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JP2004082017A - Methane fermentation method of organic waste and system therefor - Google Patents

Methane fermentation method of organic waste and system therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004082017A
JP2004082017A JP2002248139A JP2002248139A JP2004082017A JP 2004082017 A JP2004082017 A JP 2004082017A JP 2002248139 A JP2002248139 A JP 2002248139A JP 2002248139 A JP2002248139 A JP 2002248139A JP 2004082017 A JP2004082017 A JP 2004082017A
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temperature
solubilized
methane fermentation
fermentation
tank
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JP2002248139A
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JP4011439B2 (en
Inventor
Wakako Shimodaira
下平 和佳子
Manabu Yamamoto
山本 学
Hideji Mori
守 秀治
Mitsuhiro Hamashima
浜嶋 光洋
Ryohei Mimura
三村 良平
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Kurimoto Ltd
Mitsubishi Power Ltd
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Babcock Hitachi KK
Kurimoto Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/20Waste processing or separation

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  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a methane fermentation method of organic waste and system therefor which enable reduction of the production rate of residual and sludge accompanying organic waste treatment and enable the efficient recovery of a biogas containing methane. <P>SOLUTION: The methane fermentation system is provided with a solubilizing tank 4 which solubilizes organic waste, a solid-liquid separator 7 which separates solubilized material produced in the solubilizing tank into solubilized liquid and solubilized residue, a mesophilic methane fermentation tank 14 which subjects the solubilized liquid to anaerobic fermentation at a temperature of 33∼40°C and a thermophilic fermentation tank 37 which subjects the solubilized residue to anaerobic fermentation at a temperature of 50∼58°C. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明が属する技術分野】
本発明は、有機性廃棄物を可溶化し、メタン発酵させてメタンガスを発生させ、廃棄物処理と同時にエネルギー回収を行うメタン発酵処理方法および装置に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
メタン発酵は、下水・し尿処理の分野では、最終沈殿池汚泥および余剰活性汚泥の処理に適用されてきた。近年、ごみ焼却炉からのダイオキシン類の排出、埋立地の不足、炭酸ガス(CO)による地球温暖化等が大きな問題となり、これらの環境負荷を低減する方法の一つとして、メタン発酵技術の利用が活発化している。メタン発酵は、有機性廃棄物(厨芥、汚泥、バイオマス等)を発酵させてメタンガスを回収できる技術であり、そのまま燃焼させてエネルギーを回収することができない高水分廃棄物からのエネルギー回収が可能になる利点がある。
【0003】
メタン発酵は、大きく分けると加水分解菌、酸生成菌による可溶化過程と、メタン生成菌によるメタン発酵過程の二段階の生化学反応から成っている。タンパク質、炭水化物、脂肪等の高分子有機化合物は、まず加水分解菌などによって低分子化されて高級脂肪酸、アミノ酸、糖類となる。次に、これらの低分子有機物は酸生成菌によって水素(H)、CO、有機酸(酢酸、酪酸、プロピオン酸、ピルビン酸、ギ酸、乳酸、コハク酸等)に分解され、最後にメタン発酵過程でメタン生成菌によってメタンが生成する。このように、可溶化過程とメタン発酵過程では、活躍する微生物の種類が異なり、最適pHも可溶化過程は4〜5、メタン生成過程は6.8〜7.6程度と異なっている。また、メタン発酵を行う菌は絶対嫌気性であり、酸素が存在する環境では生育できないが、可溶化に関係した菌は好気性、通性嫌気性のものが多く、酸素の有無やその存在量に応じて最適な菌が活動し、有機物を分解する。これらのことから、最近は可溶化槽とメタン発酵槽を分離して発酵効率を高める、二槽式と呼ばれる方法が採用される場合も多い。
【0004】
メタン発酵には、図6に示すように、最適の温度領域が35℃前後の中温発酵と、55℃前後の高温発酵の2つがあり、中間(40〜45℃)の温度範囲では処理速度がむしろ低下する。このことは、それぞれの適温で活躍するメタン菌の種類が異なることを示している。高温発酵は低温発酵よりも有機物の分解速度が早く、中温発酵では分解されにくい繊維質を、ある程度分解することが可能である。しかし、蛋白質の分解生成物であるアンモニア性窒素の蓄積による発酵阻害に対しては、中温発酵の方が強く、変調した場合の回復も可能であるが、高温発酵では阻害を受けやすく、一旦変調をきたすと回復は困難とされている。このような特性を考慮し、目的に応じて中温、高温を選択する。また、相当の余剰熱源を保有する工場や、処理すべき排水自身が相当の高温で排出される場合には、高温発酵による処理が理想的かつ経済的に有利である。しかし、余剰熱源がなく、発酵槽を高温に維持できない場合には中温発酵が広く採用されている。
【0005】
図7に従来技術による有機性廃棄物の中温メタン発酵システムのフローの一例を示す。厨芥類、草木類その他の有機性廃棄物1は破砕機2で破砕された後、流動性を持たせるための適量の水3と共に可溶化槽4に投入され、攪拌機5で攪拌しながら、主に廃棄物中に存在する微生物の働きによって可溶化され、メタン発酵の原料となる有機酸および、有機酸の前駆体となる高級脂肪酸、アミノ酸、糖類等の有機物が生成される。一般に、可溶化槽は可溶化途上のものを排出しないようにバッチで運転され、1〜3日程度経過した後、可溶化物をライン6により抜き出し、脱水機7に送られ、ライン8から排出される可溶化液と、ライン9から排出される可溶化残さ10に分離される。可溶化残さ10は主に、植物性廃棄物に由来する分解されにくいセルロース、リグニン等の繊維質そのもの、およびセルロースを主成分とした植物細胞壁というカプセルに囲まれているために分解されなかった有機物(細胞質)から成っている。この可溶化残さ10は、通常、コンポストに加工して肥料として利用されるか、または単純に焼却処理される場合が多い。一方、低分子の有機化合物を多量に含んだ可溶化液は、貯留槽11に一旦貯められる。貯留槽11は、後段のメタン発酵槽へ可溶化物を定量供給するためのバッファであるだけでなく、貯留中に溶存酸素を消費させ、可溶化物を嫌気性のメタン発酵に適した状態とする。貯留槽11では、固形分の沈殿を防ぐために攪拌機12により攪拌を行っている。貯留槽11内の可溶化液は、ポンプ13により中温メタン発酵槽14へ定量的に送られ、メタン生成菌の働きにより、有機酸からメタン約65%、二酸化炭素約35%のガス(バイオガス)が生成する。バイオガスはライン15から排出され、図示しないガスホルダー等に貯蔵される。バイオガス中には数百ppm程度の硫化水素が含まれるため、必要に応じて脱硫処理した後、燃料として使用され、電気や温水としてエネルギーを回収する。
【0006】
メタン発酵槽14の廃液は、ポンプ16により抜き出されて沈降槽17に送られ、底部に濃縮した濃縮汚泥18と上澄の廃水19に分けられる。濃縮汚泥18は、主にメタン菌の菌体と、分解しきれずに残った有機物(分解残さ)から構成されており、ポンプ20によって抜き出され、切替弁21を介して、一部は濃縮汚泥返送ライン22を経由してメタン発酵槽14へ返送し、メタン発酵の種汚泥として利用される。濃縮汚泥18の残りは濃縮汚泥排出ライン23から排出され、余剰汚泥24となる。余剰汚泥24は、通常はコンポスト化して肥料として利用されるか、または単純に焼却処理される場合が多い。一方、廃水19はライン25から抜き出され、廃水処理設備26へ送られ、脱窒、活性汚泥などにより最終処理された後、処理水27として放流される。
【0007】
上記の従来技術によるプロセスフローと有機物(無水ベース)の物質収支を図8に示す。有機物量として厨芥で800kg、草で100kg、木で100kgから成る有機性廃棄物を1000kg投入した場合、可溶化率80%程度で、固液分離によって、有機物は可溶化液中に800kg、可溶化残さ中に草と木に由来する200kgが分配される。可溶化液中有機物の中温メタン発酵による分解率は75%程度であり、バイオガス600kg、余剰汚泥として200kgの有機物が排出される。可溶化残さと余剰汚泥を合計すると、400kgがバイオガス化されずに排出されることになる。
【0008】
図9に、他の従来技術として、有機性廃棄物の高温メタン発酵システムのフローの一例を示す。図7のフローと異なる点は、高温発酵は中温発酵に比べると繊維質の分解率が高いため、可溶化後に脱水機7による固液分離により繊維質を可溶化残さとして排出せず、可溶化物をそのまま貯留槽11に貯め、ポンプ13によりメタン発酵槽26へ送るようにしたことである。しかし、高温メタン発酵によってすべての繊維質が分解できるわけではないので、分解残さは菌体とともにポンプ16によりメタン発酵槽26から排出されることになる。
【0009】
本従来技術によるプロセスフローと有機物(無水ベース)の物質収支を図10に示す。高温発酵においては、発酵阻害が問題とならなければ、有機物の分解率は中温発酵よりも少し高い80%程度とされる。しかし、木質繊維などの硬い繊維質は、いずれにしても分解しにくいので、本従来技術においては有機物を1000kg投入した場合、木に由来する100kg程度は未分解のまま余剰汚泥に含まれて排出される。残り900kgの有機物からバイオガス720kgが発生し、残り180kgの有機物は余剰汚泥となり、余剰汚泥は合計で280kgとなる。本フローでは可溶化後の固液分離を行わないため、可溶化残さはゼロである。
【0010】
メタン発酵処理プロセスに投入される有機性廃棄物としては、家庭やレストラン、惣菜店などから排出される一般廃棄物である厨芥類の他に、植物性の産業廃棄物(紙類、草木、野菜・果物類)、動物性の産業廃棄物(肉・魚類、乳製品)などが挙げられる。表1に示すように、植物性廃棄物は炭水化物が主成分であるためC含有率が高く、動物性廃棄物はたんぱく質が主成分であるためN含有率が高いという特徴がある。このような産業廃棄物は、発生源において別々に発酵処理する場合には、各々の発酵特性に合わせたシステムが採用される。しかし、最近、このように発生源の異なる産業廃棄物を、地域ごとに集約して1箇所で処理しようという試み(エコタウン計画等)が行われるようになってきている。
【0011】
【表1】

Figure 2004082017
【0012】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
各種の有機性廃棄物を混合し、図7、9のような従来の処理フローで発酵しようとすると、以下のような問題点がある。
(1)図7のように可溶化物を固液分離すると、投入された廃棄物中の繊維質の量に比例して可溶化残さの発生量が増大する。
【0013】
(2)図9の高温発酵では、投入される有機性廃棄物の窒素濃度が高いと、アンモニア性窒素による発酵阻害が起こりやすく、運転管理が難しくなる。一般に、発酵阻害を起こすアンモニア性窒素濃度は、高温発酵で2000〜2500mg/L以上、中温発酵で3000〜3500mg/L以上であり、高温発酵の方がアンモニア性窒素の蓄積に弱いとされている。
【0014】
(3)プロセスから排出される可溶化残さやメタン発酵汚泥は、コンポスト化あるいは焼却処理されているが、現状、コンポストの需要は実際には少なく、季節変動が大きく、流通ルートも確立していないため、大量に製造しても消費しきることができない。また、水分含有率が高いため、焼却処理するためには大量の燃料が必要となる。可燃ごみと共に焼却炉で燃やすこともあるが、熱回収などの面では不利である。
【0015】
本発明の課題は、有機性廃棄物処理に伴う残さ及び汚泥の発生量を低減し、メタンを含むバイオガスを効率良く回収することのできる、メタン発酵処理装置及び方法を提供することにある。
【0016】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上述した従来技術の問題点を解決するため、本発明で特許請求される発明は下記のとおりである。
(1)有機性廃棄物を可溶化する可溶化槽と、該可溶化槽にて生成した可溶化物を可溶化液と可溶化残さに分離する固液分離装置と、該可溶化液を33〜40℃で嫌気発酵させる中温メタン発酵槽と、該可溶化残さを50〜58℃で嫌気発酵させる高温メタン発酵槽とを有することを特徴とするメタン発酵処理装置。
(2)前記可溶化残さを前記高温メタン発酵槽へ導入する前に微破砕および、または再可溶化する手段を設けたことを特徴とする(1)記載のメタン発酵処理装置。
【0017】
(3)前記中温メタン発酵槽および、または高温メタン発酵槽から排出された余剰汚泥を微破砕および、または可溶化する手段と、該微破砕および、または可溶化した余剰汚泥を中温メタン発酵槽および、または高温メタン発酵槽へ導入する手段をさらに設けたことを特徴とする(1)または(2)記載のメタン発酵処理装置。
(4)前記微破砕および、または再可溶化した可溶化残さと余剰汚泥を混合して高温メタン発酵槽へ導入する手段をさらに設けたことをことを特徴とする(1)ないし(3)のいずれかに記載のメタン発酵処理装置。
【0018】
(5)有機性廃棄物を可溶化し、生成した可溶化物を可溶化液と可溶化残さに分離し、可溶化液を33〜40℃の中温で嫌気発酵し、可溶化残さを50〜58℃の高温で嫌気発酵することを特徴とするメタン発酵処理方法。
(6)可溶化残さを微破砕または再可溶化した後に前記高温で嫌気発酵することを特徴とする(5)記載のメタン発酵処理方法。
【0019】
(7)前記中温の嫌気発酵および、または前記高温の嫌気発酵によって生じた余剰汚泥を微破砕および、または可溶化した後に嫌気発酵することを特徴とする(5)または(6)記載のメタン発酵処理方法。
(8)微破砕および、または再可溶化した可溶化残さと、微破砕および、または可溶化した余剰汚泥とを混合して前記高温メタン発酵することを特徴とする(5)ないし(7)のいずれかに記載のメタン発酵処理方法。
【0020】
【作用】
上記手段を用いることにより、中温発酵では分解しにくい繊維質が分解される。一方、高温発酵では発酵を阻害するアンモニア性窒素の蓄積が防止されるとともに、中温発酵および、または高温発酵の排出汚泥(菌体)を効率よく分解することができる。
【0021】
【発明の実施の形態】
【実施例】
本発明においては、まず、可溶化槽に有機性廃棄物を適量の水とともに投入して可溶化し、生成した可溶化物を可溶化液と可溶化残さに固液分離する。次に、可溶化液を中温メタン発酵槽に投入し、可溶化残さを高温メタン発酵槽に供給して発酵し、両発酵槽からバイオガスを生成する。さらに、中温メタン発酵槽およびまたは高温メタン発酵槽から排出された余剰汚泥を微破砕およびまたは可溶化した後に、メタン発酵させる。中温メタン発酵槽および高温メタン発酵槽は、ともに温水ヒータなどによって発酵の最適温度に制御されており、生成ガスを抜き出すライン以外は密閉された嫌気状態に保たれている。また、pHを発酵に最適な6.8〜7.6に維持するため、メタン発酵の原料となる可溶化物の供給量を制御し、必要に応じて石灰等を添加してpHを調節する。以下、本発明の実施例を、図1に示すフローを用いて説明する。
【0022】
このメタン発酵装置は、有機性廃棄物を可溶化する可溶化槽4と、該可溶化槽4にて生成した可溶化物を可溶化液と可溶化残さに分離する固液分離装置7と、該可溶化液を33〜40℃で嫌気発酵させる中温メタン発酵槽14と、該可溶化残さを50〜58℃で嫌気発酵させる高温メタン発酵槽37とから主として構成される。
【0023】
厨芥その他の有機性廃棄物1は破砕機2で破砕された後、流動性を持たせるための適量の水3と共に可溶化槽4に投入され、攪拌機5で攪拌しながら、主に廃棄物中に存在する微生物の働きによって可溶化される。可溶化物はライン6により抜き出し、固液分離装置7へ送られ、ライン8から排出される可溶化液と、ライン9から排出される可溶化残さに分離される。可溶化残さを固液分離装置としては、スクリュープレスのような脱水機が適当であるが、投入する廃棄物中に草木などの構造物が少ない場合は絞りにくいので、重力式沈降槽でも良い。このとき、投入された廃棄物中の窒素分は、主に動物性廃棄物(肉、魚、乳製品等)に由来するため液化しやすく、多くが可溶化液に含まれることになり、可溶化残さ中には比較的少ない。また、可溶化しにくい繊維質の多くも残さとして排出され、可溶化液には少なくなっている。可溶化液8は、貯留槽11に一旦ため、ポンプ13により中温メタン発酵槽14へ定量供給される。
【0024】
中温メタン発酵槽14は、図示しない保温材によって保温され、温度計によって温度を計測し、その値に基づいて適宜ヒータ、熱交換器等によって加温するなどの図示しない温度制御手段によって中温発酵に適した温度条件に保持することができる。具体的には、25〜50℃であれば中温発酵が進行するのでその範囲内に保持できればよいが、好ましくは、33〜40℃、更に望ましくは35℃前後に保持することができればよい。
【0025】
この中温発酵によりバイオガス15を生成する。このとき、可溶化液の窒素濃度は比較的高く、発酵液中のアンモニア性窒素濃度が高めとなるが、中温発酵はこれによる発酵阻害が起こりにくいため、安定した運転が可能である。中温メタン発酵槽14の廃液は、ポンプ16により抜き出されて沈降槽17に送られ、底部に濃縮した濃縮汚泥18と上澄の廃水19に分けられる。濃縮汚泥18は、ポンプ20によって抜き出され、切替弁21、31を介して、一部は濃縮汚泥返送ライン22を経由して中温メタン発酵槽14へ種汚泥として返送される。濃縮汚泥18の残りは濃縮汚泥排出ライン23から余剰汚泥24として排出される。
【0026】
一方、ライン9から排出される可溶化残さは主に、植物性廃棄物に由来する難分解性の繊維質から成っている。この残さを破砕装置32により微破砕し、流動性を持たせるために加水33してスラリ状にし、ライン34により2次貯留槽35へ送り、ポンプ36によって、55℃前後に温度制御された高温メタン発酵槽37へ定量供給する。
【0027】
高温メタン発酵槽37は、図示しない保温材によって保温され、温度計によって温度を計測し、その値に基づいて適宜ヒータ、熱交換器等によって加温するなど、図示しない温度制御手段によって高温発酵に適した温度条件に保持することができるようになっている。具体的には、40〜60℃であれば高温発酵が進行するのでその範囲内に保持できればよいが、好ましくは、50〜58℃、更に望ましくは55℃前後に保持することができればよい。
【0028】
高温発酵では、中温発酵では分解しにくい繊維質が分解されバイオガス38が生成される。破砕装置32としては、繊維質を破壊できるものなら何でも良く、ミル、あるいは超音波やウォータージェットなどを応用した装置が適用できる。破砕装置32は省略してもよい。微破砕や再可溶化のような2次処理を行わなくても、ある程度は高温発酵で分解されるが、2次処理を行うことにより分解率が向上し、残さや汚泥排出量を低減し、ガス収率を向上させることができる。高温メタン発酵槽37に供給される可溶化残さは窒素含有率が低いため、高温発酵を阻害するアンモニア性窒素の蓄積を回避することができ、安定運転が可能となる。
【0029】
高温メタン発酵槽37の廃液は、ポンプ39により抜き出されて沈降槽40に送られ、底部に濃縮した濃縮汚泥41と上澄の廃水42に分けられる。廃水はライン43によって抜き出され、廃水処理設備へ送られる。濃縮汚泥41は、ポンプ43によって抜き出され、切替弁45、46を介して、一部は濃縮汚泥返送ライン47を経由して高温メタン発酵槽37へ種汚泥として返送される。残った濃縮汚泥は濃縮汚泥排出ライン48から余剰汚泥49として排出される。
【0030】
種汚泥として中温メタン発酵槽14および高温メタン発酵槽37へ返送した残りの余剰汚泥24、48は有機物を含むため、メタン発酵槽へ戻して分解することができれば、その分メタン生成量を増加させ、排出される汚泥を減らすことができる。しかし、汚泥すなわち菌体は植物細胞同様、繊維質の細胞壁を持っているため、そのままメタン発酵槽へ返送してもほとんど分解されない。また、可溶化槽4に戻して可溶化しようとしても、通常の可溶化処理では、細胞壁を持つ菌体を可溶化することはやはり困難である。そこで、各メタン発酵槽の余剰の濃縮汚泥をライン50、51により破砕装置32へ送り、可溶化残さとともに微破砕し、ライン33、2次貯留槽35を介して高温メタン発酵槽37に供給して分解することにより、バイオガスを発生させる。このとき、可溶化残さとは別の装置で処理しても良い。菌体の窒素含有率は高いが、可溶化残さの窒素含有率が低いため、これらを共に高温メタン発酵槽へ供給することにより、高温発酵を阻害するアンモニア性窒素の過剰な蓄積は避けられる。ただし、余剰汚泥の全量を返送し続けると、系内の窒素濃度が上昇して発酵阻害を起こす危険性があるため、時々、余剰汚泥の一部を系外に抜き出す方が安全である。
【0031】
微破砕後の余剰汚泥は中温メタン発酵槽14へ供給することも可能であるが、窒素の蓄積が問題とならない限り、高温メタン発酵槽37へ供給した方が、分解効率が良い。
また、水分調整用の水3、33として、メタン発酵廃水25あるいは処理水27を循環使用すると、最終的な排水量を減らすこともできる。ただし、メタン発酵廃水25は窒素濃度が比較的高いため、系内の窒素濃度が上昇して発酵阻害を起こす危険性がある。よって、メタン発酵槽14、37におけるアンモニア窒素濃度を測定し、発酵阻害濃度に近づくようなときは、循環使用する水の量を控えるようにする。または、定期的に、系外の水を使用するなどの運用を行う。
【0032】
本実施例において、バッチ式で処理する場合は、ライン6、8、9、34、50、51は必ずしも必要ではなく、被処理物を直接次の装置へ投入してもよい。
本実施例によれば、窒素含有量が低く繊維質の多い可溶化残さを高温発酵することにより、発酵阻害の原因となるアンモニア性窒素の蓄積を回避しつつ、中温発酵では分解しにくい繊維質を分解することができる。また、排出された余剰汚泥を微破砕してメタン発酵槽へ戻すことにより、汚泥(菌体)を分解することができ、これらの結果、最終的に排出される汚泥量を低減し、その分、バイオガス発生量を増大させることができる。
【0033】
本実施例によるプロセスフローと有機物(無水ベース)の物質収支を図2に示す。有機物を1000kg投入した場合、可溶化率80%程度で、固液分離によって、有機物は可溶化液中に800kg、可溶化残さ中に200kgが分配される。可溶化液中有機物の中温メタン発酵による分解率は75%程度で、バイオガス600kg、余剰汚泥として200kgの有機物が排出される。可溶化残さを2次処理後に高温メタン発酵することにより、分解率80%でバイオガス160kgを得、余剰汚泥として40kgが排出される。中温発酵及び高温発酵の余剰汚泥として排出された有機物は、ともに2次処理後に高温メタン発酵される。余剰汚泥の分解率は70%程度であり、バイオガスは120kg+24kgが発生し、余剰汚泥として60kg+12kgの有機物が最終的に排出される。本実施例全体でのバイオガス発生量は合計928kg、余剰汚泥として排出される有機物は合計82kgとなり、図3、4の中温発酵による従来技術に比べると、バイオガス発生量は1.5倍以上、可溶化残さ+余剰汚泥の排出量は約1/4となる。また、図5、6の高温発酵による従来技術に比べると、バイオガス発生量は約1.3倍、余剰汚泥排出量は約1/3となり、本発明により、バイオガスの回収率が向上し、可溶化残さや余剰汚泥の排出量を低減することが可能である。
【0034】
上記実施例では、可溶化残さや余剰汚泥を破砕装置32によって物理的に微破砕した後、メタン発酵槽へ供給しているが、このような物理的破砕に限らず、加熱、アルカリ添加、繊維質を分解可能な菌の添加などにより再可溶化する方法を用いてもよい。さらに破砕とこれらの化学的可溶化手段を組み合わせれば、より高度に可溶化することが可能である。図3〜5にこれらの組み合わせの例を示す。
【0035】
図3においては、破砕装置32においてアルカリ52を添加し、固形物の分解を容易にしている。すなわち、アルカリの添加により細胞壁が軟化するため、破砕が容易となり、より小さい破砕動力でより微細に砕くことが可能である。
図4においては、破砕装置32の前に加熱装置を設置している。60℃以上に加熱することにより細胞壁が軟化するため、破砕が容易となる。加熱温度は高いほど効果的であり、加熱方法としては電気ヒータ、温水ヒータ、蒸気吹き込みなどが適用可能である。加熱装置を別置きにせず、破砕装置に加熱手段を付加してもよい。
【0036】
図5においては、破砕装置32の後に微生物可溶化槽54を設置し、繊維質分解菌55を添加する。微破砕後の繊維質を菌の働きでさらに低分子の糖や有機酸にまで分解することにより、後段のメタン発酵槽におけるガス化効率高めることが可能となる。微生物可溶化槽54は、菌の活動に最適な温度、雰囲気となるよう制御する。
【0037】
このように、各種の可溶化手段を組み合わせることにより、再可溶化効率、ガス化効率を向上させることが可能であるが、組み合わせた分、装置が複雑となりコストもかかるため、実施にあたってはプラント全体での収支を検討する必要がある。
【0038】
【発明の効果】
請求項1ないし8記載の本発明によれば、下記のような効果が得られる。
(1)排出される残さおよび汚泥を減量でき、コンポスト化、焼却するべき最終処理量が減り、その分メタン発生量が増大する。
(2)高温発酵槽を安定的に運転できる。
(3)全体として、有機性廃棄物の処理量が増やすことができるか、または同じ処理量であれば設備をコンパクト化できる。
(4)以上より、有機性廃棄物処理に伴う残さ及び汚泥の発生量を低減し、メタンを含むバイオガスを効率良く回収することのできるメタン発酵処理装置及び方法を実現することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明によるメタン発酵システムの実施例を示すフロー図。
【図2】本発明におけるプロセスと有機物収支を示すフロー図。
【図3】本発明による高度可溶化方法の一例を示す説明図。
【図4】本発明による高度可溶化方法の他例を示す説明図。
【図5】本発明による高度可溶化方法のさらに他例を示す説明図。
【図6】メタン発酵の最適温度領域を示すグラフ図。
【図7】従来技術によるメタン発酵システムのフロー図。
【図8】図7の従来技術におけるプロセスと有機物収支を示すフロー図。
【図9】従来技術によるメタン発酵システムの他のフロー図。
【図10】図9の従来技術におけるプロセスと有機物収支を示すフロー図。
【符号の説明】
1:有機性廃棄物、2:破砕機、3:水、4:可溶化槽、5:攪拌機、6:可溶化物抜き出しライン、7:固液分離装置、8:可溶化液ライン、9:可溶化残さライン、10:可溶化残さ、11:貯留槽、12:攪拌機、13:ポンプ、14:中温メタン発酵槽、15:バイオガス排出ライン、16:ポンプ、17:沈降槽、18:濃縮汚泥、19:廃水、20:ポンプ、21:切替弁、22:汚泥返送ライン、23:濃縮汚泥抜き出しライン、24:余剰汚泥、25:廃水抜き出しライン、26:廃水処理設備、27:処理水、31:切替弁、32:破砕装置、33:水、34:破砕物搬送ライン、35:2次貯留槽、36:ポンプ、37:高温メタン発酵槽、38:バイオガス排出ライン、39:ポンプ、40:沈降槽、41:濃縮汚泥、42:廃水、43:廃水抜き出しライン、44:ポンプ、45:切替弁、46:切替弁、47:汚泥返送ライン、48:濃縮汚泥抜き出しライン、49:余剰汚泥、50:濃縮汚泥搬送ライン、51:濃縮汚泥搬送ライン、52:アルカリ、53:加熱装置、54:微生物可溶化槽、55:繊維質分解菌。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a methane fermentation treatment method and apparatus for solubilizing organic waste, subjecting it to methane fermentation to generate methane gas, and performing energy recovery simultaneously with waste treatment.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Methane fermentation has been applied to the treatment of final sedimentation tank sludge and excess activated sludge in the field of sewage and night soil treatment. In recent years, dioxin emissions from waste incinerators, lack of landfills, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Has become a major problem, and the use of methane fermentation technology has been active as one of the methods to reduce these environmental impacts. Methane fermentation is a technology that can recover methane gas by fermenting organic waste (garbage, sludge, biomass, etc.), and enables energy recovery from high-moisture waste that cannot be burned as it is to recover energy. There are advantages.
[0003]
Methane fermentation is roughly divided into two stages of biochemical reaction: solubilization by hydrolytic bacteria and acid-producing bacteria, and methane fermentation by methane-producing bacteria. High molecular weight organic compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are first degraded to lower fatty acids, amino acids, and saccharides by hydrolytic bacteria or the like. These low molecular organics are then converted to hydrogen (H 2 ), CO 2 Is decomposed into organic acids (acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid, pyruvic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, etc.), and finally methane is produced by methanogens during the methane fermentation process. As described above, the types of microorganisms that are active differ between the solubilization process and the methane fermentation process, and the optimum pH also differs from the solubilization process at 4 to 5 and the methane production process at 6.8 to 7.6. In addition, bacteria that perform methane fermentation are absolutely anaerobic and cannot grow in an environment where oxygen is present, but many bacteria related to solubilization are aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, and the presence or absence of oxygen and its abundance Optimal bacteria are activated according to the temperature and decompose organic matter. For these reasons, in recent years, a method called a two-tank type, in which a solubilization tank and a methane fermentation tank are separated to increase fermentation efficiency, is often used.
[0004]
As shown in FIG. 6, methane fermentation has two optimal temperature ranges: medium-temperature fermentation at around 35 ° C. and high-temperature fermentation at around 55 ° C. In the middle (40 to 45 ° C.) temperature range, the processing speed is low. Rather decline. This indicates that the types of methanogens that play an active role at different temperatures are different. High-temperature fermentation has a higher decomposition rate of organic substances than low-temperature fermentation, and can decompose fibers that are not easily decomposed by medium-temperature fermentation to some extent. However, the medium-temperature fermentation is stronger against the inhibition of fermentation due to the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen, which is a decomposition product of protein, and it is possible to recover when modulation occurs. Recovery is considered difficult. Considering such characteristics, a medium temperature and a high temperature are selected according to the purpose. Further, when a factory having a considerable surplus heat source or the wastewater to be treated is discharged at a relatively high temperature, treatment by high-temperature fermentation is ideally and economically advantageous. However, when there is no excess heat source and the fermenter cannot be maintained at a high temperature, medium-temperature fermentation is widely used.
[0005]
FIG. 7 shows an example of a flow of a conventional organic waste mesophilic methane fermentation system. Kitchen wastes, plants and other organic wastes 1 are crushed by a crusher 2 and then put into a solubilization tank 4 together with an appropriate amount of water 3 for imparting fluidity. The organic acid is solubilized by the action of microorganisms present in the waste and is used as a raw material for methane fermentation, and organic substances such as higher fatty acids, amino acids, and saccharides are formed as precursors of the organic acid. In general, the solubilization tank is operated in batches so as not to discharge what is in the process of being solubilized. After about 1 to 3 days, the solubilized material is extracted through line 6, sent to dehydrator 7, and discharged from line 8. And a solubilized liquid to be separated from the solubilized liquid discharged from the line 9. The solubilized residue 10 is mainly composed of cellulose which is difficult to decompose derived from vegetable waste, fibrous material such as lignin, and organic matter which is not decomposed because it is surrounded by a capsule called a plant cell wall containing cellulose as a main component. (Cytoplasm). This solubilized residue 10 is usually processed into compost and used as fertilizer, or simply incinerated in many cases. On the other hand, the solubilizing solution containing a large amount of the low-molecular organic compound is temporarily stored in the storage tank 11. The storage tank 11 is not only a buffer for quantitatively supplying the solubilized substance to the subsequent methane fermentation tank, but also consumes dissolved oxygen during the storage, and makes the solubilized substance suitable for anaerobic methane fermentation. I do. In the storage tank 11, stirring is performed by a stirrer 12 in order to prevent precipitation of solid content. The solubilized liquid in the storage tank 11 is quantitatively sent to the medium-temperature methane fermentation tank 14 by the pump 13, and by the action of the methane-producing bacteria, a gas (biogas: about 65% methane and about 35% carbon dioxide from organic acid) ) Is generated. The biogas is discharged from the line 15 and stored in a gas holder or the like (not shown). Since biogas contains about several hundred ppm of hydrogen sulfide, it is used as a fuel after desulfurization if necessary, and recovers energy as electricity or hot water.
[0006]
The waste liquid from the methane fermentation tank 14 is extracted by a pump 16 and sent to a settling tank 17 where it is separated into concentrated sludge 18 concentrated at the bottom and wastewater 19 of supernatant. The concentrated sludge 18 is mainly composed of cells of methane bacteria and organic matter (decomposition residue) remaining without being completely decomposed, and is extracted by a pump 20, and a part of the concentrated sludge is passed through a switching valve 21. It is returned to the methane fermentation tank 14 via the return line 22 and used as seed sludge for methane fermentation. The rest of the concentrated sludge 18 is discharged from the concentrated sludge discharge line 23 and becomes excess sludge 24. The excess sludge 24 is usually composted and used as fertilizer, or simply incinerated in many cases. On the other hand, the wastewater 19 is withdrawn from the line 25, sent to a wastewater treatment facility 26, subjected to final treatment with denitrification, activated sludge, and the like, and then discharged as treated water 27.
[0007]
FIG. 8 shows a process flow and a material balance of an organic substance (anhydrous base) according to the above-mentioned conventional technology. When 1000 kg of organic waste consisting of 800 kg of kitchen waste, 100 kg of grass, and 100 kg of wood is introduced as organic matter, the solubilization rate is about 80%, and 800 kg of organic matter is solubilized in the solubilized liquid by solid-liquid separation. 200 kg of grass and trees are distributed in the residue. The decomposition rate of organic matter in the solubilized solution by medium temperature methane fermentation is about 75%, and 600 kg of biogas and 200 kg of organic matter as surplus sludge are discharged. When the solubilized residue and the excess sludge are totaled, 400 kg is discharged without being biogasified.
[0008]
FIG. 9 shows an example of a flow of a high-temperature methane fermentation system for organic waste as another conventional technique. The difference from the flow in FIG. 7 is that high-temperature fermentation has a higher fiber decomposition rate than medium-temperature fermentation, so that after solubilization, solid-liquid separation by the dehydrator 7 does not discharge the fiber as a solubilized residue, The matter is stored in the storage tank 11 as it is, and is sent to the methane fermentation tank 26 by the pump 13. However, not all fibrous materials can be decomposed by high-temperature methane fermentation, so that the decomposition residue is discharged from the methane fermentation tank 26 by the pump 16 together with the cells.
[0009]
FIG. 10 shows a process flow and an organic matter (anhydrous basis) material balance according to the prior art. In high temperature fermentation, if fermentation inhibition is not a problem, the decomposition rate of organic matter is set to about 80%, which is slightly higher than that in medium temperature fermentation. However, hard fibrous materials such as wood fibers are hardly decomposed in any case. Therefore, in the conventional technology, when 1000 kg of organic matter is introduced, about 100 kg derived from wood is discharged without being decomposed in excess sludge. Is done. The remaining 900 kg of organic matter generates 720 kg of biogas, the remaining 180 kg of organic matter becomes excess sludge, and the total amount of excess sludge becomes 280 kg. In this flow, solid-liquid separation after solubilization is not performed, so that the solubilization residue is zero.
[0010]
Organic waste input to the methane fermentation treatment process includes kitchen waste, which is general waste discharged from households, restaurants, and prepared food stores, as well as vegetable industrial waste (paper, plants, vegetables, etc.).・ Fruits), and industrial waste of animal origin (meat / fish, dairy products). As shown in Table 1, vegetable waste has a high C content because it is mainly composed of carbohydrates, and animal waste has a high N content because it is mainly composed of protein. When such industrial wastes are separately fermented at the source, a system adapted to each fermentation characteristic is employed. However, recently, attempts have been made to collect such industrial wastes having different generation sources for each region and to treat them at one place (eco town planning, etc.).
[0011]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004082017
[0012]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
When various organic wastes are mixed and fermented by the conventional processing flow as shown in FIGS. 7 and 9, there are the following problems.
(1) When the solubilized material is solid-liquid separated as shown in FIG. 7, the amount of the solubilized residue generated increases in proportion to the amount of fibrous material in the input waste.
[0013]
(2) In the high-temperature fermentation shown in FIG. 9, when the nitrogen concentration of the input organic waste is high, fermentation inhibition by ammonia nitrogen is likely to occur, and operation management becomes difficult. In general, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen that causes fermentation inhibition is 2000 to 2500 mg / L or more in high-temperature fermentation and 3000 to 3500 mg / L or more in medium-temperature fermentation, and high-temperature fermentation is considered to be weaker in the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen. .
[0014]
(3) The solubilized residue and methane fermentation sludge discharged from the process are composted or incinerated, but at present the demand for compost is actually small, the seasonal fluctuation is large, and the distribution route is not established. Therefore, it cannot be consumed even if it is manufactured in large quantities. Further, since the water content is high, a large amount of fuel is required for incineration. Although it may be burned in incinerators with combustible waste, it is disadvantageous in terms of heat recovery.
[0015]
An object of the present invention is to provide a methane fermentation treatment apparatus and method capable of reducing the amount of residue and sludge generated during organic waste treatment and efficiently collecting biogas containing methane.
[0016]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The invention claimed by the present invention to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art is as follows.
(1) a solubilization tank for solubilizing organic waste, a solid-liquid separation device for separating the solubilized matter generated in the solubilization tank into a solubilized solution and a solubilized residue, and 33 A methane fermentation treatment apparatus comprising: a medium-temperature methane fermenter for anaerobic fermentation at 40 ° C .; and a high-temperature methane fermenter for anaerobic fermentation of the solubilized residue at 50 to 58 ° C.
(2) The methane fermentation treatment apparatus according to (1), further comprising means for finely crushing and / or resolubilizing the solubilized residue before introducing the residue into the high-temperature methane fermentation tank.
[0017]
(3) means for finely crushing and / or solubilizing the excess sludge discharged from the medium temperature methane fermentation tank and / or the high temperature methane fermentation tank, and converting the finely crushed and / or solubilized excess sludge into a medium temperature methane fermentation tank and Or the methane fermentation treatment apparatus according to (1) or (2), further comprising means for introducing into the high-temperature methane fermentation tank.
(4) The method according to any one of (1) to (3), further comprising a means for mixing the finely crushed and / or resolubilized solubilized residue with excess sludge and introducing the mixture into a high-temperature methane fermentation tank. The methane fermentation treatment apparatus according to any one of the above.
[0018]
(5) Solubilizing the organic waste, separating the solubilized product into a solubilized solution and a solubilized residue, subjecting the solubilized solution to anaerobic fermentation at a medium temperature of 33 to 40 ° C., and reducing the solubilized residue to 50 to 50 ° C. A methane fermentation treatment method characterized by performing anaerobic fermentation at a high temperature of 58 ° C.
(6) The methane fermentation treatment method according to (5), wherein anaerobic fermentation is performed at the high temperature after finely crushing or resolubilizing the solubilized residue.
[0019]
(7) The methane fermentation according to (5) or (6), wherein anaerobic fermentation is performed after finely crushing and / or solubilizing excess sludge generated by the medium-temperature anaerobic fermentation and / or the high-temperature anaerobic fermentation. Processing method.
(8) The high-temperature methane fermentation described above, wherein the finely crushed and / or resolubilized solubilized residue and the finely crushed and / or solubilized excess sludge are mixed to perform the high-temperature methane fermentation. The methane fermentation treatment method according to any one of the above.
[0020]
[Action]
By using the above-mentioned means, fibrous materials that are hardly decomposed by medium temperature fermentation are decomposed. On the other hand, in the high temperature fermentation, the accumulation of ammoniacal nitrogen which inhibits the fermentation is prevented, and the sludge (cells) discharged from the medium temperature fermentation and / or the high temperature fermentation can be efficiently decomposed.
[0021]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
【Example】
In the present invention, first, an organic waste is put into a solubilization tank together with an appropriate amount of water to be solubilized, and the generated solubilized product is solid-liquid separated into a solubilized solution and a solubilized residue. Next, the solubilized liquid is put into a medium temperature methane fermentation tank, and the solubilized residue is supplied to the high temperature methane fermentation tank for fermentation, and biogas is generated from both fermentation tanks. Further, the excess sludge discharged from the intermediate temperature methane fermentation tank and / or the high temperature methane fermentation tank is finely crushed and / or solubilized, and then methane fermentation is performed. The medium-temperature methane fermentation tank and the high-temperature methane fermentation tank are both controlled to the optimum fermentation temperature by a hot water heater or the like, and are kept in a closed anaerobic state except for the line for extracting the produced gas. In addition, in order to maintain the pH at 6.8 to 7.6, which is optimal for fermentation, the supply amount of a solubilized material serving as a raw material for methane fermentation is controlled, and if necessary, lime or the like is added to adjust the pH. . Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG.
[0022]
The methane fermentation apparatus includes a solubilization tank 4 for solubilizing organic waste, a solid-liquid separation device 7 for separating the solubilized matter generated in the solubilization tank 4 into a solubilized solution and a solubilized residue, It is mainly composed of a medium-temperature methane fermenter 14 for anaerobic fermentation of the solubilized liquid at 33 to 40 ° C. and a high-temperature methane fermenter 37 for anaerobic fermentation of the solubilized residue at 50 to 58 ° C.
[0023]
Garbage and other organic wastes 1 are crushed by a crusher 2 and then put into a solubilization tank 4 together with an appropriate amount of water 3 for imparting fluidity. Is solubilized by the action of microorganisms present in The solubilized material is withdrawn by the line 6 and sent to the solid-liquid separator 7 where it is separated into a solubilized liquid discharged from the line 8 and a solubilized residue discharged from the line 9. As a device for solid-liquid separation of the solubilized residue, a dehydrator such as a screw press is suitable. However, when there are few structures such as plants in the waste to be input, it is difficult to squeeze, so a gravity settling tank may be used. At this time, the nitrogen content in the input waste is mainly derived from animal waste (meat, fish, dairy products, etc.), so it is easy to liquefy, and most of it is contained in the lysate. Relatively little in the solubilized residue. In addition, much of the fiber which is hard to be solubilized is discharged as a residue, and is reduced in the solubilized liquid. The solubilized liquid 8 is temporarily stored in the storage tank 11 and is supplied to the medium-temperature methane fermentation tank 14 by the pump 13 at a constant rate.
[0024]
The medium-temperature methane fermentation tank 14 is kept warm by a heat-retaining material (not shown), measures the temperature with a thermometer, and based on the value, appropriately heats with a heater, a heat exchanger, or the like, and performs medium-temperature fermentation by temperature control means (not shown). Suitable temperature conditions can be maintained. Specifically, if the temperature is 25 to 50 ° C., the medium temperature fermentation proceeds, so that the temperature can be maintained within the range. However, it is preferable that the temperature can be maintained at 33 to 40 ° C., and more desirably, about 35 ° C.
[0025]
Biogas 15 is generated by this medium temperature fermentation. At this time, the nitrogen concentration of the lysate is relatively high, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the fermentation liquor is high. However, the fermentation of the medium-temperature fermentation is less likely to inhibit fermentation, so that stable operation is possible. The waste liquid from the medium-temperature methane fermentation tank 14 is extracted by a pump 16 and sent to a settling tank 17, where it is separated into concentrated sludge 18 concentrated at the bottom and wastewater 19 of supernatant. The concentrated sludge 18 is withdrawn by a pump 20 and partially returned to the medium temperature methane fermentation tank 14 via the switching sludge return line 22 via the switching valves 21 and 31. The rest of the concentrated sludge 18 is discharged from the concentrated sludge discharge line 23 as surplus sludge 24.
[0026]
On the other hand, the solubilized residue discharged from the line 9 mainly consists of hardly decomposable fibers derived from vegetable waste. This residue is finely crushed by a crushing device 32, and is slurried by adding water 33 so as to have fluidity, sent to a secondary storage tank 35 by a line 34, and controlled to a high temperature of about 55 ° C. by a pump 36. A fixed amount is supplied to the methane fermentation tank 37.
[0027]
The high-temperature methane fermentation tank 37 is kept warm by a heat-retaining material (not shown), measures the temperature with a thermometer, and appropriately heats it with a heater, a heat exchanger, or the like based on the temperature. Suitable temperature conditions can be maintained. Specifically, high temperature fermentation proceeds at 40 to 60 ° C., so that the temperature can be maintained within the range. However, it is preferable that the temperature can be maintained at 50 to 58 ° C., and more preferably at about 55 ° C.
[0028]
In high-temperature fermentation, fibrous materials that are difficult to decompose in medium-temperature fermentation are decomposed, and biogas 38 is generated. As the crushing device 32, any device can be used as long as it can destroy the fibrous material, and a device using a mill or an ultrasonic wave or a water jet can be applied. The crushing device 32 may be omitted. Even without secondary treatment such as fine crushing and re-solubilization, it is decomposed to some extent by high-temperature fermentation, but by performing the secondary treatment, the decomposition rate is improved, and the residue and sludge discharge are reduced. The gas yield can be improved. Since the solubilized residue supplied to the high-temperature methane fermentation tank 37 has a low nitrogen content, accumulation of ammonia nitrogen, which inhibits high-temperature fermentation, can be avoided and stable operation can be performed.
[0029]
The waste liquid from the high-temperature methane fermentation tank 37 is drawn out by a pump 39 and sent to a settling tank 40, where it is separated into concentrated sludge 41 concentrated at the bottom and wastewater 42 of supernatant. Wastewater is withdrawn by line 43 and sent to wastewater treatment equipment. The concentrated sludge 41 is withdrawn by the pump 43 and is partially returned to the high-temperature methane fermentation tank 37 via the concentrated sludge return line 47 via the switching valves 45 and 46. The remaining concentrated sludge is discharged from the concentrated sludge discharge line 48 as surplus sludge 49.
[0030]
The remaining surplus sludge 24, 48 returned to the medium-temperature methane fermentation tank 14 and the high-temperature methane fermentation tank 37 as seed sludge contains organic matter, and if it can be returned to the methane fermentation tank and decomposed, the methane production amount is increased accordingly. , Can reduce the sludge discharged. However, sludge, ie, bacterial cells, like plant cells, has fibrous cell walls and is hardly decomposed even when returned to the methane fermentation tank. Further, even if it is returned to the solubilization tank 4 to try to solubilize, it is still difficult to solubilize the cells having the cell wall by ordinary solubilization treatment. Therefore, the excess concentrated sludge from each methane fermentation tank is sent to the crushing device 32 via lines 50 and 51, finely crushed together with the solubilized residue, and supplied to the high-temperature methane fermentation tank 37 via the line 33 and the secondary storage tank 35. To generate biogas. At this time, you may process with a different apparatus from a solubilization residue. Although the nitrogen content of the cells is high, the nitrogen content of the solubilized residue is low, so that by supplying them together to the high-temperature methane fermentation tank, excessive accumulation of ammonia nitrogen, which inhibits high-temperature fermentation, can be avoided. However, if the entire amount of the excess sludge is continuously returned, there is a risk that the nitrogen concentration in the system may increase and fermentation may be inhibited. Therefore, it is sometimes safer to extract a part of the excess sludge out of the system.
[0031]
The surplus sludge after the fine crushing can be supplied to the medium-temperature methane fermentation tank 14, but if the accumulation of nitrogen is not a problem, the supply to the high-temperature methane fermentation tank 37 has higher decomposition efficiency.
When the methane fermentation wastewater 25 or the treated water 27 is circulated and used as the water 3 and 33 for adjusting the water content, the final drainage amount can be reduced. However, since the methane fermentation wastewater 25 has a relatively high nitrogen concentration, there is a risk that the nitrogen concentration in the system will increase and cause fermentation inhibition. Therefore, the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the methane fermentation tanks 14 and 37 is measured, and when approaching the fermentation inhibition concentration, the amount of water used for circulation is reduced. Or, periodically, use water outside the system.
[0032]
In the present embodiment, when processing is performed in a batch system, the lines 6, 8, 9, 34, 50, and 51 are not necessarily required, and the object to be processed may be directly charged into the next apparatus.
According to the present embodiment, by fermenting the solubilized residue having a low nitrogen content and a high fiber content at a high temperature, while avoiding accumulation of ammonia nitrogen which causes fermentation inhibition, a fiber material which is difficult to be decomposed in the medium temperature fermentation. Can be decomposed. In addition, the excess sludge discharged is finely crushed and returned to the methane fermentation tank, whereby the sludge (cells) can be decomposed. As a result, the amount of sludge finally discharged is reduced, and the amount In addition, the amount of biogas generated can be increased.
[0033]
FIG. 2 shows the process flow and the material balance of organic substances (anhydrous base) according to this embodiment. When 1000 kg of the organic substance is introduced, 800 kg of the organic substance is distributed in the solubilized liquid and 200 kg is distributed in the solubilized residue at a solubilization rate of about 80% by solid-liquid separation. The decomposition rate of the organic matter in the lysate by the medium temperature methane fermentation is about 75%, and 600 kg of biogas and 200 kg of organic matter as surplus sludge are discharged. By subjecting the solubilized residue to high-temperature methane fermentation after secondary treatment, 160 kg of biogas is obtained at a decomposition rate of 80%, and 40 kg of surplus sludge is discharged. The organic matter discharged as surplus sludge of the medium temperature fermentation and the high temperature fermentation is both subjected to the high temperature methane fermentation after the secondary treatment. The decomposition rate of surplus sludge is about 70%, 120 kg + 24 kg of biogas is generated, and 60 kg + 12 kg of organic matter is finally discharged as surplus sludge. The total amount of biogas generated in the present example is 928 kg in total, and the total amount of organic matter discharged as surplus sludge is 82 kg. Compared with the conventional technology by medium temperature fermentation in FIGS. And the amount of surplus sludge discharged is approximately 1/4. In addition, compared with the conventional technology by high temperature fermentation shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the amount of biogas generated is about 1.3 times and the amount of surplus sludge discharge is about 1/3, and the present invention improves the recovery rate of biogas. In addition, it is possible to reduce the amount of solubilized residues and excess sludge discharged.
[0034]
In the above embodiment, the solubilized residue and excess sludge are physically finely crushed by the crusher 32 and then supplied to the methane fermentation tank. However, the present invention is not limited to such physical crushing, and heating, alkali addition, fiber A method of resolubilizing by adding a degradable bacterium may be used. Further, by combining crushing with these chemical solubilization means, it is possible to achieve higher solubilization. 3 to 5 show examples of these combinations.
[0035]
In FIG. 3, an alkali 52 is added in a crushing device 32 to facilitate the decomposition of solids. That is, since the cell wall is softened by the addition of the alkali, crushing is facilitated, and crushing can be performed more finely with a smaller crushing power.
In FIG. 4, a heating device is installed before the crushing device 32. Heating to 60 ° C. or higher softens the cell wall, which facilitates crushing. The higher the heating temperature is, the more effective it is. As a heating method, an electric heater, a hot water heater, steam blowing or the like can be applied. A heating means may be added to the crushing device without separately providing a heating device.
[0036]
In FIG. 5, a microbial solubilization tank 54 is provided after the crushing device 32, and fibrinolytic bacteria 55 are added. By decomposing the finely crushed fiber into low-molecular sugars and organic acids by the action of bacteria, the gasification efficiency in the subsequent methane fermentation tank can be increased. The microbial solubilization tank 54 is controlled so that the temperature and atmosphere are optimal for the activity of the bacteria.
[0037]
As described above, resolubilization efficiency and gasification efficiency can be improved by combining various solubilizing means, but the combined amount of equipment makes the equipment complicated and costly. It is necessary to consider the balance in the.
[0038]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, the following effects can be obtained.
(1) The amount of residue and sludge discharged can be reduced, the final treatment amount to be composted and incinerated decreases, and the amount of methane generated increases accordingly.
(2) The high temperature fermenter can be operated stably.
(3) As a whole, the processing amount of organic waste can be increased, or the equipment can be made compact if the processing amount is the same.
(4) From the above, it is possible to realize a methane fermentation treatment apparatus and method capable of reducing the amount of residue and sludge generated in organic waste treatment and efficiently collecting biogas containing methane.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a methane fermentation system according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a process and an organic matter balance in the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory view showing an example of a highly solubilizing method according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing another example of the highly solubilizing method according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory view showing still another example of the highly solubilizing method according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing an optimum temperature range of methane fermentation.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a conventional methane fermentation system.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart showing a process and an organic matter balance in the prior art of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is another flow diagram of the methane fermentation system according to the prior art.
FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing a process and an organic matter balance in the prior art of FIG. 9;
[Explanation of symbols]
1: organic waste, 2: crusher, 3: water, 4: solubilization tank, 5: stirrer, 6: solubilized substance extraction line, 7: solid-liquid separator, 8: solubilized liquid line, 9: Solubilization residue line, 10: solubilization residue, 11: storage tank, 12: stirrer, 13: pump, 14: medium temperature methane fermentation tank, 15: biogas discharge line, 16: pump, 17: settling tank, 18: concentration Sludge, 19: wastewater, 20: pump, 21: switching valve, 22: sludge return line, 23: concentrated sludge extraction line, 24: surplus sludge, 25: wastewater extraction line, 26: wastewater treatment equipment, 27: treated water, 31: switching valve, 32: crusher, 33: water, 34: crushed material transport line, 35: secondary storage tank, 36: pump, 37: high temperature methane fermentation tank, 38: biogas discharge line, 39: pump, 40: settling tank, 41: concentrated sludge 42: wastewater, 43: wastewater extraction line, 44: pump, 45: switching valve, 46: switching valve, 47: sludge return line, 48: concentrated sludge extraction line, 49: excess sludge, 50: concentrated sludge transport line, 51 : Concentrated sludge transport line, 52: alkali, 53: heating device, 54: microorganism solubilization tank, 55: fibrous degrading bacteria.

Claims (8)

有機性廃棄物を可溶化する可溶化槽と、該可溶化槽にて生成した可溶化物を可溶化液と可溶化残さに分離する固液分離装置と、該可溶化液を33〜40℃で嫌気発酵させる中温メタン発酵槽と、該可溶化残さを50〜58℃で嫌気発酵させる高温メタン発酵槽とを有することを特徴とするメタン発酵処理装置。A solubilization tank for solubilizing organic waste, a solid-liquid separation device for separating the solubilized product generated in the solubilization tank into a solubilized solution and a solubilized residue, and the solubilized solution at 33 to 40 ° C. A methane fermentation treatment apparatus, comprising: a medium-temperature methane fermentation tank for anaerobic fermentation at 50 ° C .; and a high-temperature methane fermentation tank for anaerobic fermentation of the solubilized residue at 50 to 58 ° C. 前記可溶化残さを前記高温メタン発酵槽へ導入する前に微破砕および、または再可溶化する手段を設けたことを特徴とする請求項1記載のメタン発酵処理装置。2. A methane fermentation treatment apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising means for finely crushing and / or resolubilizing the solubilized residue before introducing the residue into the high-temperature methane fermentation tank. 前記中温メタン発酵槽および、または高温メタン発酵槽から排出された余剰汚泥を微破砕および、または可溶化する手段と、該微破砕および、または可溶化した余剰汚泥を中温メタン発酵槽および、または高温メタン発酵槽へ導入する手段をさらに設けたことを特徴とする請求項1または2記載のメタン発酵処理装置。The medium-temperature methane fermentation tank and / or a means for finely crushing and / or solubilizing excess sludge discharged from the high-temperature methane fermentation tank, and the finely crushed and / or solubilized excess sludge in a medium-temperature methane fermentation tank and / or high-temperature The methane fermentation treatment apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising means for introducing the methane fermentation tank. 前記微破砕および、または再可溶化した可溶化残さと余剰汚泥を混合して高温メタン発酵槽へ導入する手段をさらに設けたことをことを特徴とする請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載のメタン発酵処理装置。The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising means for mixing the finely crushed and / or resolubilized residue and the excess sludge and introducing the mixture into a high-temperature methane fermentation tank. Methane fermentation treatment equipment. 有機性廃棄物を可溶化し、生成した可溶化物を可溶化液と可溶化残さに分離し、可溶化液を33〜40℃の中温で嫌気発酵し、可溶化残さを50〜58℃の高温で嫌気発酵することを特徴とするメタン発酵処理方法。The organic waste is solubilized, the generated solubilized product is separated into a solubilized solution and a solubilized residue, and the solubilized solution is subjected to anaerobic fermentation at a medium temperature of 33 to 40 ° C. A methane fermentation treatment method characterized by performing anaerobic fermentation at high temperature. 可溶化残さを微破砕または再可溶化した後に前記高温で嫌気発酵することを特徴とする請求項5記載のメタン発酵処理方法。The methane fermentation treatment method according to claim 5, wherein the solubilized residue is finely crushed or resolubilized and then subjected to anaerobic fermentation at the high temperature. 前記中温の嫌気発酵および、または前記高温の嫌気発酵によって生じた余剰汚泥を微破砕および、または可溶化した後に嫌気発酵することを特徴とする請求項5または6記載のメタン発酵処理方法。7. The methane fermentation treatment method according to claim 5, wherein anaerobic fermentation is performed after fine sludge and / or solubilization of excess sludge generated by the medium temperature anaerobic fermentation and / or the high temperature anaerobic fermentation. 微破砕および、または再可溶化した可溶化残さと、微破砕および、または可溶化した余剰汚泥とを混合して前記高温メタン発酵することを特徴とする請求項5ないし7のいずれかに記載のメタン発酵処理方法。The high-temperature methane fermentation according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the high-temperature methane fermentation is performed by mixing finely crushed and / or resolubilized solubilized residue with finely crushed and / or solubilized excess sludge. Methane fermentation treatment method.
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