JP2002229054A - Display panel substrate, liquid crystal display panel, and information display device - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] [PROBLEMS] To reduce the thickness and frame of a liquid crystal display panel. SOLUTION: An electrode 134b, a dielectric film 135 and an electrode 134a are provided on one substrate 12a of a liquid crystal display panel.
Is formed by a film forming technique to form a capacitor, and this capacitor is connected to the power supply terminal 131 of the driving IC and used as a smoothing capacitor. As a result, the liquid crystal display panel can be made thinner and narrower in frame than when a conventional capacitor is used.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a display device using a liquid crystal display panel or the like capable of realizing high light use efficiency in a transmission mode and a reflection mode, a driving method thereof, and a portable information terminal such as a viewfinder, a video camera, and a mobile phone. It concerns the device.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Liquid crystal display panels are widely used in portable devices and the like because of their advantages of being thin and having low power consumption. Therefore, devices such as word processors, personal computers, televisions (TVs), and viewfinders for video cameras are used. , Monitors, etc. In recent years, a reflective liquid crystal display panel using external light as a light source without using a backlight has been adopted.

[0003]

Problems to be solved when a liquid crystal display panel is used in a portable device or the like are power consumption, size, weight, etc., as well as display performance. In particular, regarding the size, it is strongly required that the frame around the display area be made as narrow as possible and that the thickness of the display panel be made as thin as possible. However, in the conventional liquid crystal display panel, the height of electronic components for driving the liquid crystal or a large-capacity capacitor for smoothing the power supply limits the thinning of the liquid crystal panel. The present invention alleviates the restriction on the thinning of the liquid crystal panel.

[0004]

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
A display device comprising a capacitor formed on a first substrate by a film forming technique and an IC formed by cutting a wafer, wherein a power terminal of the IC is connected to the capacitor. By forming a thin capacitor on the display substrate in this manner, the display device can be made thinner.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a first substrate including a portion having a first thickness, a portion having a second thickness smaller than the first thickness, and a pixel formed on the first substrate. A display panel substrate, comprising: electrode wiring; and driver means connected to the pixel electrode wiring, wherein the second thickness portion is bent and disposed on the back surface of the first thickness portion. It is. Thus, the frame of the display device can be reduced and the display device can be thinned.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer formed on a back surface of the second substrate. A liquid crystal display panel comprising: a hole provided; an electronic component inserted into the hole; and a wiring connecting the electronic component and a pixel electrode wiring. This allows the display panel to be thinner.

[0007]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION In the present specification, some drawings are omitted or / and enlarged / reduced in order to facilitate understanding and / or drawing. For example, in the liquid crystal display panel of FIG. 5, the liquid crystal layer 24 is shown to be sufficiently thick. In FIG. 47 and the like, a phase film and the like are omitted. The above applies to other drawings as well. In addition, portions with the same numbers or symbols have the same or similar forms or materials, or functions or operations.

The contents described in the drawings and the like can be combined with other embodiments and the like without any particular notice. For example, the illumination unit shown in FIG. 50 and the reflection mirror (pixel) 62 shown in FIG. 6 can be added to the liquid crystal display panel shown in FIG. FIGS. 1 and 13 show FIGS.
A prism plate 552 such as 8 can also be added. Figure 1
Alternatively, it may be configured by the viewfinder of FIG. 63 using the liquid crystal display panel of FIG. 13 or the like, the liquid crystal television of FIG. 64, or the like. Also, the lighting device shown in FIGS.
LCD televisions. Conversely, the protective film 653 of FIG. 64 can be applied to the portable information terminal of FIGS. 66 and 68. That is, the items described in the drawings and the specification of the display panel and the like of the present invention can be combined with each other without individually describing the display device and the like of the embodiment.

Thus, even if not specifically exemplified in the specification, matters described or explained in the specification, drawings,
The contents and specifications may be described in the claims in combination with each other. This is because it is impossible to describe all combinations in a specification or the like.

The liquid crystal display panel of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG. Striped electrodes (not shown) are formed on substrates 11 and 12 made of glass or an organic material. As a glass substrate,
Soda glass and quartz glass are exemplified. The substrate made of an organic material may be in the form of a plate or a film, and may be an epoxy resin, a polyimide resin, an acrylic resin,
A material composed of a polycarbonate resin is exemplified. These are formed by integral molding by pressure. Also,
The plate thickness is 0.2 mm or more and 0.8 mm or less. Note that at least one of the substrates 11 and 12 only needs to have optical transparency, and one of the substrates may be formed of a metal substrate such as silicon or aluminum, or may be formed of a colored plastic substrate. Also, substrate 1
The viewing angle may be improved by adding (applying or forming) a diffusing material (agent) to 2. Further, the reflection film may be directly formed.

In order to improve the heat radiation of the substrate 11,
The substrate 11 may be formed of sapphire glass. In addition, a substrate on which a diamond thin film is formed, a ceramic substrate such as alumina, or a metal plate made of copper or the like may be used.

An antireflection film (AIR coat) is formed on the surface of the substrate that comes into contact with air. When a polarizing plate or the like is not attached to the substrates 11 and 12,
In the case where another constituent material such as a polarizing plate (polarizing film) is directly adhered to 2, an AIR coat is formed on the surface of the constituent material. The polarizing plate is not limited to a linearly polarized light, but may be an elliptically polarized light. The configuration in which the AIR coat is formed by a dielectric single layer film or a multilayer film is exemplified. Other 1.3
A resin having a low refractive index of 5 to 1.45 may be applied. The AIR coat has a three-layer structure or a two-layer structure. In the case of three layers, it is used to prevent reflection in a wide visible light wavelength band, and is called a multi-coat. In the case of two layers, it is used to prevent reflection in a specific visible light wavelength band, and is called a V coat. The multi-coat and the V-coat are properly used depending on the purpose of the liquid crystal display panel.

In the case of multi-coating, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is laminated with an optical film thickness of nd = λ / 4, zirconium (ZrO2) is nd1 = λ / 2, and magnesium fluoride (MgF2) is nd1 = λ / 4. Formed. Usually, a thin film is formed with λ of 520 nm or a value near 520 nm. In the case of V coat, silicon monoxide (S
iO) is an optical film thickness nd1 = λ / 4 and magnesium fluoride (MgF2) is nd1 = λ / 4, or yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2)
Are formed by stacking nd1 = λ / 4. Since SiO has an absorption band on the blue side, when modulating blue light, Y2O3
It is better to use Also, from the viewpoint of the stability of the substance, Y2O3
Is preferred because it is more stable. Further, a SiO2 thin film may be used. Of course, the AIR coat may be formed by using a resin having a low refractive index. For example, an acrylic resin such as fluorine is exemplified. It is preferable to use an ultraviolet curing type. Note that it is preferable that a hydrophilic resin be applied to the surface of the display panel 21 in order to prevent the liquid crystal display panel from being charged with static electricity. In addition, embossing may be performed to prevent surface reflection.

It goes without saying that a plastic substrate may be used as the substrate. Plastic substrates are difficult to break,
In addition, since it is lightweight, it is most suitable as a substrate for a display panel of a mobile phone. This plastic substrate will be described with reference to FIGS.

As shown in FIG. 3, the plastic substrate for a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention has an auxiliary substrate 32 on one surface of a base substrate 31 serving as a core material and an auxiliary substrate 32 on the other surface of the base substrate 31. The substrate 33 is laminated with an adhesive to form a laminated substrate 34. Of course, these substrates 31
The thickness is not limited to a plate, but may be a film having a thickness of 0.3 mm or less and 0.05 mm or more.

FIG. 4A shows a substrate 31 of a base substrate.
AR made by Nippon Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd., which is an alicyclic polyolefin resin
One sheet of TON having a thickness of 200 μm is used.

As shown in FIG. 4B, a hard coat layer having heat resistance, solvent resistance or moisture resistance function, and a gas barrier layer having air resistance function are formed on one surface of the base substrate 31. An auxiliary substrate 32 made of polyethersulfone resin on which is formed an auxiliary substrate 33 made of polyethersulfone resin having a hard coat layer and a gas barrier layer formed on the other surface of the base substrate 31 in the same manner as described above. The laminated substrate 34 is bonded via an adhesive so that the angle between the optical slow axis of the auxiliary substrate 32 and the optical slow axis of the auxiliary substrate 33 is 90 degrees. It is preferable to use a UV (ultraviolet) curable acrylic resin as the adhesive. Further, it is preferable to use an acrylic resin having a fluorine group.

When bonding the auxiliary substrate 32 and the auxiliary substrate 33 to the base substrate 31, the angle between the optical slow axis of the auxiliary substrate 32 and the optical slow axis of the auxiliary substrate 33 is set to 4 degrees.
5 ° to 120 °, more preferably 80 ° to 10 °
If the angle is set to 0 degree or less, the phase difference between the auxiliary substrate 32 and the polyethersulfone resin as the auxiliary
Can be completely countered within. Therefore, the plastic substrate for a liquid crystal display panel can be handled as an isotropic substrate having no phase difference. Thereby, the versatility is remarkably expanded as compared with a film substrate or a film laminated substrate having a certain retardation.

Here, as the hard coat layer, an epoxy-based resin, a urethane-based resin, an acrylic-based resin, or the like can be used, and the stripe-shaped electrodes or the pixel electrodes also serve as the first undercoat layer of the transparent conductive film. As the gas barrier layer, an inorganic material such as SiO2 or SiOX, or an organic material such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyimide can be used. As the adhesive, an epoxy adhesive, a polyester adhesive, or the like can be used in addition to the acrylic adhesive described above. Note that the thickness of the adhesive layer is 100 μm or less. However, the thickness is preferably 10 μm or more due to the problem of surface irregularities.

Further, as the auxiliary substrate 32 and the auxiliary substrate 33, those having a thickness of 40 μm or more are used. Further, by setting the thicknesses of the auxiliary substrate 32 and the auxiliary substrate 33 to 120 μm or less, unevenness or phase difference at the time of melt extrusion molding called die line of polyethersulfone resin can be suppressed. Preferably, the thickness of the auxiliary substrate is 50 μm or more and 80 μm or less.

Next, SiOX is formed on the laminated substrate 34 as an auxiliary undercoat layer of a transparent conductive film.
As shown in (c), a transparent conductive film 45 made of ITO is formed by sputtering.

The transparent conductive film 45 of the plastic substrate for a liquid crystal display panel manufactured as described above can realize a sheet resistance value of 25 Ω / □ and a transmittance of 80% as film characteristics.

If this plastic substrate for a liquid crystal display panel is used, a liquid crystal display device having a duty drive of 1/200 duty and a screen size of the liquid crystal display device of up to about 6 inches can be manufactured. The panel can be mounted on a product such as a mobile phone, a pager, an electronic organizer, or a notebook computer.

The base substrate 31 has a thickness of 50 μm to 10 μm.
When the thickness is 0 μm, the plastic substrate for the liquid crystal display panel is curled by the heat treatment in the manufacturing process of the liquid crystal display panel, and cracks are generated in the ITO constituting the stripe-shaped electrodes and the like, so that the subsequent transport becomes impossible. It is possible, and good results cannot be obtained in connection of circuit components.

When the thickness of the base substrate is 200 μm or more and 500 μm or less, the substrate is not deformed, is excellent in smoothness, has good transportability, has stable transparent conductive film characteristics, and is stable for circuit components. Connection can be performed without any problem.
Above all, the thickness is preferably 250 μm or more and 450 μm or less. This is probably due to its moderate flexibility and flatness.

When an organic material such as a plastic substrate is used as the substrate 11, it is preferable to form a thin film made of an inorganic material as a barrier layer on the surface in contact with the liquid crystal layer 24. The barrier layer made of this inorganic material is made of AI
It is preferable to use the same material as the R coat.

When the barrier film is formed on the stripe-shaped electrode 51, it is preferable to use a low dielectric constant material in order to minimize the loss of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 24. For example, a fluorine-added amorphous carbon film (dielectric constant: 2.0 to 2.5) is exemplified. Others
Examples include the LKD series (LKD-T200 series (relative permittivity 2.5 to 2.7) and LKD-T400 series (relative permittivity 2.0 to 2.2)) of JSR Corporation. LKD
The series is MSQ (methy-silsesquio)
xane) and a low dielectric constant of 2.0 to 2.7, which is preferable. In addition, organic materials such as polyimide, urethane and acrylic, SiNx, S
An inorganic material such as iO2 may be used. It goes without saying that these barrier film materials may be used for the auxiliary substrates 32 and 33.

When the substrates 11 and 12 are made of plastic, they have the advantage that they can be pressed and besides the advantages that they are not cracked and that they can be reduced in weight. That is, a substrate having an arbitrary shape can be manufactured by pressing or cutting. Further, it can be processed into an arbitrary shape and thickness by melting or chemical treatment. For example, a scattering plate and a substrate can be formed at the same time by forming a circle, a spherical shape (curved surface), or forming irregularities on one substrate surface. That is, it is possible to form a scattering surface by subjecting one or both surfaces of the substrate to a chemical treatment or the like.

In addition, although the sealing resin 701 is conventionally formed around the glass substrate, the projection of the sealing resin can be formed simultaneously with the formation of the substrates 11 and 12. By thus forming the sealing resin 701 at the same time as the substrate, the manufacturing time can be shortened, so that the cost can be reduced. Conventionally, beads of resin or glass have been sprayed on the display area in order to regulate the liquid crystal layer 24 to a predetermined thickness. It is effective to form convex portions on the resin substrates 11 and 12 instead of the beads. That is, since the film thickness of the liquid crystal layer 24 is defined by the convex portions, it is not necessary to disperse the beads. In the above embodiment, the convex portions as the sealing resin and the beads are formed, but the present invention is not limited to this. For example, the liquid crystal part 24 is left with
May be dug (recessed).

Alternatively, a mosaic color filter may be formed by directly coloring the substrate. Dyes, pigments, etc. are made to permeate the substrate. After infiltration, dry at high temperature,
Further, the surface may be covered with a resin such as a UV resin or an inorganic material such as silicon oxide or nitrogen oxide. Further, a flux matrix (BM) may be directly formed. Further, by forming a concave portion on the substrate surface and embedding a color filter, a BM or a TFT in the concave portion, the pixel electrode surface and the like are flattened, and there is an advantage that the alignment treatment of the liquid crystal is improved. More specifically, a configuration in which a hole is formed in a substrate and an electronic component such as a capacitor is inserted into the hole is also exemplified. The advantage that the substrate can be formed thin is exhibited.

Alternatively, a pattern may be freely formed by cutting the surface of the substrate. Further, the sealing opening of the liquid crystal may be sealed by dissolving the resin of the substrate. Further, the peripheral portion of the substrate may be melted instead of the sealing resin to replace the sealing resin, or may be used as reinforcement of the sealing resin. In other words, a peripheral portion of the substrate is melted and sealed in order to form a sealing resin and further prevent the ingress of moisture from the outside.

Further, since the substrate is made of resin, drilling is easy. Therefore, it is effective to make a hole, fill the hole with a conductive resin or the like, and make the front and back of the substrate conductive. This is because the substrate can be used as a multilayer circuit substrate or a double-sided substrate. Also, a conductive pin or the like may be inserted instead of the conductive resin. In an extreme case, it may be configured such that terminals of electronic components such as a capacitor can be inserted.

Further, the substrate itself can be colored by adding a dye or pigment to the substrate material, or a filter can be formed. Also, the production number can be formed simultaneously with the production of the substrate. Further, by coloring only the portion other than the display region, it is possible to prevent the mounted IC chip from malfunctioning by light. Also, half of the display area of the substrate can be colored differently. This may be achieved by applying a resin plate processing technique. Further, half of the display area can be made to have a different liquid crystal film thickness 24. More finely, the thickness of the liquid crystal 24 at the center and the periphery of one pixel can be changed. These microfabrication technologies are, for example, OMRON Corporation's microlens formation technology (stamper technology).
Can be achieved.

FIG. 69 shows a circuit board 12b and a liquid crystal board 12a.
This is an example in which are formed integrally with a resin (plastic). It goes without saying that the configuration described previously may be added to the embodiments described below. Needless to say, the liquid crystal display panel / liquid crystal display device having the configuration described below can be applied to the information terminal device of the present invention and other devices.

A transparent electrode (which may be an opaque material such as a metal film) stripe-shaped electrode 51a is formed on the substrate 12a. The stripe-shaped electrode 51a is directly connected to the driver 14.
It is connected to the. Therefore, there is no need to use a flexible substrate as in the related art. In addition, a circuit wiring 691 made of conductive paste or copper foil, or silver / palladium / copper or an alloy thereof is formed on the substrate 12b. The circuit wiring may be formed directly on the substrate 12b, or may be formed on another substrate or film, attached to, pasted on, or arranged on the substrate 12b.

An electronic component 692 is connected to the circuit wiring 691. The connection may use a COG technique or a stamper technique, or may be a connection using an anisotropic conductive film. In addition, connection using a conductive paste or a conductive adhesive may be used. If the heat resistance of the substrate 12b is good, soldering can also be performed.

The substrate 12b is 0.05 mm or more and 0.4 mm
It is formed to the following film thickness. Preferably 0.1 mm or more.
2 mm or less. Also, in order to make the bending process good, a line is cut (notched) at a position A in FIG. In addition, it is preferable to make a crease at a point B which is a position facing the contact point C. The streaks are formed simultaneously when the substrate 12 is pressed or the like.

The substrate 12a is a portion to be a liquid crystal panel. The thickness is from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. More preferably, the thickness is 0.15 mm or more and 0.4 mm or less.
Note that the material and configuration of the substrate have been described with reference to FIGS.

FIG. 70 shows a configuration in which the opposing substrate 11 and the like are attached to form a panel. The substrate 12 is bent at points A and C. It is preferable to fill the gap between the substrates 12a and 12b with an adhesive or the like and bond them together. Moreover, you may fix with a double-sided tape etc. In addition, a reflection plate or the like may be sandwiched or arranged in the gap D, or a light guide plate or the like constituting the backlight unit may be arranged. Also,
When the substrate 12b is made of a transparent material, the substrate 12
Part b could be a light guide plate.

An alignment film (not shown) and the like are formed on the substrate 12a, and a light distribution film and the like are also formed on the substrate 11.
A sealing resin is formed on the peripheral portion. Substrate 11 and substrate 12a
The liquid crystal 24 is sandwiched between the gaps.

FIG. 71 shows a case where the substrate 12 has thick 12a and 1a.
This is an example composed of 2b and a thin 12c portion. The thickness 12a is the same as that of the substrate 12a in FIG.
The parts are the same as those of the substrate 12b of FIG. The other configuration is the same as in FIGS. 69 and 70.

In FIG. 71, as in FIG. 69, lines A and B are scored. Then, bending is performed as shown in FIG. The substrates 12a and 12b are bonded to the adhesive 13
Attach with 6.

FIG. 73 shows a circuit wiring 691 on the back surface of the substrate 12.
And a driver 14, an electronic component 692, and the like are arranged. The wiring 691a of the substrate 12 and the wiring of the flexible substrate 731 are connected by a conductive adhesive 732 or an anisotropic conductive film.

In the case where the substrate 12 is of a reflection type, there is no restriction on the function of the display panel even if components and the like are mounted on the back surface of the substrate. With the configuration shown in FIG. 73, the back surface of the panel can be effectively used, and as a result, the module thickness can be reduced. FIG. 74 shows a configuration in which a concave portion is formed in the substrate 12 and electronic components and the like are inserted into the concave portion. The insertion location is arranged at a location other than the display area as shown in FIG. However, when the substrate 12 is a reflection type, a concave portion may be formed in the display area. The electronic components 692 and the like are fixed with an adhesive 136 in order to fix them.

The stripe-shaped electrode 51 is a general term having a certain length, and is not necessarily limited to a rectangular shape. In the actual liquid crystal display panel of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 8, the striped electrodes 51 are rectangular combinations. Therefore, it is needless to say that the stripe shape may have some arc portions, curved surfaces, deformed portions, or deformed portions. Further, it is included because it has a stripe shape even if it is a short shape like a pixel electrode. As described above, the display panel of the present invention will be described by exemplifying a simple matrix type liquid crystal display panel or a display device for ease of description. However, the configuration and the like are of an active matrix type liquid crystal display panel, an EL display panel, and a PL.
The present invention can be applied to a ZT display panel.

In FIG. 1, a segmented driver (SEG-IC) and a common driver (COM-I) are formed on the display panel 21 by chip-on-glass (COG) technology.
C) is illustrated as being loaded, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the above-described driver IC may be loaded on chip-on-film (COF) technology and connected to the signal lines of the display panel 21. . In addition, the drive IC may be separately formed with a power supply IC and may have a three-chip configuration.

As shown in FIG.
A color filter 52 is formed or formed on the lower or upper layer. In order to prevent a reduction in contrast due to color mixture of the color filters 52 or light leakage from between pixels, it is preferable to form a black matrix (hereinafter, referred to as BM) made of black resin or chrome between the color filters 52. .

As shown in FIG. 5, red (R), green (G), blue (B) or cyan (C),
Color filters 52 corresponding to the three primary colors of magenta (M) and yellow (Y) are formed. The planar layout includes a mosaic arrangement, a delta arrangement, and a stripe arrangement.

The color filter 52 may be a color filter formed of an optical dielectric multilayer film or a hologram color filter, in addition to a color filter made of a resin dyed with gelatin or acrylic. Further, a filter composed of a cholesteric liquid crystal layer may be used. Alternatively, the liquid crystal layer itself may be substituted by directly coloring it. For example, in the case of a PD (polymer dispersed) liquid crystal, the resin is colored. Further, the liquid crystal layer may be used in the guest-host mode. The color filter is not limited to three colors, but may be two colors, a single color, or four or more colors. Also, the color filter is not limited to the transmission type, but is formed by a dielectric multilayer film,
It may be a reflection type. Further, a simple reflecting mirror may be used. FIG. 5 shows an example of a configuration in which a color filter is formed by a dielectric multilayer film. A color filter made of a dielectric multilayer film (dielectric multilayer film color filter 52) is formed below or above the stripe-shaped electrode 51. The dielectric multilayer color filter 52 is manufactured by laminating a dielectric thin film having a low refractive index and a dielectric thin film having a high refractive index in multiple layers so as to have a certain range of spectral characteristics. Although FIG. 5 illustrates a simple matrix type liquid crystal display panel, the present invention is not limited to this, and can be applied to an active matrix type liquid crystal display panel. For example,
“A color filter made of a dielectric multilayer film is formed under or on the stripe-shaped electrode 51” is described below under or above the pixel electrode, or above or below the counter electrode. The multi-layer film color filter 52) is formed. "

The BM is mainly used for preventing light leakage between electrodes (striped electrodes and pixel electrodes). B
M may be formed by forming an insulating film (not shown) between the electrodes 51 and forming a thin metal film such as chromium (Cr) thereon.
It may be composed of a resin obtained by adding carbon or the like to an acrylic resin. In addition, black metals such as hexavalent chromium, paints, thin films or thick films or members having fine irregularities formed on the surface, or light diffusion materials such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and opal glass may be used. Further, the color may be colored with a dye or a pigment which has a complementary color relationship to the light modulated by the light modulation layer 24 even if it is not black. Further, a hologram or a diffraction grating may be used.

For controlling the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 24, black glass beads or black glass fibers, or
Use black resin beads or black resin fibers. In particular, black glass beads or black glass fibers are preferable because they have a very high light absorption property and are hard, so that the number of the glass beads or the glass fibers to be scattered on the liquid crystal layer 24 is small.

The pixel electrodes such as the stripe electrode 51
It is made of a metal material such as aluminum (Al).
Further, it is made of a transparent conductive material such as ITO. Alternatively, an insulating film (not shown) is formed on these transparent materials, and the electrodes 51 are formed on the insulating film. With this configuration, a semi-transmissive film having an arbitrary transmittance or reflectance can be easily obtained by controlling the thickness of the laminated Al film. Usually, it is preferable that the transmittance of the semi-permeable membrane be 10% or more and 30% or less. Alternatively, a semi-transmissive film may be formed as a whole by forming one or many holes in the reflective film. In addition, ITO
It is configured by performing sputtering twice or more to prevent generation of pinholes on the insulating film formed thereon. The reflection film or the transflective film may be an interference film formed by laminating a plurality of dielectric films.

As the liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal layer 24, TN liquid crystal, STN liquid crystal, ferroelectric liquid crystal, antiferroelectric liquid crystal, guest host liquid crystal, OCB mode (optically common liquid crystal).
(Pensated Bend Mode) liquid crystal, smectic liquid crystal, cholesteric liquid crystal, IPS (In P
A lane switching (mode) liquid crystal and a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (hereinafter, referred to as a PD liquid crystal) are used. In addition,
When displaying moving images is not important, it is preferable to use PD liquid crystal from the viewpoint of light use efficiency. When mainly displaying a still image, STN liquid crystal is preferable.

Here, the PD liquid crystal will be described.
As the PD liquid crystal material, a nematic liquid crystal, a smectic liquid crystal, and a cholesteric liquid crystal are preferable, and a mixture containing one or more liquid crystal compounds or a substance other than the liquid crystal compound may be used.

Among the above-mentioned liquid crystal materials, cyanobiphenyl-based nematic liquid crystal having a relatively large difference between the extraordinary refractive index ne and the ordinary refractive index no, or trans- and chlor-based nematic liquid crystals which are stable with time. A nematic liquid crystal is preferable, and among them, a trans nematic liquid crystal is most preferable because it has good scattering characteristics and hardly changes with time.

As the resin material, a transparent polymer is preferable. As the polymer, a photo-curing type resin is used in view of easiness of the manufacturing process, separation from the liquid crystal phase, and the like. As a specific example, an ultraviolet curable acrylic resin is exemplified, and a resin containing an acrylic monomer or acrylic oligomer which is polymerized and cured by irradiation with ultraviolet light is particularly preferable. Above all, a photocurable acrylic resin having a fluorine group is preferable because the PD liquid crystal layer 24 having good scattering characteristics can be produced and a change with time hardly occurs.

Preferably, the liquid crystal material has an ordinary light refractive index n0 of 1.49 to 1.54, and more preferably, an ordinary light refractive index n0 of 1.50 to 1.53. This is good. Further, it is preferable to use one having a refractive index difference Δn of 0.20 or more and 0.30 or less. When n0 and Δn increase, heat resistance and light resistance deteriorate. When n0 and Δn are small, heat resistance and light resistance are improved, but scattering characteristics are lowered and display contrast is not sufficient.

From the above and the result of the examination, as a constituent material of the liquid crystal material of the PD liquid crystal, the ordinary light refractive index n0 is 1.
50 to 1.53 and Δn is 0.20 or more and 0.30
It is preferable to use the following trans-nematic liquid crystal and adopt a photocurable acrylic resin having a fluorine group as a resin material.

Examples of such a polymer-forming monomer include:
2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, neopentyl glycol acrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol acrylate, and the like.

Examples of the oligomer or prepolymer include polyester acrylate, epoxy acrylate, and polyurethane acrylate.

Further, a polymerization initiator may be used in order to quickly carry out the polymerization. As an example of this, 2-hydroxy-2-
Methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one (“Darocur 1173” manufactured by Merck), 1- (4-isopropylphenyl) -2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane-1-
ON ("Darocure 1116" manufactured by Merck Ltd.), 1-bidroxycyclohexylphenylketone ("Irgacure 184" manufactured by Ciba-Gaiky), benzyl methyl ketal ("Irgacure 651" manufactured by Ciba-Geigy) and the like are listed. In addition, a chain transfer agent, a photosensitizer, a dye, a cross-linking agent and the like can be appropriately used as optional components.

The refractive index np when the resin material is cured
And the ordinary light refractive index no of the liquid crystal material is made to substantially match. When an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer 24, liquid crystal molecules (not shown) are oriented in one direction, and the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer 24 becomes no. Therefore, it matches the refractive index np of the resin,
4 is in a light transmitting state. When the difference between the refractive indices np and no is large, the liquid crystal layer
Are not in a transparent state, and the display luminance is reduced. Refractive index np
And no is preferably within 0.1, and more preferably within 0.05.

Although the ratio of the liquid crystal material in the PD liquid crystal layer 24 is not specified here, it is generally 40% by weight to 95% by weight.
It is preferably about 60% by weight to 90% by weight. When the content is less than 40% by weight, the amount of liquid crystal droplets is small, and the scattering effect is poor. On the other hand, when the content is 95% by weight or more, the polymer and the liquid crystal tend to be phase-separated into two layers, the ratio of the interface becomes small, and the scattering characteristics are lowered.

It is preferable that the average particle diameter of the droplet liquid crystal (not shown) of the PD liquid crystal or the average pore diameter of the polymer network (not shown) be 0.5 μm or more and 3.0 μm or less. Above all, the thickness is preferably 0.8 μm or more and 1.6 μm or less. When the light modulated by the PD liquid crystal display panel 21 has a short wavelength (for example, B light), the light is small;
In the case of (light), increase the value. If the average particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplets or the average pore diameter of the polymer network is large, the voltage to make the transmission state lower, but the scattering characteristics deteriorate. When it is small, the scattering characteristics are improved, but the voltage required for the transmission state is high.

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PD liquid crystal) referred to in the present invention
Is a liquid crystal dispersed in the form of water droplets in resin, rubber, metal particles or ceramics (such as barium titanate),
Resin becomes sponge-like (polymer network)
A liquid crystal filled between the sponge shapes corresponds to this. In addition, JP-A-6-208126 and JP-A-6-2
JP-A No. 02085, JP-A-6-347818, JP-A-6-250600, JP-A-5-284542, and JP-A-8-179320 also include those in the form of a layer. Also, Japanese Patent Application No. 4-543
The liquid crystal part and the polymer part are periodically formed as in JP-A-90. And having a completely separated light modulation layer,
As disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-52843, a liquid crystal component (NCAP) in which a liquid crystal component is enclosed in a capsule-shaped storage medium is also included. Further, a liquid crystal or a resin containing a dichroic or polychromatic dye is also included.

As a similar configuration, there is also a structure in which liquid crystal molecules are aligned along a resin wall, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 6-347765. These are also called PD liquid crystals. Further, a liquid crystal in which liquid crystal molecules are aligned and the liquid crystal layer 24 contains resin particles or the like is also a PD liquid crystal. A liquid crystal having a dielectric mirror effect by alternately forming a resin layer and a liquid crystal layer is also a PD liquid crystal.
Further, the liquid crystal layer 24 includes not only one layer but also two or more layers. The term “two or more layers” means that a liquid crystal layer 24 is formed or arranged between three or more substrates 11. Needless to say, the plurality of liquid crystal layers 24 may modulate light of different wavelengths.

That is, the liquid crystal layer 24 generally refers to a light modulation layer composed of a liquid crystal component and other material components. The light modulation method forms an optical image mainly by scattering and transmission, but may also change the polarization state, the optical rotation state or the birefringence state, or change the diffraction state.

In the PD liquid crystal, it is desirable to form a portion (region) where the average particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplet or the average pore diameter of the polymer network is different in each pixel. There are two or more different areas. The TV (scattering state-applied voltage) characteristic is changed by changing the average particle diameter and the like.
That is, when a voltage is applied to the pixel electrode, the region having the first average particle diameter is first in the transmission state, and then the region having the second average particle diameter is in the transmission state. Therefore, the viewing angle is widened. In the present invention, in particular, the PD liquid crystal layer 2 of the electrode 51 serving as a pixel
The average particle size of No. 4 may be changed. Further, one of the plurality of liquid crystal layers 24 is a TN liquid crystal,
The other may be a PD liquid crystal layer or the like.

In the PD liquid crystal, the average particle diameter and the like on the pixel electrode and the like can be varied by periodically irradiating the mixed solution with ultraviolet rays through a mask in which patterns having different ultraviolet transmittances are formed. Do.

By irradiating the panel with ultraviolet rays using a mask, the irradiation intensity of the ultraviolet rays can be made different for each pixel portion or each panel portion. If the amount of ultraviolet irradiation per hour is small, the average particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplets becomes large, and if it is large, it becomes small. There is a correlation between the diameter of the water-droplet liquid crystal and the wavelength of light, and if the diameter is too small or too large, the scattering characteristics are reduced. Average particle size 0.5μ for visible light
The range is preferably from m to 2.0 μm. More preferably, the range is 0.7 μm or more and 1.5 μm or less.

The average particle size of each pixel or each panel is different from each other by 0.1 to 0.3 μm. The intensity of the ultraviolet light to be irradiated greatly varies depending on the wavelength of the ultraviolet light, the material and the composition of the liquid crystal solution, or the panel structure.

As a method for forming the PD liquid crystal layer, the periphery of the two substrates is sealed with a sealing resin, and then the mixed solution is injected under pressure or under vacuum through the injection hole, and the resin is irradiated by ultraviolet irradiation or heating. There is a method of curing and phase-separating a liquid crystal component and a resin component. In addition, after dropping the mixed solution on the substrate, sandwiching the other one of the substrates, rolling, after uniformly mixing the mixed solution to a film thickness, curing the resin by irradiation with ultraviolet light or heating, There is a method of phase-separating a liquid crystal component and a resin component.

Further, after the mixed solution is applied on the substrate by a roll coater or a spinner, it is sandwiched between the other substrates, and the resin is cured by irradiating ultraviolet rays or heating to separate the liquid crystal component and the resin component. There is a way. Further, there is also a method in which after a mixed solution is applied on a substrate with a roll coater or a spinner, a liquid crystal component is washed once and a new liquid crystal component is injected into a polymer network.
Alternatively, there is a method in which a mixed solution is applied to a substrate, phase-separated by ultraviolet rays or the like, and then the other substrate and a liquid crystal layer are bonded with an adhesive.

In addition, the light modulation layer 24 of the liquid crystal display panel of the present invention is not limited to one kind of light modulation layer.
The light modulation layer may be composed of a plurality of layers such as a PD liquid crystal layer and a TN liquid crystal layer or a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer. Further, a glass substrate or a film may be provided between the first liquid crystal layer and the second liquid crystal layer. The light modulation layer may be composed of three or more layers. Each layer may have a different hue or may be colored with a different color.

In this specification, the liquid crystal layer 24 is a PD liquid crystal. However, it is needless to say that the liquid crystal layer 24 is not limited to this depending on the configuration, function and purpose of use of the display panel. Layer, guest host liquid crystal layer, homeotropic liquid crystal layer, ferroelectric liquid crystal layer,
It goes without saying that an antiferroelectric liquid crystal layer or a cholesteric liquid crystal layer may be used.

The thickness of the liquid crystal layer 24 is preferably in the range of 3 μm to 12 μm, and more preferably in the range of 5 μm to 10 μm. If the film thickness is small, light modulation characteristics such as scattering are poor and contrast cannot be obtained. Conversely, if the film thickness is large, high voltage driving must be performed.

Since the PD liquid crystal forms an optical image as a change in the scattering state of the liquid crystal layer, the displayed image can be brightened. However, there is a problem that the contrast is low.
In order to increase the contrast, it is preferable to use an STN or TN mode liquid crystal display panel using a polarizing plate and a phase film. The configuration of the STN display panel and the like of the present invention will be described below. FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of the panel of the present invention. FIG. 5 shows the details of the portion 21 in FIG. FIG. 6 shows a planar structure of a pixel electrode. An insulating substrate 12 and a translucent substrate 11 are provided via a liquid crystal layer 24. Protrusions (6 in FIG. 6) are sequentially provided on the insulating substrate 12.
1), a pixel electrode 62, and an alignment film (not shown), and a color filter (not shown), a transparent flat layer (not shown), and a light-transmitting Electrode (Fig. 5
And the alignment film is provided. The voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 24 is controlled by the pixel electrode 62 and the translucent electrode 51b. Optical shutter means for controlling the transmission amount. Here, 62 is a pixel electrode, but this is for ease of explanation, and in the STN liquid crystal display panel, it is a striped electrode 51a. In the active matrix type TN liquid crystal display panel, reference numeral 51b denotes a counter electrode.

The liquid crystal of the liquid crystal layer 24 is a nematic liquid crystal. The polarizing plate 22a and the birefringent film 26a are provided on the surface of the translucent substrate 11 opposite to the side surface of the liquid crystal layer 24.

The reflecting means for reflecting the transmitted light of the optical shutter means is obtained by forming the pixel electrode 62 from aluminum. The scattering means for scattering the transmitted light of the optical shutter means is a pixel electrode 62 (or a striped electrode 51b).
Is provided by providing a convex portion 61 on the surface of the. Convex part 61
Scatters transmitted light.

The color filter is provided as a dye filter by a pigment dispersion type resin. The pigment absorbs light in a specific wavelength band and transmits light in a wavelength band not absorbed.

Since the unit area density of the convex portion 61 in the portion where the pixel electrode 62 is formed on the insulating substrate 12 is adjusted according to the characteristics of the color filter 62, the light of the pixel electrode 62 The scattering properties are adjusted according to the characteristics of the color filters.

In the step of providing the pixel electrodes 62 on the insulating substrate 61, first, a photosensitive organic insulating film is spin-coated on the insulating substrate 12 to form protrusions, and aluminum is formed on the protrusions by sputtering. And a pixel electrode (striped electrode) 62 by photolithography.
Was formed. Further, an alignment film is provided on the pixel electrode 62. A projection 61 is formed on the surface state of the pixel electrode 62 thus obtained on the liquid crystal layer 24 side. Then, the protrusion 6 on the portion of the insulating substrate 12 where the pixel electrode 62 is formed.
The unit area density of 1 is adjusted and provided according to the characteristics of the opposed color filters.

In the step of providing the light-transmitting electrode 51 on the light-transmitting substrate 11, first, a color filter is formed on the light-transmitting substrate 11 by using a pigment-dispersed resin by a photolithography method. The color filters are arranged in a band shape. Next, a transparent flat layer (not shown) is provided on the color filter, and a translucent electrode 51 made of indium, tin, oxide (ITO) is further provided on the transparent flat layer. An alignment film (not shown) is provided.

The alignment film is made of N-methyl-polyimide resin.
A 5 wt% solution of 2-pyrrolidinone was printed, cured at 220 ° C., and formed by performing an alignment treatment by a rubbing method using a rayon cloth so that the rubbings were antiparallel to each other.

Then, the light transmitting electrode 51 of the light transmitting substrate 11
A glass fiber having a diameter of 5.7 μm is provided around the display pixel area on the light-transmitting substrate 11 so that the surface on which the pixel electrode 62 is provided and the surface on which the pixel electrode 62 of the insulating substrate 12 are opposed to each other. A thermosetting sealing resin mixed with 1.0 wt% is screen printed, and a 4.5 μm diameter is formed on the insulating substrate 12.
m resin beads at a density of 150 beads / mm 2, and a light-transmitting substrate 11 and an insulating substrate 12 are bonded to each other.
The sealing resin was cured at 50 ° C. Thereafter, a nematic liquid crystal having a refractive index anisotropy Δn of 0.14 is vacuum-injected,
After sealing with an ultraviolet curable resin, the resin is cured by irradiating ultraviolet rays.

Further, a birefringent film (retardation film, retardation plate) 26 having a retardation value of 490 nm is provided on the light transmitting substrate 11, and its slow axis is orthogonal to the rubbing direction of the light transmitting substrate 11. And a neutral gray polarizing plate (SQ1852AP, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) as a polarizing plate 22a so that its absorption axis forms an angle of 45 degrees with the rubbing direction of the transparent substrate 11. Stuck together.

The light incident from the polarizing plate 22a passes through the birefringent film 26a and the liquid crystal layer 24, and passes through the pixel electrode 62a.
To reach. Since the difference in retardation between the birefringent film 26a and the liquid crystal 24 is set to 1/4 of the wavelength of light, the light becomes circularly polarized on the surface of the pixel electrode 62, and the reflected light reaches the polarizing plate 22a again. Then, the light becomes a linearly polarized state in a direction orthogonal to the incident linearly polarized light. At this time, a dark state can be realized. This is generally called a normally black mode.

Further, by applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer 24, light passing through the liquid crystal layer 24 can be modulated. The effective retardation value of the liquid crystal layer 24 decreases with the applied voltage. Liquid crystal layer 24 and birefringent film 26
When the retardation values of “a” become equal, when the reflected light reaches the polarizing plate 22a again, it becomes a linearly polarized state in the same direction as the incident linearly polarized light. At this time, a bright state can be realized.

An acrylic resin (Nippon Synthetic Rubber, trade name PC355) is coated on the insulating substrate 17 at 1000 rpm.
A spinner is applied for 0 second to form a photosensitive organic insulating film.
After pre-baking at 90 ° C. for 2 minutes, exposure with a mask and light, development, and rinsing are performed to provide an intermediate from a photosensitive organic insulating film.

As shown below, 150
Post-bake at 2 ° C for 2 minutes.
The main curing is performed for a long time to form a protrusion from the intermediate.

Next, a pixel electrode 62 is formed by forming an aluminum metal thin film of about 200 nm by a sputtering method. The projection 61 is provided on the surface of the pixel electrode 62 on the liquid crystal layer side. In the case of a simple matrix type liquid crystal display panel, the image electrodes 62 are in the form of stripe electrodes. Further, the convex portion 61 is not limited to the convex shape, but may be a concave shape. Further, the concave and the convex may be formed simultaneously.

The relationship between the unit area density of the projections 62 and the scattering properties will be described. Due to Rayleigh scattering, the shorter the wavelength of light, the more strongly the convex portions 62 of the same size are scattered. Therefore, when observing a reflective liquid crystal display element having a projection on the pixel electrode 62 from a certain direction, the light intensity decreases as the wavelength of light decreases. Light scattering also varies with the number of protrusions.

For the reflectance measurement, a spectrophotometer (Minolta,
CM508d) was used. The measuring method is a method of irradiating a measuring object with diffused light from all directions of a hemispherical shape and receiving light reflected in a fixed direction (a direction inclined by 8 ° from a direction perpendicular to the surface of the measuring object). is there. The reflectance R is measured in two measurement modes, one that includes regular reflection (SCI) and one that does not include regular reflection (SCE). Here, the reflectance R is a value for a standard white plate. The scattering property of the reflection characteristics was evaluated as a reflectance ratio r defined by the following equation.

R = reflectance (SCE) / reflectance (SCI) It can be evaluated that the larger the ratio r, the stronger the scattering.

The size of the projections is about 4 μm in diameter, the average value of the distance between adjacent projections is 10 μm, 20 μm and 40 μm, and the unit area density of the projections is 10000 to 12 μm.
000 pieces / mm2, 2800 to 3200 pieces / mm2,
The reflectance was measured from 600 to 800 pieces / mm 2. Then, it was found that the higher the unit area density of the protrusions, the stronger the scattering was. Therefore, it can be seen that by changing the unit area density of the protrusions on the pixel electrode 62, the scattering state can be adjusted by changing the surface state of the pixel electrode on the liquid crystal layer side.

In FIG. 6, the surface states of the pixel electrodes 62 on the liquid crystal layer side are classified into three types. That is, the unit area density of the projection of the pixel electrode relative to the red color filter is set to the highest density, and the unit area density of the projection of the pixel electrode relative to the blue color filter is set to the lowest density. The unit area density of the pixel electrode protrusion relative to the green color filter is between the unit area density of the pixel electrode protrusion relative to the red color filter and the pixel electrode protrusion relative to the blue color filter. did.

As a result, the light scattering characteristics of the three primary colors of red, green, and blue could be made comparable, and a color display with good color reproducibility could be realized. The reflectance was 15% and the contrast was 10: 1.

In the present invention, the color filter is provided on the light-transmitting substrate side. However, the color filter may be provided on the pixel electrode of the insulating substrate or below the pixel electrode (see FIG. 5).

The polarizing plate 22 is exemplified by a resin film in which iodine or the like is added to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) resin. In FIG. 1, the polarizing plates 22 of the pair of polarization separation units perform polarization separation by absorbing a polarization component in a direction different from a specific polarization axis direction of incident light.
Light use efficiency is relatively poor. Therefore, a polarization component (reflect) of the incident light in a direction different from the specific polarization axis direction is used.
A reflective polarizer that performs polarization separation by reflecting an active polarizer (reflective polarizer) may be used. According to this structure, the use efficiency of light is increased by the reflective polarizer, and a brighter display can be performed than in the above-described example using the polarizing plate.

In addition to such a polarizing plate and a reflective polarizer, as the polarization separating means of the present invention, for example, a combination of a cholesteric liquid crystal layer and a (1/4) λ plate, a Brewster angle may be used. It is also possible to use a hologram, a hologram, a polarization beam splitter (PBS), or the like that separates reflected polarized light and transmitted polarized light.

In the above description, one phase film 26a is disposed between the substrate 11 and the polarizing plate 22a.
The present invention is not limited to this, and one or a plurality of phase films (phase plates, phase rotating means, phase difference plates, phase difference films) 26 may be arranged between the substrate 11 and the polarizing plate 22 (FIG. 5). 26a, 26b). Phase film 26
It is preferable to use polycarbonate.
The phase film 26 generates a phase difference between the incident light and the output light, and contributes to efficient light modulation.

In addition, as the phase film 26, an organic resin plate such as a polypropylene resin, a polyester resin, a PVA resin, a polyethersulfone resin, a polysulfone resin, a vinyl chloride resin, a ZEONEX resin, an acrylic resin, a polystyrene resin, or an organic resin film. May be used. In addition, a crystal such as quartz, that is, an inorganic material may be used. The phase difference of one phase plate 26 is preferably 50 nm or more and 350 nm or less in one axis direction,
Further, the thickness is preferably 80 nm or more and 220 nm or less.

Further, a part or the whole of the phase film 26 may be colored, or a part or the whole may have a diffusion function. Further, the surface may be embossed or an anti-reflection film may be formed for anti-reflection. In addition, it is preferable to form a light-shielding film or a light-absorbing film in a portion that is not effective in displaying an image or a portion that does not hinder the image display so as to tighten the black level of a displayed image or to exert a contrast improving effect by preventing halation. Alternatively, microlenses may be formed in a semi-cylindrical or matrix shape by forming irregularities on the surface of the phase film 26. The microlenses are arranged so as to correspond to one pixel electrode or three primary color pixels, respectively.

The function of the phase film 26 may be given to the color filter 52. For example, a phase difference can be generated by rolling at the time of forming the color filter 52 or by causing a phase difference to occur in a certain direction by photopolymerization. Alternatively, a phase difference may be provided by applying or forming a resin on the side facing the liquid crystal layer and photopolymerizing the resin. With this configuration, there is no need to configure or arrange the phase film 26 outside the substrate, so that the configuration of the liquid crystal display panel is simplified and cost reduction can be expected. It goes without saying that the above items may be applied to the polarizing plate 22. Further, a reflective film may be formed on the microlenses described above to be of a reflective type.

In the structure of the liquid crystal display panel described above,
The light incident from the polarizing plate 22 side transmits the P-polarized light or the S-polarized light, and the phase is changed by the phase film 26 to change the liquid crystal layer 24.
Incident on. The incident light is modulated according to the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 24. The modulated light is reflected by the striped electrodes 51a or 51b, and is again reflected by the polarizing plate 22.
Then, light corresponding to the modulation state is emitted from. The above is the case where the liquid crystal display panel of the present invention is a reflection type. However, the liquid crystal display panel of the present invention is not limited to the reflection type, and a transflective type liquid crystal using a retardation plate 26a, a transflective film 25 and a backlight 23 under the substrate 12 as shown in FIG. It may be a display panel.

In FIG. 2, the phase plate 26a is the polarizing plate 22.
a and the display panel 21, and the phase plate 26 b is disposed between the polarizing plate 22 b and the display panel 21. Transflective plate 2
For example, Al (aluminum), silver, or chromium plate formed thinly on a glass substrate is used. Alternatively, the semi-transmission plate 25 may be configured by providing an opening in the reflection plate. (See FIG. 7) Further, a semi-permeable film may be formed directly on the surface of the display panel 21. Also,
The electrodes of the display panel 21 may be semi-transmissive electrodes. The upper polarizing plate 22a and the lower polarizing plate 22b are arranged so that transmission polarization axes are orthogonal to each other in order to display a normally white mode. Of course, the present invention is not limited to this state in consideration of the phase control of the phase plate 26. In other words, the explanation is limited only to facilitate the explanation. In addition, in the case of the normally black mode, the polarization axis may be in the opposite relationship to the normally black mode.

FIG. 7 shows a semi-transmissive specification in which a light transmitting window is provided in the pixel electrode 62 (or a striped electrode). The hatched part in each drawing is the transmission part 71. The transmitting portion may be one in which a hole is actually formed in the reflecting portion (reflecting electrode) 72 or one in which the reflecting electrode 72 is formed on a transparent electrode such as ITO.

FIG. 7A shows an example in which a plurality of short transmitting portions 71 are formed on a reflective electrode 72, and FIG.
Is an example in which one transmission unit 71 is configured. FIG.
FIG. 72C shows an example in which the transmission portion 71 is formed in a ring shape.
(D) is an example in which the transmission portion is configured in a plurality of short shapes.

First, white display at the time of reflective display will be described. The incident light becomes linearly polarized light in a direction parallel to the plane of the paper on the upper polarizing plate 22a, becomes 90 degrees linearly polarized in the region where no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer 24, and becomes linearly polarized light perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The light is transmitted as linearly polarized light in the vertical direction, reflected by the semi-transmissive reflection plate 25, and partially transmitted.

The reflected light again passes through the lower polarizing plate 22b as linearly polarized light perpendicular to the plane of the paper, and the polarization direction is twisted by 90 ° in the region where no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer 24 to become linearly polarized light parallel to the plane of the paper. The light exits from the upper polarizing plate 22a. Thus, when no voltage is applied, white display is performed. On the other hand, the light incident on the liquid crystal layer 24 in the voltage applied state is
At a, the light becomes linearly polarized light in a direction parallel to the paper surface, and is transmitted as linear polarized light in a direction parallel to the paper surface without changing the polarization direction in the voltage application region of the liquid crystal layer 24, and is absorbed by the lower polarizing plate 22b. The display becomes black.

Next, the white and black display at the time of the transmissive display will be described. Part of the light emitted from the backlight 23 is transmitted through the semi-transmissive reflection plate 25, becomes linearly polarized light in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing by the lower polarizing plate 22 b, and is polarized in the non-voltage applied region of the liquid crystal layer 24. Is twisted by 90 ° to be linearly polarized light parallel to the paper surface, and transmitted through the upper polarizing plate 22a while maintaining the linearly polarized light parallel to the paper surface to produce a white display. On the other hand, part of the other light emitted from the backlight 23 is transmitted through the semi-transmissive reflection plate 25 and becomes linearly polarized light in a direction perpendicular to the sheet of paper by the lower polarizing plate 22b. Even in the application region, the light is transmitted without changing the polarization direction, is absorbed by the upper polarizing plate 22a, and a black display is obtained.

Although the above description has been made on the case where the light modulation method is the polarization method, in the case of a PD liquid crystal or the like, light modulation is performed mainly as a change in the scattering state. In this case, the polarizing plate 22 may not be provided.

In FIG. 2, for ease of explanation,
Although each phase plate 26, polarizing plate 22, and the like are illustrated as being spatially separated, each member is actually arranged in close contact with each other. Alternatively, the members are bonded together. Although the backlight is arranged in FIG. 1, the present invention is not limited to this, and a front light may be arranged on the polarizing plate 22a side. This is the same as placing a front light on the polarizing plate 22 side in FIG.

FIG. 8 shows the structure of the striped electrode 51. Pixel 62 has two rectangular striped electrodes 5
1a and 51c. Each striped electrode 5
Each of 1a and 51c has a thin portion (indicated by symbol A). However, since the striped electrode 51 is formed of a metal thin film such as aluminum, or formed by laminating an ITO and a metal thin film, the resistance value in the lateral direction (COM side) is increased even if a thin portion is present. There is no. In addition, metal thin films such as chromium thin film and aluminum thin film
It may be configured by laminating more than one layer. Alternatively, the striped electrode 51 may be formed of ITO having a relatively high resistance value, and the resistance value may be reduced by forming a metal thin film on the contour or peripheral portion of the striped electrode 51.

When the striped electrode 51 is formed as a semi-transmissive film, the thickness of the aluminum deposited is 5
It is preferable to set the thickness between 00 angstroms and 1500 angstroms. Further, it is preferable that the thickness be 800 Å to 1200 Å. The height B (length) and A of the striped electrode
Is preferably set such that A: B = 5: 1 or more and A: B = 15: 1 or less. It is preferable that the thin portion of A is formed by a metal film alone or by lamination. This metal film is preferably formed simultaneously with the thin film used for COG formed when the ICs 15 and 14 are stacked.

It should be noted that a BM (not shown) is arranged between the striped electrodes 51a and 51c (indicated by symbol C). Further, a BM made of resin may be formed directly between the striped electrodes 51a and 51c.

The stripe-shaped segment electrodes 51 b are arranged on the pixels 62, that is, on the substrate 11. In FIG. 8, the position of the red segment electrode is indicated by R (SE
G), the position of the green segment electrode is indicated by G (SEG), and the blue segment electrode is indicated by B (SEG). The segment electrodes 51b are arranged in the vertical direction on the paper. That is, a rectangular portion 51 of a common (COM) electrode (striped electrodes 51a and 51c) is provided on one segment electrode 51b.
a and 51c correspond to each other and constitute the pixel 62.

A connection terminal 81 is formed at one end of the striped electrode 51, and a signal from the driver IC is input from this connection terminal. The connection terminal 81 is connected to the driver IC by a protruding electrode. The protruding electrodes and the connection terminals are bonded by a conductive bonding layer (not shown) in which flakes of silver, nickel, carbon, or the like are dispersed in an acrylic resin. Further, even when the stripe-shaped electrodes 51a and 51c are formed of a metal thin film, the connection portion 81 exposes the transparent ITO. This is because the connection is easily performed by performing alignment from the back surface. The connection terminal 81
Since a and 81b are separately formed, signals can be separately applied to the striped electrodes 51a and 51c.

As shown in FIG. 2, a reflective film or a semi-transmissive film is formed between the liquid crystal layer 24 and the backlight 23. The structure of the striped electrode 51 described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 5 can be applied to this reflective film or semi-transmissive film. It is needless to say that the reflection film may have a thickness of aluminum, a laminated structure of ITO and a metal film, or a laminated structure of a multi-layered metal film.

Although not shown in FIG. 5, a smoothing film is formed on the color filter 51. Examples of the smoothing film include inorganic materials such as SiO2 and SiNx, and organic materials such as gelatin, acrylic, and polyimide. The thickness of the smoothing film is 0.5 μm (micron) or more and 2.5 μm
(Micron) or less. Furthermore, 0.
It is preferable that the thickness be 8 μm (micron) or more and 1.5 μm (micron) or less. The BM and the color filter 52 are formed on the smoothing film. The BM is formed at a position directly below or directly above the stripe electrode 51.

BM is provided on the surface of the substrate 11 in contact with the liquid crystal layer 24.
And a color filter 52, and a reflective film (semi-transmissive film) is formed on the back side of the substrate 11. Further, the flattening film may be used as the phase difference plate 26.

As described above, the liquid crystal display panel of the present invention
The present invention can be applied to any of transflective, reflective, and transmissive liquid crystal display panels.

As shown in FIG. 1, a COM driver (scan driver) is provided around the image display section of the display panel 21.
15 and an SEG driver (signal driver) 14 are mounted. These driver ICs are connected to connection terminals 8 shown in FIG.
1 In FIG. 1, the connection method using the protruding electrodes (COG) has been described, but the connection method for connecting the terminal of the IC and the signal line of the liquid crystal display panel may be any of the TAB method and the COF method.

The COM driver outputs a selection voltage. Generally, the COM driver means a scan driver of a simple matrix type liquid crystal display panel, and is often called a gate driver in an active matrix type liquid crystal display panel. However, in this specification, it is not limited to either one. The SEG driver outputs a video signal. Generally, the SEG driver means a signal driver of a simple matrix type liquid crystal display panel, and is often called a source driver in an active matrix type liquid crystal display panel. However, in this specification, it is not limited to either one.

FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a method of driving a liquid crystal display panel according to the present invention. As described with reference to FIG. 8, one segment electrode (striped electrode 51b) is
This corresponds to the common electrodes (striped electrodes 51a and 51c). That is, the voltage applied to the segment electrode 51b can be independently selected and non-selected by the common electrodes 51a and 51c. For example, in FIG.
R corresponds to the segment electrode 51bR, the pixel 62G corresponds to the segment electrode 51bG, and the pixel 62B corresponds to the segment electrode 51bB. If FIG. 9A shows the state of a certain field, FIG. 9B shows the next field.

Therefore, as shown in FIG. 9A, the R signal applied to the segment electrode 51bR is applied to the common electrode 51bR.
a and 51c can be selected separately. That is, the pixel 62R
Applies a selection voltage to the common electrode 51a. Further, by applying a non-selection voltage to the common electrode 51c, the voltage is reduced by half.
Can be turned on. In addition, the selected pixel R1 has a positive polarity (indicated by a + symbol) or a pixel R1 shown in FIG.
As shown in (b), the pixel R2 can apply a negative polarity (indicated by a minus sign). Also, the common electrode 51
If a selection voltage is applied to both a and 51c at the same time, the entire 62R pixel can be turned on. If a non-selection voltage is applied to the common electrodes 51a and 51c at the same time, 62R
Can be turned off.

Although the above description has been made with reference to 62R as an example, the description is the same for 62G and 62B, and a description thereof will be omitted. The reason why the positive or negative voltage is applied for each field in this manner is to suppress the deterioration by applying an AC voltage to the liquid crystal.

As described above, in the liquid crystal display panel of the present invention, the state where the whole pixel is turned on, FIG. 10C, the state where 1/2 is turned on, and FIG. 10B the state where the whole pixel is turned off Since FIG. 10A can be selected, gradation display can be improved.

Further, as shown in FIG. 11, the gradation display characteristics can be further improved by changing the area of the stripe electrodes 51a and 51c. FIG.
In the example, the area of the striped electrode 51a: the area of the striped electrode 51c = 1: 2. FIG.
12A, the ON area is 0, and FIG.
3, the ON area is 2/3 in FIG. 12C, and the ON area is 1 in FIG. 12D, so that one pixel 62 can realize four gradation display. Note that the striped electrodes 51a:
The area of the trip electrode 51c is not limited to 1: 2, but may be 2: 3 or 3: 7.
That is, the area ratio of the striped electrodes may be designed in accordance with the desired gamma characteristics. In addition, the segment electrode 5
1b may also be divided into a plurality. For example, in FIG. 8, R (S
EG) may be divided into two, and the striped electrode 51b may be divided into two such that R1 (SEG) and R2 (SEG). By dividing in this way, a better gradation display can be realized.

The selected COM electrode is one set (5
The present invention is not limited to 1a, 51c), and the present invention may be applied to a driving method for selecting a set of a plurality of COM electrodes such as a multi-line select (MLS). Further, the technical idea of pixel division is not limited to a simple matrix type liquid crystal display panel, but can be applied to an active matrix type liquid crystal display panel.

Four multi-line select driving (MLS)
In 4), the SEG driver IC outputs five levels of voltages. Now, this voltage is + V2, + V1, V0,-
There are five levels, V1 and -V2. Note that this SEG
The voltage on the side is called the SEG voltage. Also, these voltages are
It is created by multiplying the reference voltage by a DC / DC converter or the like. In general, it is known that liquid crystals such as STN liquid crystals have temperature dependence (temperature characteristics).

In order to adjust the contrast change due to the temperature characteristic, a non-linear element such as a thermistor or a posistor is added to a reference voltage generating circuit or the like, and the change due to the temperature characteristic is adjusted by the thermistor or the like, thereby analogously changing the reference voltage. Create This reference voltage is multiplied by a DCDC converter or the like to generate an SEG voltage.

In the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, the reference voltage Vt is generated on the resistor R3 on the segment side by the emitter follower of the transistor Q1. This reference voltage Vt is subjected to analog-to-digital conversion (A / D conversion) to become digital data DV1, which is input to a data conversion circuit. The data conversion circuit outputs data DSx having an appropriate voltage at a predetermined temperature by a matrix table circuit. Data DS1 to DS
5 is not limited to the same interval, but outputs data so as to have a value appropriate for the gamma characteristic of the liquid crystal. DS
The x data is converted into analog data by a digital / analog conversion circuit (D / A conversion circuit), impedance-converted by a buffer, and input to the selector circuit. The selector circuit outputs + V2 with 3-bit data as a switching signal,
One of the five-level data indicated by + V1, V0, -V1, and -V2 is selected, and the signal driver outputs a voltage to the segment electrode. In other words, + V2, +
It is very easy to freely adjust the sizes and intervals of V1, V0, -V1, and -V2. The same applies to the common side, and the voltages + Vr, V
m and -Vr.

Switching elements may be individually arranged on the electrodes 51 shown in FIG. A thin film transistor (TFT) as a switching element is exemplified. The switching element is a thin-film diode (TFD), a two-terminal element such as a ring diode, an MIM, or a varicap, a thyristor, an MO, in addition to a thin film transistor (TFT).
It may be an S transistor, an FET, or the like. These are all called switching elements or thin film transistors. Further, the switching element includes a device such as a plasma addressing liquid crystal (PALC) for controlling a voltage applied to a liquid crystal layer by plasma produced by Sony, Sharp, etc., as well as an optical writing method and a thermal writing method. In other words, having a switching element means a structure capable of switching.

Since the active matrix type liquid crystal display panel 21 of the present invention mainly has a driver circuit and a pixel switching element formed at the same time, it can be formed not only by a low-temperature polysilicon technique but also by a high-temperature polysilicon technique or a silicon wafer. Those formed using a single crystal such as the above are also within the technical scope. Of course, amorphous silicon display panels are also within the technical scope.

In the configuration shown in FIG. 7B, it is described that one opening 71 is provided at the center of the reflection film 62. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and a plurality of openings 71 as shown in FIG. It may have a part. Further, a light absorbing film (not shown) may be formed or arranged in a region (effective region) through which light effective for image display does not pass.

Examples of the light absorbing film include a black metal thin film such as hexavalent chromium, a resin obtained by adding carbon or the like to acryl, and a color filter obtained by adding a plurality or a single color pigment or dye. These absorb or diminish incident light. Note that the light absorbing film may be a light scattering film. This is because even if the incident light is scattered, it is possible to suppress the light from directly entering the observer's eyes.

In FIG. 5 and the like, BM is Al or a metal multilayer film or resin containing Al. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and a low-refractive-index dielectric film and a high-refractive-index dielectric film may be used. It may be formed of a dielectric multilayer film (interference film) formed in multiple layers. The dielectric multilayer film reflects light of a specific wavelength due to optical interference, and does not absorb light at all. Therefore, a BM having no absorption of incident light can be configured. Further, silver (Ag) may be used instead of Al. Ag also has a high reflectance and is a good BM. The thickness of the dielectric multilayer film constituting the BM is 1.0 μm.
m to 1.8 μm, more preferably 1.2 μm
m and 1.6 μm or less. Also, a dielectric multilayer film can form a color filter.

A striped electrode 5 as shown in FIG.
It is preferable to use a material having a low relative dielectric constant between the striped electrodes 51 in order to suppress the coupling due to the lateral electric field between the electrodes. For example, a fluorine-added amorphous carbon film (dielectric constant: 2.0 to 2.5) is exemplified. Other examples include JSR's LKD series (LKD-T200 series (relative permittivity 2.5 to 2.7) and LKD-T400 series (relative permittivity 2.0 to 2.2). methyl-silsesquiox
an)) and a low dielectric constant of 2.0 to 2.7, which is preferable. In addition, organic materials such as polyimide, urethane and acrylic, SiNx, S
An inorganic material such as iO2 may be used.

Note that the spectral distribution of each color filter 52 may be changed. The spectral distribution can be easily changed by changing the type and amount of the dye or pigment to be added. Further, it can be changed by changing the thickness of the color filter. It can be changed by changing the design value of the spectral distribution of the derivative multilayer film. Further, the liquid crystal layer 24 itself may be colored so as to also serve as a color filter.

A polarizing film (polarizing plate) 22 is attached to the light incident surface and the light emitting surface of the display panel 21. Further, an antireflection film (AIR coat) is formed on the surface of the polarizing plate 22. The configuration in which the antireflection film is formed of a dielectric single-layer film or a multilayer film is exemplified. In addition, a resin having a low refractive index of 1.35 to 1.45 may be applied.

The substrates 11 and 12 may be made of sapphire glass in order to improve the heat radiation of the substrates 11 and 12. In addition, use a substrate on which a diamond thin film is formed, use a ceramic substrate such as alumina,
A metal plate made of copper or the like may be used.

The liquid crystal layer 24 preferably uses an OCB mode, an ultra-high-speed TN mode having a large Δn, an antiferroelectric liquid crystal mode, or a ferroelectric liquid crystal mode for displaying a moving image. When the display panel is also used as a reflection type, a polymer dispersed liquid crystal mode, an ECB mode, a TN liquid crystal mode, an STN liquid crystal mode, or a guest-host type liquid crystal may be used. As the liquid crystal layer 24, TN liquid crystal, STN
Liquid crystal, ferroelectric liquid crystal, antiferroelectric liquid crystal, guest host liquid crystal,
An OCB liquid crystal, a smectic liquid crystal, a cholesteric liquid crystal, and a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (hereinafter, referred to as a PD liquid crystal) are used. When displaying moving images is not important, it is preferable to use a PD liquid crystal from the viewpoint of light use efficiency.

As described above, the switching element is
In addition to thin film transistors (TFTs), thin film diodes (T
FD), a ring diode, a two-terminal element such as an MIM, or a varicap, a thyristor, a MOS transistor, an FET, or the like. These are all called switching elements or thin film transistors. Further, the switching element includes a device such as a plasma addressing liquid crystal (PALC) for controlling a voltage applied to a liquid crystal layer by plasma produced by Sony, Sharp, etc., as well as an optical writing method and a thermal writing method. In other words, having a switching element means a structure capable of switching.

Further, the driver circuits 14 and 15 of the liquid crystal display panel of the present invention may be formed directly on the substrate 12 or the like. As a method of forming directly, a method using a low temperature polysilicon technology, a method using a high temperature polysilicon technology or a single crystal such as a silicon wafer may be used. of course,
Amorphous silicon display panels are also within the technical scope.

In FIG. 7B, the opening 71 is formed at the center of the pixel 62. However, the present invention is not limited to this.
FIG. 7D shows a configuration in which the openings 71 are formed in a stripe shape, and FIG. 7A shows a configuration in which the openings 71 are formed in a dot shape. FIG. 7C shows the opening 71 having a ring shape. By dispersing the openings 71 in this manner, the display state of the pixels becomes the same between when the transmission type is used and when the reflection type is used, and the display quality is improved.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the convex portions 61 are formed on the reflective film. However, the present invention is not limited to this. By forming the color filter 52 to which a diffusing material is added on the reflective film, the result is as follows. The unevenness may be formed and an appropriate scattering property may be given.

Further, incident light may be scattered by forming a scattering layer having appropriate scattering characteristics on the reflection film. The scattering layer can be formed of a PD liquid crystal,
It can also be formed by applying a resin to which fine powder of i is added. In addition, moderately oxidize the reflective film (Al
2O3).

The power supply circuit or the reference voltage of the driving ICs 14 and 15 or the voltage (V2, V1,.
VC, MVI, MV2) need to add a capacitor. This is to stabilize the rush current and reduce noise.

However, when capacitors are directly mounted on the display panel 21 shown in FIG. 1 by using the COG technique, there arises a problem that the frame of the display panel becomes large (wide). In addition, when a capacitor is mounted on the COF using the COF, the noise characteristic deteriorates. The size of the flexible substrate or printed circuit board on which the capacitors are mounted becomes large. In addition, there is a problem that the liquid crystal display module becomes thicker by the height of the capacitor.

FIG. 13 is for solving this problem. A capacitor electrode 134b is formed on the substrate 12b or the substrate 12a, and a dielectric film (insulating film) 135 is formed on the capacitor electrode 134b. Further, a capacitor electrode 134a is formed on the insulating film 135.

One of the capacitor electrodes 134a and 134b is connected to a fixed potential. As the fixed potential,
In the case of a simple matrix panel, the potential is the intermediate potential Vc or the GND potential, and in the case of the active matrix panel, the potential is the counter electrode potential or the off potential of the gate signal line. The other capacitor electrode 134b or 134a not connected to the fixed potential is connected to the power supply (VCC) terminal of the driver IC 14 (15). The capacitor electrode 134a is connected to the GND power supply terminal of the driver IC 14 (15), and the capacitor electrode 134b is connected to the driver IC 14 (15).
It may be connected to the VCC power supply terminal of (15).

IC terminal 131 and capacitor electrode 134
Are connected by a connection line 132. Examples of the connection line 132 include a bonder wire such as gold or aluminum, a paint such as a conductive paste, and a metal wiring such as a flexible substrate.

In FIG. 13, the capacitor electrode 134 is arranged between the substrates 12a and 12b. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the substrate 12a may be omitted. That is, the substrate 11 may be disposed on the substrate 12b, and the liquid crystal layer may be interposed between the substrate 12b and the substrate 11.

It is preferable to use the above-mentioned plastic substrate for the substrates 12a and 12b. The substrates 12a and 12b are bonded together with an adhesive 136. It is preferable to use a transparent material for the adhesive. As an example, a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) resin, an epoxy resin, and an acrylic resin are exemplified. In addition, an adhesive may be used, and in the case of an adhesive, any of a thermosetting type, a heat shaving type, and a room temperature setting type may be used.

Further, a fine powder of Ti is diffused in the adhesive 136 to provide a light scattering effect, a pigment or dye is added to provide an effect as a filter, or a reflection or reflection using a reflective material such as metal. A semi-transmissive effect may be provided.

The insulating film 135 preferably has a high relative dielectric constant. This is because a large capacitance can be accumulated in a small area. Such materials include HfO2, TiO2, Ta
Examples include 2O5 and ZrO2 barium titanate.
In particular, strontium tantalate having a perovskite crystal structure is preferable. This strontium tantalate has a dielectric constant approximately 10 times higher than that of SiOx. Therefore, the capacity can be easily increased.

[0158] The thickness of the insulating film 135 is preferably in the range of 500 Å to 5,000 Å, and more preferably in the range of 1,000 Å to 3,000 Å. If the film thickness is small, pinholes are likely to occur,
When the film thickness is large, the capacity becomes small. In addition, in order to prevent generation of pinholes, the insulating film 135 is preferably formed by stacking by two or more processes. Also,
It is preferable that the capacitor electrode 134 has a laminated structure of ITO and metal or a metal film structure and is formed below the driver IC 14 (15). This is because the capacitor electrode 134 serves as a light-shielding film, which can prevent the driver IC from malfunctioning due to light.

Hereinafter, a method of forming the capacitor electrode 134 will be described. The configuration and the method of forming this electrode are also applied to the striped electrode 51, the connection terminal 81, the metal wiring of the COG, and the like.

First, an amorphous ITO film is laminated on the entire surface of the substrate, and after coating with a resist, this is patterned, and a portion of the amorphous ITO film (capacitor electrode 134) where a wet plating layer is to be laminated is formed. To expose.

Here, it is necessary to pay attention to the thickness of the amorphous ITO film to be laminated. If the thickness is too large, active heating is not performed due to heat generated during sputtering. Also, the temperature of the amorphous ITO film on the substrate rises. If the temperature of the amorphous ITO film rises excessively during film formation, the film quality changes from non-crystalline to crystalline, and etching with a soft acid such as oxalic acid cannot be accepted.

To prevent this problem, the film temperature during film formation should be suppressed to 200 ° C. or less, but in this case, the total film formation time is limited. That is, in order to laminate an amorphous ITO film having desired characteristics, it is necessary to control the film thickness to a certain value or less.
It is desirable that the thickness of the amorphous ITO be suppressed to 0.2 μm or less, preferably 0.15 μm or less, and more preferably 0.12 μm or less. Because amorphous IT
When sputtering is performed until the thickness of O exceeds 0.2 μm, it is necessary to peel off the amorphous ITO film with an acid stronger than oxalic acid, and the film is formed under the amorphous ITO film. This is because the existing pattern is damaged.

In order for this amorphous ITO film to function as a base film for lamination by a wet plating method, the thickness of the amorphous ITO film should be 0.05 μm or more, preferably 0.07 μm. As described above, more preferably, 0.1
It is desirable that the thickness be not less than μm. Because, when the thickness of the amorphous ITO is smaller than 0.05 μm, the amorphous ITO film is attacked by the pretreatment chemical for laminating the plating film or the plating solution itself, and many pinholes are formed. This is because there is a risk of occurrence.

By using the non-crystalline ITO as a base layer for plating, it is possible to treat the laminated plating layer as if it were a resist. this is,
This is because the amorphous ITO film is dissolved and removed by a very soft acid, and the formation of a protective resist for protecting the laminated plating film can be omitted. These characteristics are
This cannot be expected in the case of stacking ordinary crystalline ITO in which a heating film is positively formed during film formation and after film formation.

As shown in FIG. 1, when a wiring for COG or the like is formed on the base material 12, an amorphous ITO film is formed on the insulating layer 7, the wiring 6, the electrode 5a, and the substrate 12. The layers can be laminated to form an underlayer for lamination by plating.

On the entire surface of the substrate prepared as described above, a non-crystalline ITO according to the present invention is laminated by 0.12 μm.
The insulating layer and a part of the upper surface of the electrode are exposed by a resist formation and patterning process, and a nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer or a palladium-phosphorus alloy plating layer is laminated on the amorphous ITO film in the exposed portion. Thereafter, a resist stripping process (not shown) is performed, and the unnecessary amorphous I-state protected by the resist is removed.
The TO film is removed by a 3.5% oxalic acid aqueous solution heated to 43 ° C.

In this case, a nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer,
Alternatively, following the lamination of the palladium-phosphorus alloy plating layer, pattern plating is performed on a plating layer selected from copper, gold, silver, nickel, palladium, platinum, or an alloy thereof, and then resist and unnecessary Amorphous I
The peeling / removal of the TO film may be performed. As an example, following the lamination of the nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer, a palladium plating layer is laminated, and further, a copper plating layer is laminated.

In general, wiring, electrodes and insulating patterns formed by printing and baking contain additives for lowering the melting point in addition to the main components in order to lower the baking temperature. As this additive, lead oxide or the like is often used, but these additives remaining after the firing are easily attacked by an acidic aqueous solution or the like.

According to the present invention, the amorphous ITO film is 4%
Because it can be dissolved and removed with very soft and low-concentration acid, oxalic acid before and after, it is possible to suppress the damage to these patterns without having to newly provide a protective resist on the printing / baking pattern with low chemical resistance. Thus, an unnecessary portion of the amorphous ITO film can be removed. Conversely, when an ordinary crystalline ITO film is laminated instead of the non-crystalline ITO film according to the present invention to form a pattern having the same layer configuration, an unnecessary ITO film is dissolved and removed. A stronger acid must be used than the above oxalic acid aqueous solution, and a new resist / patterning is required to protect the printing / baking pattern, which requires a long process and is not economical.

The above is common to the patterns formed by the photo paste method, the plating method, the sputtering method, and the like other than the above-described printing and baking patterns, although the degree is different, but common. By using the crystalline ITO film as the base layer of the plating layer, the process can be shortened while preventing the quality of the substrate from being degraded.

FIG. 14 shows that the capacitor electrode 13 is provided on the substrate 12a.
4a is formed or arranged, and a capacitor electrode 134b is formed or arranged on the substrate 12b. Adhesive 13
Reference numeral 6 denotes a dielectric film (layer) of the capacitor. The adhesive 136 cannot be made too thin, and the thickness of the adhesive 136 also becomes uneven. However, by increasing the area of the electrode 134, a practically sufficient capacity can be secured. The electrodes 134c and 134d may be formed in the display area.
In this case, the electrodes 134c and 134d need to be formed of transparent electrodes. The electrodes 134a and 134b may have either a single-layer or multilayer structure of a metal film or a multilayer structure of a transparent electrode such as ITO and a metal film. Further, the dielectric film 136 may have a multilayer structure.

In FIG. 14, if the electrodes 134c and 134d are formed, there is an advantage that the thickness becomes uniform as compared with the case where the electrodes 134a and 134b are formed. Therefore, the dielectric film 136 can have a uniform thickness. If the purpose is to make the film thickness uniform, the electrodes 134c, 13c
4d need not be an electrode. That is, the electrodes 134a, 13
What is necessary is just a thin film or a thick film substantially the same as 4d. Also,
In order to prevent oxidation of the surfaces of the electrodes 134a and 134b,
It is preferable to form an insulating film such as SiO2 or MgF or a protective film on the surface. Further, the adhesive 136 is not limited to a solid or gel-like material, but may be a liquid such as ethylene glycol, alcohol, or pure water. At this time, sodium hydroxide or the like is added to the liquid to prevent corrosion of the electrode 134 and the like, and the pH is adjusted to 10 or more.
It is preferably set to 3 or less.

Although the capacitor is formed or arranged between the substrates 12a and 12b, the present invention is not limited to this. The capacitor may be formed of two substrates and formed or arranged between the two substrates. . Further, it may be formed on the surface of the substrate 11 or 12 by using a thin film technique. Other examples include a structure formed on a polarizing plate or a phase plate, a structure formed or located between a polarizing plate and a phase plate, and a structure formed or arranged between a phase plate and the substrate 11 or the substrate 12. In addition, it may be configured to be formed or arranged on or in a flexible substrate such as a COF that transmits a signal to the driver IC 14. Further, it may be formed on the substrate 12a under the driver IC 14 (15) by using a thin film technique.

Hereinafter, the driving method and circuit of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The present invention described below can be applied to liquid crystal display panels of various display modes. For example, TN (Twisted Nematic), IPS
(In-Plane Switching), FLC
(Ferroelectric Liquid Cry
stal), OCB (OpticallyCompen)
satellite Bend), STN (Super T)
wisted Nematic, VA (Vertic)
allAligned), ECB (Electric)
all Controlled Birefring
ence) and HAN (HybridAlign)
d Nematic) mode.

In order to perform large-capacity display by the STN method, line-sequential multiplex driving has been conventionally performed. In this method, each row electrode is sequentially selected one by one, and a column electrode is selected corresponding to a pattern to be displayed.
The display of one screen is completed by selecting all the electrodes.

However, in the line sequential driving method, it is known that a problem called a frame response occurs as the display capacity increases. In the line sequential driving method, a relatively large voltage is applied to the pixel when selected and a relatively small voltage is applied when not selected. Generally, this voltage ratio increases as the number of row lines increases (as the duty becomes higher). Therefore, when the voltage ratio is small, the liquid crystal responding to the effective voltage value responds to the applied waveform.

That is, the frame response is a phenomenon that the transmittance at the time of OFF increases because the amplitude of the selection pulse is large, and the transmittance at the time of ON decreases because the cycle of the selection pulse is long, resulting in a decrease in contrast. is there.

It is known to increase the frame frequency in order to suppress the occurrence of the frame response, thereby shortening the period of the selection pulse. However, this has a serious drawback. That is, when the frame frequency is increased, the frequency spectrum of the applied waveform is increased, which causes non-uniform display and increases power consumption. In order to prevent the selection pulse width from becoming too narrow, the upper limit of the frame frequency is limited.

In order to solve this problem without increasing the frequency spectrum, a new driving method has recently been proposed. This is a method of simultaneously selecting a plurality of row electrodes (selection electrodes), such as a multiple line simultaneous selection method. This method can simultaneously select a plurality of row electrodes and independently control the display pattern in the column direction, and can shorten the frame period while keeping the selection width constant. That is, high-contrast display with suppressed frame response can be performed.

In the multiple line simultaneous selection method, a constant voltage pulse train is applied to each of the simultaneously applied row electrodes in order to independently control the column display pattern. In the driving method of simultaneously selecting a plurality of lines, a voltage pulse is applied to a plurality of row electrodes at the same time.Therefore, in order to simultaneously and independently control a display pattern in a column direction, each row electrode has a polarity. Different pulse voltages need to be applied. This set of simultaneously applied voltage pulses is referred to as a selection pulse vector. A pulse having a polarity is applied to the row electrode several times, and an effective voltage corresponding to ON / OFF is applied to each pixel in total.

A group of selection pulse voltages applied to each row electrode selected simultaneously within one address period can be represented as a matrix of L rows and K columns (hereinafter referred to as a selection matrix (A)).
Since the selection pulse voltage series corresponding to each row electrode can be expressed as a group of vectors orthogonal to each other within one address period, a matrix including these as column elements is an orthogonal matrix. That is,
Each row vector in the matrix is orthogonal to each other. At this time,
The number L of rows corresponds to the number of simultaneous selections, and each row corresponds to each line. For example, the first line of the L simultaneous selection lines corresponds to the element of the first row of the selection matrix (A). Then, the selection pulse is applied in the order of the element in the first column and the element in the second column. In this specification, in the description of the selection matrix (A), 1 means a positive selection pulse, and -1 means a negative selection pulse.

A voltage level corresponding to each column element of the matrix and the column display pattern is applied to the column electrode. That is, the column electrode voltage sequence is determined by the matrix that determines the row electrode voltage sequence and the display pattern.

For example, in the case of the waveform shown in FIG. 15, the sequence of the voltage waveform applied to the column electrode is determined as follows. FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram showing the concept. A case where a 4-by-4 Hadamard matrix is used as a selection matrix will be described as an example. It is assumed that the display data on the column electrode i and the column electrode j are as shown in FIG. The column display pattern is represented as a vector (d) as shown in FIG. Here, when the column element is -1, on display is shown, and 1 indicates off display.

Assuming that row electrode voltages are sequentially applied to the row electrodes in the order of the columns of the matrix, the column electrode voltage level is
The waveform becomes like a vector (v) shown in (b), and its waveform becomes as shown in FIG. In FIG. 16C, the vertical and horizontal axes are arbitrary units.

In the case of selecting a partial line, in order to suppress the frame response of the liquid crystal display element, it is preferable to apply a voltage by dispersing the selection pulse within one display cycle. Specifically, for example, after applying the first element of the vector (v) to the first simultaneously selected row electrode group (hereinafter, referred to as a subgroup), the second simultaneously selected row electrode group is referred to as a subgroup. The first element of the vector (v) is applied to the row electrode group, and a similar sequence is performed.

Therefore, the voltage pulse sequence actually applied to the column electrodes determines how the voltage pulses are dispersed in one display cycle, and what kind of selection matrix for each of the simultaneously selected row electrode groups. It is determined by whether (A) is selected.

As described above, the driving method for simultaneously selecting a plurality of common lines at the same time is a multi-line select (ML).
S) This is called driving.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a circuit of the display device of the present invention. The display device of the present invention includes at least a plurality of oscillators 171. As an example, the oscillator 171a oscillates at a clock of 160 kHz, and the oscillator 171b oscillates at a clock of 100 kHz. Here, for ease of explanation, a clock of 100 kHz has a frame rate of 100H.
z (the number of times that the liquid crystal display panel can be rewritten in one second is 100
The clock 160 kHz can realize a frame rate of 160 Hz (the number of times that the liquid crystal display panel can be rewritten 160 times per second). The output of the oscillator 171 is input to the switching circuit 172.
The switching circuit 172 is a switch, and the oscillator 171a
171b is selected, and the frequency dividing circuit 17
3.

The frequency dividing circuit 173 sets the input clock to 1
The frequency is divided into / 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 and the like. That is, the output clock from the frequency dividing circuit is
Either one of 71a and 171b is divided or divided.

The reason why a plurality of oscillators 171 are prepared is to appropriately cope with a moving image and a still image or / and an 8-color display of 4096 colors and 256 colors. Generally, the frame rate is set high for moving images, and low for still images. When a multi-color display of 4096 colors is performed, the influence of interference between gradations becomes large in the STN liquid crystal panel, and when the expression color is reduced to eight colors, the interference is reduced. Therefore, the frame rate may be low.

According to the present invention, a frame rate of 160
At a frame rate of 100-120 Hz for still images, a frame rate of 80-100 Hz for 256 colors of still images, and a frame rate of 3 for 8-color display.
It operates at 0-45 Hz.

The switching of the operation is exemplified by a method in which a switch such as a key switch is separately provided and the user presses the key switch or the like. Also, when the microcomputer inputs image data to the internal memory of the segment IC 14, 4096 colors (R, G, B colors 4bi)
t) The storage state is different (or the operation of the microcomputer is different) depending on the 256 colors (R, G, 3 bits, B, 2 bits). The frame rate is switched by judging the different state. That is, when the microcomputer performs an operation of storing the image data of 4096 colors in the internal memory of the segment IC 14, the command is transferred to the drive IC 14.
By the transferred command, the frequency dividing circuit 173 outputs 1
A clock of 00 kHz to 120 kHz is output. Similarly, in the case of 256 colors, the frequency dividing circuit 173 outputs 8
A clock of 0 kHz to 100 kHz is output. In the case of a moving image, a flag indicating that the moving image is a moving image is written in packet data of an image transmitted to a mobile phone (this display panel is used as a display panel of the mobile phone). The microcomputer detects this flag and determines that it is a video,
The output clock from the frequency divider 173 is set to 140 k to 160
Change to kHz. In the case of eight-color display, the oscillator 171 is used.
１６０ the 160 kHz block of b to 30-45
A clock of kHz is output from the frequency dividing circuit 173. Therefore, in this 30 to 45 kHz, the frame rate is 3
It becomes 0 to 45 kHz.

There is an important relationship between the response time R (msec) of the liquid crystal and the frame rate F (Hz). The response time R (msec) of the liquid crystal is the sum of the rise time and the fall time of the liquid crystal at a temperature of 20 ° C. to 25 ° C.
The frame rate F (Hz) is the number of times F that the entire screen is rewritten per second. The number of scanning lines of the display panel is L (Lduty).

At the time of eight-color display, the relationship among R, F and Lk satisfies the following relationship.

150 ≦ (LR) / F ≦ 2500 (Equation 1) More preferably, the following relationship is satisfied.

250 ≦ (L · R) / F ≦ 1500 (Equation 2) In the case of a 256-color display still image, the relationship between R, F, and L satisfies the following relationship.

80 ≦ (LR) / F ≦ 800 (Equation 3) More preferably, the following relationship is satisfied.

100 ≦ (LR) / F ≦ 600 (Equation 4) In the case of a 4096-color display still image, the relationship between R, F, and L satisfies the following relationship.

100 ≦ (L · R) / F ≦ 700 (Equation 5) More preferably, the following relationship is satisfied.

120 ≦ (LR) / F ≦ 600 (Equation 6) In displaying a moving image, the relationship between R, F and L satisfies the following relationship.

80 ≦ (LR) / F ≦ 500 (Equation 7) More preferably, the following relationship is satisfied.

100 ≦ (L · R) / F ≦ 400 (Equation 8) Therefore, the display device (cellular phone or the like) of the present invention is configured so that it can be set by the value command of the above-described mathematical expression or a user switch. .

The output of the diversion circuit is the COM driver circuit 1
5, the controller 174, the memory 175, the gradation MLS control circuit 176, and the like. Although the SEG driver circuit 14 is separately provided in FIG. 17, the controller 174, the memory (built-in) 175, the gradation MLS control circuit 176, and the SEG driver circuit 14 are usually formed into one chip.

The gradation MLS control circuit 176 is a circuit for performing gradation control by frame rate control (FRC). The FRC processing is realized by the data from the memory 175 and the gradation MLS control circuit.

FIG. 19A shows an example of a seed function. There are many kinds of orthogonal functions. In the MLS 4 for simultaneously selecting four rows of common signal lines, a 4 × 4 matrix seed function is used. When the orthogonal function is 1, as shown in FIG. 19B, the common voltage aV corresponds. V is a reference voltage, and a is a bias ratio. Orthogonal function 1 is replaced by logical H. Also, the orthogonal function -1 is replaced with logic L.

As will be described later, the image data DATA (2:
One bit (on or off) of hierarchical data matching 0)
It is selected and becomes B [3: 0] for four rows. The B data consisting of 4 bits for 4 rows is subjected to the logical operation of FIG. 19C for each bit.

Further, as shown in FIG. 20, image data is ON data 1 means -V voltage, which corresponds to logic 1. Conversely, OFF data 0 means V voltage, and corresponds to logic 0. 19 shows the output on the common side, and FIG. 20 basically shows the output on the segment side. Therefore, the segment side is -V voltage and the common side is aV
At this time, a high voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer.

FIG. 181 shows the gradation MLS circuit 17 of FIG.
6 is a block diagram of FIG. The gradation data shift circuit 181 includes gradation data including at least a plurality of registers. This gradation data is shown in FIG. The output of the gradation data shift circuit 181 is compared with the 3-bit data of DATA [2: 0] to determine on / off. It should be noted that data DATA [2: 0] is MLS for four-line simultaneous selection.
Either four rows are read simultaneously, or one of four rows
Read sequentially line by line. The output of the gradation selection circuit is 4bi
B [3: 0] of t.

The HSEL [1: 0] signal is a 2-bit selection signal, and selects each row of FIG. 19A with 2 bits. Generally, as shown in FIG. 24, one frame consists of four fields. As shown in FIG. 21 (a), the first field selects the first row, performs MLS operation, selects the second row in the second field, selects the third row in the third field, In the third field, the fourth row is selected.

Each row 1H [3: 0] of the orthogonal function is output from the orthogonal relation ROM 183 in response to the row selection signal HSE [1: 0]. It is preferable that the selection order of each row be variable.

The data IH [3: 0] of each row is input to the inversion processing circuit 184. The inversion processing circuit 184 performs an inversion processing of the data. Reverse processing is normally white (NW)
Mode and a normally black (NB) mode (NW / NB), and an alternating signal PM. PM is a signal such as nH inversion.

In the present invention, the switching between NW / NB is realized by inverting only one of the orthogonal function in the segment and the common driver. Alternation is performed by simultaneously inverting the orthogonal functions of the segment and the common driver.

FIG. 21 shows that the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 24 is negative when PM = 0, and positive when PM = 1. When NW / NB is 0, it is NB (normally black mode), and when it is 1, it is NW (normally white). Therefore, the output of the orthogonal function H [3: 0] is as shown in FIG. 21D due to the NW / NB and PM signals. FIG. 21D illustrates the processing on the segment side.

The MLS circuit 185 has B [3: 0] and H
[3: 0] is calculated. The operation is performed on each bit. That is, B

[0] and H

[0], B [1], H [1], B [2]
And H [2], and B [3] and H [3]. The operation logic is shown in FIG. The result is Q [3: 0].

The adding circuit 186 counts the number of “1” bits of Q [3: 0]. The result of the count is S [2:
0]. Basically, it is not an adder circuit but a decoder circuit. This decoder circuit is shown in FIG. Addition circuit 1
86, based on the value of the output S [2: 0].
87 turns on the corresponding switch and outputs this voltage to the segment signal line.

In the case of MLS4, the voltage values are V2, V1,
VC, MV1, and MV2. The relationship between the five values is | V1 | = | MV1 |, | V2 | = |
MV2 |, V2 = 2 × V1, and MV2 = 2 × MV1. FIG. 22 shows the selection of this switch.

The above processing is performed every horizontal scanning period.
Note that four common signal lines are simultaneously selected during one horizontal scanning period.

In the FRC, one gradation is expressed by a plurality of frames as shown in FIG. For example, if one is turned on at a period of six frames, the brightness is expressed as 1/6 with respect to 1/1. Here, for ease of explanation, the frame synchronization is represented by a denominator, and the number of ONs is represented by a numerator. That is,
1/12 means that gradation is expressed in 12 frames, and one of the 12 frames is turned on. In 5/8, gradation is expressed by eight frames, and five out of eight frames are on.

FIG. 25A is an FRC expression by APT driving. 1/6 is shown. The first frame is on (open circles) and off from the second to sixth frames (black circles). In MLS4, one frame is composed of four fields. Therefore, the expression of 1/6 is applied to each pixel as shown in FIG. That is, in the first frame, the ON voltage is applied continuously for four fields (to be exact, the ON voltage is the sum of voltages obtained by adding four fields), and is OFF in the second to sixth frames.

In the present invention, as shown in FIG. 25C, the ON (open circle) position is shifted. Therefore, the present invention is not an MLS drive. This is because the concept of MLS is to apply an ON or OFF voltage to the liquid crystal layer by the sum of a plurality of fields (2 fields in MLS2, 4 fields in MLS4, 8 fields in MSL8). FIG.
In (c), the ON voltage is applied for only 1/4 of the first to fourth frames. Therefore, in the first frame, the second frame, the third frame, and the fourth frame, only one-fourth of the ON voltage is applied in each frame. Therefore, if each frame is viewed alone, the voltage state is incomplete. However, at the end of six frames, one on and five off voltages are applied, so that a target gray scale can be displayed. Note that in FIG.
(C) was performed, but the normal MLS drive (FIG.
5 (b), APT (FIG. 25 (a)) or IAPT, voltage induction method, PWM drive, or the like.

The grayscale data shift circuit 181 has one horizontal scanning period (HD), one vertical scanning period (VD),
The register data is shifted every field cycle period (FD). The types of shift include a frame shift (FIG. 26A), a field shift (FIG. 26B) described in FIG. 25, a line shift (FIG. 28), and an RGB shift (FIG. 27). By combining these shifts, flicker (line flow (beat), jamming) or the like is not visually observed.

FIG. 26A shows a frame shift in which the shift is performed based on the position of the previous frame. Basically, in the present invention, the leftward shift is the forward direction. Therefore, in the frame shift shown in FIG.
On the other hand, in the right figure (next), the shift amount is 2. Also, ML
In S4, one frame has four fields. The field shift is based on the position of the frame shift. Therefore, in the field shift shown in FIG. 26B, the shift amount of the field shift 1 is -2, the shift amount of the field shift 2 is -4, and the shift amount of the field shift 3 is -6. The RGB shift in FIG. 27 is based on the position of the red (R) pixel. Therefore, the shift amount of the green (G) shift is -1, and the shift amount of the blue (B) shift is -3. Also,
The line shift has four shifts. Line shift 1 is performed in the MLS 4 from the first row of the set of four rows to the second row.
The shift amount to the line, line shift 2 is from the second line to the third
The shift amount to the line, line shift 3 is from the third line to the fourth line.
The shift amount to the line, line shift 4, is the shift amount from the fourth line to the first line of the next set of the fourth line. of course,
In the MLS 8, the line shift is set from 1 to 8. M
In LS2, the line shift is 1 and 2. Therefore,
In FIG. 28, line shift 1 is -1 and line shift 2 is-.
1, line shift 3 is -1, and line shift 4 is -2.

It is not always necessary to carry out all of the above shifts. However, the state of occurrence of flicker of each gradation is tested, and each shift amount is examined so as to obtain an optimum state.

FIG. 29 shows data (arrangement) of gradation registers in 8-gradation display. The gradation data shift circuit of FIG. 0 to No. 7 is provided. Where N
o. Since all 0s are off, no register is required. In addition, No. No register is required because all 7 are on. Therefore, No. 0 and N
o. 7 can be omitted.

[0225] No. 1 is expressed as 1/7, and one out of seven frames is on. No. No. 2 is on in two out of seven frames. 3 is 3 out of 7 claims ...
・, No. 6 is ON for 6 out of 7 frames. These data are shifted by a predetermined shift amount in synchronization with HD, VD, and FD signals.

The circuit shown by the dotted line in FIG. 18 is shown by the display processing circuit 301 in FIG. That is, a circuit within a dotted line shown in FIG. 18 is configured for each segment signal line. Note that, in the circuit blocks of the present invention, such as FIG. 18 and FIG. 30, only one color processing circuit of R, G, and B is illustrated for ease of description. That is, the circuit scale of the color display device is about three times. Therefore, the description does not refer to the color processing of R, G, B, etc. as in the case of a monochrome display, but is not limited thereto.

The gradation data shift circuit 181 outputs signal lines in parallel by the number of registers of each gradation. That is, if it is 1/7, seven are output in parallel. Therefore, 1/7 to 6/7 (No. 1 to No.
Up to 6), 7 × 6 = 42 signal lines are pattern-output. No. 0 and No. The signal line 7 does not need to output a signal line, but if necessary, one line at a time.
That is, No. No. 0 is all-off. 7 is all-on.

For ease of explanation, the total number of segment signal lines of the present invention is 120, and image data DATA
Is 8 bits and is 3 bits. Therefore, if data is read from the internal memory of the segment IC 14 from the 175 through the parallel bus, 3 × 120 = 360 (0 to 359 in address).

Therefore, as shown in FIG.
[2: 0] is data of the segment signal line 1;
DATA [5: 3] is data of the segment signal line 2, and DATA [8: 6] is data of the segment signal line 3.
Data. Finally, DATA [359: 357]
Is the data of the segment signal line 120.

The output of the gradation register, No. 1
Of the seven lines is input to the signal line 1, the first is the signal line 2, the second is the signal line 3, the third is the signal line 4, the fourth is the signal line 5, the fifth is the signal line 6, The sixth is connected to the signal line 7, and the seventh is connected to the signal line 8. At the same time, No. 1 of 0
No. is assigned to signal line 2. They are connected as the first one.

Similarly, No. No. 0 out of the seven lines of No. 2 is input to the signal line 1 and the following No. 1 is the same as the connection. The output No. of another gradation register 3-No. 6 is also the same. With the regular connection as described above, the outputs of the gradation registers are arranged in a distributed manner, and flicker is less likely to occur.

The signal line 1 will be described. The display processing circuit 301 selects data (ON (1) or OFF (0)) indicated by the layer number indicated by DATA [2: 0].
For example, the output of the register applied to signal line 1 is (1/7, 2/7, 3/7, 4/7, 5/7, 6 /
7) = (0,1,1,0,0,0). DATA
If [2: 0] = 2, B = 1, DATA [2: 0] =
If 1, B = 0, DATA [2: 0] = 6, B
= 0. Of course, when DATA [2: 0] = 0, black display is performed, so that B = 0, and when DATA [2: 0] = 7, white display is performed, so that B = 1.

In MLS4, the MLS is converted from the four rows of image data.
You need to do the arithmetic. MLS for easy explanation
4, but is not limited thereto.
In the set of rows, DATA [2: 0] on the first row = 6, DATA [2: 0] on the second row = 5, DATA on the third row
[2: 0] = 1, DATA [2: 0] = 3 in the fourth row, and the register output at the first row is (1/7, 2/7,
3/7, 4/7, 5/7, 6/7) are (0, 1, 1,
0, 0, 0), the register output after performing line shift 1 is (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1), and the register output after performing line shift 2 is (1, 1, 1,. 1, 0,
0), and assuming that the register output after executing line shift 3 is (0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1), the DA in the first row
When TA [2: 0] = 6, B = 0, DTAT in the second row
When [2: 0] = 5, B = 0 and DATA [2:
0] = 1, B = 1, DATA [2: 0] in the fourth row =
At 3, B = 1. Therefore, B [3: 0] in FIG.
= (1,1,0,0).

In addition, the row of the orthogonal function at that time is (1,-
Assuming that (1, 1, 1) → (1, 0, 1, 1) (see FIG. 19), Q [3: 0] =
(1, 0, 0, 0). Therefore, the output S [2: 0] of the adding circuit 186 in FIG. 18 becomes 1, so that the voltage selecting circuit 187 switches the MV1 (see FIG. 23), and the voltage MV1 is output to the segment signal line.

As can be seen from FIG. 0 and N
o. 7, gradation No. 1 and No. 6, gradation No. 2 and N
o. 5, gradation No. 3 and No. 4 that the off-off position is opposite. In other words, the relationship is reversed (mirror relationship). For example, as shown in FIG. It is the same if 1 on is off and off is on. FIG. 31 shows this relationship in a table.

In the configuration of FIG. 1 to No. 6
7 × 6 = 42 wires had to be wired in parallel. The wires need to be arranged in a direction perpendicular to the segment signal lines. Therefore, a large wiring area is required, the chip width of the segment IC is increased, and the chip cost is increased. This is even more so if it is required for each of the R, G, and B gradations. R, G, and B also require 42 lines × 3 = 126 lines.

FIG. 34 shows a configuration for solving this problem. It is omitted in the mirror configuration shown in FIG. 2, No. 3 and No. 3 There are three of four. 34. In FIG. 34, No. 1 is used to facilitate understanding of the mirror configuration of FIG. 0 is described. However, even without this, there would be no problem in practical use.

By employing a mirror configuration as shown in FIG. 34, the number of signal lines is 7 × 3 = 21, which is １ ／ as compared with FIG. FIG. 33 shows a configuration for restoring data in a mirror configuration. 33 is added to the display processing circuit 301. The most significant bit D2 of DATA [2: 0] is input to the X-NOR a terminal. That is, if D2 = 1, the data of the X-NOR b terminal input is inverted. If D2 = 0, it is not inverted. Also,
When the lower 2 bits of (D1, D0) are 0, the switch SO is selected and the lower 2 bits of (D1, D0) are selected.
When the bit is 1, the switch S1 is selected, when the lower 2 bits of (D1, D0) are 2, the switch S is selected, and the lower 2 bits of (D1, D0) are selected.
When the bit is 3, the switch S3 is selected.

With the above arrangement, (D2,
No. D1 and D0) are 0 to 3; 0-No. 3 is output as it is, and (D2, D1, D
0) is 4 to 7; 0-No. The output of the third gradation register can be inverted (mirrored) and taken out.
Therefore, the gradation register No. 4-No. 7 becomes unnecessary, and No. 7 becomes unnecessary. 4-No. Since the output wiring 7 is not required, the chip size can be reduced. Note that FIG.
The output C of the X-NOR becomes the output of the gradation selection circuit 182 in FIG. 18, and when these processes are MLS4, the process is repeated four times to obtain B [3: 0]. Of course, M
In LS2, B [1: 0], and in MLS8, B [7:
0], and in FIG. 18 and the like, it has been described that the gradation is selected line by line. However, the present invention is not limited to this.
Needless to say, 4-bit data of B [3: 0] may be created at the same time by taking out the data for one row.

FIGS. 33 and 34 show a display circuit for displaying eight gradations. FIG. 35 shows data of a gradation register for displaying 16 gradations. When displaying by FRC, as the number of gradations increases, the data length (denominator) for displaying gradations, that is,
The number of frames increases. As a result, flickering is facilitated. Therefore, it is preferable that the gradation register be configured to be short.

In order to achieve this object, FIG. 35 basically shows a configuration in which the length of the gradation register is 8 or 12, and its common divisor. In addition, the least common multiple is set as small as 24, and the period in which all gradations are expressed is set as 24. In addition, the maximum length is shortened to 12. With this configuration, occurrence of splicing and flicker is extremely reduced. In addition, the brightness difference of each gradation is made substantially equal. Note that in FIG. 0 and No. 1
Although 5 is illustrated for ease of explanation, it is needless to say that a circuit can be configured without any particular configuration.

In FIG. 35, the gradation register No. 0 is 0
/ 1, No. No. 1 is 1/12, No. No. 2 is 1/8, No.
No. 3 is 1/6, No. No. 4 is 1/4, No. 5 is 1/3, N
o. No. 6 is 3/8, No. 7 is 5/12; 8 is 1 /
2, No. 9 is 7/12; No. 10 is 2/3, No.
No. 11 is 3/4, No. No. 12 is 5/6, No. 13 is 7 /
8, no. No. 14 is 11/12, No. 15 is 1/1. In particular, no. Since 1/2 of 8 is a pattern that is repeatedly turned on and off, there is no flicker at all. In addition, since the maximum length is 12, the common divisor of 12 is large (4, 3, 2, 6, etc.), but most of the gradation data (No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9.10. , 11,
12, 14) are repeated in 12 frames. Therefore, interference between gray levels hardly occurs. Also, splicing is unlikely to occur even in moving images. No. of gradation register 2,
No. 6, no. The data length of 13 or the like is also 8, and the common divisor of 4 is also 4 or 2, which coincides with the common divisor of 12. Therefore, the configuration in which 1/12 and 1/8 are combined hardly causes interference or the like.

The data of each gradation register is not limited to that shown in FIG. For example, No. 1/6 of 3 may be configured as shown in FIG. 39 (a2). That is, the configuration is such that two 1 / 6s of FIG. 39 (a1) are connected in series. In the configuration of FIG. 39 (a2), the denominator is 12 and the number of ONs is 2, so that a variety of changes can be obtained when the shift processing is performed. Therefore, the gradation No. 3 flicker can be reduced.

Similarly, in the case of No. 3 shown in FIG. 5 of 7
/ 12 is obtained by dispersing the ON position into two positions as shown in FIG.
The configuration of 2) or the configuration of FIG. 39B3 which is further dispersed may be used. That is, the present invention is not limited to the configuration in FIG. Also, each tone need not all start at the same time. For example, gradation No. 1 to No.
8 and the gradation No. 8 9-No. 14 may be shifted in start time. When shifted in this way, the least common divisor is 24
The gradation data is not synchronized every time. The effect is exhibited because the interference may be reduced by shifting the synchronization.

The number of gray scales M (for example, if 16 gray scales, M =
M = 8 for 16 and 8 gradations) and the maximum length N of gradation data
The relationship (for example, N = 12 in FIG. 34) preferably satisfies the following relationship.

M−5 ≦ N ≦ M−2 (Equation 9) In other words, if there are 16 gradations, the maximum length is M−5 = 16−
5 = 11 or more and M−2 = 16−2 = 13 or less. This range most easily reduces the occurrence of flicker and makes the circuit size compact.

The determination of the gradation data in FIG. 35 also has a special meaning. This is because the mirror configuration described with reference to FIGS. 34 and 31 can be applied successfully. FIG. 36 shows a correspondence table of the mirror configuration. Tone No. No. 1 is No. 14, N
o. No. 2 is No. 13, No. No. 3 is No. 12, No. 4
Is No. 11, No. No. 5 is No. 10, No. No. 7 is No.
9 and mirrors respectively. However, no.
6 and no. 8 has no mirror configuration (gradation data). As described above, the configuration of FIG. 34 is characterized in that almost all of the configuration is a mirror configuration.

[0248] No. No. 8 has a meaning adopted since it is a pattern in which flicker does not occur. There is a meaning that there is no “jump” between the gradations even in the gradation data without the mirror configuration of No. 6. No. When the tone pattern is arranged at the mirror position of No. 6, 7 from 5/12. 9 (If there is no 1/2 of No. 8, the next
9) is too far apart ("jump" occurs). However, this gradation pattern is not necessarily limited in FIGS. 35 and 36. For example, N
o. 1/7 is No. 2 No. 13 has 1/7 inserted (replaced configuration); No. 6 is placed at the mirror position of No. 6, 7/5/12 or No. 7 7/12 of 9
May be deleted. In addition, No. 3 and No. 4
1/5 or the like may be arranged between them.

FIG. 37 is a drawing corresponding to FIG. However, it is illustrated from the point A of the X-NOR input. FIG.
No. 6 is different from FIG. Since there is no data at the mirror position of No. 6, it is necessary to perform the illegitira processing. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the inverted signal of the input a of the X-NOR with 4 bits (16 gradations) for the image DATA [3: 0]. Note that in FIG. Zero may or may not be present. As is clear from FIGS. 0
-No. No. 5 (No. 15 to No. 10) and No. 7
Since (No. 9) is a mirror relationship, the image DATA
The lower 3 bits of [3: 0] are used as the switch SX number,
The upper one bit may be used as the logic signal of the terminal a (that is, E). When DATA [3: 0] is 6 or 8, it is an illegilar process. However, in this case, when 6
o. No. 6 simply closes the switch S6. 8 is a switch No. Just close 8.

If the mirror configuration is not adopted, 1
-No. Fourteen register output wires are required. Therefore, the total number is 12 + 8 + 6 + 4 + 3 + 8 + 12 + 2 +
12 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 12 = 100 lines are required. R
In GB, it is × 3, so 300 are required. If a mirror configuration is adopted and the configuration is as shown in FIG. 38, the total number is 12+
8 + 6 + 4 + 3 + 8 + 12 + 2 = 55. RGB
In this case, since the size is × 3, 165 lines are sufficient. Therefore 300
It can be greatly reduced compared to books. In FIG. 38, the connection of the register output is the same as that of FIG.

In the case where the difference between gradations becomes a problem in the gradation pattern of FIG. 35, it is preferable to employ the gradation pattern of FIG. That is, the gradation No. 0 is 0/1; 1 is 1
/ 13, No. No. 2 is 1/7, No. No. 3 is 1/5, No.
No. 4 is 1/4, No. 5 is 1/3, No. 5 6 is 2/5, N
o. 7 is 6/13; 8 is 7/13, No. 9 is 3
/ 5, No. No. 10 is 2/3, No. 11 is 3/4, N
o. No. 12 is 4/5, No. No. 13 is 6/7, No. 14 is 12/13, No. 15 is 1/1. Figure 3
5 and the like.

FIG. 40 is a graph showing the difference between each gradation in the gradation pattern of FIG. 41. The vertical axis of the graph is the difference between adjacent layers. For example, the value 0.077 plotted for tone number 1 is the difference between tone numbers 1 and 0, and the value 0.062 plotted for tone number 7 is the difference between tone numbers 7 and 6.
And the difference.

Ideally, the difference between each gradation is 1/15 = 0.0
67. However, in order to satisfy this condition, it is necessary to set the register length of each gradation to 15 (15 is 3.5 and the gradation which can be reduced to 3.5 has a length of 5.3).
For example, tone number 1 is expressed as 1/15. If the gradation length is 15, one gradation is represented by 15 frames. As the length is longer, flicker is more likely to occur.

Since the configuration shown in FIG. 41 has a maximum length of 13, two frames can be shortened as compared with 15. Therefore, flicker hardly occurs. FIG.
As can be understood from 0, 1/15 of the ideal value = 0.667 ± 0.667.
The gradation difference has almost subsided within 20%. Basically ±
If the gradation difference subsides within 25%, the expressed image is 1/15, and there is no such color.

In the configuration of FIG. 41, each gradation is arranged so as to take a mirror configuration as shown in FIG. Characteristic is No. 7 and no. 8 is expressed as 6/13 and 7/13. This No. 8 and no. The difference from 9; 7 / 13−6 / 13 = 0.077 is within about 15% of the ideal gradation difference. There is no other such good combination. In addition, No. 1 is 1/12, N
o. 15 may be 11/12.

If the configuration shown in FIG. 42 is configured as shown in FIG. 33, it becomes as shown in FIG. FIG. 44 shows the configuration shown in FIG. These configurations are shown in FIGS.
4, the description will be unnecessary because it is made 16-bit compatible with FIG.

The drive circuit of the present invention described above, drive I
By employing the C (driver) or the driving method and configuring the display panel illustrated in FIG. 1 and the like, a display device with low power consumption, high image quality, or light weight can be configured. Hereinafter, a display device and the like using the drive circuit and the like of the present invention will be described.

The display device of the present invention can be of a transmission type, a reflection type or a transflective type. In the case of a reflection type or the like, illumination means is required when the surroundings are dark. A self-luminous element such as an LED, an organic EL, or a fluorescent tube is used as the lighting means. In particular, it is desirable to use a white LED because it is lit by a direct current (voltage) and is compact.

As shown in FIG. 45, the LED is used by being attached to the side surface of the light guide plate of the backlight 23. The light guide plate may be either a backlight type or a front light type. The material may be any transparent resin material such as acrylic and polycarbonate. Further, an inorganic material such as a glass plate may be used.

The white LED (li) as the light emitting element 454
GH emitting diode (Nichia Chemical Co., Ltd.) sells a GaN blue LED chip surface coated with a YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) based phosphor. In addition, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. has developed a white LED in which a yellow light-emitting layer is provided in a blue LED manufactured using a ZnSe material.

The light emitting element is not limited to a white LED. For example, when an image is displayed in a field sequential manner, one or more LEDs of R, G, and B light emission may be used. Also, R, G, B
LEDs are arranged densely or in parallel, and these three LEs
A configuration in which D is turned on in a field sequential manner in synchronization with the display on the display panel may be employed. In this case, LED
It is preferable to dispose a light diffusion plate on the light emission side of the light emitting device. By arranging the light diffusing plate yes, color unevenness does not occur.

Examples of the optical coupling material 136 include liquids such as acid methyl and ethylene glycol, and solids such as alcohol, water, phenolic resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, silicon resin, and low melting point glass. The optical coupling material 136 is L
This is for better introducing the light generated by the ED 454 and the like into the light guide plate 23. The refractive index of the optical coupling material 136 is 1.
Almost any transparent material having a size of 38 or more and 1.55 or less can be used.

In the white LED 454, color unevenness easily occurs. As a countermeasure, adding a light diffusing agent to the optical coupling material 136 is effective in suppressing the occurrence of color unevenness. This is because the light generated from the LED is scattered by the diffusing agent. The addition of the diffusing agent refers to adding fine powder of Ti or Ti oxide, or making the refractive index of the optical coupling material 136 cloudy by mixing a different substance (or liquid).

In particular, since the LED generates a large amount of heat but has a small element size, when heat is transmitted to the light guide plate 23, the light guide plate 23
May be disturbed. To prevent this, LED45
It is preferable that a heat radiating plate 453 is attached to 4.
The white LED 454 has a simple structure in which a yellow phosphor is applied to the light emitting surface of a blue light emitting LED. for that reason,
Blue unevenness is likely to occur. To cope with this (to take measures), a color filter 45 is provided on the light emitting surface of the LED 454.
1 is arranged. The color temperature can also be adjusted by the arrangement of the color filters 451. Further, as shown in FIG. 45B, the color filter 451 and the diffusion sheet 455 may be arranged so as to overlap with each other, or a diffusion agent is added to the color filter 451 to make the color filter 451 and the diffusion sheet into one sheet. You may.

In the above embodiment, the light guide plate is illuminated by using the white LED 452. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and a rod-shaped fluorescent tube can be employed. In addition, micro fluorescent lamps of Tohoku Electronics Co., Ltd., fluorescent lamps of Luna series of Optonics Co., Ltd., fluorescent light emitting devices of Futaba Electronics Co., Ltd., or neon tubes of Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. are used as light emitting devices. You may. In addition, light from a discharge lamp such as a metal halide lamp or a halogen lamp may be guided by an optical fiber and used as a light emitting element (part), or external light such as sunlight may be used as a light emitting element (part).

In the above embodiments, the display device is illuminated by using a backlight or a front light. A configuration for artificially generating external light is shown in a perspective view of FIG. FIG. 47 is a sectional view of FIG.

It is preferable to use a white LED as described as an example of the light emitting element 454. White LED
Light 460 emitted from 454 is separated into P-polarized light and S-polarized light by a PS separation film 474 that separates the light into 460 polarized light and P-polarized light. The light 460d reflected by the PS separation film 474 is reflected by the mirror 475, and the phase is rotated by 90 degrees by the λ / 2 plate 476 to become the emitted light 460b. Therefore, the light 460a and the light 460d are polarized in the same phase.

The incident lights 460a and 460d enter the reflection type Fresnel lens 462 (see FIG. 48). The incident light is converted into parallel light by the reflection Fresnel lens 462 and illuminates the display panel 21.

The liquid crystal display panel 21 is a reflective or transflective display panel having reflective or transmissive pixels or striped electrodes of the present invention. The reflection Fresnel lens 462 is formed by forming a reflection surface mirror into a Fresnel lens shape. The Fresnel lens is exemplified by a metal plate obtained by cutting a metal plate, or a metal thin film deposited on a resin plate made of pressed acrylic or the like.
Of course, a parabolic mirror may be used instead of the Fresnel lens.
Also, an elliptical mirror may be used. Further, a mirror in which a mirror is arranged or formed on the back surface of a transmission type Fresnel lens may be used.

The positional relationship between the display panel 21 and the reflection Fresnel lens (parabolic mirror) 462 is as shown in FIG. The light emitting element 454 is arranged at the focal position P of the parabolic mirror. The Fresnel lens may be a three-dimensional lens or a two-dimensional lens. When the light emitting element 454 is a point light source, 3
A dimensional one is adopted.

Light 460a emitted from light emitting element 454
Is converted into parallel light 460b by a parabolic mirror 491 (this is a reflection Fresnel lens 462). Converted light 4
60b enters the display panel 21 at an angle θ. This angle θ is a matter of design, and is set so that the reflected light 460c is most visible to the observer (or is least likely to reach the eyes of the observer). Further, a polarizing plate 22 is disposed on the incident side of the display panel 21.

The reflection Fresnel lens 462 is attached to the lid 465, and the liquid crystal display panel 21 is
It is attached to. The inclination of the lid 465 can be automatically changed by the rotating unit 466. When the cover 465 is folded, the protrusion 463 and the retaining portion 444 are connected, and the cover 465 protects the display panel 21 and the reflective Fresnel lens 462. In addition, a switch is configured in the retaining portion 464,
When the lid 465 is opened, the light emitting element 454 is automatically turned on,
Further, the display panel 21 is configured to operate (may be configured).

The main body 461 is provided with a changeover switch (turbo switch) 470. The turbo switch 470 switches between a normally black mode display (NB display) and a normally white mode display (NW display).

In the case of external light having general (daily) brightness, an image is displayed in the NW mode. The NW mode can realize a wide viewing angle display. The NB mode is used when it is very sensitive to external light. In the NB mode, when the liquid crystal layer is in a transparent state, the light reflected on the pixel electrode is directly viewed by an observer,
The displayed image can be viewed brightly. The viewing angle is extremely narrow. However, even if the external light is weak, the displayed image can be viewed well, so that it is used for personal use and there is no practical problem if it is used for a short time. Generally, since the NB mode display is rarely used, the NB mode display is normally set to the NW display, and the NB mode display is displayed only when the turbo switch 470 is kept pressed. Of course, when the external light is weak, the light emitting element 454 is turned on,
Alternatively, the display panel 21 is illuminated using both the external light and the light emitting element 454.

A feature of the display device shown in FIG. 46 is that a gamma switch 467 is provided. The gamma changeover switch 467 is used to change the gamma curve with one touch. This is because the color temperature of the incident light incident on the display panel 21 under the illumination of the incandescent lamp is 4
The color becomes reddish white of about 800K, and 7 for daylight fluorescent lamps.
It becomes bluish white at about 000k, and becomes white at about 6500k under outdoor sunlight. Therefore, FIG.
The color of the display image on the display panel 21 differs depending on where the display device is used. In particular, this discomfort is great when moving from under fluorescent lighting to under incandescent lighting. At this time, by selecting the Gaman switch 447, the display image can be normally viewed.

The gamma changeover switch 467a sets a red gamma curve so that the transmittance (modulation rate) of the liquid crystal becomes small so that a good white display is obtained by the light of the incandescent lamp.
Reference numeral 467b denotes that the transmittance (modulation rate) of blue is reduced so as to be applied to a daylight fluorescent lamp. Reference numeral 467c indicates the best white display under sunlight. Therefore, the user can view a good display image under any illumination light by selecting the gamma changeover switch 467. Of course, the gamma curve may be switched with a single touch depending on the content of the display image, or the gamma curve may be switched.

The incident angle of the light beam on the display panel 21 is adjusted by rotating the lid 465. The rotation is performed about the rotation center 466. With this configuration, light with good narrow directivity can enter the display panel 21.

FIG. 50 shows the light emission side of the PBS 472 or the like.
As shown in (b), a convex lens 501 may be arranged. Since the optical path lengths of the display panel 21 and the light 460a are different from the optical path lengths of the display panels 21 and 460d, the convex lens 5
The positive powers of 01a and 501d are different. Note that the convex lens 481 faces the light emitting element 454 side in order to make the sine condition good. Also, as shown in FIG. 50A, a lens 501a may be arranged on the light emitting side of the light emitting element 454, and a lens 501b may be arranged on the light emitting side of the PBS 472 or the like. Further, the lens 501 may be colored so that the spectral distribution has a narrow band.

Further, as shown in FIG.
2, 473 etc. may be arranged in the horizontal direction. FIG. 52
As shown in the figure, a long light emitting element (for example, using a fluorescent tube,
In addition, a long PBS 472 may be used. in this case,
Fresnel lens 462 may be two-dimensional.

FIG. 54 shows an arrangement in which external light is condensed and used as illumination light instead of or in addition to the light emitting element 454. The external light capturing portion 541 has a fan shape, and is formed of a transparent resin. A reflection film prevention 542 is formed on the light incident surface of the capturing section 541. Also,
A reflection film or the like is configured so that the incident light does not leak outside from portions other than the rotating portion 466. The capturing unit 54
1 can be rotated about the rotating part 466 as shown by the dotted line. The intake portion 541 may be formed in any of a fan shape, a conical shape, and the like. That is, any shape may be used as long as it can collect light.

The collected light 460a is reflected by the mirror 475a and enters the PBS 472. The rest is the same as FIG. On the other hand, the light from the light emitting element 453 is
Incident on. Therefore, the display panel 21 is illuminated using one or both of the light emitting element 453 and external light. With the above configuration, it is possible to generate strong and narrow directional illumination light using external light.

FIG. 53 is also a video display device using the display device of the present invention. In this configuration, the light emitted from the display panel 21 is configured to be reflected by the mirror 475 (or Fresnel lens) and then reach the eye 531 of the observer.
With this configuration, the eye 53 of the observer is structurally difficult.
1 and the display panel 21 can be sufficiently secured. Further, the directivity of light reaching the eye 531 of the observer is narrowed, and a high-contrast image display can be realized.

The above embodiment is an example of application to a liquid crystal television, a personal computer, and the like.
Needless to say, the manufacturing method, the lighting device, and the like can be applied to other liquid crystal display devices using a liquid crystal display panel such as a mobile phone. FIG. 66 shows a liquid crystal display panel 2 of the present invention.
1 is a configuration diagram of a portable information terminal (cellular phone or the like) of the present invention using No. 1 as a monitor unit.

In FIG. 66, the housing is composed of 661a to which the display panel 21 is attached, and 661b to which a numeric keypad 662d and the like are attached. Also, the housing 6
A power on / off switch 662a, a changeover switch 662c, a joystick 662b, and the like are arranged or formed on 61b. An antenna 663 is provided in the housing 661a.
Is attached.

FIG. 67 is a sectional view of FIG. Housing 66
A space for housing the housing 661b is provided inside 1a. The housing 661a includes the liquid crystal display panel 21 of the present invention.
Is mounted, and a front light 671 as illuminating means is arranged on the front surface thereof. Front light 67
1 and the liquid crystal display panel 21 are 0.1 μm or more and 0.8 μm
The following air gap is preferably provided, and more preferably, an air gap of 0.2 μm or more and 0.5 μm or less is provided. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the optical coupling layer 136 is disposed or injected in the air gap. May be. In this case, it is more appropriate to attach the front light 671 to the liquid crystal display panel 21 than to make a gap. An antireflection film (AIR coat) is formed on the surface of the front light 671, and the thickness of the front light is 0.4 μm or more and 1.0 μm or more.
It is preferable that the thickness be not more than μm.

[0286] The housing 661a has a convex alignment portion 67.
5a is formed, and a concave positioning portion 675b is formed in the housing 661b. The convex positioning portion 675a fits into the concave positioning portion 675b so that the position can be fixed when the housing 661b is inserted into the housing 661a.

[0287] The housing 661a has a projection 673 and a spring 674 as an elastic body, and the housing 661b has a recess 672. The housing 6 from within the housing 671a
When the 71b is pulled out, the concave portion 672 and the convex portion 673 are fitted, so that the portable information terminal is fixed at a proper position. The spring 674 is provided in the housing 661b.
And to facilitate insertion of the housings 661a and 661b. In addition, it is not limited to a spring, and any other material that functions as an elastic body such as a sponge may be used.
The configuration is not limited, either. For example, the convex portion 673
May be configured to move up and down.

As described above, the housing 661a is placed in the housing 661a.
By configuring so that b can be inserted, the portable information terminal can be made compact when not in use, and can be made sufficiently large in use when the portable information terminal is used. Note that dividing the terminal into three parts as shown in FIG. 68 is also effective for downsizing. The housing 661a and the housing 661c are
1b, and can be rotated on the fulcrums 466a and 466b so that the three housings 661 can be used as one plane.

In the liquid crystal display device, there is a contrivance for adjusting the contrast of the displayed image so as to be viewed best. This is because, in the state where the display image is displayed, the viewing angle varies depending on the content of the video. For example, the angle of the display panel 21 is necessarily adjusted centering on black on a screen of a dark scene, and the angle of the display panel 21 is adjusted centering on a white display on a screen of a whitish scene. However, the video is a video image (video)
In this case, since the scene changes rapidly, it is difficult to optimally adjust the angle.

According to the present invention, a monitor display section is provided to solve this problem. FIG. 46 shows an embodiment in which a monitor display section 471a for displaying black and a monitor display section 471b for displaying white are provided. However, both monitor displays 4
71a and 471b are not necessary, and only one of them may be used if necessary. Further, a black or white outline (surrounding portion) 472 is formed around the monitor display portion 471. Note that these configurations and the like are not described in other drawings such as FIG. 46, but needless to say, they are described in this specification and can be applied to other embodiments. That is,
The invention as described in the specification may be practiced with each other or in combination with other embodiments of the invention.

The monitor display section 477a shows black display of an image. The monitor display unit 477b shows a white display of an image.
The observer adjusts the viewing angle of the display screen by adjusting the black display and the white display of the monitor display unit 477 to be the best. In general, the direction in which illumination light enters the display screen in a room is fixed, so the angle of the display screen (or the angle of the Fresnel lens 462) may be adjusted once.

[0292] The monitor display section 471 shows the light modulation state of the liquid crystal layer 24. That is, the monitor display unit 471 is formed at the periphery of the display panel 21 and at a location where the liquid crystal is filled.

A monitor electrode (not shown) is formed on the monitor display portion 471a for displaying black, and an AC voltage is constantly applied to the liquid crystal layer 24 between the counter electrode or the striped electrode and the monitor electrode. I have. This AC voltage is a voltage at which an image is displayed blackest. Further, no electrodes are formed in the liquid crystal layer 24, for example, P
In the case of D liquid crystal, it is always in a scattering state (white display).

With the above configuration, a constantly black display portion and a constantly white display portion can be manufactured. The observer has a constant black display (monitor display 471a) and a constant white display (monitor display 4).
71b) (while adjusting the white display and the black display to be the best), adjust the incident angle of light on the display screen. Therefore, it is possible to easily adjust the angle so that the image looks best without looking at the display screen.

In particular, the peripheral portion 472 is black or white, or the peripheral portion 472 of the monitor display portion 471 is black.
If the peripheral portion 472 of the monitor display portion 471b is white, the incident angle can be adjusted so that the color of the peripheral portion 472 and the color (luminance) of the monitor display portion 471 become closest. Therefore, adjustment becomes easy.

In FIG. 46, the monitor display section 471 is configured or formed using the liquid crystal layer 24.
There is no limitation. For example, monitor display 4
71a may be formed or formed with a reflection film (reflection plate or the like). That is, the pseudo liquid crystal layer 24 is produced. This indicates a black display. Further, the monitor display section 471b may be formed by forming or disposing a reflection film (reflection plate or the like) on the back surface of the diffusion plate (diffusion sheet).
The scattering characteristics of the diffusion plate are made equal to the characteristics of the liquid crystal layer 24 (in the case of a panel that modulates light as a change in the scattering state of a PD liquid crystal or the like). This indicates a white display. Further, a reflection plate or a diffusion plate (sheet) can be used instead.
The liquid crystal layer 24 is formed or arranged in a manner similar to that of the liquid crystal layer 24PD liquid crystal or the like (in the case of a panel that modulates light as a change in the scattering state) so that the monitor display section 4 can be formed.
71 can be configured.

Note that the monitor display portion 471 may be manufactured separately from the display portion by manufacturing a panel dedicated to the monitor display portion, and attaching a panel formed with at least one of the black display 471a and the white display 471b. The display panel 21
Is a transmissive display panel, it is needless to say that the liquid crystal layer 24 of the display panel 21 or a pseudo-fabricated one may be used. The monitor display unit 47
1 may be formed or arranged so as to surround the periphery of the display area of the display panel 21.

In FIG. 46, the monitor display section 471 mainly describes the case where the display panel 21 is a PD display panel. However, the present invention is not limited to this. For other display panels (STN liquid crystal display panel, ECB display panel, DAP display panel, TN liquid crystal display panel, ferroelectric liquid crystal panel, D
Needless to say, the present invention can be applied to an SM (dynamic scattering mode) panel, a vertical alignment mode display panel, a guest host display panel, and the like.

For example, in a TN liquid crystal display panel, at least one display monitor 471 of white display and black display is provided.
The liquid crystal layer 24 for the monitor 471 is actually formed,
Or a display monitor unit 471 which is pseudo equivalent to a liquid crystal layer.
To form The same applies to the case where the reflective electrode is a mirror surface and the case where minute irregularities are formed.

The technical idea of disposing the monitor display section 471 is not limited to the video display device using the display panel 21 as the reflection type display panel, but is applied to the video display device using the transmission type display panel. Can also be applied.
This is because there is no difference in the concept of monitoring or adjusting the display state of black and white whether the display panel 21 is of a reflective type or a transmissive type. In addition, this technical concept can be applied not only to a display device for directly observing a display image on a display panel, but also to a viewfinder, a projection display device (projector), a mobile phone monitor, a portable information terminal, a head mounted display, and the like. Needless to say.

In FIG. 46 and the like, the problematic point is that the light from the backlight or the light reflected by the reflective electrode directly enters the eye 531 of the observer, and the displayed image is inverted in black and white. As a method of preventing this, there is a method of arranging an embossed sheet on the surface of the display panel 21 or controlling the directivity of the light source with a microlens. In the present invention, the prism plate 552 shown in FIG.
Is disposed on the light emitting surface of the display panel to take measures.

[0302] The prism plate 552 is a prism sheet 552.
a and 552b are combined. The shape is exemplified by a sawtooth shape, and other triangular shapes, streamlines, conical shapes, triangular pyramids, sawtooth shape + sine curve shape and the like are exemplified. Basically, the prisms 552a and 552b have the same shape. Further, it has a stripe shape in the pixel row direction. Of course, it may be in a matrix form (one square pyramid prism or the like is arranged in nxm pixels).

[0303] The prism plate 552 is formed of a material such as a transparent resin such as acrylic or polycarbonate, or glass. Further, a part or the whole may be colored, or a part or the whole may have a diffusion function. Further, the surface may be embossed or an anti-reflection film may be formed for anti-reflection. In addition, it is preferable to form a light-shielding film or a light-absorbing film in a portion that is not effective in displaying an image or a portion that does not hinder the image display so as to tighten the black level of a displayed image or to exert a contrast improving effect by preventing halation.

[0304] The prism plates 552a and 552b are arranged with a slight air gap 551 therebetween. The air gap 551 is held (not shown) by beads dispersed in the air gap 551. The air gap 5
The thickness (interval) a of 51 preferably satisfies the following expression, where d is the diagonal length of the pixel of the liquid crystal display panel 21.

D / 10 ≦ a ≦ 1/2 · d (Formula 10) Further, it is preferable to satisfy the following condition: 1/5 · d ≦ a ≦ １ ／ · d (Formula 11).

The angle θ (DEG.) Formed by the prism
Is preferably 25 degrees ≦ θ ≦ 60 degrees, and more preferably, the relationship of 35 degrees ≦ θ ≦ 50 degrees is satisfied.

[0307] In Fig. 55, a backlight is not shown.
Is totally reflected when the angle θ1 formed at the interface with the air gap is equal to or larger than the critical angle. Therefore, the light 460a is totally reflected, and the light 460b is
52. That is, a considerable amount of light directed toward the observer's eye 531 is totally reflected. Therefore, the displayed image is not inverted between black and white, and the contrast of the display panel is improved. In addition, this function works effectively for external light.

A prism plate 552 as shown in FIG.
May be arranged on the incident surface of the display panel 21. The prism plate 552 in FIG. 56 is not a prism plate but a transparent substrate formed with a slanted thin slit (this becomes an air gap 551). The slit 551 is formed in a stripe shape in the left-right (pixel row) direction with respect to the display screen.

As shown in FIG. 57, the lights 460a and 460a
b travels straight and enters the display panel 21. The light 460c that is reflected by the reflective film and becomes light directly incident on the observer's eye 531 is totally reflected by the air gap 551, and is reflected light 4c.
60d. Therefore, the phenomenon that the image on the display panel 21 is inverted between black and white does not occur. This is shown in FIG.
The same applies to the structure of

The air gap 551 may be secured by spacers (beads, fibers) 583 as shown in FIG. 58A, or may be formed by protrusions 584 as shown in FIG. 58B. Further, a low refractive index material 581 may be used instead of the air gap 551, and the low refractive index material 581 and the high refractive index material 582 may be alternately formed as shown in FIG. The high refractive index material 582 includes ITO, TiO2, Zn
S, CeO2, ZrO4, TiO4, HfO2, Ta2
O5, ZrO2, or a polyimide resin having a high refractive index is exemplified, and the low refractive index material 583 is made of MgF2, SiO2.
2, Al2O3 or water, silicon gel, ethylene glycol and the like.

It is preferable that the angle θ (DEG.) Of the air gap 551 in FIG. 56 satisfies the relationship of 40 degrees ≦ θ ≦ 80 degrees. Furthermore, it is preferable to satisfy the relationship of 45 degrees ≦ θ ≦ 65 degrees.

[0312] A polarizing means such as a polarizing plate may be arranged on the surface of the prism plate 552. Also, the prism plate 5
An anti-reflection film made of a dielectric multilayer film or a resin film having a low refractive index (refractive index of 1.35 or more and 1.43 or less) may be formed on the surface of the polarizing plate or the surface of the polarizing plate. Further, it is preferable to form minute irregularities such as embossing on the surface of the prism plate 552. Further, it is preferable to form a light absorbing film in a region where light effective for image display does not pass.

The above embodiment has been applied to a display monitor or the like, but can also be applied to a video camera or the like as shown in FIG. FIG. 59 shows an example applied to a video camera. Direct view monitor (liquid crystal display panel)
The present invention is applied to the viewfinder 21 and the viewfinder.

[0314] The display panel 21 can be folded and stored in the storage section of the video camera body 592. The video camera body 592 is provided with a photographic lens 591 and an eyepiece rubber 594 for a viewfinder.

In this specification, at least a light source (light generating means) such as a light emitting element and an image display device (light modulating means) such as a liquid crystal display panel which is not a self-luminous type are provided, and both are integrated. The result is called a viewfinder.

[0316] In addition to the video camera, a video camera is a camera that records video on a disc such as an FD, DVD, MO, or MD; an electronic still camera; a digital camera; Applicable.

FIG. 62 is a sectional view for explaining the viewfinder of the present invention. The viewfinder of FIG. 62 uses the display panel 21 of the present invention. In particular, it is preferable to use a PD liquid crystal display panel or a TN liquid crystal display panel. A lens array 623 is provided on the emission surface of the display panel 21.
And a convex lens 501. Opening 137
The light emitted from illuminates the display panel 21. The micro lens converts the light into narrow directivity light.

The convex lens 501 has a function of condensing the light modulated by the liquid crystal layer 24. Therefore, the effective diameter of the magnifying lens 612 can be smaller than the effective diameter of the display panel 21. Therefore, the size of the magnifying lens 612 can be reduced, and the cost and weight of the viewfinder can be reduced.

In FIG. 62, the display panel 21 has a P
It goes without saying that a polarization type display panel such as a TN liquid crystal display panel may be used in addition to the D liquid crystal display panel.

The magnifying lens 612 is attached to the eyepiece ring 613. By adjusting the position of the eyepiece ring 613, the focus can be adjusted according to the diopter of the observer's eye. The observer puts the eye 531 on the eyepiece rubber 5.
Backlight 2 to view the display image close to
The problem does not occur even if the directivity of the light from 3 is narrow.

FIG. 61 is an explanatory view (sectional view) of a viewfinder according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 61 shows a transparent block 601 on which a parabolic mirror is formed.
See) Convert the light from the placed light source unit to approximately parallel light,
It illuminates the display panel 21. Display panel 21
Use a transmission type such as the present invention.

The transparent block 601 is a concave mirror centered on the focal point 0 as shown in FIG. 60, and converts the light radiated from the focal point 0 into parallel light by reflecting it on the reflecting surface 475. However, the reflection film 475 is not limited to the complete parabolic shape 602, but may be an elliptical shape. That is, anything may be used as long as it converts light emitted from the light emitting source into substantially parallel light. For example, a prism plate (prism sheet) or a phase film can be used. The light emitting element is not limited to a point light source, but may be a linear light source such as a thin fluorescent tube. For example, the paraboloid may be a two-dimensional paraboloid.

As shown in FIG. 60, when the light emitting element is a point light source, the use portion 601 (transparent block) is formed by depositing a film of Al, Ag or the like on the back surface of the use portion 601 which is a hatched portion to form a reflection surface 475. Form. The reflection surface 475 may be a metal material such as Al or Ag, or a dielectric mirror or a material using a diffraction effect. Further, another member having the reflection surface 475 formed thereon may be attached.

[0324] Light emitted from a white LED as a light source enters a transparent block 601. Incident light 460a
Is converted into light 460b having a narrow directivity, and the display panel 21
To the magnifying lens 612 collected by the field lens 501. The field lens 501 is made of polycarbonate resin, Zeonex resin, acrylic resin,
It is formed of a polystyrene resin or the like. The transparent block 601 is formed of the same material. Among them, the transparent block 601 is formed of polycarbonate.

[0325] Polycarbonate has large wavelength dispersion. However, if it is used for an illumination system, there is no problem at all due to the effect of color shift. Therefore, it should be formed of a polycarbonate resin that can make use of the characteristic of high refractive index. Since the refractive index is high, the curvature of the paraboloid can be reduced, and the size can be reduced. Of course, it may be formed of an organic or inorganic glass. Further, a lens-like (concave) case filled with gel or liquid may be used. Also, a concave bowl with a part of the paraboloid may be processed (a part of a normal concave mirror is used instead of a transparent member).

When the reflection surface 475 is formed of a metal thin film such as Al, the surface is coated with a UV resin or the like, or coated with SiO 2, magnesium fluoride or the like in order to prevent oxidation.

The reflecting surface 475 may be formed of a metal thin film, or a reflecting sheet or a metal plate may be attached. Alternatively, it may be formed by applying a paste or the like. Further, a reflective film may be formed on another transparent block or the like, and the reflective film 475 may be attached to the transparent block 601. The optical interference film may be the reflection surface 475. The present invention is shown in FIG.
As shown in FIG. 0, light is illuminated around the portion C by the light emitting element.

A light emitting element having directivity can be used. That is, the illumination range C is narrow. Therefore, light use efficiency is good. This is because the illumination area of the narrow display panel 21 can be efficiently illuminated. In this sense, a small (white) LED with a light emitting portion is optimal. Note that the arrangement position of the light emitting element may be shifted from the focal point O back and forth. The size of the light emitting area of the light emitting element only changes apparently. If it is longer than the focal length, the light emitting area becomes larger. If it is shorter than the focal length, the illumination area usually becomes smaller.

As described above, the present invention uses only a half of the center line of the parabolic mirror, and does not use the lower surface position of the light emitting element as a region through which illumination light passes.

The diagonal length m of the effective display area of the display panel 21
(Mm) (a region where pixels and the like are formed and an observer who sees an image in the viewfinder can see the image) and the focal length f (mm) of the parabolic mirror 602 satisfies the following relationship. To do.

M / 2 (mm) ≦ f (mm) ≦ 3 m / 2 (mm) If f (mm) is shorter than m / 2 (mm), the curvature of the paraboloid becomes small and the angle of formation of the reflection surface 311 becomes small. growing. Therefore, the depth of the backlight becomes long, which is not preferable. Further, when the angle of the reflection surface is too large, there is a problem that a luminance difference is likely to be generated in the vertical and horizontal directions of the display area of the display panel 21.

On the other hand, when f (mm) is longer than 3 m / 2 (mm), the curvature of the paraboloid increases, and the position of the light emitting element (light emitting portion) also increases. As a result, the depth of the backlight becomes longer as before.

When the white LED is of a chip type, the diameter of the light emitting region is about 1 (mm). When the parabolic surface is large, when the diagonal length of the effective display area of the display panel is long, and when the diagonal length is 1 mm in diameter, it may be small. That is,
The directivity of light incident on the display panel 21 is too narrow. Depending on the angle-of-view design of the magnifying lens 612, if the light-emitting area of the light-emitting element 453 is small, the displayed image cannot be seen when the eye is slightly away from the eyepiece cover 594. Therefore, it is preferable to arrange a diffusion plate or the like on the light emitting side to increase the light emitting area.

The white LED 453 performs constant current driving. By performing the constant current driving, a change in light emission luminance due to temperature dependence is reduced. In addition, the power consumption of the LED 453 can be reduced by performing pulse driving while keeping the emission luminance high. The pulse duty ratio is 1/2 to 1 /
4, and the cycle is 50 Hz or more. When the cycle is as low as 30 Hz, flicker occurs.

The diagonal length d (m) of the light emitting area of the LED 453
m) is the diagonal length of the effective display area of the display panel 21 (the diagonal length of the area effective for displaying an image viewed by the observer) is m (mm).
It is preferable that the following relationship be satisfied.

(M / 2) ≦ d ≦ (m / 15) More preferably, the following relationship should be satisfied.

(M / 3) ≦ d ≦ (m / 10) If d is too small, the directivity of the light illuminating the display panel 21 becomes too narrow, and the display image seen by the observer becomes too dark. On the other hand, if d is too large, the directivity of the light illuminating the display panel 21 becomes too wide, and the contrast of the displayed image decreases. As an example, when the diagonal length of the effective display area of the display panel 21 is 0.5 (inch) (about 13 (mm),
The light emitting area of the LED has a diagonal length or a diameter of 2-3 (m
m) is appropriate. The size of the light emitting region can be easily achieved by attaching or disposing a diffusion sheet on the light emitting surface of the LED chip.

The substantially parallel light means light having a narrow directivity, and does not mean perfect parallel light, and may be a light beam converging or spreading with respect to the optical axis.
That is, it is used to mean light that is not a diffuse light source like a surface light source.

The above can naturally be applied to other display devices of the present invention.

In FIG. 61 to FIG. 63, the liquid crystal layer 24
In order to absorb the light scattered by the above, it is preferable to keep the inner surface of the body 611 black or dark. Body 61
This is for absorbing scattered light at 1. Therefore, it is effective to apply black paint to an invalid area of the display panel 21 (an area where light effective for image display does not pass).

The liquid crystal layer 24 scatters or transmits the incident light based on the level of the voltage applied to the pixel electrode or the like.
Alternatively, the polarization direction is changed. The transmitted light passes through the magnifying lens and reaches the eye 531 of the observer.

In the viewfinder, the range seen by the observer is a very narrow range because it is fixed by the eyepiece cover (eye cap) 594 or the like. Therefore, a sufficient viewing angle (viewing range) can be realized even when the display panel 21 is illuminated with light having a narrow directivity. Therefore, the power consumption of the light source 453 can be significantly reduced. As an example, in a viewfinder using a display panel 21 of 0.5 (inch), power consumption of the light source is required to be 0.3 to 0.35 (W) in the surface light source method, but in the viewfinder of the present invention. 0.02-
With 0.04 (W), the brightness of the same display image could be realized.

The observer views the displayed image while fixing the eye 531 with the eyepiece cover 594. Adjust the focus with the eyepiece ring 61
3 is moved. Note that the number of light source units 453 is not limited to one, and may be plural.

FIGS. 61 and 62 show one liquid crystal display panel 2.
1 is used, but two liquid crystal display panels 21 are used as shown in FIG. FIG. 63
Is the one using PBS452.

As shown in FIG. 63, the liquid crystal display panels 21a and 21a
By displaying an image interpolating 1b and 1b, a high-definition image can be displayed on a low-definition liquid crystal display panel.
Further, the liquid crystal display panel 21a is a luminance (Y) display panel,
By forming a color filter on the liquid crystal display panel 21b to form a color (C) display panel, high definition and high luminance display can be realized. Further, the liquid crystal display panel 21b is used for R light modulation, and the liquid crystal display panel 21b is used for B light and G light modulation. What is necessary is just to form two color filters in a mosaic shape on one liquid crystal display panel.

In the viewfinder of the present invention, the display panel 21 is a liquid crystal display panel. However, the present invention is not limited to this.
Needless to say, a self-luminous display panel such as L may be used. Of course, it goes without saying that a PD liquid crystal display panel or a TN liquid crystal display panel may be used as the display panel 21.

Also, the light angle θ incident on the display panel 21
2 may be vertical, but may be incident at an angle of about 0 ≦ θ2 ≦ 20 (DEG).

In the case of displaying by field sequential, as shown in FIG. 62, R, G, B light emitting LEDs
453 is arranged. An LED that emits white (W) light in addition to R, G, and B light may be used.

In addition to the R, G, and B light emitting LEDs, light emitting elements of three primary colors of cyan, yellow, and magenta may be used.
The light-emitting elements 453 are arranged as densely as possible. In addition, a light diffusing plate (not shown) is arranged on the light emitting side to increase the light emitting area of the light emitting element and to suppress the occurrence of color unevenness due to the distribution of the R, G, and B light emitting positions. I do.

The same applies to FIG. 63 and the like, except that the light emitting elements R,
The numbers of G and B are not limited to one each, and G may be two and B and R may be one. You only have to consider the color balance.

The light from the light emitting element 453 is collected by the lens 501. The light condensing described in the view finder or the like is for converting the principal ray of the diverging light into parallel light or substantially parallel light. Further, depending on the display area of the display panel 21 or the aperture of the magnifying lens 612, the light may be designed to be convergent light or the chief ray may be widened in design.

When the display panels 21a and 21b perform modulation of the same color, the light emitting element 453 is
The corresponding light emitting element 453 is turned on in synchronization with the applied video signal. That is, field sequential display is performed.
When the light emitting element 453 emits white light, normal display (drive) is performed.
I do. The display panel 21a modulates the G light and the display panel 2
1b modulates the B light, the light emitting elements 453G and 453G
3B lights up simultaneously. That is, the display panel 21a
When the light and the display panel 21b are modulating the B light, the light emitting elements 453G and 453B are turned on.
When b modulates the R light, 453B and 453R are turned on. When 21a modulates the R light, and when 21b modulates the G light, 453R and 453G are turned on.

In the present invention, PBS472 was used. The PBS 472 is not limited to the solid block shape, but may be a sheet shape. Although the display contrast is slightly reduced, it is inexpensive. Also, P in FIG.
A simple beam splitter may be used instead of the BS472. The beam splitter 472 has a function of dividing an optical path into a plurality, and includes a dichroic mirror, a half mirror, a dichroic prism, and the like.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 63, the display panel 21 may be of a transmissive type or a translucent type. As shown in FIG. 63, in order to prevent light reflected at the interface of the display panel 21 with air, the PBS 472 is used.
It is preferable to optically couple the display panel 21 with the optical coupling member 442. Further, a prism plate may be arranged on the incident surface of the display panel 21 or between the backlight 23 and the display panel 21. These are shown in FIG.
Also applies to

In FIG. 63, the number of display panels 21 is two. However, the number of display panels is not limited to two, and may be three or more. Further, as the display panel 21, D
An MD (Digital Micromirror Device) or TMA of Daewoo Korea may be used. Also, a hologram color filter using hologram development may be used as the color filter. These items also apply to other display devices and the like described in this specification.

The above is the case where the display area of the display panel 21 is relatively small. However, when the display area is as large as 30 inches or more, the display screen is easily bent. As a countermeasure, in the present invention, an outer frame 641 is attached to the display panel 21 as shown in FIG.
The outer frame 641 is attached by a fixing member 642 so as to be suspended. Using this fixing member 642, as shown in FIG. 65, it is attached to the wall 651 with screws 652 or the like.

However, as the size of the display panel 21 increases, the weight also increases. Therefore, the leg attachment portion 644 is disposed below the display panel 21 so that the weight of the display panel 21 can be held by a plurality of legs.

The leg can move left and right as shown in A, and the leg 643 can contract as shown in B. Therefore, the display device can be easily installed even in a narrow place.

In the liquid crystal television of FIG. 65, the surface of the screen is covered with a protective film (a protective plate may be used). This is one purpose of preventing the object from hitting and damaging the surface of the liquid crystal panel. An AIR coat is formed on the surface of the protective film, and by embossing the surface, the appearance of external conditions (external light) on the liquid crystal display panel is suppressed. Protective film 65
By dispersing beads or the like between the liquid crystal display panel 3 and the liquid crystal display panel 21, a certain space is arranged. In addition, fine projections are formed on the back surface of the protection film 653, and the projections hold a space between the liquid crystal display panel and the protection film. By maintaining the space in this way, transmission of the impact from the protective film 653 to the liquid crystal display panel 21 is suppressed. It is also effective to dispose or inject a photo-binding agent 442 such as ethylene glycol between the protective film 653 and the liquid crystal display panel. This is because interface reflection can be prevented, and the optical binder 442 functions as a buffer.

Examples of the protective film 653 include a polycarbonate film (plate), an acrylic film (plate), a polyester film (plate), and a PVA film (plate). Needless to say, other engineering resin films can be used. Further, it may be made of an inorganic material such as tempered glass. Instead of disposing the protective film 653, the surface of the liquid crystal display panel 21 is coated with epoxy resin, phenol resin, or acrylic resin.
Coating with a thickness of 5 mm or more and 2.0 mm or less has the same effect. It is also effective to coat the surface of the protective film 653 or the coating material with fluorine. This is because dirt on the surface can be easily wiped off with a detergent or the like. In addition, a thick protective film may be used as a front light.

In the display panel, the display device, and the like of the present invention, it has been mainly described that substrates such as a glass substrate, a transparent ceramic substrate, a resin substrate, a single crystal silicon substrate, and a metal substrate are used as substrates such as an opposing substrate and an array substrate. . However, a film or a sheet such as a resin film may be used for the counter substrate and the array substrate. For example, polyimide, PVA, cross-linked polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester sheet and the like are exemplified.

In the present invention, the gray scale is displayed by the FRC. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and may be realized by generating a random number. The output of the random number generator can be simply an integer and a random number common to each gradation. If the number of frames differs in gradations at different steps, a random number different for each gradation is output as an integer. It may be. Even in this case, if there are eight gradations, there are only eight random numbers at the maximum. Depending on the circuit configuration, a decimal number less than 1 may be generated and a decimal operation may be performed in the comparator.

The appearance mode of the flicker differs depending on the liquid crystal material used for the liquid crystal display element, the structure of the cell, the type of the polarizing film, the display color, the driving conditions, and the like. For this reason, RO
The random number data to be written into M should be optimized according to each liquid crystal display element. Originally, it is strange to optimize for random numbers, but in this case, it means to select pseudo random number data so that flicker is reduced in appearance.

As the liquid crystal cell used in the present invention, an ordinary simple matrix type liquid crystal cell can be used. In particular,
In2O3 on the surface of a transparent substrate such as glass or plastic
-Transparent electrodes such as SnO2 (ITO) and SnO2 are formed in a stripe shape, the electrode surfaces are arranged to face each other, the periphery is sealed with a sealing material, and liquid crystal is sealed inside. SiO2, Ti above or below this electrode surface
An insulating layer such as O2 or a color filter is formed, or an alignment film such as polyimide, polyamide, silicon, acrylic, urethane, or SiO is formed on an electrode.

This liquid crystal cell can be used in a TN type, but is practically an STN type, has at least 200 scanning electrodes, and has a liquid crystal twist angle of 180 to 36.
It is advantageous to use one at 0 °.

The liquid crystal composition to be used may be a mixture of various known liquid crystal materials. If necessary, a non-liquid crystal material having a similar structure, a dye, a chiral agent, and other additives may be added and used.

In the liquid crystal cell into which the liquid crystal is injected as described above,
Further, a polarizing film, a phase difference plate, a reflection film, and the like are arranged as necessary. In particular, the present invention is suitable for performing gradation display by time division driving with a duty of 1/120 or more, and is suitable for an STN type liquid crystal display device in which the twist angle of liquid crystal is about 180 to 360 °. Furthermore, among them, S
The present invention is also suitable for a black-and-white STN type liquid crystal display device in which a phase difference plate and a compensation liquid crystal cell are stacked on a TN type liquid crystal cell, or a liquid crystal display device which performs a multicolor display by coloring the same.

Further, light sources such as CCT, LED, EL, etc.
Lighting such as a light guide plate may be combined. Further, a transparent touch switch may be provided on the surface.

According to the present invention, since the lighting state is controlled by the random number, the same lighting and non-lighting states can be prevented from continuing at the time of the intermediate gradation. Thereby, flicker at a frequency lower than the apparent frame frequency is reduced, and the appearance is improved.

The light modulating layer 24 is not limited to the liquid crystal alone, but is a 9/65/35 PLZ having a thickness of about 100 microns.
T or 6/65/35 PLZT. Further, the light modulation layer 24 may be a material in which a phosphor is added, or a liquid crystal in which polymer balls, metal balls, or the like are added.

Although the transparent electrode has been described as ITO, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, a transparent electrode such as SnO 2, indium, or indium oxide may be used. Further, a thin film of a thin metal film such as gold may be employed. Further, an organic conductive film, an ultrafine particle-dispersed ink, or a transparent conductive coating agent “Syntron” commercialized by TORAY may be used.

The light-absorbing film and the like are not only those obtained by adding carbon or the like to an acrylic resin or the like, but also a black metal such as hexavalent chromium, a paint, a thin film or a thick film or member having fine irregularities formed on the surface, titanium oxide, Light diffusers such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and opal glass may be used. Further, the color may be colored with a dye or a pigment which has a complementary color relationship to the light modulated by the light modulation layer 24 even if it is not black. Further, a hologram or a diffraction grating may be used.

In the embodiment of the present invention, TF is used for each pixel electrode.
It has been described as an active matrix type in which switching elements such as T, MIM, and thin film diode (TFD) are arranged. The active matrix type and the dot matrix type include not only a liquid crystal display panel, but also a micro mirror and a DMD (DLP) developed by TI which displays an image by changing the angle.

A switching element such as a TFT has 1
The number of pixels is not limited to one, and a plurality of pixels may be connected. In addition, the TFT is an LDD (Lightly Doped Drai).
n) It is preferable to adopt a structure.

The technical idea of each embodiment of the present invention is that a liquid crystal display panel, an EL display panel, an LED display panel, an FE
The present invention can be applied to a D (field emission display) display panel and a PDP. Further, the present invention is not limited to the active matrix type, but may be a simple matrix type. Even in the simple matrix type, the intersection points have pixels (electrodes) and can be regarded as a dot matrix type display panel. Of course, the reflection type of the simple matrix panel is also within the technical scope of the present invention. Others
It goes without saying that the present invention can be applied to a display panel that displays simple symbols, characters, symbols, and the like such as eight segments. These segment electrodes are also one of the pixel electrodes.

Needless to say, the technical idea of the present invention can be applied to a plasma addressed display panel. In addition, the technical idea of the present invention can be applied to an optical writing type display panel, a thermal writing type display panel, and a laser writing type display panel having no specific pixels. Also, a projection type display device using these can be constructed.

The structure of the pixel is not limited to the stripe shape.
Either the common electrode system or the pre-stage gate electrode system may be used.
In addition, along the pixel rows (horizontal direction), ITO
May be formed, and a storage capacitor may be formed between the pixel electrode and the striped electrode. The formation of the storage capacitor in this manner results in the liquid crystal layer 2
By forming a capacitor in parallel with the pixel 4, the voltage holding ratio of the pixel can be improved. Low temperature polysilicon,
A TFT formed of high-temperature polysilicon or the like has a large off-state current. Therefore, it is extremely effective to form this striped electrode.

The modes of the display panel (described without distinguishing between modes and modes) are STN mode, ECB mode, DAP mode, TN mode, in addition to PD mode.
(Anti) ferroelectric liquid crystal mode, DSM (dynamic scattering mode),
The present invention can be applied to a vertical alignment mode, a guest host mode, a homeotropic mode, a smectic mode, a cholesteric mode, and the like.

The display panel / display device of the present invention is not limited to a PD liquid crystal display panel / PD liquid crystal display device, but includes a TN liquid crystal, an STN liquid crystal, a cholesteric liquid crystal, a DA
P liquid crystal, ECB liquid crystal mode, IPS method, ferroelectric liquid crystal,
Other liquid crystals such as antiferroelectric and OCB may be used. Other, P
A system such as LZT, electrochromism, electroluminescence, LED display, EL display, plasma display (PDP), and plasma addressing may be used. There is no need to set the number.

The technical ideas described in the embodiments of the present invention include a video camera, a liquid crystal projector, a stereoscopic television, a projection television, a viewfinder, a monitor of a mobile phone, a PHS, a portable information terminal and its monitor, a digital camera and its monitor, Electrophotographic systems, head-mounted displays, direct-view monitor displays, notebook personal computers, video cameras, electronic still cameras, automated teller machine monitors, payphones, videophones, personal computers, liquid crystal watches and their display parts, home appliances It goes without saying that the present invention can be applied or applied to a liquid crystal display monitor, a pocket game device and its monitor, a backlight for a display panel, and the like.

[0381]

As described in detail above, the present invention enables a display panel to be made thinner and narrower in frame by forming a smoothing capacitor for a power supply on a substrate by using a film forming technique. The practical value is high.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a plan view and a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is an explanatory view of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory view of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is an explanatory view of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is an explanatory view of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is an explanatory view of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is an explanatory view of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a sectional view of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram of a driving method of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram of a driving method of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a method for driving the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is an explanatory diagram of a drive circuit of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 19 is an explanatory diagram of a driving method of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a method for driving the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a method for driving the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating a method for driving the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 23 is an explanatory diagram of a driving method of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 24 is an explanatory diagram of a driving method of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram of a driving method of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 26 is an explanatory diagram of a driving method of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating a method for driving the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram of a driving method of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 29 is an explanatory diagram of a driving method of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 30 is a circuit configuration diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 31 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 32 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 33 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 34 is a circuit diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 35 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 36 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 37 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 38 is a circuit diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 39 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 40 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 41 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 42 is an explanatory diagram of a circuit of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 43 is a circuit diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 44 is a circuit diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 45 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 46 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 47 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 48 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 49 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 50 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 51 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 52 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 53 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 54 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 55 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 56 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 57 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 58 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display device of the present invention.

FIG. 59 is an explanatory diagram of a video camera of the present invention.

FIG. 60 is an explanatory view of a viewfinder according to the present invention.

FIG. 61 is a sectional view of a viewfinder according to the present invention.

FIG. 62 is a sectional view of a viewfinder according to the present invention.

FIG. 63 is a configuration diagram of a viewfinder according to the present invention.

FIG. 64 is a configuration diagram of a liquid crystal television of the present invention.

FIG. 65 is a configuration diagram of a liquid crystal television of the present invention.

FIG. 66 is a configuration diagram of a portable information terminal of the present invention.

FIG. 67 is a configuration diagram of a portable information terminal of the present invention.

FIG. 68 is a configuration diagram of a portable information terminal of the present invention.

FIG. 69 is an explanatory view of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 70 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 71 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 72 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 73 is an explanatory diagram of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 74 is an explanatory view of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

FIG. 75 is an explanatory view of a liquid crystal display panel of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

11, 12 Substrate 14 Segment driver (SEGIC, SEG drive circuit) 15 Common driver (COMIC, COM drive circuit) 21 Liquid crystal display panel (light modulation means, image display device) 22 Polarizing plate (polarizing film, polarizing means) 23 Backlight (Light emitting means) 24 Liquid crystal layer (light modulating layer) 25 Semi-transmissive film (semi-transmissive plate, reflective plate, reflective film, transmission amount control means) 26 Phase film (phase plate, phase rotating means, phase difference plate, phase difference) Film) 31 Base substrate (base film) 32, 33 Auxiliary substrate (auxiliary film) 34 Substrate 45 Reinforcement substrate (reinforcement film) 51 Striped electrode (transparent electrode, matrix electrode) 52 Color filter (color control means, selective light transmission means) ,
Selective light reflecting means) 61 Convex part (concave part, concave and convex part) 62 Pixel (pixel electrode, reflective electrode, reflective pixel) 71 Transmissive part (light transmissive part, light transmissive electrode) 72 Reflective part (light reflective part, reflective electrode) 81 Connection terminal 131 IC terminal 132 Connection line 134 Capacitor electrode 135 Dielectric film 136 Adhesive (adhesive layer, optical coupling layer (material), adhesive layer) 171 Oscillator 172 Switching circuit 173 Divider circuit 174 Controller 175 Gray scale control circuit 181 Data Shift circuit 182 Gradation selection circuit 183 Orthogonal function ROM 184 Inversion processing circuit 185 MLS circuit 186 Addition circuit 187 Voltage selection circuit 301 Display processing circuit 451 Color filter (color tone correction means) 452 Heat sink 453 Light emitting element 461 Body (housing) 462 Reflection Fresnel lens (reflection parabolic mirror) 463 Projection (fixed part) 4 4 Retaining portion 465 Lid 466 Rotating portion (fulcrum) 467 Gamma switch 468 Polarization conversion element 469 Contrast adjustment monitor (adjustment display portion) 470 NW (normally white) / NB (normally black) switching means 472 PBS (polarizing beam splitter) (Polarization separation means) 473 Beam splitter (optical path separation means) 474 PS separation film (interference film) 475 Mirror (reflection means) 476 λ / 2 plate (λ / 2 sheet, phase control means) 677 Monitor display section 678 Peripheral part 481 Light reflecting surface 491 Parabolic mirror 501 Convex lens 531 Observer's eye 541 External light capturing section 551 Air gap 581 Low refractive index material section 582 High refractive index material section 583 Spacer 591 Photo lens 592 Video camera body 593 Storage section 594 Eyepiece cover( Eye cap 601 Transparent block 602 Parabolic mirror 611 Body 612 Magnifying lens 613 Eyepiece 621 Shield plate (Light shielding film, selective transmission film, selective transmission plate) 622 Opening 623 Lens array 624 Lens 641 Outer frame 642 Fixing member 643 Leg 644 Leg mounting portion 651 Wall 652 Fixing bracket 653 Protective film (protective plate) 661 Housing 662 Button 661 Antenna 671 Front light (light emitting means) 672 Concave portion 673 Convex portion 674 Spring (elastic body) 675 Alignment portion 691 Circuit wiring 692 Electronics Component 731 Flexible board 732 Conductive adhesive 701 Sealing resin

Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification symbol FI Theme coat II (Reference) G09F 9/30 349 G09F 9/30 349Z (72) Inventor Atsuhiro Yamano 1006 Odakadoma, Kadoma City, Osaka Prefecture Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. F term (reference) 2H089 HA04 HA40 QA16 RA05 RA06 RA08 RA10 RA13 RA14 TA02 TA06 TA07 TA09 TA12 TA18 2H091 FA08X FA08Z FA11X FA37X FA41Z GA01 GA02 GA07 GA11 GA13 GA17 JA02 LA17 2H092 GA46 GA55 GA60 HA04 JA24 JB12 JB22 QA08 QA10 QA13 QA14 5C094 AA15 BA03 BA43 CA19 CA24 DA14 DA15 EA04 EA07 EB02 ED03 ED14 FB12 FB15 FB16 HA03 HA04 HA06 HA08 5G435 AA18 BB12 BB15 BB16 EE25 EE33 EE37 FF03 LL05 HLL HLL HLL HLL HLL HLL

Claims (10)

[Claims] 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a capacitor formed on a first substrate by a film forming technique; and an IC formed by cutting a wafer, wherein a power supply terminal of the IC is connected to the capacitor. Characteristic liquid crystal display panel. 2. A semiconductor device comprising: a capacitor formed by a film forming technique on a first substrate formed of a resin; a second substrate formed by a resin; and an IC formed by cutting a wafer. The first substrate and the second substrate are bonded to each other, the IC is mounted on the first substrate or the second substrate, and a power terminal of the IC is connected to the capacitor. A liquid crystal display panel characterized by the following. 3. A first electrode formed on a first substrate by a film forming technique, a second electrode formed on a second substrate by a film forming technique, and formed by cutting a wafer. An IC, wherein a capacitor is formed by sandwiching a dielectric material between a first electrode of the first substrate and a second electrode of the second substrate; 2. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 2, wherein the IC is mounted on a substrate, and a power terminal of the IC is connected to the capacitor. 4. A first substrate including a portion having a first thickness, a portion having a second thickness smaller than the first thickness, and a pixel electrode wiring formed on the first substrate. A display panel substrate, comprising: driver means connected to the pixel electrode wiring, wherein the second thickness portion is bent and disposed on the back surface of the first thickness portion. . 5. A first substrate comprising a portion having a first thickness, a portion having a second thickness, and a portion having a third thickness smaller than the first and second thicknesses, A pixel electrode wiring formed on a first substrate; and driver means connected to the pixel electrode wiring, wherein the third thickness portion is bent to form a back surface of the first thickness portion. A substrate for a display panel, wherein a portion having a second thickness is arranged. 6. A first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a wiring pattern formed on a back surface of the second substrate. A liquid crystal display panel comprising: an electronic component connected to the wiring pattern; and a third substrate connecting the wiring pattern to a pixel electrode wiring. 7. A first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, a hole formed on a back surface of the second substrate, A liquid crystal display panel comprising: an electronic component inserted into the hole; and a wiring connecting the electronic component and a pixel electrode wiring. 8. The backlight according to claim 1, wherein the backlight is disposed on the backlight.
An information display device comprising the liquid crystal display panel according to any one of the above. 9. A first housing to which the liquid crystal display panel according to claim 1 is mounted, a hollow portion formed inside the first housing, and key input means. An information display device, comprising: a second housing having attached thereto, wherein the second housing is configured to be housed in a cavity of the first housing. 10. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal.