液調製の際に塗布溶媒に対して十分な溶解度を得るために、一般式(1)で表される繰り返し単位の共重合比率は、モル比で50%以下、好ましくは30%以下、より好ましくは20%以下で用いられる。
【0024】
一般式(2)の構造単位を有するポリエステル樹脂は、下記一般式(5)で表されるジヒドロキシ化合物と、下記一般式(6)で表されるジカルボン酸、又はその誘導体とを重合させることにより製造することができる。
【0025】
【化8】
一般式(2)または(5)中のY2は、単結合、−S−、−O−、−CO−、スルホニル基、シクロアルキル基、アルキレン基または−CR17R18−であり、これらの中でもアルキレン基が好ましく、より好ましくは炭素数1以上8以下のアルキレン基である。Y2がメチレン基であると、機械物性、塗布溶媒に対する溶解性、塗布溶液の溶液安定性の点で特に好ましい。
【0026】
R9〜R18 は、水素;塩素、フッ素、臭素などのハロゲン原子;メチル基、エチル基、n−プロピル基、イソプロピル基、n−ブチル基、イソブチル基、tert−ブチル基、sec−ブチル基、n−ペンチル基、シクロペンチル基、iso−ペンチル基、sec−ペンチル基、neo−ペンチル基、2−メチルブチル基、1,1−ジメチルプロピル基、1−エチルプロピル基、n−ヘキシル基、シクロヘキシル基、n−オクチル基、n−ノニル基などのアルキル基;フェニル基、ナフチル基、アントラセニル基などのアリール基;メトキシ基、エトキシ基などのアルコキシル基、が挙げられる。これらのうち水素またはアルキル基が好ましく、特に水素またはメチル基が好ましい。
【0027】
一般式(5)で表されるジヒドロキシ化合物の具体例としては、
1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)エタン(BPE)、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロパン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロパン(BPA)、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)メタン(BPF)、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニル)メタン(TmBPF)、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)ブタン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)ペンタン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−3−メチルブタン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)ヘキサン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−4−メチルペンタン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロペンタン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン(BPZ)、ビス−(3−フェニル−4−ヒドロキシフェニル)メタン、1,1−ビス−(3−フェニル−4−ヒドロキシフェニル)エタン、1,1−ビス−(3−フェニル−4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロパン、2,2−ビス−(3−フェニル−4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロパン、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メチルフェニル)メタン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メチルフェニル)エタン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メチルフェニル)プロパン(BPC)、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−エチルフェニル)プロパン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−イソプロピルフェニル)プロパン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−sec−ブチルフェニル)プロパン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニル)エタン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニル)プロパン、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,6−ジメチルフェニル)メタン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,6−ジメチルフェニル)エタン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−1−フェニルエタン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−1−フェニルプロパン、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)ジフェニルメタン、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)ジベンジルメタン、4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルエーテル、4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルスルホン、4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルスルフィド、フェノールフタルレイン、4,4’−[1,4−フェニレンビス(1−メチルビニリデン)]ビスフェノール、4,4’−[1,4−フェニレンビス(1−メチルビニリデン)]ビス[2−メチルフェノール]などが挙げられる。
【0028】
これらの中で好ましい例としては、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)エタン(BPE)、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロパン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロパン(BPA)、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−クロロフェニル)プロパン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−ブロモフェニル)プロパン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−フルオロフェニル)プロパン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジブロモフェニル)プロパン、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)メタン(BPF)、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニル)メタン(TmBPF)、2,2−ビス−(3−フェニル−4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロパン、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メチルフェニル)メタン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メチルフェニル)エタン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メチルフェニル)プロパン(BPC)ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニル)メタン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニル)エタン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニル)プロパン、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,6−ジメチルフェニル)メタン、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−1−フェニルエタン(BPP)が挙げられる。特に好ましいのはビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニル)メタン(TmBPF)、ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)メタン(BPF)、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロパン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)プロパン(BPA)、1,1−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン、2,2−ビス−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メチルフェニル)プロパン(BPC)である。
【0029】
一般式(2)または(6)中のW2は、二価の置換されていても良い芳香族基または二価の置換されていてもよい炭化水素基を表す。具体的には1,4−フェニレン基、2−メチル−1,4−フェニレン基、2,5−ジメチル−1,4−フェニレン基、1,3−フェニレン基、1,2−フェニレン基、2,3−ナフタレンジイル基、2,6−ナフタレンジイル基、2,7−ナフタレンジイル基、2,3−アントラセンジイル基、2,7−ナフタレンジイル基、2,8−ナフタレンジイル基、4,4’−ビフェニレン基等のアリーレン基、メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基等のアルキレン基およびビニレン基等が挙げられるが、好ましくは、1,4−フェニレン基、2,6−ナフタレンジイル基、アントラセンジイル基、ビフェニレン基等のアリーレン基;メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基等のアルキレン基およびビニレン基などが挙げられ、これらの中でアリーレン基、特にフェニレン基が好ましい。
【0030】
本発明の一般式(6)で表される繰り返し単位を構成する2価カルボン酸としては、一般式(4)で表される2価カルボン酸と同様のものが使用出来る。
一般式(6)で表されるジカルボン酸としては、単独のものを用いても良いが、複数を併用するのが好ましい。なかでも、IPAとTPAとを併用するのが好ましい。TPAとIPAとを併用する場合には、IPAに由来する基が多くなると電気特性が悪化することがあるため、通常全ジカルボン酸成分に対して50モル%未満、好ましくは30モル%未満、特に好ましくは10モル%未満となるようにするのが好ましい。
【0031】
本発明の感光層が含有するポリエステル樹脂は、他の樹脂との共重合体でも良い。共重合形式はブロック、グラフト、マルチブロック共重合体でも良い。ここで共重合される他の樹脂構造としては、本発明のものとは異なる構造のポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテル、ポリケトン、ポリアミド、ポリシロキサン、ポリイミド、ポリスチレン、ポリオレフィン等の種々の樹脂が挙げられる。この中でも電気特性及び機械物性の点からポリカーボネートが最も好ましい。ポリエステル以外の共重合成分の量は、機械物性の点から全共重合体中、通常50モル%以下、好ましくは30モル%以下である。
本発明のポリエステル樹脂は、他の樹脂と混合して、電子写真感光体等に用いることも可能である。ここで混合される他の樹脂としては、ポリメチルメタクリレート、ポリスチレン、ポリ塩化ビニル等のビニル重合体及びその共重合体、本発明のものとは異なる構造のポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリスルホン、フェノキシ、エポキシ、シリコーン樹脂等の熱可塑性樹脂や種々の熱硬化性樹脂などが挙げられる。これら樹脂のなかでもポリカーボネート樹脂が好ましいものとして挙げられる。本発明のポリエステル樹脂と併用してもよい他の樹脂の量は、全バインダー樹脂中、通常50重量%以下、好ましくは30重量%以下、特に好ましくは10重量%以下である。
本発明の感光層が含有するポリエステル樹脂の粘度平均分子量は、小さすぎると機械的強度及び耐摩耗性が低下するため、通常1万以上、好ましくは1.5万以上で用いられる。また、粘度平均分子量が大きすぎると、感光層形成用塗布液の粘度が高くなり、塗布形成が困難となるため、通常10万以下、好ましくは5万以下で用いられる。
<ポリエステル樹脂の製造方法>
本発明で用いられるポリエステル樹脂の製造方法として、公知の重合方法を用いることができ、界面重合法、溶融重合法、溶液重合法などが挙げられる。
例えば、ポリエステル樹脂の界面重合法による製造の場合は、1種類以上の二官能性フェノール成分もしくはビスフェノール成分をアルカリ水溶液に溶解した溶液と、1種類以上の芳香族ジカルボン酸クロライド成分を溶解したハロゲン化炭化水素の溶液とを混合する。この際、触媒として、四級アンモニウム塩もしくは四級ホスホニウム塩を存在させることも可能である。重合温度は通常0〜40℃の範囲、重合時間は2〜12時間の範囲であるのが生産性の点で好ましい。重合終了後、水相と有機相を分離し、有機相中に溶解しているポリマーを公知の方法で、洗浄、回収することにより、目的とする樹脂を得られる。
ここで用いられるアルカリ成分としては、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム等のアルカリ金属の水酸化物等を挙げることができる。アルカリの使用量としては、反応系中に含まれるフェノール性水酸基の1.0〜3倍当量の範囲が好ましい。
また、ここで用いられる、ハロゲン化炭化水素としては、ジクロロメタン、クロロホルム、1,2−ジクロロエタン、トリクロロエタン、テトラクロロエタン、ジクロルベンゼンなどを挙げることができる。
触媒として用いられる四級アンモニウム塩もしくは四級ホスホニウム塩としては、トリブチルアミンやトリオクチルアミン等の三級アルキルアミンの塩酸、臭素酸、ヨウ素酸等の塩、ベンジルトリエチルアンモニウムクロライド、ベンジルトリメチルアンモニウムクロライド、ベンジルトリブチルアンモニウムクロライド、テトラエチルアンモニウムクロライド、テトラブチルアンモニウムクロライド、テトラブチルアンモニウムブロマイド、トリオクチルメチルアンモニウムクロライド、テトラブチルホスホニウムブロマイド、トリエチルオクタデシルホスホニウムブロマイド、N−ラウリルピリジニウムクロライド、ラウリルピコリニウムクロライドなどが挙げられる。
二官能性フェノール成分もしくはビスフェノール成分の具体例としては、前述の芳香族ジオールなどが挙げられるが、これらの1種もしくは2種以上を混合して用いることも可能である。
【0032】
また、重合の際に分子量調節剤としてフェノール、o,m,p−クレゾール、o,m,p−エチルフェノール、o,m,p−プロピルフェノール、o,m,p−tert−ブチルフェノール、ペンチルフェノール、ヘキシルフェノール、オクチルフェノール、ノニルフェノール等のアルキルフェノール類、o,m,p−フェニルフェノール、2,4,6−トリメチルフェノール、2,3,6−トリメチルフェノール、2,6−ジメチル−4−tert−ブチルフェノール等の一官能性のフェノール、酢酸クロリド、酪酸クロリド、オクチル酸クロリド、塩化ベンゾイル、ベンゼンスルフォニルクロリド、ベンゼンスルフィニルクロリド、スルフィニルクロリド、ベンゼンホスホニルクロリドやそれらの置換体等の一官能性酸ハロゲン化物を存在させても良い。
【0033】
重合後の樹脂の精製方法は樹脂の溶液を水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム等のアルカリ水溶液、塩酸、硝酸、リン酸等の酸水溶液、水等で洗浄した後、静置分離、遠心分離等により分液しても良い。また生成した樹脂の溶液を樹脂が不溶の溶媒中に析出させる方法或いは、樹脂の溶液を温水中に分散させ溶媒を留去する方法或いは樹脂溶液を吸着カラム等に流通させる方法等により精製しても良い。
【0034】
精製後の樹脂は、樹脂が不溶の水、アルコールその他有機溶媒中に析出させるか、樹脂の溶液を温水または樹脂が不溶の分散媒中で溶媒を留去するか、加熱、減圧等により溶媒を留去することにより取り出してもよいし、スラリー状で取り出した場合は遠心分離器、濾過器等により固体を取り出すこともできる。
得られた樹脂は、通常樹脂の分解温度以下の温度で乾燥するが、好ましくは20℃以上樹脂の溶融温度以下で減圧下で乾燥する。乾燥時間は、残存溶媒等不純物の純度が一定以下になるまでの時間以上行う。残存溶媒等の不純物は、電気特性に悪影響を与えるため、通常、残存溶媒が1000ppm以下、好ましくは300ppm以下、さらに好ましくは100ppm以下になる時間以上乾燥する。
<電子写真感光体>
本発明における電子写真感光体の感光層の具体的な構成としては、導電性支持体上に、電荷発生物質およびバインダー樹脂を主成分とする電荷発生層と、電荷輸送物質およびバインダ−樹脂を主成分とする電荷輸送層を積層した積層型感光体、導電性支持体上に、電荷輸送物質およびバインダ−樹脂を含有する層が形成され、該層中に電荷発生物質を分散させた分散型(単層型)感光体等が層構成の例として挙げられる。本発明において感光層の含有するポリエステル樹脂は、通常、積層型感光層の場合は、その最外層である電荷輸送層に、単層型の場合はその感光層に含有されている。感光層の構成としては、機械物性、電気特性、材料の選択性の点で積層型感光体が好ましい。
<支持体>
導電性支持体としては、例えばアルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、ステンレス鋼、銅、ニッケル等の金属材料や金属、カーボン、酸化錫などの導電性粉体を添加して導電性を付与した樹脂材料やアルミニウム、ニッケル、ITO(酸化インジウム酸化錫合金)等の導電性材料をその表面に蒸着または塗布した樹脂、ガラス、紙などが主として使用される。形態としては、ドラム状、シート状、ベルト状などのものが用いられる。金属材料の導電性支持体の上に、導電性・表面性などの制御のためや欠陥被覆のため、適当な抵抗値を持つ導電性材料を塗布したものでも良い。
【0035】
導電性支持体としてアルミニウム合金等の金属材料を用いた場合、陽極酸化処理、化成皮膜処理等を施してから用いても良い。陽極酸化処理を施した場合、公知の方法により封孔処理を施すのが望ましい。
支持体表面は、平滑であっても良いし、特別な切削方法を用いたり、研磨処理を施したりすることにより、粗面化されていても良い。また、支持体を構成する材料に適当な粒径の粒子を混合することによって、粗面化されたものでも良い。
【0036】
導電性支持体と感光層との間には、接着性・ブロッキング性等の改善のため、下引き層を設けても良い。
下引き層としては、樹脂、樹脂に金属酸化物等の粒子を分散したものなどが用いられる。
下引き層に用いる金属酸化物粒子の例としては、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、酸化珪素、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化鉄等の1種の金属元素を含む金属酸化物粒子、チタン酸カルシウム、チタン酸ストロンチウム、チタン酸バリウム等の複数の金属元素を含む金属酸化物粒子が挙げられる。一種類の粒子のみを用いても良いし複数の種類の粒子を混合して用いても良い。これらの金属酸化物粒子の中で、酸化チタンおよび酸化アルミニウムが好ましく、特に酸化チタンが好ましい。酸化チタン粒子は、その表面に、酸化錫、酸化アルミニウム、酸化アンチモン、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化珪素等の無機物、またはステアリン酸、ポリオール、シリコーン等の有機物による処理を施されていても良い。酸化チタン粒子の結晶型としては、ルチル、アナターゼ、ブルックカイト、アモルファスのいずれも用いることができる。複数の結晶状態のものが含まれていても良い。
【0037】
また、金属酸化物粒子の粒径としては、種々のものが利用できるが、中でも特性および液の安定性の面から、平均一次粒径として10〜100nmが好ましく、特に好ましいのは、10〜25nmである。
下引き層は、金属酸化物粒子をバインダー樹脂に分散した形で形成するのが望ましい。下引き層に用いられるバインダー樹脂としては、フェノキシ、エポキシ、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリビニルアルコール、カゼイン、ポリアクリル酸、セルロース類、ゼラチン、デンプン、ポリウレタン、ポリイミド、ポリアミド等が単独あるいは硬化剤とともに硬化した形で使用できるが、中でも、アルコール可溶性の共重合ポリアミド、変性ポリアミド等は良好な分散性、塗布性を示し好ましい。
【0038】
バインダー樹脂に対する無機粒子の添加比は任意に選べるが、10〜500重量%の範囲で使用することが、分散液の安定性、塗布性の面で好ましい。
下引き層の膜厚は、任意に選ぶことができるが、感光体特性および塗布性から0.1〜20μmが好ましい。また下引き層には、公知の酸化防止剤等を添加しても良い。
<電荷発生物質>
感光層に使用される電荷発生物質としては例えば、セレニウム及びその合金、硫化カドミウム、その他無機系光導材料、フタロシアニン顔料、アゾ顔料、キナクリドン顔料、インジゴ顔料、ペリレン顔料、多環キノン顔料、アントアントロン顔料、ベンズイミダゾール顔料などの有機顔料等各種光導電材料が使用でき、特に有機顔料、更にフタロシアニン顔料、アゾ顔料が好ましい。
【0039】
中でも無金属フタロシアニン、銅、インジウム、ガリウム、錫、チタニウム、亜鉛、バナジウム等の金属もしくはそれらの酸化物、塩化物の配位したフタロシアニン類、モノアゾ、ビスアゾ、トリスアゾ、ポリアゾ類等のアゾ顔料が好ましい。
電子写真感光体の電荷発生物質としてフタロシアニン化合物を用いる場合、具体的には、無金属フタロシアニン、銅、インジウム、ガリウム、錫、チタン、亜鉛、バナジウム、シリコン、ゲルマニウム等の金属、またはその酸化物、ハロゲン化物等の配位したフタロシアニン類が使用される。3価以上の金属原子への配位子の例としては、上に示した酸素原子、塩素原子の他、水酸基、アルコキシ基などがあげられる。特に感度の高いX型、τ型無金属フタロシアニン、α型、β型、Y型等のチタニルフタロシアニン、バナジルフタロシアニン、クロロインジウムフタロシアニン、クロロガリウムフタロシアニン、ヒドロキシガリウムフタロシアニン等が好適である。なお、ここで挙げたチタニルフタロシアニンの結晶型のうち、α型、β型についてはW.HellerらによってそれぞれII相、I相として示されており(Zeit.Kristallogr.159(1982)173)、β型は安定型として知られているものである。最も好ましく用いられるY型は、CuKα線を用いた粉末X線回折において、回折角2θ±0.2゜が27.3゜に明瞭なピークを示すことを特徴とする結晶型である。フタロシアニン化合物は単一の化合物のもののみを用いても良いし、いくつかの混合状態でも良い。ここでのフタロシアニン化合物ないしは結晶状態に置ける混合状態として、それぞれの構成要素を後から混合して用いても良いし、合成、顔料化、結晶化等のフタロシアニン化合物の製造・処理工程において混合状態を生じせしめたものでも良い。このような処理としては、酸ペースト処理・磨砕処理・溶剤処理等が知られている。
【0040】
積層型感光層の場合、これらの電荷発生物質を例えば、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリビニルアセテート、ポリアクリル酸エステル、ポリメタクリル酸エステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリビニルアセトアセタール、ポリビニルプロピオナール、ポリビニルブチラール、フェノキシ樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ウレタン樹脂、セルロースエステル、セルロースエーテルなどの各種バインダー樹脂で結着した電荷発生層として使用される。この場合の電荷発生物質の使用比率はバインダー樹脂100重量部に対して通常20〜2000重量部、好ましくは30〜500重量部、より好ましくは33〜500重量部の範囲である。また、必要に応じて、他の有機光導電性化合物、染料色素、電子吸引性化合物を含有しても良い。
【0041】
電荷発生層の膜厚は通常0.05〜5μm、好ましくは0.1〜2μm、より好ましくは0.15〜0.8μmが好適である。
単層の分散型感光層の場合、電荷発生物質は、本発明のポリエステル樹脂と電荷輸送物質からなる連続層中に分散して用いられる。この場合、電荷発生物質の粒子径が余り大きくなると露光光を散乱してしまい好ましくないので、通常、1μm以下、好ましくは0.5μm以下で用いる。
【0042】
感光層内に分散される電荷発生物質の量は、少なすぎると充分な感度が得られないため、通常、0.5重量%以上、好ましくは1重量%以上で用いられ、多すぎると帯電性の低下などの弊害があるため、通常、50重量%以下、好ましくは20重量%以下で用いられる。
分散型感光層の膜厚は、通常、5〜50μm、好ましくは10〜45μmで使用される。
<電荷輸送物質>
本発明の電子写真感光体の感光層に用いられる電荷輸送物質としては、2,4,7−トリニトロフルオレノンなどの芳香族ニトロ化合物、テトラシアノキノジメタン等のシアノ化合物、ジフェノキノン等のキノン類などの電子吸引性物質、カルバゾール誘導体、インドール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、オキサゾール誘導体、ピラゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、ピラゾリン誘導体、チアジアゾール誘導体などの複素環化合物、アニリン誘導体、ヒドラゾン化合物、芳香族アミン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、ブタジエン誘導体、エナミン化合物、これらの化合物が複数結合されたもの、あるいはこれらの化合物からなる基を主鎖もしくは側鎖に有する重合体などの電子供与性物質が挙げられる。これらの中でもカルバゾール誘導体、ヒドラゾン誘導体、芳香族アミン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、ブタジエン誘導体およびこれらの誘導体が複数結合されたものが好ましく、芳香族アミン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、ブタジエン誘導体の複数結合されたてなるものが特に好ましい。
【0043】
これら電荷輸送物質は単独で用いても良いし、いくつかを混合して用いてもよい。これらの電荷輸送物質がバインダー樹脂に結着した形で電荷輸送層が形成される。電荷輸送層は、単一の層から成っていても良いし、構成成分あるいは組成比の異なる複数の層を重ねたものでも良い。この場合、本発明におけるポリエステル樹脂は、少なくとも最表面に形成された層に含有される。
【0044】
電荷輸送物質を含む層には成膜性、可撓性、塗布性、耐汚染性、耐ガス性、耐光性などを向上させるために周知の可塑剤、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、電子吸引性化合物、レベリング剤、増感剤などの添加物を含有させても良い。電子吸引性化合物としては、例えばクロラニル、2,3−ジクロロ−1,4−ナフトキノン、1−ニトロアントラキノン、1−クロロ−5−ニトロアントラキノン、2−クロロアントラキノン、フェナントレンキノン等のキノン類;4−ニトロベンズアルデヒド等のアルデヒド類;9−ベンゾイルアントラセン、インダンジオン、3,5−ジニトロベンゾフェノン、2,4,7−トリニトロフルオレノン、2,4,5,7−テトラニトロフルオレノン、3,3′、5,5′−テトラニトロベンゾフェノン等のケトン類;無水フタル酸、4−クロロナフタル酸無水物等の酸無水物;テトラシアノエチレン、テレフタラルマロノニトリル、9−アントリルメチリデンマロノニトリル、4−ニトロベンザルマロノニトリル、4−(p−ニトロベンゾイルオキシ)ベンザルマロノニトリル等のシアノ化合物;3−ベンザルフタリド、3−(α−シアノ−p−ニトロベンザル)フタリド、3−(α−シアノ−p−ニトロベンザル)−4,5,6,7−テトラクロロフタリド等のフタリド類等の電子吸引性化合物が挙げられる。
【0045】
酸化防止剤の例としては、ヒンダードフェノール化合物、ヒンダードアミン化合物などが挙げられる。
電子写真感光体の感光層に場合により添加される染料色素としては、例えばメチルバイオレット、ブリリアントグリーン、クリスタルバイオレット等のトリフェニルメタン染料、メチレンブルーなどのチアジン染料、キニザリン等のキノン染料及びシアニン染料やビリリウム塩、チアビリリウム塩、ベンゾビリリウム塩等が挙げられる。
【0046】
電子写真感光体の感光層は、常法に従って、電荷輸送物質をバインダー樹脂と共に適当な溶剤中に溶解し、必要に応じ、適当な増感染料、電子吸引性化合物、他の電荷輸送物質、あるいは、可塑剤、顔料等との周知の添加剤を添加して得られる塗布液を導電性支持体上に塗布、乾燥して感光層を形成させることにより製造することができる。
【0047】
単層型の場合は、上記塗布液中に適当な電荷発生物質を分散させれば良く、電荷発生層と電荷輸送層をこの順に積層してなる積層型感光層の場合は、電荷発生層の上に上記塗布液を塗布することにより、製造することができる。
積層型感光層における電荷輸送層は、主として上記の電荷輸送物質とバインダー樹脂とから構成される。電荷輸送層のバインダー樹脂となるポリエステル樹脂と、電荷輸送物質の割合は、電荷輸送物質が少なすぎると電気特性が悪くなるので、通常、バインダー樹脂100重量部に対して電荷輸送物質が30重量部以上、好ましくは40重量部以上で用いられる。また、電荷輸送物質が多すぎると電荷輸送層の硬度が下がり摩耗しやすくなるため、通常、バインダー樹脂100重量部に対して電荷輸送物質が200重量部以下、好ましくは150重量部以下、より好ましくは90重量部以下で用いられる。また膜厚は、薄すぎると使用による感光体の摩耗のために感光体寿命が短くなるため、通常、10μm以上、好ましくは20μm以上であり、厚すぎると電気特性が悪くなるため、通常、60μm以下、好ましくは45μm以下、より好ましくは40μm以下である。
<その他の含有物>
また電子写真感光体の感光層は、製膜性、可撓性、機械的強度を向上させるために周知の可塑剤を含有していてもよい。そのために上記塗布液中に添加する可塑剤としては、フタル酸エステル、りん酸エステル、エポキシ化合物、塩素化パラフィン、塩素化脂肪酸エステル、メチルナフタレンなどの芳香族化合物などが挙げられる。アリールアミン系化合物を電荷輸送層中の電荷輸送物質として用いる場合の塗布液は、前記組成のものでもよいが、光導電性粒子、染料色素、電子吸引性化合物等は除くか、少量の添加でよい。この場合の電荷発生層としては上記光導電性粒子と必要に応じバインダーポリマーや他の有機光導電性物質、染料色素、電子吸引性化合物等の溶媒に溶解乃至分散させて得られる塗布液を塗布乾燥した薄層、あるいは前記光導電性粒子を蒸着等の手段により製膜とした層が挙げられる。
【0048】
また、感光体表面の摩擦抵抗や、摩耗を軽減する目的で、表面の層にはフッ素系樹脂、シリコーン樹脂等を含んでいても良い。また、これらの樹脂からなる粒子や無機化合物の粒子を含んでいても良い。
さらに必要に応じて、バリアー層、接着層、ブロッキング層等の中間層、透明絶縁層など、電気特性、機械特性改良のための層を有していてもよいことはいうまでもない。
<塗布形成方法>
感光層は、上記の物質を溶剤により溶解または分散した塗布液を塗布することにより形成する。塗布液調製用の溶剤としてはテトラヒドロフラン、1,4−ジオキサン等のエーテル類、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等のケトン類;トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素;N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド、アセトニトリル、N−メチルピロリドン、ジメチルスルホキシド等の非プロトン性極性溶媒;酢酸エチル、蟻酸メチル、メチルセロソルブアセテート等のエステル類;ジクロロエタン、クロロホルム等の塩素化炭化水素などのアミン系化合物を溶解させる溶剤が挙げられる。勿論これらの中からバインダーを溶解するものを選択する必要がある。
【0049】
感光層の塗布方法としては、スプレー塗布法、スパイラル塗布法、リング塗布法、浸漬塗布法等がある。
スプレー塗布法としては、エアスプレー、エアレススプレー、静電エアスプレー、静電エアレススプレー、回転霧化式静電スプレー、ホットスプレー、ホットエアレススプレー等があるが、均一な膜厚を得るための微粒化度、付着効率等を考えると回転霧化式静電スプレーにおいて、再公表平1−805198号公報に開示されている搬送方法、すなわち円筒状ワークを回転させながらその軸方向に間隔を開けることなく連続して搬送することにより、総合的に高い付着効率で膜厚の均一性に優れた電子写真感光体を得ることができる。
【0050】
スパイラル塗布法としては、特開昭52−119651号公報に開示されている注液塗布機またはカーテン塗布機を用いた方法、特開平1−231966号公報に開示されている微小開口部から塗料を筋状に連続して飛翔させる方法、特開平3−193161号公報に開示されているマルチノズル体を用いた方法等がある。
【0051】
以下、浸漬塗布法について説明する。
電荷輸送物質(好ましくは前述の化合物)、ポリエステル樹脂、溶剤等を用いて、全固形分濃度が通常25〜40%、粘度が通常50〜300センチポアーズ、好ましくは100〜200センチポアーズの電荷輸送層形成用の塗布液を調整する。ここで実質的に塗布液の粘度はバインダーポリマーの種類及びその分子量により決まるが、分子量が低すぎる場合にはポリマー自身の機械的強度が低下するためこれを損わない程度の分子量を持つバインダーポリマーを使用することが好ましい。この様にして調整された塗布液を用いて浸漬塗布法により電荷輸送層が形成される。
【0052】
その後塗膜を乾燥させ、必要且つ充分な乾燥が行われる様に乾燥温度時間を調整すると良い。乾燥温度は通常100〜250℃好ましくは、110〜170℃さらに好ましくは、120〜140℃の範囲である。乾燥方法としては、熱風乾燥機、蒸気乾燥機、赤外線乾燥機及び遠赤外線乾燥機等を用いることができる。
この様にして得られる電子写真用感光体は高感度で、残留電位が低く帯電性が高く、かつ、繰返しによる変動が小さく、特に、画像濃度に影響する帯電安定性が良好であることから、高耐久性感光体として用いることができる。また、750〜850nmの領域の感度が高いことから、特に半導体レーザープリンター用感光体に適している。
<画像形成方法>
本発明の電子写真感光体を使用する複写機・プリンター等の電子写真装置は、少なくとも帯電、露光、現像、転写の各プロセスを含むが、どのプロセスも通常用いられる方法のいずれを用いても良い。帯電方法(帯電器)としては、例えばコロナ放電を利用したコロトロンあるいはスコロトロン帯電、導電性ローラーあるいはブラシ、フィルムなどによる接触帯電などいずれを用いても良い。このうち、コロナ放電を利用した帯電方法では暗部電位を一定に保つためにスコロトロン帯電が用いられることが多い。
【0053】
現像方法としては、磁性あるいは非磁性の一成分現像剤、二成分現像剤などを接触あるいは非接触させて現像する一般的な方法が用いられる。現像する際のトナーは、いわゆる粉砕トナーでも構わないが、本発明の感光体は、粒径の小さいおよび/または球形度の高い化学重合トナーの使用に適しており、化学重合トナーを使用した際には、より高解像度の画像を得ることができる。
【0054】
感光体上に形成された像の転写方法としては、コロナ放電によるもの、転写ローラーあるいは転写ベルトを用いた方法等いずれでもよい。転写は、紙やOHP用フィルム等に対して直接行っても良いし、一旦中間転写体(ベルト状あるいはドラム状)に転写したのちに、紙やOHP用フィルム上に転写しても良い。
通常、転写の後、現像剤を紙などに定着させる定着プロセスが用いられ、定着手段としては一般的に用いられる熱定着、圧力定着などを用いることができる。
【0055】
これらのプロセスのほかに、通常用いられるクリーニング、除電等のプロセスを有しても良い。
【0056】
【実施例】
以下に、本発明の具体的態様を実施例によりさらに詳細に説明するが、本発明はその要旨を越えない限り、これらの実施例によって限定されるものではない。
製造例1(実施例1のポリエステル樹脂の製造法)
1Lビーカーに水酸化ナトリウム(6.03g)とH2O(511ml)を秤取り、窒素バブリングしながら攪拌し溶解させた。そこにベンジルトリエチルアンモニウムクロライド(00.075g)、ビス(4−ヒドロキシ−3,5−ジメチルフェニル)メタン [=以下、TmBPFということがある] (13.10g)及び表1の下に示されるA−1の構造のビスフェノール化合物(2.04g)、を添加し攪拌した後、このアルカリ水溶液を2L反応槽に移した。
この2L反応槽に2,3,6−トリメチルフェノール(0.309g)を仕込んだ。
別途、テレフタル酸クロライド(11.71g)をジクロロメタン(256ml)に溶解し滴下ロート内に移した。
重合槽の外温を20℃に保ち、反応槽内のアルカリ水溶液を攪拌しながら、滴下ロートよりジクロロメタン溶液を1時間かけて滴下した。さらに3時間攪拌を続けた後、酢酸(2.19ml)を加え30分攪拌した。その後、攪拌を停止し有機層を分離した。この有機層を0.1N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液(576ml)中に注ぎ攪拌後分液して洗浄を行い、次に0.1N塩酸(576ml)にて洗浄を2回行い、さらにH2O(576ml)にて洗浄を2回行った。
洗浄後の有機層に塩化メチレンを加えて320mLに希釈し、メタノール2000mLに注いで得られた沈殿物を濾過にて取り出し、乾燥して目的のポリエステル樹脂を得た。得られたポリエステル樹脂の粘度平均分子量は41,500であった。得られたポリエステル樹脂の構造式を以下に示す。
【0057】
【化9】
製造例2〜4、比較製造例1
(実施例2〜4、比較例1のポリエステル樹脂の製造方法)製造例1のモノマーの仕込み組成比を表1に示す共重合組成比に変えた以外は製造例1と同様の方法でポリエステル樹脂の製造を行った。
[粘度平均分子量の測定]
ポリエステル樹脂をジクロロメタンに溶解し濃度Cが6.00g/Lの溶液を調製した。溶媒(ジクロロメタン)の流下時間t0が136.16秒のウベローデ型毛細管粘度計を用いて、20.0℃に設定した恒温水槽中で試料溶液の流下時間tを測定した。以下の式に従って粘度平均分子量Mvを算出した。
【0058】
【数1】
a=0.438×ηsp+1 ηsp=t/t0−1
b=100×ηsp/C C=6.00(g/L)
η=b/a
Mv=3207×η1.205
実施例1
感光体の製造
(電荷発生層の製造)
下記構造を有するβ型オキシチタニウムフタロシアニン10重量部を、4−メトキシ−4−メチルペンタノン−2 150重量部に加え、サンドグラインドミルにて粉砕分散処理を行った。
【0059】
【化10】
【0060】
また、ポリビニルブチラール(電気化学工業(株)製、商品名デンカブチラール#6000C)の5% 1,2−ジメトキシエタン溶液100部及びフェノキシ樹脂(ユニオンカーバイド社製、商品名PKHH)の5% 1,2−ジメトキシエタン溶液100部を混合してバインダー溶液を作製した。
先に作製した顔料分散液160重量部に、バインダー溶液100重量部、適量の1,2−ジメトキシエタンを加え最終的に固形分濃度4.0%の分散液を調製した。
この様にして得られた分散液を表面にアルミ蒸着したポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム上に膜厚が0.4μmになるように塗布して電荷発生層を設けた。
(電荷輸送層の製造)次にこのフィルム上に、次に示す電荷輸送物質料[1](但し、左側のフェニルブタジエン鎖は括弧内の左側の2つのベンゼン環のいずれかに、右側のフェニルブタジエン鎖は括弧内の右側の2つのベンゼン環のいずれかに、それぞれ結合している。)50部、および製造例1で得られたポリエステル樹脂を100部、およびレベリング剤としてシリコーンオイル0.03部をトルエン/テトラヒドロフラン(重量比2/8)の混合溶媒に溶解させた液を塗布し、125℃で20分間乾燥し、乾燥後の膜厚が20μmとなるように電荷輸送層を設けた。このときポリエステル樹脂の溶解性は良好であった。こうして得られた感光体で以下の評価を行った。
【0061】
【化11】
【0062】
[電気特性]
電子写真学会測定標準に従って作製された電子写真特性評価装置(続電子写真技術の基礎と応用、電子写真学会編、コロナ社、404〜405頁記載)を使用し、上記感光体をアルミニウム製ドラムに貼り付けて円筒状にし、アルミニウム製ドラムと感光体のアルミニウム基体との導通を取った上で、ドラムを一定回転数で回転させ、帯電、露光、電位測定、除電のサイクルによる電気特性評価試験を行った。その際、初期表面電位を−700Vとし、露光は780nm、除電は660nmの単色光を用い、780nmの光を2.4μJ/cm2照射した時点の表面電位(以下、VLということがある)を測定した。VL測定に際しては、露光から電位測定に要する時間を139msとした。測定環境は、温度25℃、相対湿度50%(以下、この環境をNN環境ということがある)または、温度10℃、相対湿度20%(以下、この環境をLL環境ということがある)の環境下で行った。結果を表1に示す。この、VLの値の絶対値が小さいほど、応答性が良いことを示す。
[摩耗試験]
感光体フィルムを直径10cmの円状に切断しテーバー摩耗試験機(東洋精機社製)により、摩耗評価を行った。試験条件は、23℃、50%RHの雰囲気下、摩耗輪CS−10Fを用いて、荷重なし(摩耗輪の自重)で1000回回転後の摩耗量を試験前後の重量を比較することにより測定した。結果を表1に示す。実施例2〜4、比較例1〜4
実施例1に於いて感光体の製造(電荷輸送層の製造)中のポリエステル樹脂に替えて、表1の実施例2〜4、比較例1〜4に示すポリエステル樹脂を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行い、感光体を製造した。得られた感光体の摩耗試験、摩耗試験及び電気特性の評価を実施例1と同様の方法により同条件で行った。結果を表1に示す。
【0063】
【表1】
摩耗量:テーバー摩耗試験 1000回回転後の摩耗量(質量減少)
VL:電気特性(値が小さいほど電気特性が良好であることを表す)
バインダーを構成するモノマー(ジオール成分およびジカルボン酸成分)の構造式を以下に示す。
バインダーのジカルボン酸成分
TPA:テレフタル酸 IPA:イソフタル酸
表1の結果より、本発明に特有のポリエステル樹脂を含有する感光層を有する電子写真感光体は、耐摩耗性及び電気特性が極めて良好であった。
【0064】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、特定の構造を有するポリエステル樹脂を用いることにより、耐摩耗性及び電気特性に優れた電子写真感光体を得ることができる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and more particularly, to an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing a polyester resin having a specific structure.
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, electrophotographic technology has been widely used and applied not only in the field of copiers but also in the field of various printers because of its immediacy and high-quality images. Photoconductors, which are the core of electrophotographic technology, have been formed from conventional inorganic photoconductors such as selenium, arsenic-selenium alloy, cadmium sulfide, and zinc oxide as photoconductive materials. A photoreceptor using an organic photoconductive material, which has advantages such as easiness and easy production, has been developed.
[0003]
Among organic photoconductors, a so-called stacked photoconductor in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are stacked has been devised, and has been the mainstream of research. The stacked photoreceptor can obtain a highly sensitive photoreceptor by combining a highly efficient charge generating substance and a charge transporting substance, and can obtain a highly safe photoreceptor with a wide selection of materials, Further, since the productivity of coating is high and the cost is relatively advantageous, the photoreceptor has become the mainstream and has been intensively developed.
[0004]
However, in the related art, a photoreceptor using an organic photoconductive material has sufficient performance in electrical characteristics such as sensitivity and chargeability, but insufficient in physical strength of the photoreceptor surface. Therefore, at present, the printing durability is limited to the practical upper limit, and it is the mechanical properties of the outermost surface layer of the photoconductor that substantially determine the physical strength of the photoconductor surface.
[0005]
Until now, polycarbonate has been used as the binder resin of the outermost layer in order to increase the mechanical strength, but in recent years, it has been proposed to use a resin having high wear resistance such as polyarylate resin ( For example, see Patent Documents 1 and 2). However, photoreceptors using a polyarylate resin suffer from problems such as poor solubility in non-halogen solvents used when preparing a coating solution for forming a photosensitive layer, and deterioration of electrical characteristics. That is the current situation.
[0006]
[Patent Document 1] JP-A-56-135844
[Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 13-312077
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member is repeatedly used in an electrophotographic process, that is, in a cycle of charging, exposure, development, transfer, cleaning, charge elimination, and the like. Such deterioration includes, for example, strongly oxidizing ozone and NOx generated from a corona charger commonly used as a charger, causing chemical damage to the photosensitive layer and a carrier (current) generated by image exposure. Is chemically and electrically deteriorated due to, for example, the flow of the compound in the photosensitive layer, the charge removal light, and the decomposition of the photosensitive layer composition due to external light. Further, other deteriorations include mechanical deterioration such as abrasion or scratches on the surface of the photosensitive layer due to contact with cleaning blades, magnetic brushes or the like, contact with a developer or paper, and peeling of the film. In particular, such damages on the surface of the photosensitive layer tend to appear on the copy image and directly impair the image quality, which is a major factor limiting the life of the photosensitive member. That is, in order to develop a photoreceptor having a long life, it is an essential condition to increase the electrical and chemical durability as well as the mechanical strength.
[0008]
It is the outermost layer that causes mechanical deterioration in an electrophotographic photoreceptor. In general, a photosensitive layer is a single layer type photoreceptor and a charge transport layer is a multilayer type photoreceptor. The charge transport layer in a laminated photoreceptor usually consists of a binder resin and a charge transport material. Until now, the binder resin of the charge transport layer has been a vinyl polymer such as polymethacrylate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or a copolymer thereof. Thermoplastic resins and thermosetting resins such as polycarbonate, polyester, polysulfone, phenoxy, epoxy, and silicone resins are used. Among them, various polycarbonate resins having excellent performance as a binder resin have been developed and put to practical use. However, conventional organic photoreceptors have the drawback that the surface is worn or scratched by practical loads such as development with toner, friction with paper, and friction with a cleaning member (blade). At present, practically, the printing performance is limited.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In view of these circumstances, the present inventor has conducted intensive studies on improving mechanical strength, and as a result, found that by including a polyester resin having a specific structure in the outermost surface layer, abrasion resistance is significantly increased. Further, the present invention can provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member having improved electric characteristics.
[0010]
That is, the present invention is an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, characterized in that the photosensitive layer contains a polyester resin having a structure represented by the following general formula (1). To an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
[0011]
Embedded image
(However, X in the general formula (1)1, X2Independently represents an ester bond or an ether bond;1Represents a divalent optionally substituted hydrocarbon group;1~ R8 Each independently represents hydrogen, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a halogen atom or an alkoxyl group;1Represents a divalent optionally substituted aromatic group or a divalent optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. )
[0012]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention has a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, and the photosensitive layer contains a polyester resin having a structure represented by the following general formula (1).
[0013]
Embedded image
The polyester resin having the structural unit represented by the general formula (1) is obtained by polymerizing a dihydroxy compound represented by the following general formula (3) with a dicarboxylic acid represented by the following general formula (4) or a derivative thereof. Can be manufactured.
[0014]
Embedded image
X in the general formula (1) or (3)1, X2Are each independently an ester bond or an ether bond.
[0015]
Y1Represents a divalent hydrocarbon group which may be substituted, preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, and a hexamethylene group; -Represents a cycloalkylene group having 3 to 25 carbon atoms such as cyclohexylene group, more preferably an alkylene having 2 to 8 carbon atoms such as ethylene group, tetramethylene group, hexamethylene group and 1,4-cyclohexylene group. Groups or cycloalkylene groups.
[0016]
R1~ R8Represents a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom such as chlorine, fluorine and bromine; a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a sec-butyl group and an n-pentyl group. , Cyclopentyl group, iso-pentyl group, sec-pentyl group, neo-pentyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1-ethylpropyl group, n-hexyl group, cyclohexyl group, n-octyl group And phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl groups; and alkoxyl groups such as methoxy and ethoxy groups. Among them, hydrogen or an alkyl group is preferable, and among them, a methyl group is particularly preferable.
[0017]
W1Represents a divalent optionally substituted aromatic group or a divalent optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. More specifically, 1,4-phenylene group, 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene group, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene group, 1,3-phenylene group, 1,2-phenylene group 2,3-naphthalenediyl group, 2,6-naphthalenediyl group, 2,7-naphthalenediyl group, 2,3-anthracenediyl group, 2,7-naphthalenediyl group, 2,8-naphthalenediyl group, 4 Arylene groups such as 4,4'-biphenylene group; alkylene groups such as methylene group, ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group and vinylene group, and the like, preferably 1,4-phenylene group, 2,6- Arylene groups such as naphthalenediyl group, anthracenediyl group and biphenylene group; and alkylene groups such as methylene group, ethylene group, trimethylene group and tetramethylene group. Is, among these arylene groups, in particular 1,4-phenylene or 1,3-phenylene group is preferred.
[0018]
The divalent carboxylic acid constituting the repeating unit represented by the general formula (4) of the present invention includes terephthalic acid (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as TPA), isophthalic acid (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as IPA), phthalic acid 2-methyl-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2-methyl-1,3-benzene Dicarboxylic acid, 4-methyl-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 5-methyl-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4,5-dimethyl-1,3 Benzenedicarboxylic acid such as benzenedicarboxylic acid; 3,6-dimethyl-2,7-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid; 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid; -Naphthalenedicarboxylic acids such as naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid and 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid; anthracenedicarboxylic acid; aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as biphenyldicarboxylic acid; and malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, Aliphatic saturated dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid; and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as aliphatic unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as fumaric acid and maleic acid.
[0019]
Among them, TPA, IPA, 2-methyl-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid or 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid is preferred. Most preferred is TPA or IPA.
These dicarboxylic acids may be used alone, but it is preferable to use a plurality of them in combination. Especially, it is preferable to use IPA and TPA together. When TPA and IPA are used in combination, if the number of groups derived from IPA increases, the electrical properties may deteriorate. Therefore, usually less than 50 mol%, preferably less than 30 mol%, based on all dicarboxylic acid components, particularly Preferably, it is less than 10 mol%.
[0020]
Examples of the dicarboxylic acid derivative include an acid halide of dicarboxylic acid. The acid halide is preferably an acid chloride.
Specific examples of the repeating unit represented by the general formula (1) include a repeating unit having the following structure.
[0021]
Embedded image
The polyester resin in the invention preferably further contains a copolymer of a repeating unit represented by the general formula (1) and a repeating unit represented by the following general formula (2). In this case, a mixture of a polyester resin containing only the repeating unit represented by the general formula (1) and a polyester resin which is a copolymer of the repeating units represented by the general formulas (1) and (2) may be used. However, it is more preferable that the copolymer is constituted only by the copolymer.
[0022]
Embedded image
[0023]
The polyester resin in the present invention is a polyester resin containing only a repeating unit represented by the general formula (1) and a copolymer of a repeating unit represented by the general formulas (1) and (2) Or a copolymer consisting of repeating units represented by the general formulas (1) and (2), in order to obtain sufficient durability of the photoreceptor, Is a molar ratio of 0.1% or more, preferably 1% or more, more preferably 5% or more in the molar ratio of the repeating unit represented by the general formula (1). In this case, in order to obtain sufficient solubility in the coating solvent, the copolymerization ratio of the repeating unit represented by the general formula (1) is at most 50%, preferably at most 30%, more preferably at most 20% by mole ratio. Used in:
[0024]
The polyester resin having the structural unit of the general formula (2) is obtained by polymerizing a dihydroxy compound represented by the following general formula (5) with a dicarboxylic acid represented by the following general formula (6) or a derivative thereof. Can be manufactured.
[0025]
Embedded image
Y in the general formula (2) or (5)2Is a single bond, -S-, -O-, -CO-, a sulfonyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkylene group or -CR17R18And among these, an alkylene group is preferable, and an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms is more preferable. Y2Is preferably a methylene group in terms of mechanical properties, solubility in a coating solvent, and solution stability of a coating solution.
[0026]
R9~ R18 Represents a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom such as chlorine, fluorine and bromine; a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a sec-butyl group and an n-pentyl group. , Cyclopentyl group, iso-pentyl group, sec-pentyl group, neo-pentyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1-ethylpropyl group, n-hexyl group, cyclohexyl group, n-octyl group And phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl groups; and alkoxyl groups such as methoxy and ethoxy groups. Of these, hydrogen or an alkyl group is preferable, and hydrogen or a methyl group is particularly preferable.
[0027]
Specific examples of the dihydroxy compound represented by the general formula (5) include:
1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane (BPE), 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (BPA), bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) methane (BPF), bis- (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) methane (TmBPF), 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) butane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) pentane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -3-methylbutane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) hexane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl ) -4-Methylpentane, 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclopentane, 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexene (BPZ), bis- (3-phenyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) methane, 1,1-bis- (3-phenyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane, 1,1-bis- (3-phenyl-4-) (Hydroxyphenyl) propane, 2,2-bis- (3-phenyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, bis- (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) methane, 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxy-3- Methylphenyl) ethane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) propane (BPC), 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-ethylphenyl) propane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-isopropylphenyl) propane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-sec-butylphenyl) propane, 1,1-bis- (4-h Roxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) ethane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) propane, bis- (4-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylphenyl) methane, 1,1 -Bis- (4-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylphenyl) ethane, 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -1-phenylethane, 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -1- Phenylpropane, bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) diphenylmethane, bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) dibenzylmethane, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylether, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylsulfide , Phenolphthalein, 4,4 '-[1,4-phenylenebis (1-methylvinylide )] Bisphenol, 4,4 '-[1,4-phenylenebis (1-methylvinylidene)] bis [2-methylphenol] and the like.
[0028]
Among these, preferred examples are 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane (BPE), 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, and 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy Phenyl) propane (BPA), 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-chlorophenyl) propane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-bromophenyl) propane, 2,2-bis- (4 -Hydroxy-3-fluorophenyl) propane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3,5-dibromophenyl) propane, bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) methane (BPF), bis- (4-hydroxy- 3,5-dimethylphenyl) methane (TmBPF), 2,2-bis- (3-phenyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, bis- (4-hydroxy- -Methylphenyl) methane, 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) ethane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3) -Methylphenyl) propane (BPC) bis- (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) methane, 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) ethane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) propane, bis- (4-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylphenyl) methane, 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -1-phenylethane (BPP) Is mentioned. Particularly preferred are bis- (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) methane (TmBPF), bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) methane (BPF), 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (BPA), 1,1-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) propane (BPC) ).
[0029]
W in the general formula (2) or (6)2Represents a divalent optionally substituted aromatic group or a divalent optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. Specifically, 1,4-phenylene group, 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene group, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene group, 1,3-phenylene group, 1,2-phenylene group, 2, 2,3-naphthalenediyl group, 2,6-naphthalenediyl group, 2,7-naphthalenediyl group, 2,3-anthracenediyl group, 2,7-naphthalenediyl group, 2,8-naphthalenediyl group, 4,4 Arylene groups such as' -biphenylene group, methylene group, ethylene group, trimethylene group, alkylene group such as tetramethylene group and vinylene group, and the like, preferably 1,4-phenylene group and 2,6-naphthalenediyl. An arylene group such as a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, and a tetramethylene group; and an arylene group such as an anthracenediyl group and a biphenylene group. Such emission group, and arylene group, especially a phenylene group is preferred among these.
[0030]
As the divalent carboxylic acid constituting the repeating unit represented by the general formula (6) of the present invention, those similar to the divalent carboxylic acid represented by the general formula (4) can be used.
As the dicarboxylic acid represented by the general formula (6), a single compound may be used, but a combination of two or more is preferable. Especially, it is preferable to use IPA and TPA together. When TPA and IPA are used in combination, if the number of groups derived from IPA increases, the electrical properties may deteriorate. Therefore, usually less than 50 mol%, preferably less than 30 mol%, based on all dicarboxylic acid components, particularly Preferably, it is less than 10 mol%.
[0031]
The polyester resin contained in the photosensitive layer of the present invention may be a copolymer with another resin. The copolymerization type may be a block, graft or multi-block copolymer. Examples of other resin structures to be copolymerized here include various resins such as polyester, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyether, polyketone, polyamide, polysiloxane, polyimide, polystyrene, and polyolefin having a structure different from that of the present invention. Can be Among them, polycarbonate is most preferable from the viewpoint of electrical properties and mechanical properties. The amount of the copolymer component other than the polyester is usually 50 mol% or less, preferably 30 mol% or less in the whole copolymer from the viewpoint of mechanical properties.
The polyester resin of the present invention can be used in an electrophotographic photosensitive member or the like by mixing with another resin. As other resins mixed here, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, vinyl polymers such as polyvinyl chloride and copolymers thereof, polyester having a structure different from that of the present invention, polycarbonate, polysulfone, phenoxy, epoxy, Examples include thermoplastic resins such as silicone resins and various thermosetting resins. Among these resins, polycarbonate resins are preferred. The amount of other resins that may be used in combination with the polyester resin of the present invention is usually 50% by weight or less, preferably 30% by weight or less, and particularly preferably 10% by weight or less, based on all binder resins.
If the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyester resin contained in the photosensitive layer of the present invention is too small, the mechanical strength and abrasion resistance decrease, so that it is usually used at 10,000 or more, preferably 15,000 or more. On the other hand, if the viscosity average molecular weight is too large, the viscosity of the coating solution for forming a photosensitive layer becomes high, and it becomes difficult to form a coating. Therefore, it is usually used at 100,000 or less, preferably 50,000 or less.
<Method for producing polyester resin>
As a method for producing the polyester resin used in the present invention, a known polymerization method can be used, and examples thereof include an interfacial polymerization method, a melt polymerization method, and a solution polymerization method.
For example, in the case of production of a polyester resin by an interfacial polymerization method, a solution obtained by dissolving at least one kind of bifunctional phenol component or bisphenol component in an aqueous alkali solution and a solution obtained by dissolving at least one kind of aromatic dicarboxylic acid chloride component are used. Mix with the hydrocarbon solution. In this case, a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt can be used as a catalyst. The polymerization temperature is usually in the range of 0 to 40 ° C., and the polymerization time is preferably in the range of 2 to 12 hours from the viewpoint of productivity. After completion of the polymerization, the aqueous phase and the organic phase are separated, and the polymer dissolved in the organic phase is washed and recovered by a known method to obtain a target resin.
Examples of the alkali component used here include hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The amount of the alkali used is preferably in the range of 1.0 to 3 equivalents of the phenolic hydroxyl group contained in the reaction system.
In addition, examples of the halogenated hydrocarbon used herein include dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, and dichlorobenzene.
Examples of the quaternary ammonium salt or quaternary phosphonium salt used as a catalyst include salts of tertiary alkylamines such as tributylamine and trioctylamine with hydrochloric acid, bromic acid, iodic acid, benzyltriethylammonium chloride, benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, Examples include benzyltributylammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, trioctylmethylammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, triethyloctadecylphosphonium bromide, N-laurylpyridinium chloride, and laurylpicolinium chloride.
Specific examples of the bifunctional phenol component or the bisphenol component include the above-described aromatic diols, and one or more of these may be used as a mixture.
[0032]
Phenol, o, m, p-cresol, o, m, p-ethylphenol, o, m, p-propylphenol, o, m, p-tert-butylphenol, pentylphenol are used as molecular weight regulators during polymerization. , Hexylphenol, octylphenol, alkylphenols such as nonylphenol, o, m, p-phenylphenol, 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, 2,3,6-trimethylphenol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylphenol Monofunctional acid halides such as monofunctional phenol, acetate chloride, butyric acid chloride, octylic acid chloride, benzoyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride, benzenesulfinyl chloride, sulfinyl chloride, benzenephosphonyl chloride, and their substituted products. Existence It may be.
[0033]
After the polymerization, the resin is purified by washing the resin solution with an aqueous solution of an alkali such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, an aqueous solution of an acid such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, water, etc., followed by standing separation, centrifugation or the like. Separation may be performed. Further, the resulting resin solution is purified by a method of precipitating in a solvent in which the resin is insoluble, a method of dispersing the resin solution in warm water to distill off the solvent, or a method of flowing the resin solution through an adsorption column or the like. Is also good.
[0034]
The purified resin may be precipitated in water in which the resin is insoluble, alcohol or other organic solvent, or the solvent of the resin solution may be distilled off in warm water or a dispersion medium in which the resin is insoluble, or the solvent may be heated, reduced in pressure, or the like. The solid may be taken out by distilling it out, or when it is taken out in the form of slurry, a solid can be taken out by a centrifuge, a filter or the like.
The obtained resin is usually dried at a temperature equal to or lower than the decomposition temperature of the resin, but is preferably dried under reduced pressure at a temperature equal to or higher than 20 ° C. and equal to or lower than the melting temperature of the resin. The drying time is set to be equal to or longer than the time until the purity of impurities such as a residual solvent becomes lower than a certain level. Since impurities such as a residual solvent have an adverse effect on electric characteristics, drying is usually performed for at least 1,000 ppm or less, preferably 300 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less.
<Electrophotographic photoreceptor>
As a specific configuration of the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in the invention, a charge generation layer having a charge generation material and a binder resin as main components, a charge transport material and a binder resin are mainly provided on a conductive support. A layer containing a charge transport material and a binder resin is formed on a laminated photoreceptor having a charge transport layer as a component and a conductive support, and a charge generation material is dispersed in the layer. (Single-layer type) photoconductors and the like are mentioned as examples of the layer constitution. In the present invention, the polyester resin contained in the photosensitive layer is usually contained in the charge transport layer which is the outermost layer in the case of a laminated photosensitive layer, and is contained in the photosensitive layer in the case of a single layer type. As the constitution of the photosensitive layer, a laminated photoreceptor is preferable in terms of mechanical properties, electrical characteristics, and material selectivity.
<Support>
Examples of the conductive support include a metal material such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, copper, and nickel, a metal, carbon, and a resin material to which conductivity is added by adding a conductive powder such as tin oxide, aluminum, or the like. Resins, glass, paper, and the like, in which a conductive material such as nickel or ITO (indium tin oxide alloy) is deposited or applied on the surface thereof, are mainly used. As the form, a drum shape, a sheet shape, a belt shape or the like is used. A conductive material having an appropriate resistance value may be applied on a conductive support made of a metal material for controlling conductivity and surface properties and for covering defects.
[0035]
When a metal material such as an aluminum alloy is used as the conductive support, it may be used after anodizing treatment, chemical conversion treatment, or the like. When the anodic oxidation treatment is performed, it is desirable to perform the sealing treatment by a known method.
The surface of the support may be smooth, or may be roughened by using a special cutting method or performing a polishing treatment. Further, the support may be roughened by mixing particles having an appropriate particle diameter with the material constituting the support.
[0036]
An undercoat layer may be provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer in order to improve adhesion and blocking properties.
As the undercoat layer, a resin, a material in which particles of a metal oxide or the like are dispersed in the resin, or the like is used.
Examples of the metal oxide particles used for the undercoat layer include metal oxide particles containing one kind of metal element such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, calcium titanate, and titanium. Examples include metal oxide particles containing a plurality of metal elements such as strontium acid and barium titanate. One type of particles may be used alone, or a plurality of types of particles may be mixed and used. Among these metal oxide particles, titanium oxide and aluminum oxide are preferable, and titanium oxide is particularly preferable. The surface of the titanium oxide particles may be treated with an inorganic substance such as tin oxide, aluminum oxide, antimony oxide, zirconium oxide, or silicon oxide, or an organic substance such as stearic acid, polyol, or silicone. As the crystal form of the titanium oxide particles, any of rutile, anatase, Brookite, and amorphous can be used. A plurality of crystals may be included.
[0037]
As the particle size of the metal oxide particles, various types can be used. Among them, from the viewpoint of characteristics and stability of the liquid, the average primary particle size is preferably 10 to 100 nm, and particularly preferably 10 to 25 nm. It is.
The undercoat layer is preferably formed in a form in which metal oxide particles are dispersed in a binder resin. As the binder resin used for the undercoat layer, phenoxy, epoxy, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, casein, polyacrylic acid, celluloses, gelatin, starch, polyurethane, polyimide, polyamide, etc. alone or in a form cured together with a curing agent. Among them, alcohol-soluble copolymerized polyamides, modified polyamides and the like are preferable because they exhibit good dispersibility and coatability.
[0038]
The addition ratio of the inorganic particles to the binder resin can be arbitrarily selected, but is preferably used in the range of 10 to 500% by weight in view of the stability of the dispersion and the applicability.
The thickness of the undercoat layer can be arbitrarily selected, but is preferably from 0.1 to 20 μm from the viewpoint of photoreceptor characteristics and coating properties. A known antioxidant may be added to the undercoat layer.
<Charge generating substance>
Examples of the charge generation material used in the photosensitive layer include selenium and its alloys, cadmium sulfide, other inorganic photoconductive materials, phthalocyanine pigments, azo pigments, quinacridone pigments, indigo pigments, perylene pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, anthantrone pigments In addition, various photoconductive materials such as organic pigments such as benzimidazole pigments can be used, and organic pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, and azo pigments are particularly preferable.
[0039]
Above all, azo pigments such as metal-free phthalocyanine, metals such as copper, indium, gallium, tin, titanium, zinc, and vanadium or oxides thereof, phthalocyanines in which chloride is coordinated, monoazo, bisazo, trisazo, and polyazos are preferable. .
When using a phthalocyanine compound as the charge generating substance of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, specifically, a metal such as a metal-free phthalocyanine, copper, indium, gallium, tin, titanium, zinc, vanadium, silicon, germanium, or an oxide thereof, Coordinated phthalocyanines such as halides are used. Examples of the ligand to a trivalent or higher-valent metal atom include a hydroxyl group and an alkoxy group in addition to the oxygen atom and the chlorine atom shown above. Particularly preferred are highly sensitive X-type, τ-type metal-free phthalocyanines, α-type, β-type, Y-type titanyl phthalocyanines, vanadyl phthalocyanines, chloroindium phthalocyanines, chlorogallium phthalocyanines, and hydroxygallium phthalocyanines. In addition, among the crystal forms of titanyl phthalocyanine mentioned here, α-form and β-form are described in W.C. Heller et al. Respectively show phase II and phase I (Zeit. Kristallogr. 159 (1982) 173), and β-form is known as a stable form. The most preferably used Y type is a crystal type characterized in that a diffraction angle 2θ ± 0.2 ° shows a clear peak at 27.3 ° in powder X-ray diffraction using CuKα ray. The phthalocyanine compound may be a single compound or a mixture of several compounds. As the phthalocyanine compound or a mixed state that can be placed in a crystalline state here, the respective components may be mixed and used later, or the mixed state may be used in the manufacturing and processing steps of the phthalocyanine compound such as synthesis, pigmentation, and crystallization. It may be the one that has occurred. As such a treatment, an acid paste treatment, a grinding treatment, a solvent treatment and the like are known.
[0040]
In the case of a laminated photosensitive layer, these charge generating substances include, for example, polyester resin, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetoacetal, polyvinyl propional, polyvinyl butyral, phenoxy resin, epoxy resin, It is used as a charge generation layer bound with various binder resins such as urethane resin, cellulose ester, cellulose ether and the like. In this case, the usage ratio of the charge generating substance is usually 20 to 2,000 parts by weight, preferably 30 to 500 parts by weight, more preferably 33 to 500 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. Further, other organic photoconductive compounds, dyes, and electron-withdrawing compounds may be contained as necessary.
[0041]
The thickness of the charge generation layer is usually 0.05 to 5 μm, preferably 0.1 to 2 μm, and more preferably 0.15 to 0.8 μm.
In the case of a single-layer dispersion type photosensitive layer, the charge generating substance is used by being dispersed in a continuous layer comprising the polyester resin of the present invention and a charge transporting substance. In this case, if the particle size of the charge generating substance is too large, the exposure light is scattered, which is not preferable. Therefore, it is usually used at 1 μm or less, preferably 0.5 μm or less.
[0042]
When the amount of the charge generating substance dispersed in the photosensitive layer is too small, sufficient sensitivity cannot be obtained. Therefore, the amount is usually 0.5% by weight or more, preferably 1% by weight or more. The amount is usually 50% by weight or less, preferably 20% by weight or less.
The thickness of the dispersion type photosensitive layer is usually 5 to 50 μm, preferably 10 to 45 μm.
<Charge transport material>
Examples of the charge transport material used in the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention include aromatic nitro compounds such as 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone, cyano compounds such as tetracyanoquinodimethane, and quinones such as diphenoquinone. Electron-withdrawing substances such as carbazole derivatives, indole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, pyrazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, heterocyclic compounds such as thiadiazole derivatives, aniline derivatives, hydrazone compounds, aromatic amine derivatives, stilbenes Examples thereof include a derivative, a butadiene derivative, an enamine compound, an electron-donating substance such as a compound in which a plurality of these compounds are bonded, and a polymer having a group consisting of these compounds in a main chain or a side chain. Among them, carbazole derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, aromatic amine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, butadiene derivatives and those in which a plurality of these derivatives are bonded are preferable, and those in which a plurality of aromatic amine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, butadiene derivatives are bonded. Is particularly preferred.
[0043]
These charge transporting substances may be used alone or in combination. The charge transport layer is formed in a state where these charge transport substances are bound to the binder resin. The charge transport layer may be composed of a single layer, or may be a layer in which a plurality of layers having different constituent components or composition ratios are stacked. In this case, the polyester resin in the present invention is contained at least in the layer formed on the outermost surface.
[0044]
For the layer containing the charge transporting substance, well-known plasticizers, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, and electron attractants for improving film formability, flexibility, coating properties, stain resistance, gas resistance, light resistance, etc. Additives such as a hydrophilic compound, a leveling agent, and a sensitizer may be contained. Examples of the electron-withdrawing compound include quinones such as chloranil, 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, 1-nitroanthraquinone, 1-chloro-5-nitroanthraquinone, 2-chloroanthraquinone, and phenanthrenequinone; Aldehydes such as nitrobenzaldehyde; 9-benzoylanthracene, indandione, 3,5-dinitrobenzophenone, 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone, 3,3 ', 5 Ketones such as 5,5'-tetranitrobenzophenone; acid anhydrides such as phthalic anhydride and 4-chloronaphthalic anhydride; tetracyanoethylene, terephthalalmalononitrile, 9-anthrylmethylidenemalononitrile, 4-nitroben Salmalononitrile, 4- (p-nitrobenzo Loxy) cyano compounds such as benzalmalononitrile; 3-benzalphthalide, 3- (α-cyano-p-nitrobenzal) phthalide, 3- (α-cyano-p-nitrobenzal) -4,5,6,7-tetrachloro Electron-withdrawing compounds such as phthalides such as phthalide.
[0045]
Examples of the antioxidant include a hindered phenol compound and a hindered amine compound.
Examples of dye dyes optionally added to the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor include triphenylmethane dyes such as methyl violet, brilliant green, and crystal violet; thiazine dyes such as methylene blue; quinone dyes such as quinizarin; cyanine dyes; Salts, thiavirilium salts, benzovirylium salts and the like.
[0046]
The photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, according to a conventional method, dissolves a charge transport material together with a binder resin in a suitable solvent, and if necessary, a suitable sensitizing dye, an electron withdrawing compound, another charge transport material, or It can be manufactured by applying a coating liquid obtained by adding known additives such as a plasticizer, a pigment and the like onto a conductive support and drying to form a photosensitive layer.
[0047]
In the case of a single layer type, an appropriate charge generation material may be dispersed in the coating solution, and in the case of a laminated photosensitive layer in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order, the charge generation layer It can be manufactured by applying the above-mentioned coating solution on the top.
The charge transport layer in the laminated photosensitive layer is mainly composed of the above-described charge transport material and a binder resin. The proportion of the polyester resin serving as the binder resin of the charge transporting layer and the charge transporting substance is usually 30 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. These are used in an amount of preferably at least 40 parts by weight. Further, if the amount of the charge transporting substance is too large, the hardness of the charge transporting layer is reduced and wear is apt to occur. Therefore, the charge transporting substance is usually 200 parts by weight or less, preferably 150 parts by weight or less, more preferably 100 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. Is used at 90 parts by weight or less. When the film thickness is too small, the life of the photoconductor is shortened due to wear of the photoconductor due to use. Therefore, the film thickness is usually 10 μm or more, preferably 20 μm or more. Or less, preferably 45 μm or less, more preferably 40 μm or less.
<Other components>
Further, the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member may contain a well-known plasticizer in order to improve film forming property, flexibility, and mechanical strength. Therefore, examples of the plasticizer to be added to the coating solution include phthalic acid esters, phosphate esters, epoxy compounds, chlorinated paraffins, chlorinated fatty acid esters, and aromatic compounds such as methylnaphthalene. When the arylamine-based compound is used as the charge transporting material in the charge transporting layer, the coating solution may have the above-described composition, but the photoconductive particles, the dye, the electron withdrawing compound, etc. are excluded or a small amount is added. Good. In this case, as the charge generation layer, a coating solution obtained by dissolving or dispersing the above photoconductive particles and a solvent such as a binder polymer or another organic photoconductive substance, a dye or an electron-withdrawing compound as necessary is applied. Examples include a dried thin layer or a layer in which the photoconductive particles are formed into a film by means such as vapor deposition.
[0048]
Further, for the purpose of reducing frictional resistance and abrasion on the surface of the photoreceptor, the surface layer may contain a fluorine resin, a silicone resin or the like. Further, particles of these resins or particles of an inorganic compound may be included.
Needless to say, if necessary, a layer for improving electrical and mechanical properties, such as an intermediate layer such as a barrier layer, an adhesive layer, and a blocking layer, and a transparent insulating layer may be provided.
<Coating method>
The photosensitive layer is formed by applying a coating solution in which the above substances are dissolved or dispersed in a solvent. Solvents for preparing a coating solution include ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; N, N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, N-methyl Aprotic polar solvents such as pyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide; esters such as ethyl acetate, methyl formate, and methyl cellosolve acetate; solvents that dissolve amine compounds such as chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dichloroethane and chloroform. Of course, it is necessary to select one that dissolves the binder from these.
[0049]
Examples of the method for applying the photosensitive layer include a spray coating method, a spiral coating method, a ring coating method, and a dip coating method.
Spray coating methods include air spray, airless spray, electrostatic air spray, electrostatic airless spray, rotary atomizing electrostatic spray, hot spray, hot airless spray, etc., but fine particles to obtain a uniform film thickness Considering the degree of chemical conversion, adhesion efficiency, etc., in the case of a rotary atomization type electrostatic spray, the conveying method disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-805198, that is, to make an interval in the axial direction while rotating a cylindrical work By continuously transporting the electrophotographic photoreceptors, it is possible to obtain an electrophotographic photoreceptor excellent in uniformity of film thickness with high overall adhesion efficiency.
[0050]
Examples of the spiral coating method include a method using an injection coating machine or a curtain coating machine disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 52-119651, and a method for coating a coating material through a fine opening disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 1-2231966. There is a method of continuously flying in a streak shape, a method using a multi-nozzle body disclosed in JP-A-3-193161, and the like.
[0051]
Hereinafter, the dip coating method will be described.
Formation of a charge transporting layer having a total solid content of usually 25 to 40% and a viscosity of usually 50 to 300 centipoise, preferably 100 to 200 centipoise using a charge transporting substance (preferably the aforementioned compound), polyester resin, solvent and the like. Adjust the coating solution for the application. Here, the viscosity of the coating liquid is substantially determined by the type of the binder polymer and its molecular weight. If the molecular weight is too low, the mechanical strength of the polymer itself is reduced, so that the binder polymer has a molecular weight that does not impair the mechanical strength. It is preferred to use The charge transport layer is formed by a dip coating method using the coating solution thus adjusted.
[0052]
Thereafter, the coating film is dried, and the drying temperature and time are preferably adjusted so that necessary and sufficient drying is performed. The drying temperature is usually in the range of 100 to 250C, preferably 110 to 170C, more preferably 120 to 140C. As a drying method, a hot air dryer, a steam dryer, an infrared dryer, a far infrared dryer, or the like can be used.
The photoreceptor for electrophotography obtained in this way has high sensitivity, low residual potential, high chargeability, and small variation due to repetition, and in particular, good charge stability affecting image density, It can be used as a highly durable photoreceptor. Further, since the sensitivity is high in the range of 750 to 850 nm, it is particularly suitable for a photoconductor for a semiconductor laser printer.
<Image forming method>
An electrophotographic apparatus such as a copying machine or a printer using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention includes at least each process of charging, exposure, development, and transfer, but any process may use any of commonly used methods. . As a charging method (charging device), for example, any of corotron or scorotron charging using corona discharge, contact charging using a conductive roller, a brush, a film, or the like may be used. Of these, in the charging method using corona discharge, scorotron charging is often used to keep the dark area potential constant.
[0053]
As a developing method, a general method of developing by contacting or non-contacting a magnetic or non-magnetic one-component developer, a two-component developer or the like is used. The toner for development may be a so-called pulverized toner, but the photoreceptor of the present invention is suitable for use of a chemically polymerized toner having a small particle size and / or high sphericity. , A higher resolution image can be obtained.
[0054]
The method of transferring the image formed on the photoreceptor may be any of a method using corona discharge, a method using a transfer roller or a transfer belt, and the like. The transfer may be performed directly on paper, an OHP film, or the like, or may be performed once on an intermediate transfer member (belt or drum shape) and then transferred onto paper or an OHP film.
Usually, after the transfer, a fixing process of fixing the developer onto paper or the like is used, and as a fixing unit, generally used heat fixing, pressure fixing, or the like can be used.
[0055]
In addition to these processes, a process that is generally used, such as cleaning and static elimination, may be provided.
[0056]
【Example】
Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples unless it exceeds the gist of the invention.
Production Example 1 (Method for producing polyester resin of Example 1)
Sodium hydroxide (6.03 g) and H in a 1 L beaker2O (511 ml) was weighed and dissolved while stirring with nitrogen bubbling. Therein, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (00.075 g), bis (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) methane [= hereinafter sometimes referred to as TmBPF] (13.10 g) and A shown in Table 1 below After adding a bisphenol compound having a structure of -1 (2.04 g) and stirring, the alkaline aqueous solution was transferred to a 2 L reaction tank.
2,3,6-trimethylphenol (0.309 g) was charged into the 2 L reaction tank.
Separately, terephthalic acid chloride (11.71 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (256 ml) and transferred into a dropping funnel.
While maintaining the external temperature of the polymerization tank at 20 ° C., while stirring the aqueous alkali solution in the reaction tank, a dichloromethane solution was dropped from the dropping funnel over 1 hour. After stirring was further continued for 3 hours, acetic acid (2.19 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the stirring was stopped and the organic layer was separated. The organic layer was poured into a 0.1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (576 ml), stirred, separated, washed, then washed twice with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (576 ml), and further washed with H.2Washing was performed twice with O (576 ml).
Methylene chloride was added to the washed organic layer to dilute it to 320 mL, and the mixture was poured into 2000 mL of methanol, and the obtained precipitate was taken out by filtration and dried to obtain the desired polyester resin. The viscosity average molecular weight of the obtained polyester resin was 41,500. The structural formula of the obtained polyester resin is shown below.
[0057]
Embedded image
Production Examples 2 to 4, Comparative Production Example 1
(Production method of polyester resin of Examples 2 to 4 and Comparative Example 1) A polyester resin was produced in the same manner as in Production Example 1 except that the charged composition ratio of the monomers of Production Example 1 was changed to the copolymer composition ratio shown in Table 1. Was manufactured.
[Measurement of viscosity average molecular weight]
The polyester resin was dissolved in dichloromethane to prepare a solution having a concentration C of 6.00 g / L. Flow time t of the solvent (dichloromethane)0Was measured using a Ubbelohde capillary viscometer of 136.16 seconds in a thermostatic water bath set at 20.0 ° C. The viscosity average molecular weight Mv was calculated according to the following equation.
[0058]
(Equation 1)
a = 0.438 × ηsp+1 ηsp= T / t0-1
b = 100 × ηsp/ C C = 6.00 (g / L)
η = b / a
Mv = 3207 × η1.205
Example 1
Photoconductor production
(Manufacture of charge generation layer)
10 parts by weight of β-oxytitanium phthalocyanine having the following structure was added to 150 parts by weight of 4-methoxy-4-methylpentanone-2, and pulverized and dispersed by a sand grind mill.
[0059]
Embedded image
[0060]
Also, 100 parts of a 5% 1,2-dimethoxyethane solution of polyvinyl butyral (Denka Butyral # 6000C, manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo KK) and 5% 1,5% of a phenoxy resin (manufactured by Union Carbide Co., Ltd., PKHH) A binder solution was prepared by mixing 100 parts of a 2-dimethoxyethane solution.
To 160 parts by weight of the previously prepared pigment dispersion, 100 parts by weight of a binder solution and an appropriate amount of 1,2-dimethoxyethane were added to finally prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 4.0%.
The thus obtained dispersion was applied on a polyethylene terephthalate film on which aluminum was vapor-deposited on the surface so as to have a thickness of 0.4 μm to provide a charge generation layer.
(Production of charge transport layer) Next, on this film, the following charge transport material [1] (where the phenylbutadiene chain on the left is attached to one of the two benzene rings on the left in parenthesis, and the phenyl on the right is The butadiene chain is bonded to either of the two benzene rings on the right side of the parentheses.) 50 parts, 100 parts of the polyester resin obtained in Production Example 1, and silicone oil 0.03 as a leveling agent A part thereof was dissolved in a mixed solvent of toluene / tetrahydrofuran (weight ratio: 2/8), applied, and dried at 125 ° C. for 20 minutes. A charge transport layer was provided so that the film thickness after drying was 20 μm. At this time, the solubility of the polyester resin was good. The photoconductors thus obtained were evaluated as described below.
[0061]
Embedded image
[0062]
[Electrical characteristics]
The above photoreceptor was placed on an aluminum drum using an electrophotographic characteristic evaluation apparatus (basic and application of electrophotographic technology, edited by the Electrophotographic Society, Corona Co., pp. 404-405) manufactured according to the electrophotographic society measurement standard. After sticking to form a cylinder and establishing conduction between the aluminum drum and the aluminum substrate of the photoreceptor, the drum is rotated at a constant rotation speed, and an electrical property evaluation test is performed by a cycle of charging, exposure, potential measurement, and static elimination. went. At that time, the initial surface potential was -700 V, the exposure was 780 nm, the static elimination was 660 nm monochromatic light, and the 780 nm light was 2.4 μJ / cm.2The surface potential at the time of irradiation (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as VL) was measured. In the VL measurement, the time required from the exposure to the potential measurement was 139 ms. The measurement environment is an environment of a temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 50% (hereinafter, this environment may be referred to as an NN environment) or a temperature of 10 ° C. and a relative humidity of 20% (hereinafter, this environment may be referred to as an LL environment). Went under. Table 1 shows the results. The smaller the absolute value of the value of VL, the better the response.
[Wear test]
The photoreceptor film was cut into a circle having a diameter of 10 cm, and abrasion was evaluated using a Taber abrasion tester (manufactured by Toyo Seiki Co., Ltd.). The test conditions are as follows: The wear amount after 1000 rotations with no load (self-weight of the wear wheel) is measured by comparing the weights before and after the test with a wear wheel CS-10F in an atmosphere of 23 ° C. and 50% RH without using a load (the weight of the wear wheel). did. Table 1 shows the results. Examples 2 to 4, Comparative Examples 1 to 4
Example 1 was repeated except that the polyester resins shown in Examples 2 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 in Table 1 were used in place of the polyester resin used in the production of the photoconductor (production of the charge transport layer) in Example 1. The same operation as in Example 1 was performed to manufacture a photoconductor. The abrasion test, abrasion test and evaluation of the electrical characteristics of the obtained photoreceptor were performed in the same manner as in Example 1 under the same conditions. Table 1 shows the results.
[0063]
[Table 1]
Abrasion amount: Taber abrasion test Abrasion amount after 1000 rotations (mass reduction)
VL: electrical characteristics (smaller values indicate better electrical characteristics)
The structural formulas of the monomers (diol component and dicarboxylic acid component) constituting the binder are shown below.
Dicarboxylic acid component of binder
TPA: Terephthalic acid IPA: Isophthalic acid
From the results shown in Table 1, the electrophotographic photosensitive member having the photosensitive layer containing the polyester resin specific to the present invention was extremely excellent in abrasion resistance and electric characteristics.
[0064]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, by using a polyester resin having a specific structure, an electrophotographic photoreceptor excellent in abrasion resistance and electrical characteristics can be obtained.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003086810A JP2004294750A (en) | 2003-03-27 | 2003-03-27 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003086810A JP2004294750A (en) | 2003-03-27 | 2003-03-27 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2004294750A true JP2004294750A (en) | 2004-10-21 |
| JP2004294750A5 JP2004294750A5 (en) | 2006-04-06 |
Family
ID=33401338
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003086810A Pending JP2004294750A (en) | 2003-03-27 | 2003-03-27 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2004294750A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007117029A3 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2008-12-04 | Fuji Elec Device Tech Co Ltd | Electrophotographic photoconductor and a method of manufacturing the same |
| JP2014164046A (en) * | 2013-02-22 | 2014-09-08 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, electrophotographic cartridge, and image forming apparatus |
| JP2018049212A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2018-03-29 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, electrophotographic cartridge, and image forming apparatus |
| US10725391B2 (en) | 2015-03-23 | 2020-07-28 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Electrophotographic photoreceptor and image forming apparatus |
| US10884348B2 (en) | 2016-09-21 | 2021-01-05 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, and electrophotographic cartridge and image forming apparatus including same |
-
2003
- 2003-03-27 JP JP2003086810A patent/JP2004294750A/en active Pending
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007117029A3 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2008-12-04 | Fuji Elec Device Tech Co Ltd | Electrophotographic photoconductor and a method of manufacturing the same |
| TWI416285B (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2013-11-21 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | Electrophotographic photoconductor and a method of manufacturing the same |
| JP2014164046A (en) * | 2013-02-22 | 2014-09-08 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, electrophotographic cartridge, and image forming apparatus |
| US10725391B2 (en) | 2015-03-23 | 2020-07-28 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Electrophotographic photoreceptor and image forming apparatus |
| US10884348B2 (en) | 2016-09-21 | 2021-01-05 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, and electrophotographic cartridge and image forming apparatus including same |
| JP2018049212A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2018-03-29 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, electrophotographic cartridge, and image forming apparatus |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP3781268B2 (en) | POLYESTER RESIN, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITOR USING THE SAME | |
| US6803163B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4371568B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4132640B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4054541B2 (en) | Polyester resin for electrophotographic photosensitive member and electrophotographic photosensitive member using the same | |
| JP2003082078A (en) | Polyester resin and electrophotographic photosensitive member using the same | |
| JP2002214807A (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP2004294750A (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP3926093B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4084933B2 (en) | Polyester resin and electrophotographic photosensitive member using the same | |
| JP4154873B2 (en) | Method for producing electrophotographic photosensitive member | |
| JP4835668B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4298190B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4527265B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP3835153B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4084976B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4151428B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4151427B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP6569394B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor and method for producing polyarylate resin | |
| JP4487997B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4028781B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP4015830B2 (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP2002014479A (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP2008203864A (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor | |
| JP2006113612A (en) | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20060217 |
|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Effective date: 20060217 Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 |
|
| A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20070927 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Effective date: 20071016 Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 |
|
| A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20080226 |