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JP2004248819A - Blood analyzer - Google Patents

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JP2004248819A
JP2004248819A JP2003041349A JP2003041349A JP2004248819A JP 2004248819 A JP2004248819 A JP 2004248819A JP 2003041349 A JP2003041349 A JP 2003041349A JP 2003041349 A JP2003041349 A JP 2003041349A JP 2004248819 A JP2004248819 A JP 2004248819A
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component
blood
light
frequency
pulsation
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Japanese (ja)
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Katsuyoshi Aihara
克好 相原
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Citizen Watch Co Ltd
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Citizen Watch Co Ltd
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  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve the problem of an eventual prolonged measuring time in view of the biomedical signals which must be passed through an analog filter to remove the noises while the information possessed thereby is processed, a factor for the errors possible in the calculation of the ratio of the blood components and when the signal itself is a low frequency like the pulse waves, a larger time constant required in the setting of an analog filter takes more time until the signal passing through the filter is stabilized. <P>SOLUTION: In the blood analyzer, the biomedical signals discretely digitized are converted to the data of the frequency range from the time range to determine the intensity of the power spectrum of the fundamental frequency components contained in the biomedical signals and then, the ratio of the intensity thereof is calculated based on the intensity of the power spectrum determined from a plurality of pulsation components. This enables the measurement of the pulsation components at a higher speed without degrading the information possessed by the biomedical signals and moreover, achieves the stable reproducibility with a higher precision. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、非侵襲で血液中の成分を分析する血液分析装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来から採血しないで血液成分を検査する装置としては、例えば動脈血の酸素飽和度を測定するパルスオキシメーターがある。これは動脈血中のヘモグロビンのうち酸素と結合したヘモグロビンの割合を非侵襲で測定するものであり、使いやすく装置の価格も妥当なことから、さまざまな医療現場で使われてきた。例えば、手術中や手術後、集中治療室では、患者の容体を連続的に監視している。また在宅酸素療法では患者の状態把握として使われてきた。救急医療では、輸送中に患者の容体を短時間で把握するために使われてきた。さらに、高所登山での健康状態のチェックにも使われている。
【0003】
このパルスオキシメーターは、例えば、血流の脈動に起因する透過光量の変化分を、630nmと900nmのふたつの異なる波長帯域において測定して、このふたつの変化分の比、つまり吸光度の比から動脈血の酸素飽和度を算出している。
【0004】
【特許文献1】
特公昭53−26437号公報(第2−3頁、第4図)
【0005】
次に、このようなパルスオキシメータの構成例を図6に示すブロック図を用いて説明する。第1の発光素子21と第2の発光素子22は、発光駆動回路11の出力を受けて、それぞれ、波長の異なる光を経時的に交互に点灯する。第1の発光素子21が発する光の波長をλ1、第2の発光素子22が発する光の波長をλ2とする。第1の発光素子21と第2の発光素子22が発する光は、例えば指である生体組織1に照射され、生体組織1を挟んで対向して配置された受光素子23によって透過光として受光される。生体組織1に照射された光は、赤血球による散乱や、生体組織1の組織および各種血液成分による吸収などが起こっている。
【0006】
受光素子23は、第1の発光素子21と第2の発光素子22から発せられた光が、生体組織1を透過した後の透過光量に対応する光を受けている。増幅器12は受光素子23で受けた透過光量を電気信号に変換するとともにその電気信号を増幅している。なお、各波長における透過光量には、血管を流れる血液の脈動に相当する脈動成分の情報が含まれている。生体信号は、皮膚や筋肉などの組織、生体を構成する水分子などに相当する成分(直流信号成分)と血液の脈動に相当する脈動成分(交流信号成分)が加算されたものである。この脈動成分は、心拍によって生じる脈拍に同期した非周期的信号であると言える。
【0007】
マルチプレクサ(MPX)31と呼ばれる分岐回路では、増幅器12の出力信号が、λ1、λ2の波長ごとに振り分けられ、波長ごとに設けられた第1のバンドパスフィルタ(以後、BPFと表記する)32と第2のバンドパスフィルタ(以後、BPFと表記する)33と呼ばれる帯域制限フィルタに供給される。第1のBPF32と第2のBPF33は、各生体信号中に含まれる高周波のノイズ成分を除去し、さらに生体組織1における各波長λ1、λ2についての透過光の脈動成分に相当する振幅信号を出力する。
【0008】
第1の脈動抽出手段(以後、DETと表記する)34と第2の脈動抽出手段(以後、DETと表記する)35は、第1のBPF32と第2のBPF33からの各出力信号により、波長ごとに生体組織1の脈動成分の振幅値に相当する信号を検出して取り出している。これら検出信号は、生体組織1での各波長λ1、λ2における透過光量、つまり脈動成分の変化分に対応したものであり、A/D変換されたデータである。第1のDET34と第2のDET35の出力信号は、演算手段36に送られ、全血液成分に対する各種血液成分比が演算される。そして、表示手段18では演算結果である動脈血酸素飽和度の成分比を表示する。
【0009】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
前述の脈動抽出方法によれば、アナログ信号である生体信号がMPX31によって波長ごとに分配され、まず波長ごとに設けた第1のBPF32と第2のBPF33であるアナログフィルタによって高周波のノイズ成分を除去する構成になっている。しかし、アナログフィルタを通すことによって高周波のノイズを除去すると同時に、生体信号のもつ情報も加工することになり、血液成分比を計算する上で誤差の要因になる。さらに、生体の脈動波形のように信号そのものが低周波である場合は、設定するアナログフィルタの時定数が大きくなり、フィルタを通した後の信号が安定するまで時間がかかり、結果的に測定時間が長くなるという問題がある。
【0010】
本発明の目的は上記課題を解決し、生体信号のもつ情報を低下させることなく高精度に測定でき、しかも高速な測定も可能とする血液分析装置を提供するものである。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するための本発明で用いる手段は、2つ以上の発光素子と、前記発光素子から発せられたそれぞれの光を生体組織を通して受ける少なくとも1つの受光素子と、前記受光素子の受光量に応じてそれぞれの前記発光素子ごとに前記生体組織の脈動成分を取り出す脈動抽出手段と少なくとも1つの血液成分比を演算する血液成分比算出手段とからなる演算手段と、前記血液成分比算出手段の算出結果を表示する表示手段とを有する血液分析装置において、前記脈動抽出手段は、前記脈動成分に含まれる複数の周波数における周波数成分を抽出する周波数成分抽出手段と、該周波数成分抽出手段によって得られた各周波数成分の実効値を求める実効値算出手段とを有し、前記血液成分比算出手段は、2つ以上の前記発光素子から得られる前記実効値を用いて前記血液成分比を算出することである。
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、図面を用いて本発明の実施の形態を詳述する。
図1は、本発明の実施の形態による血液分析装置を示すブロック図、図2は、脈波の一例を示す波形図、図3は、図2に示す脈波を用いてFFT演算して得られるパワースペクトル強度を示す図、図4は、図2に示す脈波に正規乱数を重畳した波形図、図5は、図4に示す脈波を用いてFFT演算して得られるパワースペクトル強度を示す図である。ここでは、2つの異なる波長の光を用いる血液分析装置について説明する。まず、図1に示した血液分析装置の構成を説明する。図6に示した従来技術と同じ構成は同じ番号を付してその説明を省略する。
図1において、1は生体組織、11は発光駆動回路、21は第1の発光素子、22は第2の発光素子、23は受光素子、18は表示手段であり、これらは図6に示した同一符号の構成要素と同じものである。12は増幅回路であり、受光素子23で受けた透過光量を電気信号に変換するとともに、その信号を増幅する。図6の増幅回路とは異なり、さらに、その信号をA/D変換することによって、連続した生体信号を離散的なデータ量として次段に出力する。
【0013】
演算手段14は生体組織1における脈動成分から、血液成分比を算出する演算手段であり、増幅回路12の出力信号から脈動の周波数成分を分離する周波数成分抽出手段15と、各周波数成分の実効値を求める実効値算出手段16とからなる脈動抽出手段13と、この脈動抽出手段13の計算結果から、さらに血液成分比を求める血液成分比算出手段17とから構成されている。
【0014】
次に、図1に示した血液分析装置の動作を説明する。
まず、図6で説明したように、2つの異なる波長の光を発する第1の発光素子21と第2の発光素子22とが経時的に交互に点灯し、生体組織1に照射され、その透過光を受光素子23が受ける。そして、増幅回路12によって、受光素子23で受けた透過光量が、離散的なデータ量に変換される。次に、周波数成分抽出手段15によって、増幅回路12の出力から脈動成分が取り出され、さらに、実効値算出手段16では、周波数成分抽出手段15の出力に基づいて、第1の発光素子21と第2の発光素子22から発せられて生体組織1を透過した異なる2つの波長の光に対応した脈動成分の実効値を算出する。その後、実効値算出手段16で求めた実効値を用いて、血液成分比算出手段17によって未知の血液成分比を算出し、その結果を表示手段18に表示する。
【0015】
次に図2〜図5を用いて、本発明のポイントである脈動抽出手段13について詳細に説明する。まず、脈動抽出手段13が処理する増幅回路12の出力について説明する。
図2は、実際に図1のブロック図に示す構成によって生体組織1を透過した光を電気信号に変換、増幅し、さらにA/D変換した、増幅回路12の出力である離散化したデータによる生体からの脈動波形を示したものである。横軸は時間、縦軸は脈動信号をデジタル化した時の値を任意単位として示しており、1000以下の値を省略し、1000〜1250の信号の変化する部分を拡大して示している。また、この時のサンプリング時間間隔は20msである。波形41は、第1の発光素子21から発する波長λ1の光が生体組織1に照射された時、その透過光量に比例した受光素子23の出力の値を、増幅回路12によってデジタル化した脈動波形を示す一例である。同様に波形42は、第2の発光素子22から発する波長λ2の光が生体組織1に照射されたとき、その透過光量に比例した受光素子23の出力の値を、増幅回路12によってデジタル化した時の脈動波形を示す一例である。2つの異なる波長の光を発する第1の発光素子21と第2の発光素子22とでは、生体組織1における吸光度が異なるため、脈動信号は図2に示すように振幅値が異なる。波形41の方が波形42よりも振幅が大きいことが判る。
【0016】
図2に示すように、脈動に同期した基本周期とその数倍の周期の大きなうねりが認められる。すなわち、図2の例では測定時間が5秒から、波高値が下降傾向を示し、8秒前後で下降のピークとなり、それからふたたび波高値が上昇傾向を示し、10〜11秒で再び波高値が大きくなる。10〜11秒以降もこのようなうねりが続いている。この大きなうねり信号は、生体の筋肉の緊張、呼吸、生体組織1の微妙な動作が原因で生じる非周期関数である。さらに、基本周期の信号には高調波ノイズ、A/D変換時の数値誤差が含まれている。高調波ノイズは、A/D変換前のアナログ回路に起因したものであり、A/D変換時の数値誤差は、デジタル化する最小分解能に起因しており、最小分解能以下の数値は、上下どちらかの数値に丸められることによって起こる。このような、A/D変換時の数値誤差を量子化誤差という。
【0017】
次に、そのA/D変換されたデータを用いて、周波数成分抽出手段15と実効値算出手段16とからなる脈動成分抽出手段13による処理を説明する。まず、これらデジタル化された離散データから、周波数成分抽出手段15によって直流信号成分と交流信号成分に分解し、交流信号成分は生体信号に含まれる各周波数成分に分解する。周波数成分抽出手段15は、各周波数成分に分解するために、高速フーリエ変換(Fast Fourie Transform、以後、FFTと明記する)と呼ばれる時間領域で表されるデータ列を周波数領域に変換するための数学的手法を用いる。連続したデータを扱うフーリエ変換に対して、デジタル化した離散データのフーリエ変換は、DFT(Digital Fourie Transform)と呼ばれ、このDFTの計算回数を減らし高速演算する方法がFFTと呼ばれる計算方法である。
【0018】
FFTで得られる結果は、離散データのサンプリング周波数とFFT演算に必要なデータ数によって変わる。FFT演算での最小周波数分解能は、1/(サンプリング時間間隔×データ数)で表される。また、分析される最大周波数は、1/(2×サンプリング時間間隔)で表される。
【0019】
このように、FFT演算の結果は、最小周波数分解能の刻みで、周波数領域が決まるので、最小周波数分解能以下の成分は丸められることになる。最小周波数分解能と最大周波数との関係は、例えば、同じデータ数でサンプリング時間間隔を2倍にすると、周波数分解能は2倍、最大周波数は1/2になる。また、サンプリング時間間隔を同じにしてデータ数を2倍にすると、最小周波数分解能は2倍になる。但し、この時最大周波数は変わらない。このサンプリング時間間隔を任意に設定することによって、高周波領域に関するフィルタを形成したのと同様の効果が得られる。
【0020】
連続した数値を扱うフーリエ変換は、任意時間幅における波形を切り出した場合、その波形が無限に連続しているものとして計算する。一方、FFTの場合でも、切り出した任意時間幅が連続しているものとして計算する。しかし、連続関数は数学的な場合であって、生体を含め自然界では、その波形は非周期関数であるため、任意時間幅を切り出すとその任意時間幅の両端が不連続になり、演算結果に誤差を有するものとなる。両端が不連続とは、切り出した波形の両端部が、となりの波形ときれいに繋がらないことを意味する。その不連続性に起因する誤差をより小さくするため、窓関数と呼ばれる重み付け関数が利用されているが、本質的にその誤差をなくすことはできない。その結果、周波数軸における個々の周波数成分の値には、A/D変換時、波形の切り出し、雑音など必ず何らかの誤差が含まれる。
【0021】
しかし、ここでは、分析した個々の周波数成分の値の正確さを問題にするのではなく、後述するように、異なる2つの発光素子から発せられた光に対応した、それぞれの周波数成分の実効値の相対値(実効値の比)を用いて血液成分を演算することにより、これらの実効値に同様に含まれている誤差の影響を除くことができる。また、脈動成分は、心拍に同期した信号であるので、個々人の脈拍数に応じて異なる周波数成分をもつ。しかし、本例では複数波長を一個体に照射したときのその一個体の脈動成分の比を見るので、個人差による周波数軸の絶対値差を考慮する必要がない。これについては、後で詳細を記述する。FFT演算のもととなる離散フーリエ変換は、(1)式で表すことができる。
【数1】

Figure 2004248819
さらに、(1)式のexponential部分は複素数をべきにもつ指数関数であるので、それをオイラー展開して、(2)式を得る。
【数2】
Figure 2004248819
(2)式は、k番目(kは整数)の周波数成分を求める式で、このkに最小分解能を乗じた値が周波数となる。f(nt)は、フーリエ変換する対象波形を表し(本実施の形態では、図4に示した45や46)、Nはデータ数、nは整数、tはサンプリング時間間隔、ωは各周波数を表す。(2)により、フーリエ変換する対象波形に、どのくらいの波長のcos波、sin波がどのくらいの振幅で含まれているかを計算する。例えば、各周波数成分は、サンプリング時間間隔20msで256個のデータでフーリエ変換を実行すると、ωntはω=(360°/256)にサンプリング時間間隔20msの整数倍を順じ、cos波、またはsin波と同じ時間での対象波形データとを乗じていき、そこで得られた波形の面積を求める。その計算された各周波数成分は、a±jbの形をとる。ここで、aは、cos波成分で実数を表し、bはsin波成分で虚数を表す。対象波形をどこで切り出すかで、このcos波成分とsin波成分が異なるため、周波数成分は、実効値つまり、実数の二乗と虚数の二乗の平方根をとったものをパワースペクトル強度として表し、最小周波数分解能刻みで表す。この演算は、実効値算出手段16によって行われる。
【0022】
つまり、このパワースペクトル強度は、生体組織1を透過した透過光量に比例して増減し、脈動成分に含まれる周波数成分を分解し、脈動成分に、それぞれの周波数成分がどの程度の割合で含まれているかを表している。脈動成分は、FFTで得られた全ての周波数成分によって表されるが、そのうちの基本波成分に着目する。通常脈拍を36回/分から120回/分を想定すると、その信号は0.6Hzから2Hzとなる。また、生体における脈動成分は、一般に10Hz程度までの合成信号と考えられる。この10Hzまでの個々の周波数成分は、それぞれが脈動成分を反映しているため、全ての周波数成分を用いなくてもいずれかの周波数成分を用いることで、後述する方法により血液成分比を求めることができる。しかし、パワースペクトル強度の値の大きな基本波成分を用いることで、比較的誤差の影響をうけずに血液成分比を求めることができる。ここでいう基本波成分とは、周波数成分抽出手段15で得られた直流信号成分を除く周波数成分のうち、最も実効値が大きい周波数成分とする。
【0023】
図3は、図2で示すA/D変換後のデータを用いて、データ数256個としてFFT演算を行い、各周波数における実効値を算出した結果である。前述したように、サンプリング時間間隔20msで、データ数256とすると、サンプリング時間は、5.12s、最小周波数分解能は0.195Hz、分析される最大周波数は25Hzとなる。つまり、分析できる周波数成分は、最小分解能0.195Hzの整数倍の周波数に展開でき、その最大周波数が25Hzであるということが判る。但し、図3では、横軸の周波数は0から10Hzに拡大し記載した。
ここまでが、周波数成分抽出手段15を示すものである。
【0024】
周波数成分抽出手段15によって分解された各周波数成分は、すべて生体信号の情報であるが、基本周波数成分に着目して1Hz近傍のパワースペクトル強度を求める。この場合、直流信号成分及び前述した大きなうねり(0.5Hz以下の低周波信号)を除外するため、例えば、最小周波数分解能0.195Hz×3=0.585Hz以上の周波数での最大パワースペクトル強度を求める。図3から波長1による波形43の最大パワースペクトル強度が7172、波長2による波形44の最大パワースペクトル強度が4932である。ここから、両者の比を求めると、波長1に対する波長2の比は、0.687となる。このように、実効値算出手段16は、基本波周波数成分の最大パワースペクトル強度(実効値)を求める。そして(後述する)血液成分比算出手段17が、この複数の波長に対する実効値の比を求め、この比の値を用いて血液成分比を演算する。
【0025】
次にこの方法がランダムノイズに有利である例を示す。
図4は、図2に示すように波長λ1と波長λ2によって透過光量に比例した数値をデジタル化した脈動信号に、それぞれ別の正規乱数を重畳したものである。図2の波形41に正規乱数を重畳したものが波形45、同様に波形42に正規乱数を重畳したものが波形46である。これは、生体信号にノイズ成分を増加させた場合の信号を示している。ここでのノイズは、電源ノイズ、測定器からの放射ノイズを想定している。この信号を図2の信号と同様にFFT演算をして、基本周波数成分におけるパワースペクトル強度を求め、両者の比を求めてみる。
【0026】
図5は、図4の信号をFFT演算した結果を示したものである。FFT演算の条件は、図3の場合と同様にデータ数256で計算した。波形45を上記の条件でFFT演算した結果が図5の波形47、波形46をFFT演算した結果が波形48である。ここから、基本波周波数におけるパワースペクトル強度を求めると、波形47から7126、波形48から4922を得る。ここで、両者の比を求めると、0.690となり、正規乱数重畳しない場合との誤差は約0.5%とランダムノイズの影響を受けないことが判る。このように、FFT演算することによってランダムノイズにも強く、また生体信号に含まれる周波数成分のうち基本周波数成分の実効値を求めることは、源信号の情報を低下させることなく、脈動成分を抽出していることに他ならない。
【0027】
その後は、所定の計算式に則って、血液成分比算出手段17によって血液成分比を算出し、測定計算結果を表示手段によって表示する。例えば、異なる2波長により血液成分を求める。吸光度は濃度とセルの厚さに比例するというLambert−Beerの法則によれば、以下の(3)式が成り立つ。
【数3】
Figure 2004248819
x、yは、各々異なる血液成分の濃度、b1、b2は、各々異なる波長λ1およびλ2での吸光度、a11は血液成分xにおける波長λ1の吸光係数、a12は血液成分yにおける波長λ1の吸光係数、a21は血液成分xにおける波長λ2の吸光係数、a22はは血液成分yにおける波長λ2の吸光係数を示す。(3)式に示すLambert−Beerの法則は、光散乱がない場合の関係を示すものであるが、実際の生体組織は光散乱性物質であると考えられ、光散乱の影響を受ける。本願は、説明を簡単にするため光散乱を除いた式で説明する。この式を濃度について変形すると、(4)式のようになる。
【数4】
Figure 2004248819
但し、|A|は、吸光係数を表すa11〜a22の2行2列行列の行列式を表す。(4)式により、吸光係数が既知であるので、吸光度b1、b2を求めることによりx、yの濃度を求めることができる。FFT演算によって求めたパワースペクトル強度は、次に説明するように吸光度b1、b2に対応する値である。
【0028】
生体組織1を通過する光は、動脈血層、静脈血層、血液以外の組織の3つのブロックで吸収される。そのうち、静脈血層と血液以外の組織は、直流信号成分として出力され、動脈血層は、脈動に応じた交流信号成分として出力される。この直流信号成分と交流信号成分は、発光素子から発せられる光量、生体組織1への照射角度などによって変化する。そして、これらの成分の間には、直流信号成分が増加すれば、それに応じて交流信号成分も増加し、また、直流信号成分が減少すれば、それに応じて交流信号成分も減少するという関係がある。したがって、それらの吸収は、交流信号成分と直流信号成分との比、つまり交流信号成分/直流信号成分を求めることによって、吸光度に比例した相対的な交流信号成分量を求めることができる。そして、複数波長の各発光素子から発せられた光に基づいて求められた、相対的な交流信号成分量の比を求めることによって血液成分比を求めることができる。
【0029】
血液成分比X(血液成分がx及びyから構成されるとした場合に血液成分xが占める割合)およびY(血液成分がx及びyから構成されるとした場合に血液成分yが占める割合)は、(5)式のように表される。
【数5】
Figure 2004248819
【0030】
(4)式から、各血液成分x,yについて解くと次のようになる。
【数6】
Figure 2004248819
【0031】
この血液成分x,yを(5)式に代入して整理すると、血液成分比XとYは次のように表される。
【数7】
Figure 2004248819
【0032】
吸光度b1、b2は、前述の相対的な交流成分に比例するから、それぞれ次のように表すことができる。
【数8】
Figure 2004248819
ここで、AC1,AC2は、波長λ1,λ2の波長の光を生体に照射したときの脈動成分のうちの基本波成分の実効値、DC1,DC2は、波長λ1,λ2の光を生体に照射したときの直流成分の値、α,βは、比例定数である。
【0033】
(7)式に(8)式のb1,b2を代入して整理すると、次のように表される。
【数9】
Figure 2004248819
(9)式の、血液成分比X,Yには、AC/ACの項が含まれている。このように、血液の成分比は、異なる波長の光から得られた脈動成分から抽出した基本波成分の実効値の比を用いて演算することができる。(9)式は、2波長の光で2つの血液成分を分析した例であるが、これに限らず、複数波長の光で複数の血液成分を分析する場合には、その成分比の式には、基本波成分の実効値の比の値が含まれる。
【0034】
以上説明したように、血液成分比は、複数の波長で得られたパワースペクトル強度の比として求めるので、脈動信号全ての周波数成分を用いる必要がなく基本波成分のみで計算することができる。これは、演算回数や、データメモリ消費量を削減するために有効である。
【0035】
本例は、発光素子の発する光が生体組織1を透過する場合について詳述したが、生体組織1に対して反射する光を受光する場合にも適用できる。さらに、本例は使用する波長が異なる2波長であったが、3波長以上の複数の波長を利用する場合でも同様の手段で、血液成分比を求めることができる。具体的には、分光分析によって、血液中のグルコース濃度を非侵襲で計測する技術が開発されている。このような血糖値測定装置にも利用できる。さらに、血液中の脂質などの血液分析装置にも利用できる。
【0036】
従来は、脈動抽出はアナログ回路が受け持っていたが、本例は脈動抽出を含めて演算手段14が担う。これは、生体信号をA/D変換してその後の処理は、すべてデジタル処理をしているということである。
【0037】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明の構成によれば、アナログフィルタを通さずに演算できるため、生体信号のもつ情報を低下させることなく高速に脈動成分を測定し、しかも高精度で安定した再現性に優れた血液成分比を算出する血液分析装置を得ることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施の形態によるブロック図を示すものである。
【図2】本発明の実施の形態による生体信号の一例を示すものである。
【図3】本発明の実施の形態による脈動抽出の一例を示すものである。
【図4】本発明の実施の形態による生体信号の一例を示すものである。
【図5】本発明の実施の形態による脈動抽出の一例を示すものである。
【図6】従来における血液分析装置の一例を示すブロック図である。
【符号の説明】
1 生体組織
11 発光駆動回路
12 増幅回路
13 脈動抽出手段
14 演算手段
15 周波数成分抽出手段
16 実効値算出手段
17 血液成分比算出手段
18 表示手段
21 第1の発光素子
22 第2の発光素子
23 受光素子[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a blood analyzer that non-invasively analyzes components in blood.
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, as a device for testing blood components without collecting blood, there is a pulse oximeter for measuring oxygen saturation of arterial blood, for example. This is a non-invasive measurement of the proportion of hemoglobin bound to oxygen in hemoglobin in arterial blood, and has been used in various medical settings because it is easy to use and the price of the device is reasonable. For example, during and after surgery, the intensive care unit continuously monitors the patient's condition. In home oxygen therapy, it has been used to grasp the condition of patients. Emergency medicine has been used to quickly ascertain the patient's condition during transport. In addition, it is used to check the health status when climbing high altitudes.
[0003]
The pulse oximeter measures, for example, a change in the amount of transmitted light due to the pulsation of the blood flow in two different wavelength bands of 630 nm and 900 nm, and determines a ratio of the two changes, that is, a ratio of the absorbance, to the arterial blood. Is calculated.
[0004]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-B-53-26437 (page 2-3, FIG. 4)
[0005]
Next, a configuration example of such a pulse oximeter will be described with reference to a block diagram shown in FIG. The first light emitting element 21 and the second light emitting element 22 receive the output of the light emitting drive circuit 11 and alternately light the lights having different wavelengths over time. The wavelength of the light emitted from the first light emitting element 21 is λ1, and the wavelength of the light emitted from the second light emitting element 22 is λ2. The light emitted from the first light emitting element 21 and the second light emitting element 22 is applied to, for example, a living tissue 1 which is a finger, and is received as transmitted light by a light receiving element 23 disposed opposite to the living tissue 1. You. The light applied to the living tissue 1 is scattered by red blood cells and absorbed by tissues of the living tissue 1 and various blood components.
[0006]
The light receiving element 23 receives the light emitted from the first light emitting element 21 and the second light emitting element 22 corresponding to the amount of light transmitted through the living tissue 1. The amplifier 12 converts the amount of transmitted light received by the light receiving element 23 into an electric signal and amplifies the electric signal. Note that the transmitted light amount at each wavelength includes pulsation component information corresponding to the pulsation of blood flowing through the blood vessel. The biological signal is obtained by adding a component (DC signal component) corresponding to a tissue such as skin or muscle or a water molecule constituting a living body (DC signal component) and a pulsating component (AC signal component) corresponding to blood pulsation. This pulsation component can be said to be an aperiodic signal synchronized with the pulse generated by the heartbeat.
[0007]
In a branch circuit called a multiplexer (MPX) 31, an output signal of the amplifier 12 is distributed for each of the wavelengths λ1 and λ2, and a first band-pass filter (hereinafter referred to as BPF) 32 provided for each wavelength. The signal is supplied to a band-limiting filter called a second band-pass filter (hereinafter referred to as BPF) 33. The first BPF 32 and the second BPF 33 remove high-frequency noise components contained in each biological signal, and output an amplitude signal corresponding to a pulsating component of transmitted light at each of the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 in the biological tissue 1. I do.
[0008]
The first pulsation extraction means (hereinafter, referred to as DET) 34 and the second pulsation extraction means (hereinafter, referred to as DET) 35 generate a wavelength based on each output signal from the first BPF 32 and the second BPF 33. Each time, a signal corresponding to the amplitude value of the pulsation component of the living tissue 1 is detected and extracted. These detection signals correspond to the amounts of transmitted light at the respective wavelengths λ1 and λ2 in the living tissue 1, that is, change amounts of the pulsation component, and are A / D converted data. The output signals of the first DET 34 and the second DET 35 are sent to the calculating means 36, where various blood component ratios with respect to the whole blood component are calculated. Then, the display means 18 displays the component ratio of the arterial blood oxygen saturation, which is the calculation result.
[0009]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
According to the above-described pulsation extraction method, the biological signal, which is an analog signal, is distributed for each wavelength by the MPX 31, and first, a high-frequency noise component is removed by an analog filter that is a first BPF 32 and a second BPF 33 provided for each wavelength. Configuration. However, by passing the signal through an analog filter, high-frequency noise is removed and, at the same time, information contained in the biological signal is processed. This causes an error in calculating the blood component ratio. Furthermore, when the signal itself has a low frequency, such as a pulsating waveform of a living body, the time constant of the analog filter to be set increases, and it takes time for the signal after passing through the filter to stabilize. There is a problem that becomes longer.
[0010]
An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems and to provide a blood analyzer capable of performing high-accuracy measurement without deteriorating information of a biological signal and capable of high-speed measurement.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Means used in the present invention for solving the above-mentioned problems include two or more light-emitting elements, at least one light-receiving element that receives respective light emitted from the light-emitting elements through living tissue, and a light-receiving amount of the light-receiving element. Calculation means comprising pulsation extraction means for extracting a pulsation component of the living tissue for each of the light-emitting elements and a blood component ratio calculation means for calculating at least one blood component ratio, and the blood component ratio calculation means In the blood analyzer having display means for displaying a calculation result, the pulsation extracting means is obtained by a frequency component extracting means for extracting frequency components at a plurality of frequencies included in the pulsating component, and the frequency component extracting means. Effective value calculating means for calculating an effective value of each frequency component, wherein the blood component ratio calculating means obtains an effective value from two or more light emitting elements. It is to calculate the blood component ratio by using that the effective value.
[0012]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a blood analyzer according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a waveform diagram showing an example of a pulse wave, and FIG. 3 is obtained by performing an FFT operation using the pulse wave shown in FIG. FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram in which normal random numbers are superimposed on the pulse wave shown in FIG. 2, and FIG. 5 is a graph showing the power spectrum intensity obtained by performing an FFT operation using the pulse wave shown in FIG. FIG. Here, a blood analyzer using two different wavelengths of light will be described. First, the configuration of the blood analyzer shown in FIG. 1 will be described. The same components as those of the prior art shown in FIG. 6 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof will be omitted.
In FIG. 1, 1 is a living tissue, 11 is a light emission driving circuit, 21 is a first light emitting element, 22 is a second light emitting element, 23 is a light receiving element, and 18 is a display means, which are shown in FIG. It is the same as the component with the same reference numeral. Reference numeral 12 denotes an amplifier circuit that converts the amount of transmitted light received by the light receiving element 23 into an electric signal and amplifies the signal. Unlike the amplifier circuit of FIG. 6, the signal is further subjected to A / D conversion to output a continuous biological signal as a discrete data amount to the next stage.
[0013]
The calculating means 14 is a calculating means for calculating a blood component ratio from a pulsating component in the living tissue 1, a frequency component extracting means 15 for separating a pulsating frequency component from an output signal of the amplifier circuit 12, and an effective value of each frequency component. And a blood component ratio calculating means 17 for obtaining a blood component ratio from the calculation result of the pulsation extracting means 13.
[0014]
Next, the operation of the blood analyzer shown in FIG. 1 will be described.
First, as described with reference to FIG. 6, the first light emitting element 21 and the second light emitting element 22 that emit light of two different wavelengths are alternately turned on with time, irradiate the living tissue 1, and transmit the light. The light is received by the light receiving element 23. Then, the transmitted light amount received by the light receiving element 23 is converted into a discrete data amount by the amplifier circuit 12. Next, the pulsating component is extracted from the output of the amplifier circuit 12 by the frequency component extracting unit 15, and the effective value calculating unit 16 further connects the first light emitting element 21 and the second light emitting element 21 based on the output of the frequency component extracting unit 15. An effective value of a pulsation component corresponding to light of two different wavelengths emitted from the two light emitting elements 22 and transmitted through the living tissue 1 is calculated. Thereafter, using the effective value calculated by the effective value calculating means 16, the unknown blood component ratio is calculated by the blood component ratio calculating means 17, and the result is displayed on the display means 18.
[0015]
Next, the pulsation extraction means 13 which is a point of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. First, the output of the amplification circuit 12 processed by the pulsation extraction means 13 will be described.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of discrete data, which is an output of an amplifier circuit 12, which is obtained by converting, amplifying, and A / D converting light transmitted through the living tissue 1 into an electrical signal by the configuration shown in the block diagram of FIG. It shows a pulsation waveform from a living body. The horizontal axis represents time, and the vertical axis represents a value when the pulsation signal is digitized as an arbitrary unit. Values less than 1000 are omitted, and the changing portion of the signal from 1000 to 1250 is shown in an enlarged manner. The sampling time interval at this time is 20 ms. The waveform 41 is a pulsating waveform obtained by digitizing the output value of the light receiving element 23 in proportion to the amount of transmitted light when the light of the wavelength λ1 emitted from the first light emitting element 21 is applied to the living tissue 1 by the amplifier circuit 12. FIG. Similarly, when the light of the wavelength λ2 emitted from the second light emitting element 22 is applied to the living tissue 1, the waveform 42 is obtained by digitizing the output value of the light receiving element 23 in proportion to the transmitted light amount by the amplifier circuit 12. It is an example showing a pulsation waveform at the time. Since the first light emitting element 21 and the second light emitting element 22 that emit light of two different wavelengths have different absorbances in the living tissue 1, the pulsation signals have different amplitude values as shown in FIG. It can be seen that the waveform 41 has a larger amplitude than the waveform 42.
[0016]
As shown in FIG. 2, a large swell of a fundamental cycle synchronized with the pulsation and a cycle several times that of the fundamental cycle is recognized. That is, in the example of FIG. 2, the peak value shows a downward trend from the measurement time of 5 seconds, reaches a peak of the fall around 8 seconds, and then the peak value shows the upward trend again, and the peak value again rises in 10 to 11 seconds. growing. Such a swell continues after 10 to 11 seconds. This large swell signal is a non-periodic function generated due to the tension, respiration, and subtle movement of the living tissue 1 of the living body. Further, the signal of the fundamental period includes harmonic noise and numerical errors at the time of A / D conversion. The harmonic noise is caused by the analog circuit before the A / D conversion, and the numerical error at the time of the A / D conversion is caused by the minimum resolution to be digitized. It happens by being rounded to that number. Such a numerical error at the time of A / D conversion is called a quantization error.
[0017]
Next, a process performed by the pulsation component extraction unit 13 including the frequency component extraction unit 15 and the effective value calculation unit 16 using the A / D converted data will be described. First, from the digitized discrete data, the frequency component extracting means 15 decomposes the DC data component and the AC signal component, and the AC signal component is decomposed into each frequency component included in the biological signal. The frequency component extracting unit 15 converts a data sequence expressed in a time domain called a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) into a frequency domain in order to decompose the data into frequency components. Use a statistical method. In contrast to the Fourier transform that handles continuous data, the Fourier transform of digitized discrete data is called a DFT (Digital Fourier Transform), and a method of reducing the number of DFT calculations and performing a high-speed operation is a calculation method called an FFT. .
[0018]
The result obtained by the FFT depends on the sampling frequency of the discrete data and the number of data required for the FFT operation. The minimum frequency resolution in the FFT operation is represented by 1 / (sampling time interval × number of data). The maximum frequency to be analyzed is represented by 1 / (2 × sampling time interval).
[0019]
As described above, the result of the FFT operation determines the frequency domain in steps of the minimum frequency resolution, so that components below the minimum frequency resolution are rounded. The relationship between the minimum frequency resolution and the maximum frequency is, for example, that if the sampling time interval is doubled for the same number of data, the frequency resolution is doubled and the maximum frequency is 1 /. If the number of data is doubled with the same sampling time interval, the minimum frequency resolution is doubled. However, at this time, the maximum frequency does not change. By setting the sampling time interval arbitrarily, the same effect as when a filter for a high frequency region is formed can be obtained.
[0020]
In the Fourier transform that handles continuous numerical values, when a waveform in an arbitrary time width is cut out, calculation is performed assuming that the waveform is infinitely continuous. On the other hand, even in the case of FFT, calculation is performed assuming that the extracted arbitrary time width is continuous. However, a continuous function is a mathematical case, and in the natural world including a living body, its waveform is a non-periodic function, so when an arbitrary time width is cut out, both ends of the arbitrary time width become discontinuous, and the calculation result becomes It will have an error. That both ends are discontinuous means that both ends of the cut-out waveform are not clearly connected to the adjacent waveform. To reduce the error due to the discontinuity, a weighting function called a window function is used, but the error cannot be essentially eliminated. As a result, the value of each frequency component on the frequency axis always includes some error such as waveform cutout and noise during A / D conversion.
[0021]
However, here, the accuracy of the value of each analyzed frequency component does not matter, but as will be described later, the effective value of each frequency component corresponding to the light emitted from two different light emitting elements is described below. By calculating the blood component using the relative value (ratio of the effective value) of the above, the influence of the error similarly included in these effective values can be eliminated. Since the pulsation component is a signal synchronized with the heartbeat, it has different frequency components according to the pulse rate of the individual. However, in this example, since the ratio of the pulsation component of one individual when a plurality of wavelengths are irradiated on one individual is observed, it is not necessary to consider the difference in the absolute value of the frequency axis due to the individual difference. This will be described in detail later. The discrete Fourier transform that is the basis of the FFT operation can be expressed by equation (1).
(Equation 1)
Figure 2004248819
Further, since the exponential portion of the expression (1) is an exponential function having a complex number, it is subjected to Euler expansion to obtain the expression (2).
(Equation 2)
Figure 2004248819
Equation (2) is an equation for obtaining the k-th (k is an integer) frequency component, and the value obtained by multiplying k by the minimum resolution is the frequency. f (nt) represents a target waveform to be Fourier-transformed (45 or 46 shown in FIG. 4 in the present embodiment), N is the number of data, n is an integer, t is a sampling time interval, and ω is each frequency. Represent. According to (2), how many wavelengths of the cosine wave and the sine wave are included in the target waveform to be Fourier-transformed is calculated. For example, when the Fourier transform is performed on 256 pieces of data at a sampling time interval of 20 ms for each frequency component, ωnt is ω = (360 ° / 256), which is an integer multiple of the sampling time interval of 20 ms, and is a cos wave or sin. The wave is multiplied by the target waveform data at the same time, and the area of the obtained waveform is obtained. Each of the calculated frequency components takes the form of a ± jb. Here, a represents a real number with a cosine wave component, and b represents an imaginary number with a sine wave component. Since the cosine wave component and the sine wave component differ depending on where the target waveform is cut out, the frequency component is expressed as an effective value, that is, a value obtained by taking a square root of a square of a real number and a square root of an imaginary number as a power spectrum intensity. Expressed in resolution increments. This calculation is performed by the effective value calculation means 16.
[0022]
In other words, the power spectrum intensity increases and decreases in proportion to the amount of transmitted light transmitted through the living tissue 1, decomposes the frequency components included in the pulsation component, and to what extent each frequency component is included in the pulsation component. It represents whether it is. The pulsation component is represented by all the frequency components obtained by the FFT, and focuses on the fundamental wave component among them. Assuming a normal pulse of 36 to 120 beats / minute, the signal will be 0.6 Hz to 2 Hz. A pulsating component in a living body is generally considered to be a synthesized signal up to about 10 Hz. Since each of the individual frequency components up to 10 Hz reflects a pulsation component, the blood component ratio can be obtained by a method described later by using one of the frequency components without using all the frequency components. Can be. However, by using a fundamental wave component having a large power spectrum intensity value, the blood component ratio can be obtained relatively without being affected by an error. Here, the fundamental wave component is a frequency component having the largest effective value among the frequency components excluding the DC signal component obtained by the frequency component extraction means 15.
[0023]
FIG. 3 shows the result of calculating the effective value at each frequency by performing an FFT operation using the data after the A / D conversion shown in FIG. As described above, if the sampling time interval is 20 ms and the number of data is 256, the sampling time is 5.12 s, the minimum frequency resolution is 0.195 Hz, and the maximum frequency to be analyzed is 25 Hz. That is, it can be seen that the frequency component that can be analyzed can be expanded to a frequency that is an integral multiple of the minimum resolution of 0.195 Hz, and that the maximum frequency is 25 Hz. However, in FIG. 3, the frequency on the horizontal axis is enlarged from 0 to 10 Hz.
Up to here, the frequency component extracting means 15 has been described.
[0024]
Each of the frequency components decomposed by the frequency component extracting means 15 is information of a biological signal, but the power spectrum intensity near 1 Hz is obtained by focusing on the fundamental frequency component. In this case, in order to exclude the DC signal component and the above-mentioned large undulation (low-frequency signal of 0.5 Hz or less), for example, the maximum power spectrum intensity at a frequency of 0.195 Hz × 3 = 0.585 Hz or more is determined. Ask. From FIG. 3, the maximum power spectrum intensity of the waveform 43 at the wavelength 1 is 7172, and the maximum power spectrum intensity of the waveform 44 at the wavelength 2 is 4932. From this, when the ratio between the two is determined, the ratio of wavelength 2 to wavelength 1 is 0.687. Thus, the effective value calculating means 16 obtains the maximum power spectrum intensity (effective value) of the fundamental frequency component. Then, the blood component ratio calculating means 17 (described later) calculates the ratio of the effective value to the plurality of wavelengths, and calculates the blood component ratio using the value of the ratio.
[0025]
Next, an example in which this method is advantageous for random noise will be described.
FIG. 4 is a diagram in which different normal random numbers are superimposed on a pulsation signal obtained by digitizing a numerical value proportional to the amount of transmitted light by the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 as shown in FIG. A waveform 45 is obtained by superimposing a normal random number on the waveform 41 of FIG. 2, and a waveform 46 is obtained by superimposing a normal random number on the waveform 42. This shows a signal when the noise component is increased in the biological signal. The noise here is assumed to be power supply noise and radiation noise from a measuring instrument. This signal is subjected to an FFT operation in the same manner as the signal in FIG. 2, to obtain the power spectrum intensity in the fundamental frequency component, and to obtain the ratio between the two.
[0026]
FIG. 5 shows the result of performing an FFT operation on the signal of FIG. The conditions of the FFT operation were calculated using 256 data, as in the case of FIG. A result obtained by performing the FFT operation on the waveform 45 under the above conditions is a waveform 47 in FIG. 5, and a result obtained by performing the FFT operation on the waveform 46 is a waveform 48. From this, when the power spectrum intensity at the fundamental frequency is obtained, waveforms 47 to 7126 and waveforms 4922 to 4922 are obtained. Here, the ratio between the two is 0.690, which indicates that the error from the case where the normal random number is not superimposed is about 0.5%, and is not affected by random noise. As described above, the FFT operation is resistant to random noise, and obtaining the effective value of the fundamental frequency component among the frequency components included in the biological signal extracts the pulsating component without lowering the information of the source signal. There is nothing to do.
[0027]
Thereafter, the blood component ratio is calculated by the blood component ratio calculation means 17 according to a predetermined calculation formula, and the measurement calculation result is displayed by the display means. For example, a blood component is obtained from two different wavelengths. According to Lambert-Beer's law that the absorbance is proportional to the concentration and the thickness of the cell, the following equation (3) holds.
[Equation 3]
Figure 2004248819
x and y are the concentrations of different blood components, b1 and b2 are the absorbances at different wavelengths λ1 and λ2, a11 is the extinction coefficient of blood component x at wavelength λ1, and a12 is the extinction coefficient of blood component y at wavelength λ1. , A21 indicate the extinction coefficient of the blood component x at the wavelength λ2, and a22 indicates the extinction coefficient of the blood component y at the wavelength λ2. Lambert-Beer's law shown in equation (3) shows the relationship when there is no light scattering. However, actual living tissue is considered to be a light scattering substance and is affected by light scattering. In the present application, for simplicity of description, the description will be made using equations excluding light scattering. When this equation is modified with respect to the density, the equation (4) is obtained.
(Equation 4)
Figure 2004248819
However, | A | represents a determinant of a 2-row, 2-column matrix of a11 to a22 representing an absorption coefficient. Since the extinction coefficient is known from the equation (4), the x and y concentrations can be obtained by obtaining the absorbances b1 and b2. The power spectrum intensity obtained by the FFT operation is a value corresponding to the absorbances b1 and b2 as described below.
[0028]
Light passing through the living tissue 1 is absorbed by three blocks of arterial blood layer, venous blood layer, and tissue other than blood. Among them, tissues other than the venous blood layer and blood are output as DC signal components, and the arterial blood layer is output as AC signal components corresponding to pulsations. The DC signal component and the AC signal component change depending on the amount of light emitted from the light emitting element, the irradiation angle on the living tissue 1, and the like. The relationship between these components is such that if the DC signal component increases, the AC signal component also increases accordingly, and if the DC signal component decreases, the AC signal component also decreases accordingly. is there. Accordingly, the relative amount of the AC signal component proportional to the absorbance can be obtained by obtaining the ratio of the AC signal component to the DC signal component, that is, the AC signal component / DC signal component. Then, the blood component ratio can be obtained by obtaining the ratio of the relative AC signal component amounts obtained based on the light emitted from each light emitting element having a plurality of wavelengths.
[0029]
Blood component ratio X (ratio of blood component x when blood component is composed of x and y) and Y (ratio of blood component y when blood component is composed of x and y) Is expressed as in equation (5).
(Equation 5)
Figure 2004248819
[0030]
From equation (4), solving for each blood component x, y yields:
(Equation 6)
Figure 2004248819
[0031]
By substituting the blood components x and y into equation (5) and organizing, the blood component ratios X and Y are expressed as follows.
(Equation 7)
Figure 2004248819
[0032]
Since the absorbances b1 and b2 are proportional to the aforementioned relative AC components, they can be expressed as follows.
(Equation 8)
Figure 2004248819
Here, AC1 and AC2 are the effective values of the fundamental wave components of the pulsation components when the living body is irradiated with light of the wavelengths λ1 and λ2, and DC1 and DC2 are the living body light with the wavelengths λ1 and λ2. The values of the DC components α and β at this time are proportional constants.
[0033]
When rearranging by substituting b1 and b2 of equation (8) into equation (7), it is expressed as follows.
(Equation 9)
Figure 2004248819
In the formula (9), the blood component ratios X and Y are AC 1 / AC 2 Section is included. As described above, the blood component ratio can be calculated using the ratio of the effective values of the fundamental wave components extracted from the pulsation components obtained from the lights of different wavelengths. The expression (9) is an example in which two blood components are analyzed with light of two wavelengths. However, the present invention is not limited to this. Contains the value of the ratio of the effective values of the fundamental wave components.
[0034]
As described above, since the blood component ratio is obtained as a ratio of power spectrum intensities obtained at a plurality of wavelengths, it is not necessary to use the frequency components of all pulsation signals, and it is possible to calculate only the fundamental wave components. This is effective for reducing the number of operations and the data memory consumption.
[0035]
The present embodiment has been described in detail for the case where the light emitted from the light emitting element passes through the living tissue 1, but can also be applied to the case where light reflected on the living tissue 1 is received. Further, in this example, two wavelengths are used differently. However, even when a plurality of wavelengths equal to or more than three wavelengths are used, the blood component ratio can be obtained by the same means. Specifically, a technique for non-invasively measuring the glucose concentration in blood by spectroscopic analysis has been developed. It can also be used for such a blood sugar level measuring device. Further, it can be used for a blood analyzer for lipids in blood.
[0036]
Conventionally, pulsation extraction has been performed by an analog circuit. In this example, however, the arithmetic means 14 includes pulsation extraction. This means that all the processing after A / D conversion of the biological signal is digital processing.
[0037]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the configuration of the present invention, calculation can be performed without passing through an analog filter, so that a pulsation component can be measured at high speed without deteriorating information contained in a biological signal, and furthermore, high accuracy and stable reproducibility can be obtained. A blood analyzer that calculates an excellent blood component ratio can be obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a biological signal according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of pulsation extraction according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows an example of a biological signal according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows an example of pulsation extraction according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing an example of a conventional blood analyzer.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 living tissue
11 Light emission drive circuit
12 Amplification circuit
13 pulsation extraction means
14 arithmetic means
15 Frequency component extraction means
16 Effective value calculation means
17 Blood component ratio calculation means
18 Display means
21 1st light emitting element
22 Second light emitting element
23 Light receiving element

Claims (5)

2つ以上の発光素子と、前記発光素子から発せられたそれぞれの光を生体組織を通して受ける少なくとも1つの受光素子と、前記受光素子の受光量に応じてそれぞれの前記発光素子ごとに前記生体組織の脈動成分を取り出す脈動抽出手段と少なくとも1つの血液成分比を演算する血液成分比算出手段とからなる演算手段と、前記血液成分比算出手段の算出結果を表示する表示手段とを有する血液分析装置において、前記脈動抽出手段は、前記脈動成分に含まれる複数の周波数における周波数成分を抽出する周波数成分抽出手段と、該周波数成分抽出手段によって得られた各周波数成分の実効値を求める実効値算出手段とを有し、前記血液成分比算出手段は、2つ以上の前記発光素子から得られる前記実効値を用いて前記血液成分比を算出することを特徴とする血液分析装置。Two or more light-emitting elements, at least one light-receiving element that receives respective light emitted from the light-emitting elements through living tissue, A blood analyzer having a calculating means including a pulsation extracting means for extracting a pulsating component and a blood component ratio calculating means for calculating at least one blood component ratio, and a display means for displaying a calculation result of the blood component ratio calculating means. , The pulsation extraction means, frequency component extraction means for extracting frequency components at a plurality of frequencies included in the pulsation component, effective value calculation means for obtaining the effective value of each frequency component obtained by the frequency component extraction means, And the blood component ratio calculating means calculates the blood component ratio using the effective values obtained from two or more light emitting elements. Blood analyzer according to claim and. 前記周波数成分抽出手段は、前記受光素子の受光量の時間的な変化を離散的な数値に変換するとともに、前記離散的な数値を用いて前記周波数成分を抽出することを特徴とする請求項1記載の血液分析装置。2. The frequency component extracting means converts a temporal change in the amount of light received by the light receiving element into a discrete numerical value, and extracts the frequency component using the discrete numerical value. The blood analyzer according to claim 1. 前記周波数成分抽出手段は、前記受光素子の受光量を所定の時間間隔でA/D変換するとともに、該A/D変換された受光量に基づいて前記周波数成分を抽出することを特徴とする請求項1記載の血液分析装置。The frequency component extracting means performs A / D conversion of the amount of light received by the light receiving element at predetermined time intervals, and extracts the frequency component based on the A / D converted amount of received light. Item 7. The blood analyzer according to Item 1. 前記実効値算出手段は、前記周波数成分抽出手段によって2つ以上の前記発光素子のそれぞれから得られた複数の周波数成分のうち、基本波成分のみを抽出するとともに、前記血液成分比算出手段は、抽出された基本波成分を用いて前記血液成分比を演算することを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の血液分析装置。The effective value calculating means, while extracting only a fundamental wave component among a plurality of frequency components obtained from each of the two or more light emitting elements by the frequency component extracting means, the blood component ratio calculating means, The blood analyzer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the blood component ratio is calculated using the extracted fundamental wave component. 前記血液成分比算出手段は、2つ以上の前記発光素子から得られる前記実効値の比に基づいて前記血液成分比を演算することを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の血液分析装置。The blood component ratio calculating means calculates the blood component ratio based on a ratio of the effective values obtained from two or more of the light emitting elements, according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein Blood analyzer.
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