JP2004079515A - Lithium polymer secondary battery and method of manufacturing the same - Google Patents
Lithium polymer secondary battery and method of manufacturing the same Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【課題】熱や光等のエネルギーによって架橋して得られた高分子固体電解質層を用いるリチウムポリマー二次電池は、−20℃というような低温では放電容量が低いので、充放電サイクルを繰り返しても容量劣化を起こさないで、低温特性を改善すること。
【解決手段】有機電解液とセパレータ1(不織布を含まない)とを架橋により一体化した高分子固体電解質層2と、前記有機電解液と活物質とを架橋により一体化して得た正極及び負極とからなるリチウムポリマー二次電池において、前記有機電解液がγ−ブチロラクトンを含有し、かつ、前記高分子固体電解質層2の光透過率が50%以上になるような構成のリチウムポリマー二次電池を作製する。
【選択図】図1A lithium polymer secondary battery using a polymer solid electrolyte layer obtained by crosslinking by energy such as heat or light has a low discharge capacity at a low temperature such as -20 ° C. To improve low-temperature characteristics without causing capacity deterioration.
SOLUTION: A polymer solid electrolyte layer 2 in which an organic electrolyte and a separator 1 (not including a nonwoven fabric) are integrated by crosslinking, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode obtained by integrating the organic electrolyte and an active material by crosslinking Wherein the organic electrolyte contains γ-butyrolactone and the light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer 2 is 50% or more. Is prepared.
[Selection diagram] Fig. 1
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、リチウムポリマー二次電池とその製造方法に関する。更に詳しくは、本発明は、従来よりも充放電サイクル特性と低温特性に優れたリチウムポリマー二次電池とその製造方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
IT技術の進歩に伴い携帯電話、携帯情報端末機器、ノートパソコン等の電源としてリチウムイオン二次電池が数多く使用されてきている。
【0003】
近年、リチウムイオン二次電池の有機電解液の代わりに固体電解質層を使用したリチウムポリマー二次電池の開発が盛んに行われてきており、有機電解液を高分子の物理架橋によってマトリックス化した固体電解質層を使用するベルコア型と呼ばれるリチウムポリマー二次電池が市場に出てくるに至った。
【0004】
しかしながら、物理架橋を利用したリチウムポリマー二次電池は高温環境下、又は電池の異常発熱時に、固体電解質層のマトリックスが相分離してしまい、有機電解液が染み出してしまう可能性が高く、電池の信頼性においてまだ問題が残されている。また、相分離を起こしたリチウムポリマー二次電池は充放電サイクルを繰り返すと、急激な容量低下を突然起こしてしまうことがあり、サイクル特性にも課題が残っている。
【0005】
そこで物理架橋に対して、化学結合による架橋を利用して有機電解液をマトリックス化した高分子固体電解質層を使用するリチウムポリマー二次電池が開発されてきている。この高分子固体電解質層は、不飽和二重結合を少なくとも1つ以上有するモノマーとリチウム塩を含有する有機電解液とを混合した溶液を、熱や光等のエネルギーによって架橋(重合)させたものである。そのため、一度架橋した高分子固体電解質層は、高温環境下や電池の異常発熱時でもマトリックスが相分離を起こすことが少ない。したがって信頼性が高く、充放電サイクル特性にも優れたリチウムポリマー二次電池として有望であると考えられている。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
熱や光等のエネルギーによって架橋して得られた高分子固体電解質層を用いるリチウムポリマー二次電池は、高温環境下や電池の異常発熱時でも液の染み出しによる液漏れ等を起こしにくく、充放電サイクルを繰り返した時の急激な容量低下を起こさないという利点を有している。しかし、高分子固体電解質層は化学架橋による堅牢な網目構造を形成しているため、物理架橋を利用したリチウムポリマー二次電池よりもイオンの移動度が低くなり、特に−20℃というような低温では放電容量が低くなってしまうという課題が残っている。
【0007】
また、リチウムポリマー二次電池は高分子固体電解質層を正極と負極の間に電解質層として介在させているのであるが、この電解質層は有機電解液を含んでいるマトリックスであるため電池内部の短絡を防ぐには強度が不十分である。そこで、セパレータを有機電解液とともに一体化させて高分子固体電解質層として使用するのが一般的である。しかしながら、セパレータを使用すると、例えば紫外線照射等によって架橋して高分子固体電解質層を得ようとした場合、その光がセパレータによって遮られてしまい、架橋が不十分となり電池の信頼性を損ねてしまうという課題も残っている。
【0008】
光の透過率の測定を電池へ利用した技術は、例えば特開平9−7577号公報(特許文献1)では電池内でポリマー電解質の相変化の程度を測定する技術、特開平11−121003号公報(特許文献2)ではリチウム二次電池用負極の炭素材料を製造する際の原料の調製基準を判断するという技術に応用されている。しかしながら、リチウムポリマー二次電池の高分子固体電解質層の性能を改善することに光透過率を関連付けて適用したものはこれまで開示されていない。
【0009】
【特許文献1】
特開平9−7577号公報
【特許文献2】
特開平11−121003号公報
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、上記の課題を鑑みてなされたものであり、充放電サイクル特性を損なうことなく低温特性に優れたリチウムポリマー二次電池とその製造方法を提供することを目的としている。
【0011】
かくして本発明によれば、有機電解液と活物質の存在下で架橋させた高分子によりそれぞれ一体化させた正極及び負極と、両極間に位置し、かつ有機電解液とセパレータ(不織布を含まない)の存在下で架橋させた高分子により一体化した高分子固体電解質層とからなり、前記有機電解液がγ−ブチロラクトンを含有し、かつ、前記高分子固体電解質層が50%以上の光透過率を有することを特徴とするリチウムポリマー二次電池が提供される。
【0012】
また、本発明によれば、上記リチウムポリマー二次電池の製造方法であって、有機電解液及び架橋前の高分子の存在下でのセパレータの光透過率が50%以上になるように調整した後、架橋前の高分子を架橋させることで高分子固体電解質層を得る工程を含むことを特徴とするリチウムポリマー二次電池の製造方法が提供される。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1に本発明のリチウムポリマー二次電池の一例の概略断面図を示す。図1中の1はセパレータ、2は高分子固体電解質層、3は正極活物質、4は負極活物質、5は集電体である。
【0014】
本発明における高分子固体電解質層中のセパレータは、特に限定されることなく、公知のセパレータを使用することができる。
【0015】
セパレータの厚さは5〜30μmが好ましく、特に好ましくは8〜25μmである。5μmより薄くなると機械的強度が低くなり電池の正極と負極が短絡する場合があるため好ましくない。30μmより厚くなると電極間距離が長くなり電池内部のインピーダンスが高くなるばかりか、不飽和二重結合を少なくとも1つ以上有するモノマーとリチウム塩を含有する有機電解液とを混合した溶液を染み込ませた時の光透過率が低くなる場合があるため好ましくない。
【0016】
また、セパレータとしては、微多孔質膜、不織布等が挙げられるが、不織布は、微多孔質膜より細孔の径が大きく、電極活物質粒子が不織布を貫通してしまい、電池の短絡を起こす可能性が高い。そのため、微多孔質膜を使用することが好ましい。特に、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン又はポリエチレンとポリプロピレンの複合体からなるポリオレフィン系微多孔質膜が強度とコストの面から好ましい。ここで、微多孔質膜とは、0.01〜10μmの孔が、102〜1012個/cm2存在する膜をいう。
【0017】
更にγ−ブチロラクトン(GBL)のようなポリオレフィン系膜に浸透しにくい溶媒を使用する場合は、膜の溶媒親和性を向上したものが好ましい。向上方法としては、酸素プラズマで膜の表面を処理をする方法、界面活性剤で膜をコートする方法等が挙げられるがこれらに限定されるものではない。この内、界面活性剤で向上させることが好ましい。なお、界面活性剤が劣化してしまうとγ‐ブチロラクトンを含有する有機電解液のセパレータへの浸透性は低下してしまう。そこで、セパレータ表面を紫外可視分光分析で調べた結果、波長355nmの反射率が波長320nmの反射率よりも高くなっているセパレータは、界面活性剤が劣化しており、有機電解液の浸透性が低くなるので好ましくないことが分かった。よって、反射率は、波長355nmのそれより波長320nmのそれの方が高いことが好ましい。
【0018】
本発明における高分子固体電解質層の有機電解液は、GBLを含む有機溶媒に所定の濃度でリチウム塩を溶かした溶液が用いられる。有機電解液中の水分量は50ppm以下が好ましく、特に好ましくは20ppm以下である。水分量が多いと電池を充電する際に、水の電気分解が起こることで、充放電効率が低下するので好ましくない。
【0019】
リチウム塩濃度は0.5〜2.5mol/lが好ましい。0.5mol/lより低濃度では、高分子固体電解質層の電荷の濃度が低くなり、電池内部のインピーダンスが高くなる場合があり好ましくない。2.5mol/lより高濃度では、リチウムイオンとアニオンの再結合を起こしてしまい、イオン伝導度が低下し電池内部のインピーダンスが高くなる場合があり好ましくない。
【0020】
リチウム塩の種類は特に限定されないが、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(CF3SO2)2等が使用できる。
【0021】
有機溶媒中の必須成分であるGBLは、その他の溶媒に対して体積比で60%以上含まれているのが好ましい。GBLが60%より少なくなると−20℃のような低温ではイオン伝導度が低くなり、電池の低温特性が劣化するので好ましくない。その他の溶媒としては、例えば、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチレンカーボネート(EC)等の環状カーボネート類や、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)等の鎖状カーボネート類、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン等の環状エーテル類や、ジエチルエーテル、ジメトキシエタン、ジエトキシエタン、エトキシメトキシエタン等の鎖状エーテル類、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル等のエステル類や、その他、アセトニトリル、スルホラン、N−メチル−2−ピロリドン等が挙げられる。これら他の溶媒は、複数種用いてもよい。
【0022】
より具体的には、例えば、負極活物質に黒鉛系材料を用いた場合、GBLにECを混合した溶媒が充放電効率を低下させることなく低温特性も向上できるので好適である。特にGBL:ECの体積比が、60:40〜80:20であるのが好ましい。60:40よりGBLが少なくなると−20℃の低温でのイオン伝導度が低くなり、電池の性能も低くなる場合があるので好ましくない。80:20よりGBLが多くなると電池の充放電効率が低下し、充放電サイクルを繰り返すと電池容量の劣化を起こす場合があるので好ましくない。
【0023】
高分子固体電解質層の架橋(重合)前の高分子(モノマー)としては、分子内にエチレンオキシド単位とプロピレンオキシド単位を含んでいるランダム共重合体又はブロック共重合体であり、その末端基にアクリロイル基又はメタクリロイル基等の不飽和結合をもつ多官能性化合物が好ましい。それは、GBLのような高分子等の溶解能の高い溶媒の存在下でも架橋できるからである。また単官能基を有するモノマーと多官能基を有するモノマーを混合することにより多種多様の架橋構造の固体電解質層が作製できる。
【0024】
モノマーのリチウム塩を含む有機電解液に対する量は、モノマー:有機電解液の重量比が7:93〜3:97であるのが好ましい。モノマーの量が7:93より多くなると高分子固体電解質層のイオン伝導度が低くなる場合があるので好ましくない。モノマーの量が3:97より少なくなると架橋反応が十分でなくなる場合があるので好ましくない。
【0025】
架橋(重合)反応を促進するために、開始剤を使用してもよい。光エネルギーにより反応が始まる開始剤としては、フォスフィンオキシド系、アセトフェノン系、ベンゾフェノン系、α−ヒドロキシケトン系、ミヒラーケトン系、ベンジル系、ベンゾイン系、ベンゾインエーテル系、ベンジルメチルケタール系化合物等が挙げられる。これら開始剤は、1種又は2種以上を混合して使用してもよい。
【0026】
熱エネルギーにより反応が始まる開始剤としては、有機過酸化物系化合物が好適である。その具体例としては、イソブチリルパーオキサイド、α,α′−ビス(ネオデカノイルパーオキシ)ジイソプロピルベンゼン、クミルパーオキシネオデカノエート、ジ−n−プロピルパーオキシジカーボネート、ジイソプロピルパーオキシジカーボネート、1,1,3,3−テトラメチルブチルパーオキシネオデカノエート、ビス(4−t−ブチルシクロヘキシル)パーオキシジカーボネート、1−シクロヘキシル−1−メチルエチルパーオキシネオデカノエート、ジ−2−エトキシエチルパーオキシジカーボネート、ジ(2−エチルヘキシルパーオキシ)ジカーボネート、t−ヘキシルパーオキシネオデカノエート、ジメトキシブチルパーオキシジカーボネート、ジ(3−メチル−3−メトキシブチルパーオキシ)ジカーボネート、t−ブチルパーオキシネオデカノエート、t−ブチルパーオキシピバレート等が挙げられる。これら開始剤は、1種又は2種以上を混合して使用してもよい。
【0027】
これら開始剤は、モノマーとリチウム塩を含有する有機電解液とを混合した溶液の総重量に対して100〜5000ppmの割合で添加するのが好ましい。
【0028】
具体的な高分子固体電解質層の製造法としては、まず、モノマーと、リチウム塩を含有する有機電解液とを混合した溶液(場合によっては開始剤も添加する)を予めセパレータに染み込ませる。次に、光で架橋する場合は、波長が300〜800nmの範囲の光を5〜500mW/cm2の照度で1〜1200秒照射し、熱で架橋する場合は、30〜80℃で0.5〜100時間熱処理して、高分子固体電解質層を作製することができる。
【0029】
光で架橋する際、波長が300nmよりも短くなると、モノマー自身の分解やリチウム塩の分解が起こる場合があり好ましくない。800nmよりも長くなると架橋反応が不十分となる場合があり好ましくない。熱で架橋する際、温度が30℃よりも低くなると、架橋反応が不十分となる場合があるので好ましくない。80℃よりも高くなるとその溶液に含まれる有機溶媒の揮発やリチウム塩の分解が起こる場合があるので好ましくない。
【0030】
本発明では、セパレータにモノマーとリチウム塩を含有する有機電解液とを混合した溶液が十分に浸透しているかどうかを確認するために、例えば、波長365nmの紫外線を照射してセパレータ越しにその照度を測定することが重要である。この測定により、簡便でかつ高性能なリチウムポリマー二次電池の製造方法を提供することができる。セパレータは溶液を染み込ませる前は白色で光の透過率はほぼ0%であるが、溶液を染み込ませると半透明〜透明になる。したがってセパレータへの溶液の染み込み方を光の透過率で定量化することもできる。このとき、
【0031】
透過率=(セパレータ越しの照度)/(セパレータ無しの照度)×100(%)が、50%未満であるとセパレータへの溶液の染み込みが不十分であるため、電池の内部抵抗が高くなるばかりか、光で架橋する場合の架橋反応も不十分となってしまうので好ましくない。また、架橋後においても高分子固体電解質層の光透過率は架橋前のセパレータの光透過率とほぼ同等であるか1〜2%低下する程度であるため、架橋前あるいは架橋後どちらで測定してもよい。また、架橋後に測定すれば、特性の優れた高分子固体電解質層のみを予め選択することができる。
【0032】
また本発明では、セパレータへの有機電解液の浸透性を向上させるために界面活性剤を塗布したセパレータを用いるのが好ましいのであるが、その界面活性剤の劣化が進んでいるかどうかを確認するために、波長320nmの光反射率と波長355nmの光反射率の比較を行うことが重要である。この場合はセパレータには有機電解液を染み込ませる前の状態で測定する必要がある。このとき、
反射率=(セパレータからの反射光の強度)/(セパレータへ照射前の光強度)×100(%)
で波長355nmのそれが、波長320nmのそれより低い値であることが好ましい。波長355nmのそれが、波長320nmのそれより高くなるとセパレータへ塗布された界面活性剤が劣化しているので好ましくない。
【0033】
本発明における高分子固体電解質層は、リチウム塩を含む有機電解液を含浸もしくは保持させたものである。このような層はマクロ的には固体状態であるが、ミクロ的にはリチウム塩溶液が連続相を形成し、溶媒を用いない高分子固体電解質層よりも高いイオン伝導度を示す。
【0034】
正極活物質としては、特に限定されず、当該分野で公知のものをいずれも使用することができる。例えば、本発明では、リチウムを含有する金属酸化物を正極活物質として使用することができる。特に、Lia(A)b(B)cO2(ここで、Aは遷移金属元素の1種又は2種以上の元素である。Bは周期律表IIIB、IVB及びVB族の非金属元素及び半金属元素、アルカリ土類金属、Zn、Cu、Ti等の金属元素の中から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素である。a,b,cはそれぞれ0<a≦1.15、0.85≦b+c≦1.30、0<cである。)で示される層状構造の複合酸化物もしくはスピネル構造を含む複合酸化物の少なくとも1つから選ばれることが好ましい。また、これら金属酸化物は有機過酸化物の熱重合開始剤の反応を促進する効果もあるため好ましい。
【0035】
代表的な複合酸化物としては、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiCoxNi1−xO2(0<x<1)等が挙げられる。これら複合酸化物は、負極活物質に炭素質材料を用いた場合、
(1)炭素質材料自身の充電・放電に伴う電圧変化(約1V vs. Li/Li+)が起こっても十分に実用的な作動電圧を示す、
(2)電池の充電・放電反応に必要なリチウムイオンが、電池を組み立てる前から、例えばLiCoO2、LiNiO2等の形で既に電池内に含有されている
という利益を有する。
【0036】
負極活物質としては、特に限定されず、当該分野で公知のものをいずれも使用することができる。例えば、負極活物質として、炭素質材料を使用できる。炭素質材料は、電気化学的にリチウムを挿入/脱離し得る材料が好ましい。リチウムを挿入/脱離する電位は、金属リチウムの析出/溶解電位に近いため、高エネルギー密度の電池を構成できる。その典型例は、粒子状(鱗片状、塊状、繊維状、ウィスカー状、球状、粉砕粒子状等)の天然もしくは人造黒鉛である。メソカーボンマイクロビーズ、メソフェーズピッチ粉末、等方性ピッチ粉末等を黒鉛化して得られる人造黒鉛を使用してもよい。
【0037】
より好ましい炭素質材料として、非晶質炭素を表面に付着させた黒鉛粒子が挙げられる。付着方法としては、黒鉛粒子をタール、ピッチ等の石炭系重質油、又は重油等の石油系重質油に浸漬して引き上げ、炭化温度以上へ加熱して重質油を分解することで得ることができる。また、必要に応じて得られた炭素質材料を粉砕してもよい。このような処理により、充電時に負極で起こる有機溶媒、リチウム塩の分解反応が有意に抑制されるため、充放電サイクル寿命を改善し、また同分解反応によるガス発生を抑止することが可能となる。
【0038】
なお、炭素質材料は、BET法により測定される比表面積に関わる細孔が、非晶質炭素の付着によってある程度塞がれている。具体的な比表面積は、1〜5m2/gの範囲が好ましい。比表面積がこの範囲より大きくなると、有機溶媒にリチウム塩を溶解した有機電解液との接触面積も大きくなり、それらの分解反応が起こりやすくなるため好ましくない。また、負極上に高分子固体電解質層を形成するための開始剤の吸着量が増えるため、モノマーの架橋が阻害されるため好ましくない。比表面積がこの範囲より小さくなると、電解質との接触面積も小さくなるため、電気化学的反応速度が遅くなり、電池の負荷特性が低くなる場合があるので好ましくない。
【0039】
正極、負極は、基本的には正極、負極活物質をバインダーにて固定化したそれぞれの活物質層を、集電体となる金属箔上に形成したものである。前記集電体となる金属箔の材料としては、アルミニウム、ステンレス、チタン、銅、ニッケル等が挙げられる。この内、電気化学的安定性、延伸性及び経済性を考慮すると、正極用にはアルミニウム箔、負極用には銅箔が好ましい。
【0040】
なお、箔以外の正極、負極集電体の形態として、メッシュ、エキスパンドメタル、ラス体、多孔体あるいは樹脂フィルムに電子伝導材をコートしたもの等が挙げられるがこれに限定されるものではない。
【0041】
正極、負極の作製に当たって必要であれば黒鉛、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、炭素繊維、導電性金属酸化物等の化学的に安定な導電材を活物質と組み合わせて使用し、電子伝導を向上させることができる。
【0042】
また、正極、負極の作製にあたって、バインダーは化学的に安定で、適当な溶媒には溶けるが有機電解液には冒されない樹脂の中から選ぶことが好ましい。多くの樹脂が知られているが、例えば有機溶媒であるN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)に選択的に溶けるが有機電解液には安定なポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)が好んで使用される。なお、溶媒に溶解しないバインダーは、分散液として使用してもよい。
【0043】
他に使用できる樹脂は、例えば、アクリロニトリル、メタクリロニトリル、フッ化ビニル、クロロプレン、ビニルピリジン、スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)及びその誘導体、塩化ビニリデン、エチレン、プロピレン、環状ジエン(例えばシクロペンタジエン、1,3−シクロヘキサジエン等)等の重合体及び共重合体が挙げられる。
【0044】
電極は、活物質と、必要であれば導電材を、バインダー樹脂の溶液に混練してペーストをつくり、これを金属箔に適当なコーターを用いて均一な厚みで塗布し、乾燥後プレスすることによって作製できる。電極中のバインダーの割合は必要最低限とすることが好ましく、電極を100重量部として、一般に1〜15重量部で十分である。導電材は、電極を100重量部として、2〜15重量部が一般的である。
【0045】
本発明のリチウムポリマー二次電池は、例えば、以下の方法により作製できる。
(1)予め正極、負極及びセパレータそれぞれに、不飽和二重結合を少なくとも1つ以上有するモノマーとリチウム塩を含有する有機電解液とを混合した溶液を染み込ませ、各々に熱又は光又はその両方のエネルギーを照射し架橋して得たものを貼り合わせて電池を作製する方法。
(2)予めどちらか一方の電極上にセパレータを載せたものと、もう一方の電極とに、不飽和二重結合を少なくとも1つ以上有するモノマーとリチウム塩を含有する有機電解液とを混合した溶液を染み込ませ、両者に熱又は光又はその両方のエネルギーを照射し架橋して得たものを貼り合わせて電池を作製する方法。
(3)予め正極と負極の間にセパレータを挟み込み、そこへ不飽和二重結合を少なくとも1つ以上有するモノマーとリチウム塩を含有する有機電解液とを混合した溶液を染み込ませ、熱又は光又はその両方のエネルギーを照射し架橋して電池を作製する方法。
【0046】
上記本発明によれば、充放電サイクル特性を損なうことなく低温特性に優れたリチウムポリマー二次電池を提供することができる。
【0047】
正極、セパレータ及び負極からなる単位は、重ね合わせて、あるいは捲回して積層型もしくは捲回型のリチウムポリマー二次電池を構成することができる。
【0048】
作製した電池は、鉄にニッケルめっきを施したものやアルミニウム製の円筒缶、角型缶、又は、アルミニウム箔に樹脂をラミネートしたフィルムを外装材として用いることができるがこれらに限定されるものではない。
【0049】
これらの電池製造工程は、水分の浸入を防ぐためにアルゴンガスや窒素ガス等の不活性ガス雰囲気下か乾燥した空気中で行うことが好ましい。
【0050】
【実施例】
以下、実施例により本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明がこれらにより何ら制限されるものではない。なお、作製する電池の容量はすべて20mAhとなるようにした。
【0051】
(実施例1)
以下の工程にて実施例1の電池を作製した。
【0052】
a)正極の作製
平均粒径7μmのLiCoO2を100重量部と、導電材のアセチレンブラック5重量部とバインダーのPVDFを5重量部とを混合し、溶剤としてNMPを適量加え混練して正極材ペーストを得た。これを20μmのAl箔上に塗布し乾燥後プレスして正極シートを得た。この正極シートを30×30mmに裁断しAl集電タブを溶接して正極を得た。
【0053】
b)負極の作製
黒鉛粒子の表面に非晶質炭素を付着させた炭素材料粉末(平均粒径12μm、比表面積2m2/g)100重量部とバインダーのPVDFとを重量比で100:9となるように混合し、溶剤としてNMPを適量加え混練して負極材ペーストを得た。これを18μmのCu箔上に塗布し乾燥後プレスして負極シートを得た。この負極を30×30mmに裁断しNi集電タブを溶接して負極を得た。
【0054】
c)高分子固体電解質層のプレカーサー溶液調製
GBLとECとの80:20体積比混合溶媒にLiBF4を2mol/lの濃度になるように溶解して有機電解液を得た。
【0055】
この有機電解液95重量%に、分子量7500〜9000の3官能ポリエーテルポリオールアクリル酸エステル3.5重量%と分子量2800〜3000の単官能ポリエーテルポリオールアクリル酸エステル1.5重量%とを混合し、更に光重合開始剤である2,4,6−トリメチルベンゾイルフェニルフォスフィンオキシド2000ppmを上記溶液に対して添加してプレカーサー溶液を得た。
【0056】
d)電池の組立て
上記で得られた正極の上に、ポリオキシプロピレングリコールで表面処理したポリプロピレン製セパレータ(厚さ24μm)を載せ、プレカーサー溶液を注液した。これを2枚の石英ガラス板(厚さ500μm)で挟み、波長365nmの紫外線を20mW/cm2の照度で2分間照射した。次に、負極にプレカーサー溶液を注液し正極同様に紫外線照射した。それらを正極と負極が対向するように貼り合わせ、外装材であるAlラミネート樹脂フィルム製の袋に挿入し、熱シーラーで封止した。それを60℃で24時間加熱処理して電池を完成させた。また、高分子固体電解質層だけの波長365nmの光透過率は87%であった(紫外線照射前は89%であった)。
【0057】
(実施例2)
以下の工程にて実施例2の電池を作製した。
a)正極の作製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して正極を得た。
b)負極の作製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して負極を得た。
c)高分子固体電解質層のプレカーサー溶液調製
GBLとECとの60:40体積比混合溶媒にLiBF4を1mol/lの濃度になるように溶解して有機電解液を得た。
【0058】
この有機電解液80重量%に、分子量7500〜9000の3官能ポリエーテルポリオールアクリル酸エステル12重量%と分子量220〜300の単官能ポリエーテルポリオールアクリル酸エステル8重量%とを混合し、更に光重合開始剤であるビス(2,6−ジメトキシベンゾイル)−2,4,4−トリメチル−ペンチルフォスフィンオキシド3000ppmを上記溶液に対して添加してプレカーサー溶液を得た。
【0059】
d)電池の組立て
上記で得られた正極の上に、ポリオキシエチレングリコールで表面処理したポリエチレン製セパレータ(厚さ9μm)を載せ、プレカーサー溶液を注液した。これを2枚の石英ガラス板(厚さ500μm)で挟み、波長365nmの紫外線を20mW/cm2の照度で2分間照射した。次に、負極にプレカーサー溶液を注液し正極同様に紫外線照射した。それらを正極と負極が対向するように貼り合わせ、外装材であるAlラミネート樹脂フィルム製の袋に挿入し、熱シーラーで封止した。それを80℃で2時間加熱処理して電池を完成させた。また、高分子固体電解質層だけの波長365nmの光透過率は92%であった(紫外線照射前は93%であった)。
【0060】
(実施例3)
以下の工程にて実施例3の電池を作製した。
a)正極の作製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して正極を得た。
b)負極の作製
人造黒鉛粉末(平均粒径12μm、比表面積5m2/g)100重量部とバインダーのPVDFとを重量比で100:9となるように混合し、溶剤としてNMPを適量加え混練して負極材ペーストを得た。これを18μmのCu箔上に塗布し乾燥後プレスして負極シートを得た。この負極を30×30mmに裁断しNi集電タブを溶接して負極を得た。
【0061】
c)高分子固体電解質層のプレカーサー溶液調製
GBLとECとの75:25体積比混合溶媒にLiBF4を0.8mol/lの濃度になるように溶解して有機電解液を得た。
【0062】
この有機電解液97重量%に、分子量7500〜9000の3官能ポリエーテルポリオールアクリル酸エステル2.4重量%と分子量220〜300の単官能ポリエーテルポリオールアクリル酸エステル0.6重量%とを混合し、更に熱重合開始剤であるt−ブチルパーオキシネオデカノエート1000ppmを上記溶液に対して添加してプレカーサー溶液を得た。
【0063】
d)電池の組立て
上記で得られた負極と正極との間に、酸素プラズマで表面処理したポリエチレン製セパレータ(厚さ13μm)を挟み、外装材であるAlラミネート樹脂フィルム製の袋にそれらを挿入し、c)で得られたプレカーサー溶液を注入しその袋を封止した。それを60℃で72時間加熱処理して電池を完成させた。また、高分子固体電解質層だけの波長760nmの光透過率を測定した。光透過率は59%であった(加熱前は60%であった)。
【0064】
(比較例1)
以下の工程にて比較例1の電池を作製した。
a)正極の作製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して正極を得た。
b)負極の作製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して正極を得た。
c)高分子固体電解質層のプレカーサー溶液調製
ECとDMCとの30:70体積比混合溶媒にLiBF4を1.5mol/lの濃度になるように溶解して有機電解液を得た。
その他は実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返してプレカーサー溶液を得た。
【0065】
d)電池の組立て
上記で得られた正極の上にポリプロピレン製セパレータ(厚さ24μm)を載せ、プレカーサー溶液を注液した。これを2枚の石英ガラス板(厚さ500μm)で挟み、波長365nmの紫外線を20mW/cm2の照度で2分間照射した。次に、負極にプレカーサー溶液を注液し正極同様に紫外線照射した。それらを正極と負極が対向するように貼り合わせ、外装材であるAlラミネート樹脂フィルム製の袋に挿入し、熱シーラーで封止した。それを60℃で24時間加熱処理して電池を完成させた。また、高分子固体電解質層だけの波長365nmの光透過率は80%であった(加熱前は82%であった)。
【0066】
(比較例2)
以下の工程にて比較例2の電池を作製した。
a)正極の作製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して正極を得た。
b)負極の作製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して正極を得た。
c)高分子固体電解質層のプレカーサー溶液調製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返してプレカーサー溶液を得た。
【0067】
d)電池の組立て
上記で得られた正極の上にポリプロピレン製セパレータ(厚さ30μm)を載せ、プレカーサー溶液を注液した。その他は実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して電池を完成させた。また、高分子固体電解質層だけの波長365nmの光透過率は48%であった(紫外線照射前は49%であった)。
【0068】
(比較例3)
以下の工程にて比較例3の電池を作製した。
a)正極の作製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して正極を得た。
b)負極の作製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して正極を得た。
c)高分子固体電解質層のプレカーサー溶液調製
実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返してプレカーサー溶液を得た。
【0069】
d)電池の組立て
上記で得られた正極の上にポリエステル製不織布(厚さ40μm)を載せ、プレカーサー溶液を注液した。その他は実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返して電池を完成させた。また、高分子固体電解質層だけの波長365nmの光透過率は73%であった(紫外線照射前は75%であった)。
【0070】
上記作製した各々の電池を定電流4mAで4.2Vまで充電し4.2V到達後は定電圧で電流が1mAに減衰するまで充電(以下0.2C充電と呼ぶ)し、定電流20mAで25℃と−20℃で3Vまで放電させた時の低温容量維持率と、25℃で500回まで0.2C充電と定電流20mAで3Vまで放電を繰り返した時のサイクル維持率を測定した。これらの定義は以下の式で表される。
低温容量維持率(%)=(−20℃の放電容量)/(25℃の放電容量)×100
サイクル維持率(%)=(500回目の放電容量)/(初回の放電容量)×100
上記実施例と比較例の結果を以下の表1に示す。
【0071】
【表1】
【0072】
表1で示すように、実施例1と比較例1との結果から電池のサイクル特性を維持しつつ低温特性を向上させるためには、高分子固体電解質層の光透過率が50%以上であっても、GBLを含有する高分子固体電解質層を使用する必要があることが判明した。
【0073】
また、実施例1と比較例2との結果から高分子固体電解質層の光透過率が50%未満であると、電池の低温特性もサイクル特性も低下することが判明した。
【0074】
更に実施例1と比較例3との結果から光透過率が50%以上であっても、セパレータではなく不織布では電池内部の短絡を引き起こし、サイクル特性が維持できないことが判明した。
【0075】
(実施例4)
図2のような紫外可視分光分析結果のプロファイルを示すポリオキシエチレングリコールを塗布したポリプロピレン製セパレータ(厚さ25μm)を用い、その他の条件は実施例1と同様にして電池を完成させた。また、高分子固体電解質層だけの波長365nmの光透過率は88%であった(紫外線照射前は89%であった)。なお、照射された光の波長ごとの反射率の変化を図2に示す。
【0076】
上記作製した各々の電池を実施例1〜3、比較例1〜3で評価したように同様に電池性能を評価した。その結果を反射率と併せて表2に示す。
【0077】
(比較例4)
図2のような紫外可視分光分析結果のプロファイルを示すポリオキシエチレングリコールを塗布したポリプロピレン製セパレータ(厚さ25μm、約2年間室内放置後)を用い、その他の条件は実施例1と同様にして電池を完成させた。また、高分子固体電解質層だけの波長365nmの光透過率は47%であった(紫外線照射前は49%であった)。なお、照射された光の波長ごとの反射率の変化を図2に示す。
【0078】
上記作製した各々の電池を実施例1〜3、比較例1〜3で評価したように同様に電池性能を評価した。その結果を反射率と併せて表2に示す。
【0079】
【表2】
【0080】
表2で示すように、波長355nmの光反射率が、波長320nmのそれより低い実施例4の電池の方が、比較例4の電池に比べて、低温特性、サイクル特性共に優れていることが分かる。これは比較例4の電池で使用されたセパレータの界面活性剤であるポリオキシエチレングリコールが何らかの理由で劣化したため、セパレータへの電池の浸透性が低くなり、電池の性能が低くなったものと考えられる。
【0081】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、優れたサイクル特性を維持しつつも−20℃のような低温でも性能劣化を起こさないリチウムポリマー二次電池を提供できる。
【0082】
また、高分子固体電解質層の架橋前のモノマーとγ−ブチロラクトンのセパレータへの浸透性を光透過率で測定するという製造方法は、簡便でかつ高性能なリチウムポリマー二次電池の製造方法であることが分かった。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明のリチウムポリマー二次電池の概略断面図である。
【図2】実施例4と比較例4の照射された光の波長ごとの反射率の変化を示すグラフである。
【符号の説明】
1 セパレータ
2 高分子固体電解質層
3 正極活物質
4 負極活物質
5 集電体[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a lithium polymer secondary battery and a method for manufacturing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a lithium polymer secondary battery having better charge / discharge cycle characteristics and low-temperature characteristics than a conventional battery, and a method for manufacturing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
With the advancement of IT technology, many lithium ion secondary batteries have been used as power sources for mobile phones, portable information terminal devices, notebook computers, and the like.
[0003]
In recent years, lithium polymer secondary batteries using solid electrolyte layers instead of organic electrolytes for lithium ion secondary batteries have been actively developed. A lithium-core secondary battery called a bell core type using an electrolyte layer has come to market.
[0004]
However, lithium polymer secondary batteries using physical crosslinking have a high possibility that the matrix of the solid electrolyte layer is phase-separated in a high-temperature environment or at the time of abnormal heat generation of the battery, and the organic electrolyte is oozed out. There is still a problem in the reliability of the system. In addition, when the charge / discharge cycle is repeated, the lithium polymer secondary battery that has undergone phase separation may suddenly cause a sudden decrease in capacity, and there remains a problem in cycle characteristics.
[0005]
Therefore, a lithium polymer secondary battery using a polymer solid electrolyte layer in which an organic electrolytic solution is formed into a matrix by utilizing a chemical bond for physical crosslinking has been developed. This polymer solid electrolyte layer is obtained by crosslinking (polymerizing) a solution obtained by mixing a monomer having at least one unsaturated double bond and an organic electrolyte solution containing a lithium salt with energy such as heat or light. It is. Therefore, in the polymer solid electrolyte layer once crosslinked, the matrix rarely causes phase separation even in a high-temperature environment or abnormal heat generation of the battery. Therefore, it is considered to be promising as a lithium polymer secondary battery having high reliability and excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Lithium polymer secondary batteries that use a polymer solid electrolyte layer obtained by crosslinking with energy such as heat or light do not easily leak due to liquid seepage even in a high-temperature environment or when the battery is abnormally heated. This has the advantage that the capacity does not suddenly drop when the discharge cycle is repeated. However, since the solid polymer electrolyte layer forms a robust network structure by chemical crosslinking, the mobility of ions is lower than that of a lithium polymer secondary battery using physical crosslinking, especially at a low temperature of -20 ° C. However, there remains a problem that the discharge capacity is reduced.
[0007]
In addition, a lithium polymer secondary battery has a polymer solid electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode as an electrolyte layer. However, since this electrolyte layer is a matrix containing an organic electrolytic solution, a short circuit inside the battery occurs. Strength is insufficient to prevent Then, it is common to integrate the separator with the organic electrolyte and use it as a polymer solid electrolyte layer. However, when a separator is used, for example, when the polymer solid electrolyte layer is cross-linked by ultraviolet irradiation or the like, the light is blocked by the separator, and the cross-linking becomes insufficient and the reliability of the battery is impaired. The task of remaining.
[0008]
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-7577 (Patent Document 1) discloses a technique for measuring the degree of phase change of a polymer electrolyte in a battery. (Patent Document 2) is applied to a technique of judging a preparation standard of a raw material when producing a carbon material of a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery. However, there has not been disclosed any application in which the light transmittance is applied to improve the performance of a polymer solid electrolyte layer of a lithium polymer secondary battery.
[0009]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-9-7577
[Patent Document 2]
JP-A-11-112003
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and has as its object to provide a lithium polymer secondary battery having excellent low-temperature characteristics without impairing charge / discharge cycle characteristics, and a method for manufacturing the same.
[0011]
Thus, according to the present invention, the positive electrode and the negative electrode integrated by the polymer crosslinked in the presence of the organic electrolyte and the active material, respectively, the organic electrolyte and the separator (excluding the nonwoven fabric) A) a polymer solid electrolyte layer integrated with a polymer crosslinked in the presence of the polymer electrolyte, wherein the organic electrolyte contains γ-butyrolactone, and the polymer solid electrolyte layer has a light transmission of 50% or more. The present invention provides a lithium polymer secondary battery characterized by having a high efficiency.
[0012]
According to the present invention, there is provided the method for producing a lithium polymer secondary battery, wherein the light transmittance of the separator in the presence of the organic electrolyte and the polymer before crosslinking is adjusted to be 50% or more. Thereafter, there is provided a method for producing a lithium polymer secondary battery, comprising a step of obtaining a polymer solid electrolyte layer by crosslinking a polymer before crosslinking.
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of one example of the lithium polymer secondary battery of the present invention. In FIG. 1, 1 is a separator, 2 is a polymer solid electrolyte layer, 3 is a positive electrode active material, 4 is a negative electrode active material, and 5 is a current collector.
[0014]
The separator in the polymer solid electrolyte layer in the present invention is not particularly limited, and a known separator can be used.
[0015]
The thickness of the separator is preferably from 5 to 30 μm, particularly preferably from 8 to 25 μm. When the thickness is less than 5 μm, the mechanical strength is reduced and the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery may be short-circuited, which is not preferable. When the thickness is more than 30 μm, not only the distance between the electrodes becomes longer and the impedance inside the battery becomes higher, but also a solution in which a monomer having at least one unsaturated double bond and an organic electrolyte containing a lithium salt are mixed is impregnated. This is not preferable because the light transmittance at the time may be low.
[0016]
Examples of the separator include a microporous film and a nonwoven fabric, and the nonwoven fabric has a larger pore diameter than the microporous film, and the electrode active material particles penetrate the nonwoven fabric, causing a short circuit in the battery. Probability is high. Therefore, it is preferable to use a microporous membrane. In particular, a polyolefin-based microporous membrane made of polyethylene, polypropylene, or a composite of polyethylene and polypropylene is preferable in terms of strength and cost. Here, the microporous membrane is defined as having a pore size of 0.01 to 10 μm. 2 -10 12 Pieces / cm 2 Refers to an existing film.
[0017]
Further, when using a solvent such as γ-butyrolactone (GBL) which does not easily penetrate the polyolefin-based membrane, one having improved solvent affinity of the membrane is preferred. Examples of the improving method include a method of treating the surface of the film with oxygen plasma, a method of coating the film with a surfactant, and the like, but are not limited thereto. Among them, it is preferable to improve with a surfactant. When the surfactant is deteriorated, the permeability of the organic electrolyte containing γ-butyrolactone to the separator is reduced. Therefore, as a result of examining the surface of the separator by UV-visible spectroscopy, the separator in which the reflectance at the wavelength of 355 nm is higher than the reflectance at the wavelength of 320 nm has a deteriorated surfactant, and the permeability of the organic electrolytic solution is low. It turned out to be unfavorable because it becomes low. Therefore, it is preferable that the reflectance at the wavelength of 320 nm is higher than that at the wavelength of 355 nm.
[0018]
As the organic electrolyte for the polymer solid electrolyte layer in the present invention, a solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved at a predetermined concentration in an organic solvent containing GBL is used. The water content in the organic electrolyte is preferably 50 ppm or less, particularly preferably 20 ppm or less. If the amount of water is large, when the battery is charged, electrolysis of water occurs, which lowers the charge / discharge efficiency, which is not preferable.
[0019]
The lithium salt concentration is preferably 0.5 to 2.5 mol / l. If the concentration is lower than 0.5 mol / l, the charge concentration of the polymer solid electrolyte layer becomes low, and the impedance inside the battery may increase, which is not preferable. If the concentration is higher than 2.5 mol / l, recombination of lithium ions and anions will occur, which may lower the ionic conductivity and increase the impedance inside the battery, which is not preferable.
[0020]
Although the kind of the lithium salt is not particularly limited, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 Etc. can be used.
[0021]
It is preferable that GBL, which is an essential component in the organic solvent, be contained in a volume ratio of 60% or more with respect to other solvents. If the GBL is less than 60%, the ionic conductivity becomes low at a low temperature such as -20 ° C., and the low temperature characteristics of the battery deteriorate, which is not preferable. Other solvents include, for example, cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC), and chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). , Tetrahydrofuran, cyclic ethers such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and chain ethers such as diethyl ether, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, ethoxymethoxyethane, and esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, and ethyl propionate. And acetonitrile, sulfolane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and the like. These other solvents may be used in plural types.
[0022]
More specifically, for example, when a graphite-based material is used as the negative electrode active material, a solvent in which GBL is mixed with EC is preferable because the low-temperature characteristics can be improved without lowering the charge / discharge efficiency. Particularly, the volume ratio of GBL: EC is preferably from 60:40 to 80:20. If the GBL is less than 60:40, the ionic conductivity at a low temperature of −20 ° C. becomes low, and the performance of the battery may be lowered, which is not preferable. When the GBL is more than 80:20, the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery is reduced, and the battery capacity may be deteriorated when the charge / discharge cycle is repeated.
[0023]
The polymer (monomer) before cross-linking (polymerization) of the polymer solid electrolyte layer is a random copolymer or a block copolymer containing an ethylene oxide unit and a propylene oxide unit in the molecule, and an acryloyl as a terminal group. A polyfunctional compound having an unsaturated bond such as a group or a methacryloyl group is preferred. This is because crosslinking can be performed even in the presence of a solvent having high solubility such as a polymer such as GBL. In addition, by mixing a monomer having a monofunctional group and a monomer having a polyfunctional group, various kinds of solid electrolyte layers having a crosslinked structure can be produced.
[0024]
The amount of the monomer with respect to the organic electrolyte containing the lithium salt is preferably such that the weight ratio of the monomer: the organic electrolyte is 7:93 to 3:97. If the amount of the monomer is more than 7:93, the ionic conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte layer may decrease, which is not preferable. If the amount of the monomer is less than 3:97, the crosslinking reaction may not be sufficient, which is not preferable.
[0025]
An initiator may be used to accelerate the crosslinking (polymerization) reaction. Examples of the initiator that initiates the reaction by light energy include phosphine oxide, acetophenone, benzophenone, α-hydroxyketone, Michler's ketone, benzyl, benzoin, benzoin ether, and benzylmethyl ketal compounds. . These initiators may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
[0026]
An organic peroxide-based compound is suitable as the initiator that starts the reaction by thermal energy. Specific examples thereof include isobutyryl peroxide, α, α'-bis (neodecanoylperoxy) diisopropylbenzene, cumylperoxyneodecanoate, di-n-propylperoxydicarbonate and diisopropylperoxydicarbonate. 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxy neodecanoate, bis (4-t-butylcyclohexyl) peroxy dicarbonate, 1-cyclohexyl-1-methylethyl peroxy neodecanoate, di- 2-ethoxyethyl peroxydicarbonate, di (2-ethylhexylperoxy) dicarbonate, t-hexylperoxyneodecanoate, dimethoxybutylperoxydicarbonate, di (3-methyl-3-methoxybutylperoxy) Dicarbonate, t-butyl Luperoxy neodecanoate, t-butyl peroxypivalate and the like can be mentioned. These initiators may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
[0027]
These initiators are preferably added at a ratio of 100 to 5000 ppm based on the total weight of the solution obtained by mixing the monomer and the organic electrolyte containing a lithium salt.
[0028]
As a specific method for producing a polymer solid electrolyte layer, first, a solution in which a monomer and an organic electrolytic solution containing a lithium salt are mixed (in some cases, an initiator is added) is soaked in the separator in advance. Next, in the case of crosslinking with light, light having a wavelength in the range of 300 to 800 nm is irradiated with 5 to 500 mW / cm. 2 In the case of irradiating at an illuminance of 1 to 1200 seconds and crosslinking by heat, heat treatment is performed at 30 to 80 ° C. for 0.5 to 100 hours to produce a polymer solid electrolyte layer.
[0029]
If the wavelength is shorter than 300 nm when cross-linking with light, decomposition of the monomer itself or decomposition of the lithium salt may occur, which is not preferable. If it is longer than 800 nm, the crosslinking reaction may be insufficient, which is not preferable. When the temperature is crosslinked by heat, if the temperature is lower than 30 ° C., the crosslinking reaction may be insufficient, which is not preferable. If the temperature is higher than 80 ° C., volatilization of an organic solvent contained in the solution or decomposition of a lithium salt may occur, which is not preferable.
[0030]
In the present invention, in order to check whether a solution obtained by mixing a monomer and an organic electrolyte solution containing a lithium salt has sufficiently penetrated the separator, for example, by irradiating an ultraviolet ray having a wavelength of 365 nm and irradiating the It is important to measure By this measurement, a simple and high-performance method for producing a lithium polymer secondary battery can be provided. The separator is white before the solution is impregnated and has a light transmittance of almost 0%, but becomes translucent to transparent when the solution is impregnated. Therefore, how the solution permeates the separator can be quantified by the light transmittance. At this time,
[0031]
If the transmittance = (illuminance through the separator) / (illuminance without the separator) × 100 (%) is less than 50%, the penetration of the solution into the separator is insufficient, so that the internal resistance of the battery only increases. Alternatively, the crosslinking reaction in the case of crosslinking by light becomes insufficient, which is not preferable. Further, even after the crosslinking, the light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer is almost the same as the light transmittance of the separator before the crosslinking or is about 1 to 2% lower. You may. In addition, if measurement is performed after crosslinking, only a polymer solid electrolyte layer having excellent characteristics can be selected in advance.
[0032]
Further, in the present invention, it is preferable to use a separator coated with a surfactant in order to improve the permeability of the organic electrolyte to the separator, but in order to confirm whether the deterioration of the surfactant has progressed. In addition, it is important to compare the light reflectance at a wavelength of 320 nm with the light reflectance at a wavelength of 355 nm. In this case, it is necessary to perform the measurement before the organic electrolyte is impregnated into the separator. At this time,
Reflectance = (intensity of light reflected from separator) / (light intensity before irradiation to separator) × 100 (%)
It is preferable that the wavelength at 355 nm is lower than that at 320 nm. If the wavelength of 355 nm is higher than that of 320 nm, it is not preferable because the surfactant applied to the separator is deteriorated.
[0033]
The polymer solid electrolyte layer in the present invention is impregnated or held with an organic electrolyte containing a lithium salt. Such a layer is macroscopically in a solid state, but microscopically, a lithium salt solution forms a continuous phase and exhibits higher ionic conductivity than a polymer solid electrolyte layer without using a solvent.
[0034]
The positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, and any of those known in the art can be used. For example, in the present invention, a metal oxide containing lithium can be used as the positive electrode active material. In particular, Li a (A) b (B) c O 2 (Here, A is one or more elements of transition metal elements. B is a non-metal element and a semi-metal element of group IIIB, IVB and VB of the periodic table, an alkaline earth metal, Zn, Cu, One or more elements selected from metal elements such as Ti, etc. a, b and c are respectively 0 <a ≦ 1.15, 0.85 ≦ b + c ≦ 1.30, 0 <c Is preferred to be selected from at least one of a composite oxide having a layered structure or a composite oxide having a spinel structure. Further, these metal oxides are also preferable because they also have the effect of promoting the reaction of the thermal polymerization initiator of the organic peroxide.
[0035]
Representative composite oxides include LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiCo x Ni 1-x O 2 (0 <x <1). These composite oxides, when using a carbonaceous material for the negative electrode active material,
(1) Voltage change due to charge / discharge of the carbonaceous material itself (about 1 V vs. Li / Li) + ) Shows a sufficiently practical working voltage even if
(2) Lithium ions necessary for the charge / discharge reaction of the battery are, for example, LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 Etc. already contained in the battery
It has the benefit.
[0036]
The negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, and any of those known in the art can be used. For example, a carbonaceous material can be used as the negative electrode active material. The carbonaceous material is preferably a material capable of electrochemically inserting / desorbing lithium. Since the potential for inserting / desorbing lithium is close to the potential for depositing / dissolving metallic lithium, a battery having a high energy density can be formed. A typical example is natural or artificial graphite in the form of particles (flakes, lumps, fibers, whiskers, spheres, pulverized particles, etc.). Artificial graphite obtained by graphitizing mesocarbon microbeads, mesophase pitch powder, isotropic pitch powder, or the like may be used.
[0037]
More preferred carbonaceous materials include graphite particles having amorphous carbon adhered to the surface. As an adhesion method, the graphite particles are obtained by immersing graphite particles in a coal-based heavy oil such as tar or pitch, or a petroleum-based heavy oil such as heavy oil, pulling them up, heating the carbonized temperature or higher to decompose the heavy oil. be able to. Moreover, you may grind | pulverize the obtained carbonaceous material as needed. By such a treatment, the decomposition reaction of the organic solvent and the lithium salt that occurs at the negative electrode during charging is significantly suppressed, so that the charge / discharge cycle life can be improved and gas generation due to the decomposition reaction can be suppressed. .
[0038]
In the carbonaceous material, pores related to the specific surface area measured by the BET method are closed to some extent by the adhesion of amorphous carbon. Specific specific surface area is 1-5m 2 / G is preferred. If the specific surface area is larger than this range, the contact area with an organic electrolyte solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in an organic solvent also becomes large, and the decomposition reaction thereof easily occurs, which is not preferable. In addition, the amount of the initiator adsorbed to form the polymer solid electrolyte layer on the negative electrode increases, which is not preferable because the crosslinking of the monomer is hindered. If the specific surface area is smaller than this range, the contact area with the electrolyte is also small, so that the electrochemical reaction rate is slow and the load characteristics of the battery may be low, which is not preferable.
[0039]
The positive electrode and the negative electrode are basically formed by forming respective active material layers in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode active material are fixed with a binder, on a metal foil serving as a current collector. Examples of the material of the metal foil serving as the current collector include aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, copper, and nickel. Among them, in consideration of electrochemical stability, stretchability and economy, an aluminum foil is preferable for the positive electrode and a copper foil is preferable for the negative electrode.
[0040]
In addition, as a form of the positive electrode and the negative electrode current collector other than the foil, a mesh, an expanded metal, a lath body, a porous body, a resin film coated with an electron conductive material, and the like are exemplified, but not limited thereto.
[0041]
In the production of the positive and negative electrodes, if necessary, use a chemically stable conductive material such as graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon fiber, conductive metal oxide, etc. Can be improved.
[0042]
In preparing the positive electrode and the negative electrode, it is preferable to select a binder from resins that are chemically stable and are soluble in an appropriate solvent but are not affected by an organic electrolyte. Although many resins are known, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which is selectively soluble in an organic solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) but is stable in an organic electrolyte, is preferably used. . Note that a binder that does not dissolve in the solvent may be used as a dispersion.
[0043]
Other resins that can be used include, for example, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl fluoride, chloroprene, vinylpyridine, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and derivatives thereof, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, propylene, cyclic diene ( Examples thereof include polymers and copolymers such as cyclopentadiene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene.
[0044]
For the electrode, knead the active material and, if necessary, the conductive material into a binder resin solution to make a paste, apply it to a metal foil with a uniform thickness using a suitable coater, dry it and press it. Can be produced by It is preferable that the ratio of the binder in the electrode be the minimum necessary. Generally, 1 to 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the electrode, is sufficient. The conductive material is generally used in an amount of 2 to 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the electrode.
[0045]
The lithium polymer secondary battery of the present invention can be produced, for example, by the following method.
(1) A solution in which a mixture of a monomer having at least one unsaturated double bond and an organic electrolyte containing a lithium salt is previously impregnated into each of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator, and heat and / or light is applied to each. A method for producing a battery by bonding the materials obtained by irradiating the above energy and crosslinking.
(2) to that carrying the separator in advance on either one of the electrodes, on the other electrode, by mixing the organic electrolytic solution containing a monomer and a lithium salt having at least one unsaturated double bond A method of producing a battery by impregnating a solution and irradiating both with heat and / or light energy to form a battery.
(3) A separator is sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode in advance, and a mixed solution of a monomer having at least one unsaturated double bond and an organic electrolyte containing a lithium salt is impregnated therein, and heat or light or A method of producing a battery by irradiating and irradiating both of these energies.
[0046]
According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a lithium polymer secondary battery having excellent low-temperature characteristics without impairing charge-discharge cycle characteristics.
[0047]
The unit composed of the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode can be stacked or wound to form a laminated or wound lithium polymer secondary battery.
[0048]
The produced battery can be used as an exterior material, but can be used as an exterior material a nickel-plated iron or an aluminum cylindrical can, a square can, or a film obtained by laminating a resin on an aluminum foil. Absent.
[0049]
These battery manufacturing steps are preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as an argon gas or a nitrogen gas or in dry air in order to prevent intrusion of moisture.
[0050]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described specifically with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In addition, the capacities of the batteries to be manufactured were all set to 20 mAh.
[0051]
(Example 1)
The battery of Example 1 was manufactured by the following steps.
[0052]
a) Preparation of positive electrode
LiCoO with an average particle size of 7 μm 2 Was mixed with 5 parts by weight of acetylene black as a conductive material and 5 parts by weight of PVDF as a binder, and an appropriate amount of NMP was added as a solvent and kneaded to obtain a positive electrode material paste. This was applied on a 20 μm Al foil, dried and pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet. This positive electrode sheet was cut into 30 × 30 mm, and an Al current collecting tab was welded to obtain a positive electrode.
[0053]
b) Preparation of negative electrode
Carbon material powder (average particle size: 12 μm, specific surface area: 2 m) with amorphous carbon attached to the surface of graphite particles 2 / G) 100 parts by weight and PVDF as a binder were mixed in a weight ratio of 100: 9, and an appropriate amount of NMP was added as a solvent and kneaded to obtain a negative electrode material paste. This was applied on a 18 μm Cu foil, dried and pressed to obtain a negative electrode sheet. This negative electrode was cut into 30 × 30 mm, and a Ni current collecting tab was welded to obtain a negative electrode.
[0054]
c) Preparation of precursor solution for polymer solid electrolyte layer
LiBF is added to a mixed solvent of GBL and EC in an 80:20 volume ratio. 4 Was dissolved to a concentration of 2 mol / l to obtain an organic electrolyte.
[0055]
To 95% by weight of the organic electrolyte, 3.5% by weight of a trifunctional polyether polyol acrylate having a molecular weight of 7500 to 9000 and 1.5% by weight of a monofunctional polyether polyol acrylate having a molecular weight of 2800 to 3000 were mixed. Further, 2000 ppm of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphine oxide as a photopolymerization initiator was added to the above solution to obtain a precursor solution.
[0056]
d) Battery assembly
A polypropylene separator (24 μm in thickness) surface-treated with polyoxypropylene glycol was placed on the positive electrode obtained above, and a precursor solution was injected. This was sandwiched between two quartz glass plates (thickness: 500 μm), and ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 365 nm was irradiated at 20 mW / cm. 2 Irradiation for 2 minutes. Next, a precursor solution was injected into the negative electrode, and ultraviolet irradiation was performed similarly to the positive electrode. They were bonded so that the positive electrode and the negative electrode faced each other, inserted into a bag made of an Al laminated resin film as an exterior material, and sealed with a heat sealer. It was heated at 60 ° C. for 24 hours to complete the battery. The light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer alone at a wavelength of 365 nm was 87% (89% before ultraviolet irradiation).
[0057]
(Example 2)
The battery of Example 2 was manufactured by the following steps.
a) Preparation of positive electrode
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a positive electrode.
b) Preparation of negative electrode
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a negative electrode.
c) Preparation of precursor solution for polymer solid electrolyte layer
LiBF is added to a mixed solvent of GBL and EC at a volume ratio of 60:40. 4 Was dissolved to a concentration of 1 mol / l to obtain an organic electrolyte.
[0058]
To 80% by weight of the organic electrolyte, 12% by weight of a trifunctional polyether polyol acrylate having a molecular weight of 7500 to 9000 and 8% by weight of a monofunctional polyether polyol acrylate having a molecular weight of 220 to 300 were mixed, followed by photopolymerization. Initiator bis (2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl) -2,4,4-trimethyl-pentylphosphine oxide 3000 ppm was added to the above solution to obtain a precursor solution.
[0059]
d) Battery assembly
A polyethylene separator (9 μm thick) surface-treated with polyoxyethylene glycol was placed on the positive electrode obtained above, and a precursor solution was injected. This was sandwiched between two quartz glass plates (thickness: 500 μm), and ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 365 nm was irradiated at 20 mW / cm. 2 Irradiation for 2 minutes. Next, a precursor solution was injected into the negative electrode, and ultraviolet irradiation was performed similarly to the positive electrode. They were bonded so that the positive electrode and the negative electrode faced each other, inserted into a bag made of an Al laminated resin film as an exterior material, and sealed with a heat sealer. It was heated at 80 ° C. for 2 hours to complete the battery. The light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer alone at a wavelength of 365 nm was 92% (93% before irradiation with ultraviolet light).
[0060]
(Example 3)
The battery of Example 3 was manufactured by the following steps.
a) Preparation of positive electrode
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a positive electrode.
b) Preparation of negative electrode
Artificial graphite powder (average particle size 12 μm, specific surface area 5 m 2 / G) 100 parts by weight and PVDF as a binder were mixed in a weight ratio of 100: 9, and an appropriate amount of NMP was added as a solvent and kneaded to obtain a negative electrode material paste. This was applied on a 18 μm Cu foil, dried and pressed to obtain a negative electrode sheet. This negative electrode was cut into 30 × 30 mm, and a Ni current collecting tab was welded to obtain a negative electrode.
[0061]
c) Preparation of precursor solution for polymer solid electrolyte layer
LiBF in 75:25 volume ratio mixed solvent of GBL and EC 4 Was dissolved to a concentration of 0.8 mol / l to obtain an organic electrolyte.
[0062]
To 97% by weight of this organic electrolyte, 2.4% by weight of trifunctional polyether polyol acrylate having a molecular weight of 7500 to 9000 and 0.6% by weight of monofunctional polyether polyol acrylate having a molecular weight of 220 to 300 were mixed. Further, 1000 ppm of t-butyl peroxy neodecanoate as a thermal polymerization initiator was added to the above solution to obtain a precursor solution.
[0063]
d) Battery assembly
A polyethylene separator (thickness: 13 μm) surface-treated with oxygen plasma is sandwiched between the negative electrode and the positive electrode obtained above, and they are inserted into a bag made of an Al-laminated resin film as an exterior material. The obtained precursor solution was injected and the bag was sealed. It was heated at 60 ° C. for 72 hours to complete the battery. Further, the light transmittance at a wavelength of 760 nm of only the polymer solid electrolyte layer was measured. The light transmittance was 59% (60% before heating).
[0064]
(Comparative Example 1)
The battery of Comparative Example 1 was manufactured in the following steps.
a) Preparation of positive electrode
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a positive electrode.
b) Preparation of negative electrode
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a positive electrode.
c) Preparation of precursor solution for polymer solid electrolyte layer
LiBF in a 30:70 volume ratio mixed solvent of EC and DMC 4 Was dissolved to a concentration of 1.5 mol / l to obtain an organic electrolyte.
Otherwise, the same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a precursor solution.
[0065]
d) Battery assembly
A polypropylene separator (24 μm in thickness) was placed on the positive electrode obtained above, and a precursor solution was injected. This was sandwiched between two quartz glass plates (thickness: 500 μm), and ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 365 nm was irradiated at 20 mW / cm. 2 Irradiation for 2 minutes. Next, a precursor solution was injected into the negative electrode, and ultraviolet irradiation was performed similarly to the positive electrode. They were bonded so that the positive electrode and the negative electrode faced each other, inserted into a bag made of an Al laminated resin film as an exterior material, and sealed with a heat sealer. It was heated at 60 ° C. for 24 hours to complete the battery. The light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer alone at a wavelength of 365 nm was 80% (82% before heating).
[0066]
(Comparative Example 2)
The battery of Comparative Example 2 was manufactured in the following steps.
a) Preparation of positive electrode
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a positive electrode.
b) Preparation of negative electrode
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a positive electrode.
c) Preparation of precursor solution for polymer solid electrolyte layer
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a precursor solution.
[0067]
d) Battery assembly
A polypropylene separator (thickness: 30 μm) was placed on the positive electrode obtained above, and a precursor solution was injected. Otherwise, the same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to complete the battery. The light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer alone at a wavelength of 365 nm was 48% (49% before ultraviolet irradiation).
[0068]
(Comparative Example 3)
A battery of Comparative Example 3 was manufactured in the following steps.
a) Preparation of positive electrode
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a positive electrode.
b) Preparation of negative electrode
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a positive electrode.
c) Preparation of precursor solution for polymer solid electrolyte layer
The same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to obtain a precursor solution.
[0069]
d) Battery assembly
A polyester nonwoven fabric (thickness: 40 μm) was placed on the positive electrode obtained above, and a precursor solution was injected. Otherwise, the same operation as in Example 1 was repeated to complete the battery. The light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer alone at a wavelength of 365 nm was 73% (75% before ultraviolet irradiation).
[0070]
Each of the batteries produced above was charged to 4.2 V at a constant current of 4 mA, and after reaching 4.2 V, charged at a constant voltage until the current attenuated to 1 mA (hereinafter referred to as 0.2 C charging). The low-temperature capacity retention rate when discharging to 3 V at -20 ° C. and -20 ° C., and the cycle retention rate when repeating 0.2 C charging up to 500 times at 25 ° C. and discharging to 3 V at a constant current of 20 mA were measured. These definitions are represented by the following equations.
Low temperature capacity retention ratio (%) = (− 20 ° C. discharge capacity) / (25 ° C. discharge capacity) × 100
Cycle maintenance rate (%) = (500th discharge capacity) / (initial discharge capacity) × 100
The results of the above examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1 below.
[0071]
[Table 1]
[0072]
As shown in Table 1, from the results of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, in order to improve the low-temperature characteristics while maintaining the cycle characteristics of the battery, the light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer was 50% or more. However, it was found that it was necessary to use a polymer solid electrolyte layer containing GBL.
[0073]
Further, from the results of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, it was found that when the light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer was less than 50%, both the low-temperature characteristics and the cycle characteristics of the battery deteriorated.
[0074]
Further, from the results of Example 1 and Comparative Example 3, it was found that even if the light transmittance was 50% or more, the nonwoven fabric instead of the separator caused a short circuit inside the battery, and the cycle characteristics could not be maintained.
[0075]
(Example 4)
A battery was completed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a polypropylene separator (thickness: 25 μm) coated with polyoxyethylene glycol showing the profile of the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis results as shown in FIG. 2 was used. The light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer alone at a wavelength of 365 nm was 88% (89% before ultraviolet irradiation). FIG. 2 shows a change in reflectance for each wavelength of the irradiated light.
[0076]
Battery performance was evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 for each of the batteries prepared above. Table 2 shows the results together with the reflectance.
[0077]
(Comparative Example 4)
As shown in FIG. 2, a polypropylene separator coated with polyoxyethylene glycol (thickness: 25 μm, left indoor for about 2 years) showing the profile of the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis results, and other conditions were the same as in Example 1. The battery was completed. The light transmittance of the polymer solid electrolyte layer alone at a wavelength of 365 nm was 47% (49% before ultraviolet irradiation). FIG. 2 shows a change in reflectance for each wavelength of the irradiated light.
[0078]
Battery performance was evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 for each of the batteries prepared above. Table 2 shows the results together with the reflectance.
[0079]
[Table 2]
[0080]
As shown in Table 2, the battery of Example 4 in which the light reflectance at a wavelength of 355 nm is lower than that at a wavelength of 320 nm is superior to the battery of Comparative Example 4 in both low-temperature characteristics and cycle characteristics. I understand. This is thought to be due to the fact that polyoxyethylene glycol, a surfactant of the separator used in the battery of Comparative Example 4, was deteriorated for some reason, so that the permeability of the battery to the separator was lowered, and the performance of the battery was lowered. Can be
[0081]
【The invention's effect】
ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the lithium polymer secondary battery which does not cause performance degradation even at low temperature of -20 degreeC can be provided, maintaining excellent cycle characteristics.
[0082]
Further, the production method of measuring the permeability of the monomer and γ-butyrolactone into the separator before crosslinking of the polymer solid electrolyte layer by light transmittance is a simple and high-performance method for producing a lithium polymer secondary battery. I found out.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a lithium polymer secondary battery of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a change in reflectance for each wavelength of irradiated light in Example 4 and Comparative Example 4.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 separator
2 Polymer solid electrolyte layer
3 positive electrode active material
4 Negative electrode active material
5 Current collector
Claims (7)
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| JP2008527662A (en) * | 2005-01-18 | 2008-07-24 | オクシス・エナジー・リミテッド | Improvements related to electrolyte compositions for batteries using sulfur or sulfur compounds |
| JP2014194922A (en) * | 2013-02-27 | 2014-10-09 | Toray Ind Inc | Aromatic polyamide porous film, and separator for secondary battery |
| KR20150129181A (en) * | 2014-05-08 | 2015-11-19 | 국립대학법인 울산과학기술대학교 산학협력단 | Composite electrode-composite electrolyte assembly, method of manufacturing the same, and electrochemical device having the same |
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