JP2004022379A - Secondary cell, electrolyte therefor and usage thereof - Google Patents
Secondary cell, electrolyte therefor and usage thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2004022379A JP2004022379A JP2002176668A JP2002176668A JP2004022379A JP 2004022379 A JP2004022379 A JP 2004022379A JP 2002176668 A JP2002176668 A JP 2002176668A JP 2002176668 A JP2002176668 A JP 2002176668A JP 2004022379 A JP2004022379 A JP 2004022379A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- electrolyte
- negative electrode
- secondary battery
- difluoroacetate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- NMDVDVNJDCUBDD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)F NMDVDVNJDCUBDD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000003660 carbonate based solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 15
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- JZVUAOCDNFNSGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-methoxy-2-phenyl-1h-quinolin-4-one Chemical compound N=1C2=CC(OC)=CC=C2C(O)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 JZVUAOCDNFNSGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ZTZVGESMYDRBEW-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium 2-fluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)CF ZTZVGESMYDRBEW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 8
- -1 lithium halide Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 4
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- PBWZKZYHONABLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)F PBWZKZYHONABLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- KLKFAASOGCDTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxymethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCOCC KLKFAASOGCDTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VFRGATWKSPNXLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethoxybutane Chemical compound CCC(OC)COC VFRGATWKSPNXLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propane sultone Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCO1 FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthiolane 1,1-dioxide Chemical compound CC1CCCS1(=O)=O PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VWIIJDNADIEEDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one Chemical compound CN1CCOC1=O VWIIJDNADIEEDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018871 CoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920008712 Copo Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013372 LiC 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000978 Pb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].BCl Chemical compound [Li].BCl BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000457 gamma-lactone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JWZCKIBZGMIRSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Pb] JWZCKIBZGMIRSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxybenzene Substances CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Sn]=O QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明はリチウムイオン二次電池の電解液、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池の使用方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、リチウムイオン二次電池は、小型化・軽量化および高容量化を目指した研究開発が活発に行われ、その結果、携帯型電子機器やノート型パソコン等の用途に広く利用されている。また、今後は携帯用機器等のみならず、自動車などの用途への適応も期待されている。
【0003】
これらの用途においては、従来から電池の小型化、軽量化が要請されているが、その一方で、更なるサイクル特性の改善、特に高温環境下におけるサイクル特性の劣化を抑えることが重要な技術的課題となっている。
【0004】
リチウムイオン二次電池用電解液の有機溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネートなどが使用されている。上記のエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート等の環状カーボネートは誘電率が高いという特徴を有する一方で、粘度が高いため、単独で使用することは困難である。このため、低粘度の有機溶媒であるジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート等の鎖状カーボネートと、上記の環状カーボネートとを混合した混合溶媒が、電解液の溶媒として用いられている。
【0005】
しかしながら、充放電の際、電解液が置かれる環境は、負極表面においては還元作用が非常に強い環境に、正極表面においては酸化作用が非常に強い環境になるため、これらの電極表面における溶媒の還元反応または酸化反応は避けられず、電極を構成する活物質と溶媒とが副反応を起こして分解し、電池容量が劣化するという課題を有していた。この現象は、特に高温下において顕著であった。
【0006】
従来、このような電極活物質と溶媒との反応を防ぐために、予め電極活物質と溶媒との副反応を積極的に進行させ、電極活物質表面に副反応物からなるSEI(Solid Electrolyte Interface:固体電解質界面)を形成するエージングと呼ばれる方法が提案されていた。しかしながら、この方法では初期の電池容量の低下は免れず、また充放電サイクルを繰り返すことによって、このSEI膜上に新たなSEI膜が生成される。そのため電池の内部抵抗が高くなり、放電効率が低下するという課題を有していた。また正極、負極表面を、予め不活性な材料で被覆することによって、電解液と電極の反応を抑制する方法も提案されているが、電極作製過程が複雑になるという課題を有していた。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
こうした事情に鑑み、本発明は、電池の容量劣化を抑制し、二次電池のサイクル寿命を向上させることを目的とする。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決する本発明によれば、有機溶媒と、電解質(ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを除く)とを含む二次電池用電解液であって、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムをさらに含むことを特徴とする二次電池用電解液が提供される。
【0009】
正極に高電位の材料を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池では、サイクルに伴い容量が低下する現象が認められる。本発明者らの解析では、これらの容量低下は、正極側において、電解液を構成する溶媒の分解生成物などが生成し、分解生成物が負極側に堆積するためであると考えられた。
【0010】
そこで、本発明者らが鋭意検討した結果、ハロゲン化酢酸リチウムを溶解させた電解液を使用することにより、サイクルに伴う容量低下が抑制されることが判明した。ハロゲン化酢酸リチウムのなかでもジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを使用したとき、特にサイクル特性に優れた電池が得られることが分かった。
【0011】
この理由として、電解液中にハロゲン化酢酸リチウムを含有させておくことにより、初回の充電時に、ハロゲン化酢酸リチウムが負極表面に析出し、安定な被膜を形成する。この被膜により、正極活物質と溶媒との反応によって生じる分解生成物が負極表面に堆積することを防ぐことができ、従来の課題であった負極容量の劣化を軽減することが可能となる。すなわちサイクル特性を向上させることができる。
【0012】
上記ハロゲン化酢酸リチウムの被膜は、高温環境下においても安定である。そのため、当該被膜の耐久性は高いことから、二次電池のサイクル特性を向上させることができる。
【0013】
ここで、従来、電解液にトリフルオロ酢酸リチウムを含有させる技術が知られていた。特開2000−82494号公報、特開2000−260467号公報、特開2000−348764号公報、特開平11−273733号公報、特開平11−273734号公報においては、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムを電解質として溶解させた電解液を使用する二次電池が示されている。ただし、上記公報記載の技術において、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムは、電解液にリチウム伝導性を付与するための電解質の一例として挙げられているにすぎず、具体的開示はされていない。また、上記公報記載の技術では、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムの有する固有の性質に着目して、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムが選択されている訳ではない。
【0014】
これに対し本発明では、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを電解質としてではなく、負極表面に被膜を形成せしめる目的で添加する。ジフルオロ酢酸リチウム分子が、強力なC−F間結合を有する点に着目し、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを電解液に添加するものである。
【0015】
すなわち、電解液に溶解しているジフルオロ酢酸リチウムは、初回充電時、負極に析出して安定な被膜を形成する。この被膜はLi伝導性を有するため、負極の容量を低下させることはなく、また、当該被膜を構成するジフルオロ酢酸リチウムは強力なC−F結合を有することから、当該被膜はサイクルを経ても安定的に存続する。
【0016】
ここで、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムを添加剤として電解液に溶解させる場合、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムの場合と同様に、初回充電時に負極表面に被膜が生じる。しかしながら、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムは、電解液に使用される溶媒、たとえばカーボネート系の溶媒に対する溶解度が高い。そのため、初回充電時に負極表面に析出したトリフルオロ酢酸リチウムは、充放電を繰り返すことにより、再度電解液に溶解してしまうため、サイクルを経るにつれて、当該被膜による負極表面の保護効果が低下することとなる。
【0017】
また、モノフルオロ酢酸リチウムを添加剤として電解液に溶解させる場合、電解液に使用されるカーボネート系などの溶媒に対するモノフルオロ酢酸リチウムの溶解度は低いことから、負極表面を保護するのに十分な量を電解液に溶解させることは困難である。
【0018】
なお、特開2001−307770号公報には、電解液にジフルオロ酢酸を添加する技術が開示されているが、この構成では、十分なリチウム伝導性を有する皮膜を負極表面に形成することは困難である。また、リチウム塩以外の化合物(ジフルオロ酢酸)を電解液に添加することになるため、電解質自体のリチウム伝導性も低下する。このため、電池の内部抵抗が上昇することによる出力低下が生じることとなる。これに対し、本発明の電解液は、リチウム塩であるジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを使用するため、特開2001−307770号公報記載の技術において生じる問題点は発現しない。
【0019】
また本発明によれば、上記の二次電池用電解液において、上記二次電池用電解液中のジフルオロ酢酸リチウムの濃度が2〜10wt%であることを特徴とする二次電池用電解液が提供される。
【0020】
電解液に溶解させるジフルオロ酢酸リチウムの濃度を上記の範囲とすることにより、負極に形成される被膜の厚さを必要十分なものとすることが可能となる。したがって、負極のリチウム導電性を確保しつつ、長期にわたり負極の容量劣化を軽減することが可能となる。
【0021】
また本発明によれば、上記の二次電池用電解液において、上記有機溶媒がカーボネート系溶媒であることを特徴とする二次電池用電解液が提供される。
【0022】
電解液に用いる有機溶媒としてカーボネート系溶媒を採用することにより、負極表面を保護するのに十分な量のジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを電解液に溶解させることができ、かつ負極表面に形成される被膜を長期間にわたり保つことが可能となる。
【0023】
本発明におけるカーボネート系溶媒とは、カーボネート結合を有する有機溶媒のことをいう。
【0024】
また本発明によれば、上記の二次電池用電解液を備えた二次電池が提供される。
【0025】
上記の電解液を用いることにより、高出力かつ長寿命の二次電池が実現する。
【0026】
また本発明によれば、電解液を備えた二次電池の使用方法であって、上記電解液にジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを添加するステップを含むことを特徴とする二次電池の使用方法が提供される。
【0027】
この使用方法により、二次電池のサイクル特性を向上させることが可能となる、また、長期にわたり二次電池の出力を高く保つことが可能となる。
【0028】
また本発明によれば、電解液を備えた二次電池の使用方法であって、上記電解液にジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを添加し、上記電解液中のジフルオロ酢酸リチウムの濃度を2〜10wt%とするステップを含むことを特徴とする二次電池の使用方法が提供される。
【0029】
ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムの濃度を所定の範囲とすることにより、上記サイクル特性を向上させる効果、および長期にわたり高出力を保つ効果をより一層得ることが可能となる。
【0030】
また本発明によれば、上記の二次電池の使用方法において、上記電解液が、カーボネート系溶媒を含むことを特徴とする二次電池の使用方法が提供される。
【0031】
この使用方法により、負極表面を効果的に保護することが可能となるため、二次電池のサイクル特性を向上せしめることができる。
【0032】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の二次電池用電解液は、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを添加剤として含むことを特徴としている。本発明の電解液を備えた二次電池においては、初回充電時、負極表面にジフルオロ酢酸リチウムが析出して安定な被膜を形成する。この被膜は、構成成分がジフルオロ酢酸リチウムであるため、リチウム伝導性を備えている。また、この被膜は、電解液の溶媒の分解物が負極表面に堆積することを防止する機能を有することから、二次電池のサイクル特性を向上させる。
【0033】
本発明の二次電池用電解液は、有機系溶媒およびリチウム塩によって調整された電解液に対し、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを0.1〜20wt%、好ましくは2〜10wt%の濃度となるように添加する。このような濃度で添加することにより、負極表面上に必要十分な厚さの被膜を形成せしめることができ、サイクル特性に優れた二次電池を実現することができる。
【0034】
ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを電解液に添加し、この物質による被膜を負極表面に形成させる利点について以下説明する。フッ素は、臭素や塩素に比べ電気陰性度が高い。このため、炭素原子とフッ素原子との結合力は、炭素原子と臭素原子との結合力などと比較して強固である。したがって、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムからなる被膜は、高温下においても安定性が高く、壊れにくいのである。
【0035】
ここで、炭素原子とフッ素原子との結合を有する化合物としては、他の化合物、たとえば、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムやモノフルオロ酢酸リチウムも存在する。しかしながら、電解液に加える添加剤としてはジフルオロ酢酸リチウムが、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムやモノフルオロ酢酸リチウムよりも好ましい。その理由は次のとおりである。
【0036】
トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムは、カーボネート系溶媒に対して溶解しやすい性質を有する。そのため、初回充電時に負極表面に形成された被膜は、サイクルを経るとともに厚さが減少し、ついには消滅してしまう。したがって、サイクルを経るとともに、負極表面の保護効果が低下することとなる。
【0037】
また、モノフルオロ酢酸リチウムは、カーボネート系溶媒に対する溶解度が低い。したがって、負極表面を保護するのに十分な量を電解液に溶解させることが困難である。
【0038】
上記有機系溶媒としては、通常用いられているものを用いることができ、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート(BC)、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)等の環状カーボネート類、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、ジプロピルカーボネート(DPC)等の鎖状カーボネート類、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル等の脂肪族カルボン酸エステル類、γ−ブチロラクトン等のγ−ラクトン類、1、2−ジエトキシエタン(DEE)、エトキシメトキシエタン(EME)等の鎖状エーテル類、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン等の環状エーテル類、ジメチルスルホキシド、1、3−ジオキソラン、ホルムアミド、アセトアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジオキソラン、アセトニトリル、プロピルニトリル、ニトロメタン、エチルモノグライム、リン酸トリエステル、トリメトキシメタン、ジオキソラン誘導体、スルホラン、メチルスルホラン、1、3−ジメチル−2−イミダゾリジノン、3−メチル−2−オキサゾリジノン、プロピレンカーボネート誘導体、テトラヒドロフラン誘導体、エチルエーテル、1、3−プロパンスルトン、アニソール、N−メチルピロリドン、などの非プロトン性有機溶媒を一種または二種以上を混合して使用できる。
【0039】
これらの有機溶媒にはリチウム塩を溶解させる。リチウム塩としては、例えば、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiAlCl4、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiCF3SO3、LiC4F9CO3、LiC(CF3SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、LiB10Cl10、クロロボランリチウム、四フェニルホウ酸リチウム、LiBr、LiI、LiSCN、LiCl、イミド類などが挙げられる。また、電解液に代えてポリマー電解質を用いてもよい。電解質濃度は、たとえば0.5mol/Lから1.5mol/Lとする。濃度が高すぎると密度と粘度が増加する。濃度が低すぎると電気電導率が低下することがある。
【0040】
本発明の二次電池は、リチウム含有金属複合酸化物を正極活物質とした正極と、リチウムを吸蔵放出可能な負極活物質を持つ負極とを含み、電気的接続を起こさないように上記正極と負極の間に挟まれるセパレータとを含む。上記正極および負極は、リチウムイオン伝導性の電解液に浸された状態であり、これらが電池ケースの中に密閉された状態となっている。正極および負極に電圧を印加することにより、正極活物質からリチウムイオンが放出され、負極活物質にリチウムイオンが吸蔵され、充電状態となる。また、正極と負極との電気的接触を電池外部で起こすことにより、充電時と逆に、負極活物質からリチウムイオンが放出され、正極活物質にリチウムイオンが吸蔵されることにより、放電が生じる。
【0041】
正極については、リチウムイオンを充電時に放出、放電時に吸蔵することができれば、その電池材料構成で特に限定されるものでなく、公知の材料構成のものを用いることができる。特に正極活物質、導電材、および接着剤を混合して得られた合剤が集電体に塗布されてなるものが好ましい。
【0042】
正極活物質は、特に限定されるものではなく、公知の活物質を用いることができる。例えば、LiXCoO2、LixNiO2、LixMnO2、LixCoyNi1−yO2、LixCoyMn1−yO2、LixCoyMn1−yO2 、LixNiyM1−yO2 、LixNiyM2−yO2 、LixMn2O4、LixMnyM2−yO4、LixFePO4、LixCoPO4(M=Ti、Na、Mg、Sc、Y、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Cr、Pb、Sb、Bのうち少なくとも一種)(ここでx=0〜1.2、y=0〜1)を用いることができる。ここで、上記xの値は、充電開始前の値であり、充放電により増減する。
【0043】
負極については、リチウムイオンを充電時に吸蔵、放電時に放出することができればよく、その電池材料で特に限定されるものでなく、公知の材料構成のものを用いることができる。リチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵および放出することが可能な物質の具体例としては、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、非晶質炭素、コークス等の炭素材料、リチウム−アルミニウム合金、リチウム−鉛合金、リチウム−錫合金等のリチウム合金、SnO2、SnO、TiO2、Nb2O3等、電位が正極活物質に比べて卑な金属酸化物が挙げられる。特に負極活物質、導電材、および接着剤を混合して得られた合剤が集電体に塗布されてなるものが好ましい。
【0044】
本発明に係る二次電池は、乾燥空気または不活性ガス雰囲気において、負極および正極を、セパレータを介して積層、あるいは積層したものを捲回した後に、電池缶に収容したり、合成樹脂と金属箔との積層体からなる可とう性フィルム等によって封口することによって電池を製造することができる。
【0045】
図1に電池の実施例としてコインタイプのセルの形態を示す。本発明は電池形状には制限がなく、セパレータを挟んで対向した正極、負極を巻回型、積層型などの形態を取ることが可能であり、セルにも、コイン型、ラミネートパック、角型セル、円筒型セルなど各種の形態を採用することができる。
【0046】
【実施例】
(実施例1)
本実施例においては、図1に示されるようなコインタイプのセルの形態を示す。
【0047】
(電解液の作製)
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)を40:60(Vol.%)で混合し、この混合溶媒にLiPF6を1mol/Lとなるように溶解させた。得られた溶液に対し、さらに2wt%となるようにジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを添加し、電解液を作製した。
【0048】
(正極の作製)
正極活物質としてLiMn2O4を用いた。
【0049】
Li、Mnの供給源としてそれぞれLi2CO3、MnO2を目的の金属組成比になるように秤量し、粉砕混合した。次に、原料混合後の粉末を750℃で8時間焼成した。こうして得られた全ての結晶構造は、ほぼ単相のスピネル構造を有していることを確認した。
【0050】
作製した正極活物質と導電性付与剤である炭素を混合し、結着剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)をN−メチルピロリドンに溶かしたものに分散させ、スラリー状とした。正極活物質、導電性付与剤、結着剤の重量比は88/6/6とした。Al集電体上にスラリーを塗布した。その後、真空中で12時間乾燥させて、電極材料とした。電極材料は直径12mmの円に切り出した。その後、3t/cm2で加圧成形して、正極集電体3および正極活物質層1を得た。
【0051】
(負極の作製)
負極活物質としては、非晶質炭素(呉羽化学社製のカーボトロン(登録商標)P)を用いた。非晶質炭素と導電性付与剤である炭素とを混合し、N−メチルピロリドンにポリフッカビニリデン(PVDF)を溶かしたものに分散させスラリー状とした。非晶質炭素、導電性付与剤、結着剤の重量比は91/1/8とした。Cu集電体上にスラリーを塗布した。その後、真空中で12時間乾燥させて、電極材料とした。電極材料は直径13mmの円に切り出した。その後、1t/cm2で加圧成形して、負極集電体4および負極活物質層2とした。
【0052】
セパレータ5にはポリプロピレンのフィルムを使用した。正極と負極がセパレータを挟んで電気的接触がない状態に対向配置させ、これを図1のように正極外装缶6と負極外装缶7とで覆い、上記の電解液により満たし、絶縁パッキング8を用いて密閉した。
【0053】
(実施例2)
本実施例においては、電解液について、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムの添加を5wt%とした。これ以外は実施例1の電池と同様の構成とし、同様の作製方法により電池を作製した。
【0054】
(比較例1)
本比較例においては、電解液について、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムではなく、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムの添加を行なった。電解液中のトリフルオロ酢酸リチウムの濃度は5wt%とした。これ以外は実施例1の電池と同様の構成とし、同様の作製方法により電池を作製した。
【0055】
(比較例2)
本比較例においては、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムなどの添加剤を添加しない電解液を用いた。これ以外は実施例1の電池と同様の構成とし、同様の作製方法により電池を作製した。
【0056】
実施例1、2および比較例1、2において作製した電池について、500サイクル後の容量維持率を評価した。その評価の際、1Cの充電レートで4.2Vまで充電を行い、1Cのレートで2.5Vまで放電を行った。なお、試験温度は45℃とした。結果は表1に示したとおりである。
【0057】
【表1】
【0058】
添加剤が電解液に加えられていない比較例2の電池と比較して、実施例1および2の電池は、容量維持率が10%以上優れることが示された。これにより、添加剤としてジフルオロ酢酸リチウムによる負極表面の保護効果が長期にわたり持続することが判明した。
【0059】
また、実施例2と比較例1とを比較することにより、添加剤としてジフルオロ酢酸リチウムの性能が優れることが分かる。これにより、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムよりジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを添加剤として採用する方が、サイクルを経ても負極表面の保護効果が安定的に持続することが示された。
【0060】
(実施例3)
本実施例における電解液は、実施例1と同様の手法により調整した。添加剤はジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを用い、電解液中の濃度を10wt%になるように添加した。
【0061】
正極活物質としてLiCoO2を使用した。Li、Coの供給源としてそれぞれLi2CO3、CoOを目的の金属組成比になるように秤量し、粉砕混合した。次に、原料混合後の粉末を750℃で8時間焼成した。こうして得られた全ての結晶構造は、ほぼ単相のスピネル構造を有していることを確認した。こうして得られたLiCoO2を、実施例1と同様の手法により正極を作製した。
【0062】
上記以外の電池の構成は実施例1に準じ、電池を作製した。
【0063】
(比較例3)
本比較例においては、電解液に対してトリフルオロ酢酸リチウムの添加を行なった。電解液中のトリフルオロ酢酸リチウムの濃度は10wt%とした。これ以外は実施例3の電池と同様の構成とし、同様の作製方法により電池を作製した。
【0064】
(比較例4)
本比較例においては、電解液に対してモノフルオロ酢酸リチウムの添加を行なった。モノフルオロ酢酸リチウムの溶解度は低いことから、電解液中のモノフルオロ酢酸リチウムの濃度は2wt%とした。これ以外は実施例3の電池と同様の構成とし、同様の作製方法により電池を作製した。
【0065】
(比較例5)
本比較例においては、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムなどの添加剤を添加しない電解液を用いた。これ以外は実施例3の電池と同様の構成とし、同様の手法により電池を作製した。
【0066】
実施例3および比較例3〜5において作製した電池について、500サイクル後の容量維持率を評価した。その評価の際、1Cの充電レートで4.2Vまで充電を行い、1Cのレートで2.5Vまで放電を行った。なお、試験温度は45℃とした。結果は表2に示したとおりである。
【0067】
【表2】
【0068】
添加剤が電解液に加えられていない比較例5の電池と比較して、実施例3の電池は、容量維持率が10%以上優れることが示された。これにより、正極活物質としてLiCoO2を用いた場合においても、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムによる負極表面の保護効果が長期にわたり持続することが判明した。
【0069】
また、実施例3と比較例3、4とを比較することにより、添加剤としての性能について、ジフルオロ酢酸リチウムがトリフルオロ酢酸リチウムやモノフルオロ酢酸リチウムよりも優れることが分かる。これにより、トリフルオロ酢酸リチウムよりジフルオロ酢酸リチウムを添加剤として採用する方が、サイクルを経ても負極表面の保護効果が安定的に持続することが示された。
【0070】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように本発明によれば、電解液中に添加されたジフルオロ酢酸リチウムが負極表面に安定な被膜を形成し、負極表面を保護することから、二次電池のサイクル寿命を向上させることが可能となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明に係る二次電池の断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 正極活物質層
2 負極活物質層
3 正極集電体
4 負極集電体
5 セパレータ
6 正極外装缶
7 負極外装缶
8 絶縁パッキング[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrolyte for a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, and a method for using the lithium ion secondary battery.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, lithium ion secondary batteries have been actively researched and developed for miniaturization, weight reduction and high capacity, and as a result, are widely used for applications such as portable electronic devices and notebook computers. In the future, it is expected to be applied not only to portable devices and the like but also to applications such as automobiles.
[0003]
In these applications, there has been a demand for smaller and lighter batteries, but on the other hand, it is important to further improve the cycle characteristics, especially to suppress the deterioration of the cycle characteristics in a high temperature environment. It has become a challenge.
[0004]
As an organic solvent of the electrolyte for a lithium ion secondary battery, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and the like are used. The above-mentioned cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate have a characteristic of a high dielectric constant, but have a high viscosity, so that it is difficult to use them alone. For this reason, a mixed solvent in which a chain carbonate such as diethyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate, which is a low-viscosity organic solvent, and the above-mentioned cyclic carbonate are mixed is used as a solvent for the electrolytic solution.
[0005]
However, during charging and discharging, the environment in which the electrolytic solution is placed is an environment where the reducing action is very strong on the negative electrode surface and an environment where the oxidizing action is very strong on the positive electrode surface. A reduction reaction or an oxidation reaction is unavoidable, and there is a problem that the active material and the solvent constituting the electrode cause a side reaction to be decomposed, thereby deteriorating the battery capacity. This phenomenon was particularly remarkable at high temperatures.
[0006]
Conventionally, in order to prevent such a reaction between the electrode active material and the solvent, a side reaction between the electrode active material and the solvent is positively advanced in advance, and an SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) composed of a by-product on the surface of the electrode active material is conventionally used. A method called aging for forming a solid electrolyte interface) has been proposed. However, in this method, the initial battery capacity is inevitably reduced, and a new SEI film is generated on the SEI film by repeating the charge / discharge cycle. Therefore, there is a problem that the internal resistance of the battery is increased and the discharge efficiency is reduced. Also, a method has been proposed in which the surface of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is coated with an inert material in advance to suppress the reaction between the electrolytic solution and the electrode, but there is a problem that the electrode manufacturing process becomes complicated.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In view of such circumstances, an object of the present invention is to suppress the capacity deterioration of the battery and improve the cycle life of the secondary battery.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention for solving the above problems, an electrolyte for a secondary battery including an organic solvent and an electrolyte (excluding lithium difluoroacetate), further comprising lithium difluoroacetate is provided. An electrolyte solution is provided.
[0009]
In a lithium ion secondary battery using a high-potential material for the positive electrode, a phenomenon in which the capacity decreases with the cycle is observed. According to the analysis of the present inventors, it is considered that these reductions in capacity are due to the generation of decomposition products of the solvent constituting the electrolyte on the positive electrode side and the decomposition products accumulating on the negative electrode side.
[0010]
Therefore, as a result of intensive studies made by the present inventors, it has been found that the use of an electrolytic solution in which lithium halide is dissolved suppresses a capacity reduction accompanying a cycle. It was found that when lithium difluoroacetate was used among the lithium halides, a battery having particularly excellent cycle characteristics was obtained.
[0011]
The reason for this is that by containing lithium acetate in the electrolytic solution, during the first charging, the lithium halide is deposited on the surface of the negative electrode to form a stable film. This coating can prevent a decomposition product generated by a reaction between the positive electrode active material and the solvent from depositing on the negative electrode surface, and can reduce deterioration of the negative electrode capacity, which has been a conventional problem. That is, the cycle characteristics can be improved.
[0012]
The film of the lithium halide acetate is stable even in a high temperature environment. Therefore, since the durability of the coating is high, the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved.
[0013]
Here, heretofore, a technique of including lithium trifluoroacetate in an electrolytic solution has been known. In JP-A-2000-824494, JP-A-2000-260467, JP-A-2000-348774, JP-A-11-273733, and JP-A-11-273834, lithium trifluoroacetate is dissolved as an electrolyte. A secondary battery using the immersed electrolyte is shown. However, in the technology described in the above publication, lithium trifluoroacetate is merely mentioned as an example of an electrolyte for imparting lithium conductivity to an electrolytic solution, and is not specifically disclosed. Further, according to the technology described in the above publication, lithium trifluoroacetate is not always selected in view of the inherent properties of lithium trifluoroacetate.
[0014]
On the other hand, in the present invention, lithium difluoroacetate is added not as an electrolyte but for the purpose of forming a film on the surface of the negative electrode. Focusing on the fact that lithium difluoroacetate molecules have a strong C-F bond, lithium difluoroacetate is added to the electrolyte.
[0015]
That is, lithium difluoroacetate dissolved in the electrolytic solution precipitates on the negative electrode at the time of the first charge and forms a stable film. Since this film has Li conductivity, it does not lower the capacity of the negative electrode, and the lithium difluoroacetate constituting the film has a strong CF bond, so that the film is stable even after cycling. Survive.
[0016]
Here, when lithium trifluoroacetate is dissolved in the electrolyte as an additive, a film is formed on the surface of the negative electrode at the time of the first charge, as in the case of lithium difluoroacetate. However, lithium trifluoroacetate has high solubility in a solvent used for the electrolytic solution, for example, a carbonate-based solvent. Therefore, lithium trifluoroacetate deposited on the surface of the negative electrode during the initial charge is repeatedly dissolved and dissolved in the electrolytic solution by repeating charge and discharge, and as the cycle proceeds, the protective effect of the coating on the negative electrode surface decreases. It becomes.
[0017]
Also, when lithium monofluoroacetate is dissolved in the electrolyte as an additive, the solubility of lithium monofluoroacetate in a solvent such as a carbonate-based solvent used in the electrolyte is low. Is difficult to dissolve in the electrolyte.
[0018]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-307770 discloses a technique of adding difluoroacetic acid to an electrolytic solution. However, with this configuration, it is difficult to form a film having sufficient lithium conductivity on the negative electrode surface. is there. In addition, since a compound (difluoroacetic acid) other than the lithium salt is added to the electrolyte, the lithium conductivity of the electrolyte itself also decreases. For this reason, the output decreases due to an increase in the internal resistance of the battery. On the other hand, since the electrolyte of the present invention uses lithium difluoroacetate, which is a lithium salt, the problems that occur in the technique described in JP-A-2001-307770 do not appear.
[0019]
Further, according to the present invention, in the above electrolyte for a secondary battery, the concentration of lithium difluoroacetate in the electrolyte for a secondary battery is 2 to 10% by weight. Provided.
[0020]
By setting the concentration of lithium difluoroacetate to be dissolved in the electrolytic solution within the above range, the thickness of the film formed on the negative electrode can be made necessary and sufficient. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the capacity deterioration of the negative electrode over a long period of time while securing the lithium conductivity of the negative electrode.
[0021]
Further, according to the present invention, there is provided an electrolyte for a secondary battery, wherein the organic solvent is a carbonate-based solvent in the electrolyte for a secondary battery.
[0022]
By employing a carbonate-based solvent as the organic solvent used in the electrolyte, a sufficient amount of lithium difluoroacetate to protect the surface of the negative electrode can be dissolved in the electrolyte, and the film formed on the surface of the negative electrode can be lengthened. It can be maintained over a period.
[0023]
The carbonate-based solvent in the present invention refers to an organic solvent having a carbonate bond.
[0024]
Further, according to the present invention, there is provided a secondary battery including the above-mentioned electrolyte solution for a secondary battery.
[0025]
By using the above electrolyte, a secondary battery with high output and long life is realized.
[0026]
Further, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for using a secondary battery provided with an electrolytic solution, the method including a step of adding lithium difluoroacetate to the electrolytic solution. .
[0027]
According to this method of use, the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved, and the output of the secondary battery can be kept high for a long period of time.
[0028]
Further, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for using a secondary battery provided with an electrolytic solution, wherein lithium difluoroacetate is added to the electrolytic solution to adjust the concentration of lithium difluoroacetate in the electrolytic solution to 2 to 10% by weight. There is provided a method of using a secondary battery, comprising the steps of:
[0029]
By setting the concentration of lithium difluoroacetate within a predetermined range, it is possible to further obtain the effect of improving the cycle characteristics and the effect of maintaining a high output for a long time.
[0030]
Further, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for using a secondary battery, wherein the electrolytic solution contains a carbonate-based solvent in the above method for using a secondary battery.
[0031]
According to this usage method, the surface of the negative electrode can be effectively protected, so that the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved.
[0032]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The electrolyte for a secondary battery of the present invention is characterized by containing lithium difluoroacetate as an additive. In the secondary battery provided with the electrolytic solution of the present invention, at the time of the first charge, lithium difluoroacetate precipitates on the surface of the negative electrode to form a stable film. This coating has lithium conductivity because the component is lithium difluoroacetate. In addition, since this coating has a function of preventing the decomposition product of the solvent of the electrolytic solution from depositing on the negative electrode surface, it improves the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery.
[0033]
The electrolyte for a secondary battery of the present invention is prepared by adding lithium difluoroacetate to a concentration of 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably 2 to 10% by weight, based on an electrolyte prepared with an organic solvent and a lithium salt. I do. By adding at such a concentration, a film having a necessary and sufficient thickness can be formed on the surface of the negative electrode, and a secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics can be realized.
[0034]
The advantage of adding lithium difluoroacetate to the electrolyte and forming a film of this substance on the negative electrode surface will be described below. Fluorine has a higher electronegativity than bromine or chlorine. For this reason, the bonding force between carbon atoms and fluorine atoms is stronger than the bonding force between carbon atoms and bromine atoms. Therefore, the coating made of lithium difluoroacetate has high stability even at high temperatures and is hard to break.
[0035]
Here, as the compound having a bond between a carbon atom and a fluorine atom, other compounds, for example, lithium trifluoroacetate and lithium monofluoroacetate also exist. However, as an additive to be added to the electrolyte, lithium difluoroacetate is more preferable than lithium trifluoroacetate or lithium monofluoroacetate. The reason is as follows.
[0036]
Lithium trifluoroacetate has a property of being easily dissolved in a carbonate solvent. Therefore, the film formed on the surface of the negative electrode at the time of the first charge decreases in thickness as the cycle proceeds, and eventually disappears. Therefore, the effect of protecting the surface of the negative electrode decreases as the cycle proceeds.
[0037]
Lithium monofluoroacetate has low solubility in carbonate solvents. Therefore, it is difficult to dissolve a sufficient amount in the electrolytic solution to protect the negative electrode surface.
[0038]
As the organic solvent, a commonly used organic solvent can be used. For example, ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC) ), Cyclic carbonates such as vinylene carbonate (VC), chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate (DEC) and dipropyl carbonate (DPC), aliphatic carboxylic acid esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate and ethyl propionate; γ-lactones such as γ-butyrolactone, chain ethers such as 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE) and ethoxymethoxyethane (EME), cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, , 3-dioxolan, formamide, acetamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolan, acetonitrile, propyl nitrile, nitromethane, ethyl monoglyme, phosphoric acid triester, trimethoxymethane, dioxolan derivative, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazo Mix one or more aprotic organic solvents such as lydinone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivative, tetrahydrofuran derivative, ethyl ether, 1,3-propane sultone, anisole, and N-methylpyrrolidone. Can be used.
[0039]
A lithium salt is dissolved in these organic solvents. Examples of the lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 CO 3 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , and LiN (CF 3). SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , lithium chloroborane, lithium tetraphenylborate, LiBr, LiI, LiSCN, LiCl, imides and the like. Further, a polymer electrolyte may be used instead of the electrolytic solution. The electrolyte concentration is, for example, 0.5 mol / L to 1.5 mol / L. If the concentration is too high, the density and viscosity will increase. If the concentration is too low, the electric conductivity may decrease.
[0040]
The secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode using a lithium-containing metal composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium, and the positive electrode so as not to cause electrical connection. And a separator interposed between the negative electrodes. The positive electrode and the negative electrode are in a state of being immersed in a lithium ion conductive electrolyte, and are sealed in a battery case. When a voltage is applied to the positive electrode and the negative electrode, lithium ions are released from the positive electrode active material, lithium ions are occluded in the negative electrode active material, and the battery enters a charged state. In addition, by causing electrical contact between the positive electrode and the negative electrode outside the battery, lithium ions are released from the negative electrode active material, and the lithium ions are occluded in the positive electrode active material, thereby causing discharge, as opposed to charging. .
[0041]
The material of the positive electrode is not particularly limited as long as it can release lithium ions at the time of charging and occlude at the time of discharging, and any material having a known material configuration can be used. In particular, a material obtained by applying a mixture obtained by mixing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and an adhesive to a current collector is preferable.
[0042]
The positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, and a known active material can be used. For example, Li X CoO 2, Li x
[0043]
The negative electrode only needs to be able to occlude lithium ions at the time of charging and release it at the time of discharging, and is not particularly limited in the material of the battery, and may have a known material configuration. Specific examples of substances capable of electrochemically occluding and releasing lithium ions include carbon materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, amorphous carbon and coke, lithium-aluminum alloy, lithium-lead alloy, lithium A metal oxide having a lower potential than the positive electrode active material, such as a lithium alloy such as a tin alloy, SnO 2 , SnO, TiO 2 , and Nb 2 O 3 . In particular, a material obtained by applying a mixture obtained by mixing a negative electrode active material, a conductive material, and an adhesive to a current collector is preferable.
[0044]
The secondary battery according to the present invention, in a dry air or inert gas atmosphere, a negative electrode and a positive electrode, laminated through a separator, or after winding the laminated thing, and then housed in a battery can, or synthetic resin and metal A battery can be manufactured by sealing with a flexible film or the like made of a laminate with a foil.
[0045]
FIG. 1 shows a form of a coin type cell as an embodiment of a battery. The present invention is not limited to the shape of the battery, it is possible to take a form such as a positive electrode, a negative electrode wound across a separator, a wound type, a laminated type, etc. Various forms such as a cell and a cylindrical cell can be adopted.
[0046]
【Example】
(Example 1)
In this embodiment, a form of a coin type cell as shown in FIG. 1 is shown.
[0047]
(Preparation of electrolyte)
Ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed at a ratio of 40:60 (Vol.%), And LiPF 6 was dissolved in this mixed solvent to a concentration of 1 mol / L. Lithium difluoroacetate was further added to the obtained solution to a concentration of 2 wt% to prepare an electrolyte solution.
[0048]
(Preparation of positive electrode)
LiMn 2 O 4 was used as a positive electrode active material.
[0049]
Li 2 CO 3 and MnO 2 were weighed as pulverulent sources of Li and Mn so as to have a target metal composition ratio, and pulverized and mixed. Next, the powder after mixing the raw materials was fired at 750 ° C. for 8 hours. It was confirmed that all the crystal structures thus obtained had a substantially single-phase spinel structure.
[0050]
The prepared positive electrode active material and carbon as a conductivity-imparting agent were mixed, and dispersed in a solution in which polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone as a binder to form a slurry. The weight ratio of the positive electrode active material, the conductivity-imparting agent, and the binder was 88/6/6. The slurry was applied on the Al current collector. Then, it was dried in vacuum for 12 hours to obtain an electrode material. The electrode material was cut into a circle having a diameter of 12 mm. Thereafter, pressure molding was performed at 3 t / cm 2 to obtain a positive electrode
[0051]
(Preparation of negative electrode)
As the negative electrode active material, amorphous carbon (Carbotron (registered trademark) P manufactured by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd.) was used. Amorphous carbon and carbon as a conductivity-imparting agent were mixed, and dispersed in a solution of N-methylpyrrolidone in which polyfukkavinylidene (PVDF) was dissolved to form a slurry. The weight ratio of the amorphous carbon, the conductivity-imparting agent, and the binder was set to 91/1/8. The slurry was applied on the Cu current collector. Then, it was dried in vacuum for 12 hours to obtain an electrode material. The electrode material was cut into a circle having a diameter of 13 mm. Then, it was press-molded at 1 t / cm 2 to form a negative electrode current collector 4 and a negative electrode
[0052]
A polypropylene film was used for the
[0053]
(Example 2)
In this example, the addition of lithium difluoroacetate was 5 wt% in the electrolytic solution. Except for this, the configuration was the same as that of the battery of Example 1, and a battery was manufactured by the same manufacturing method.
[0054]
(Comparative Example 1)
In this comparative example, lithium trifluoroacetate was added to the electrolyte instead of lithium difluoroacetate. The concentration of lithium trifluoroacetate in the electrolyte was 5 wt%. Except for this, the configuration was the same as that of the battery of Example 1, and a battery was manufactured by the same manufacturing method.
[0055]
(Comparative Example 2)
In this comparative example, an electrolytic solution to which no additive such as lithium difluoroacetate was added was used. Except for this, the configuration was the same as that of the battery of Example 1, and a battery was manufactured by the same manufacturing method.
[0056]
The batteries prepared in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were evaluated for capacity retention after 500 cycles. During the evaluation, the battery was charged to 4.2 V at a charge rate of 1 C, and discharged to 2.5 V at a rate of 1 C. The test temperature was 45 ° C. The results are as shown in Table 1.
[0057]
[Table 1]
[0058]
Compared with the battery of Comparative Example 2 in which no additive was added to the electrolytic solution, the batteries of Examples 1 and 2 were shown to have a capacity retention ratio of 10% or more. Thereby, it turned out that the protective effect of the negative electrode surface by lithium difluoroacetate as an additive lasts for a long time.
[0059]
Further, by comparing Example 2 and Comparative Example 1, it can be seen that the performance of lithium difluoroacetate as an additive is excellent. Accordingly, it was shown that when lithium difluoroacetate was used as an additive rather than lithium trifluoroacetate, the protective effect on the negative electrode surface was stably maintained even after cycling.
[0060]
(Example 3)
The electrolytic solution in this example was adjusted in the same manner as in Example 1. Lithium difluoroacetate was used as an additive so that the concentration in the electrolytic solution was 10 wt%.
[0061]
LiCoO 2 was used as a positive electrode active material. Li 2 CO 3 and CoO as the supply sources of Li and Co, respectively, were weighed so as to have a target metal composition ratio, and pulverized and mixed. Next, the powder after mixing the raw materials was fired at 750 ° C. for 8 hours. It was confirmed that all the crystal structures thus obtained had a substantially single-phase spinel structure. From the thus obtained LiCoO 2 , a positive electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0062]
A battery other than the above was manufactured in accordance with Example 1.
[0063]
(Comparative Example 3)
In this comparative example, lithium trifluoroacetate was added to the electrolytic solution. The concentration of lithium trifluoroacetate in the electrolyte was 10% by weight. Except for this, the configuration was the same as that of the battery of Example 3, and a battery was produced by the same production method.
[0064]
(Comparative Example 4)
In this comparative example, lithium monofluoroacetate was added to the electrolytic solution. Since the solubility of lithium monofluoroacetate was low, the concentration of lithium monofluoroacetate in the electrolyte was set at 2 wt%. Except for this, the configuration was the same as that of the battery of Example 3, and a battery was produced by the same production method.
[0065]
(Comparative Example 5)
In this comparative example, an electrolytic solution to which no additive such as lithium difluoroacetate was added was used. Except for this, the configuration was the same as that of the battery of Example 3, and a battery was produced by the same method.
[0066]
For the batteries prepared in Example 3 and Comparative Examples 3 to 5, the capacity retention after 500 cycles was evaluated. During the evaluation, the battery was charged to 4.2 V at a charge rate of 1 C, and discharged to 2.5 V at a rate of 1 C. The test temperature was 45 ° C. The results are as shown in Table 2.
[0067]
[Table 2]
[0068]
Compared with the battery of Comparative Example 5 in which no additive was added to the electrolyte, the battery of Example 3 was shown to have a capacity retention ratio of 10% or more. Thus, it was found that even when LiCoO 2 was used as the positive electrode active material, the protective effect of the lithium difluoroacetate on the negative electrode surface was maintained for a long time.
[0069]
Also, by comparing Example 3 with Comparative Examples 3 and 4, it can be seen that lithium difluoroacetate is superior to lithium trifluoroacetate and lithium monofluoroacetate in terms of performance as an additive. Accordingly, it was shown that when lithium difluoroacetate was used as an additive rather than lithium trifluoroacetate, the protective effect on the negative electrode surface was stably maintained even after cycling.
[0070]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, lithium difluoroacetate added to the electrolyte forms a stable film on the negative electrode surface and protects the negative electrode surface, thereby improving the cycle life of the secondary battery. Becomes possible.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a secondary battery according to the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
REFERENCE SIGNS
Claims (7)
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