JP2001112182A - Secondary battery protection circuit - Google Patents
Secondary battery protection circuitInfo
- Publication number
- JP2001112182A JP2001112182A JP28174399A JP28174399A JP2001112182A JP 2001112182 A JP2001112182 A JP 2001112182A JP 28174399 A JP28174399 A JP 28174399A JP 28174399 A JP28174399 A JP 28174399A JP 2001112182 A JP2001112182 A JP 2001112182A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- secondary battery
- switch
- voltage
- battery
- charging
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Protection Of Static Devices (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】
【課題】 二次電池の保護回路を低抵抗として、二次電
池に貯えられた電力をより多く負荷に取り出す。
【解決手段】 リチウムイオン二次電池１の電池電圧を
電圧検出手段２で検出する。二次電池１の電池電圧が4.
5Ｖ以上であると、スイッチ制御手段３により充電用ス
イッチ６を開いて、二次電池１の充電を遮断する。二次
電池１の電池電圧が2.0Ｖ以下であると、放電用スイッ
チ５を開いて二次電池１の放電を遮断する。二次電池１
の電池電圧が2.0Ｖから4.5Ｖの範囲内である通常状態で
は、バイパス用スイッチ４及び放電用スイッチ５及び充
電用スイッチ６ともＯＮ状態として、充電及び放電を可
能にする。このようにして、電圧降下を小さくして負荷
電流を取り出すことができる。
(57) [Summary] [PROBLEMS] To reduce the resistance of a protection circuit for a secondary battery and extract more power stored in the secondary battery to a load. SOLUTION: A battery voltage of a lithium ion secondary battery 1 is detected by a voltage detecting means 2. The battery voltage of the secondary battery 1 is 4.
When the voltage is 5 V or more, the charging switch 6 is opened by the switch control means 3 to interrupt charging of the secondary battery 1. When the battery voltage of the secondary battery 1 is 2.0 V or less, the discharge switch 5 is opened to stop the discharge of the secondary battery 1. Secondary battery 1
In the normal state in which the battery voltage is within the range of 2.0 V to 4.5 V, the bypass switch 4, the discharge switch 5, and the charge switch 6 are also turned on to enable charging and discharging. In this way, the load current can be taken out with a small voltage drop.
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、二次電池の保護回
路に関し、特に、二次電池に貯えられた電力をより多く
負荷に取り出すことができる低抵抗な保護回路に関す
る。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a protection circuit for a secondary battery, and more particularly to a low-resistance protection circuit capable of extracting more power stored in the secondary battery to a load.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】充電を行うことにより繰り返し使用でき
る二次電池は、過充電または過放電されると、大きく特
性が劣化してしまう。リチウムイオン二次電池は、4.5
Ｖを超えて過充電されると、電解液の分解により、著し
く電池性能が劣化する。また、2.0Ｖを下回って過放電
された場合にも、著しく電池特性が劣化する。そこで、
二次電池の電池電圧が所定範囲外となったとき、二次電
池の充電または放電を遮断するようにしている。この機
能を実現するために、図２に示すような２つのスイッチ
素子を直列接続した保護回路が使用されている。2. Description of the Related Art The characteristics of a rechargeable battery that can be repeatedly used by being charged are greatly deteriorated when overcharged or overdischarged. 4.5 for lithium ion secondary batteries
When the battery is overcharged beyond V, the performance of the battery is significantly deteriorated due to decomposition of the electrolytic solution. Also, when the battery is overdischarged below 2.0 V, the battery characteristics are significantly deteriorated. Therefore,
When the battery voltage of the secondary battery is out of the predetermined range, charging or discharging of the secondary battery is shut off. In order to realize this function, a protection circuit in which two switch elements are connected in series as shown in FIG. 2 is used.
【０００３】通常状態では、放電用スイッチ５及び充電
用スイッチ６とも、ＯＮ状態とされ、充電及び放電が可
能となっている。この状態で、充放電用端子７、８に充
電器が接続されると、二次電池に充電電力が印加され、
4.3Ｖの定電圧充電が開始される。電圧検出手段２は、
二次電池１の電池電圧を検出している。今、充電器の故
障あるいはその他の原因により、4.3Ｖを超えての充電
がなされ、二次電池１の電池電圧が4.5Ｖ以上となる
と、電圧検出手段２は、スイッチ制御手段３に対して第
一の異常信号を与える。スイッチ制御手段３は、この第
一の異常信号に応答し、充電用スイッチ６にＬＯＷ信号
を印加し、これをＯＦＦ状態とする。よって、二次電池
１の充電が遮断され、二次電池１の過充電が防止され
る。充電が遮断され、充電用スイッチ６がＯＦＦ状態と
されたとしても、このスイッチ６と並列に寄生ダイオー
ド６aがあり、また放電用スイッチ５は依然としてＯＮ
状態である。したがって、二次電池１は、放電用スイッ
チ５及び寄生ダイオード６aを経て放電可能な状態とな
っている。In a normal state, the discharging switch 5 and the charging switch 6 are both turned on, so that charging and discharging can be performed. When a charger is connected to the charging / discharging terminals 7 and 8 in this state, charging power is applied to the secondary battery,
4.3V constant voltage charging is started. The voltage detecting means 2
The battery voltage of the secondary battery 1 is detected. Now, if the battery exceeds 4.3 V due to a failure of the charger or other causes and the battery voltage of the secondary battery 1 becomes 4.5 V or more, the voltage detecting means 2 sends a second signal to the switch control means 3. Give one abnormal signal. In response to the first abnormality signal, the switch control means 3 applies a LOW signal to the charging switch 6 to turn it off. Therefore, charging of the secondary battery 1 is interrupted, and overcharging of the secondary battery 1 is prevented. Even if charging is interrupted and charging switch 6 is turned off, there is a parasitic diode 6a in parallel with switch 6, and discharging switch 5 is still on.
State. Therefore, the secondary battery 1 is in a dischargeable state via the discharging switch 5 and the parasitic diode 6a.
【０００４】一方、充放電用端子７、８に何らかの負荷
が接続されると、二次電池１の放電が開始される。電圧
検出手段２は、二次電池１の電池電圧を検出しており、
電池電圧が2.0Ｖ以下となるとスイッチ制御手段３に対
して第二の異常信号を与える。スイッチ制御手段３は、
この第二の異常信号に応答し、放電用スイッチ５にＬＯ
Ｗ信号を印加し、これをＯＦＦ状態とする。よって、二
次電池１の放電が遮断され二次電池１の過放電が防止さ
れる。放電が遮断され、放電用スイッチ５がＯＦＦ状態
とされたとしても、このスイッチ５と並列に寄生ダイオ
ード５aがあり、また充電用スイッチ６は依然としてＯ
Ｎ状態である。したがって、二次電池１は、充電用スイ
ッチ６及び寄生ダイオード５aを経て充電可能な状態と
なっている。[0004] On the other hand, when any load is connected to the charging / discharging terminals 7 and 8, discharging of the secondary battery 1 is started. The voltage detecting means 2 detects the battery voltage of the secondary battery 1,
When the battery voltage becomes 2.0 V or less, a second abnormal signal is given to the switch control means 3. The switch control means 3
In response to the second abnormal signal, the discharge switch 5
A W signal is applied to turn it off. Therefore, the discharge of the secondary battery 1 is interrupted, and the overdischarge of the secondary battery 1 is prevented. Even if the discharging is interrupted and the discharging switch 5 is turned off, there is a parasitic diode 5a in parallel with the discharging switch 5, and the charging switch 6 is still turned off.
N state. Therefore, the secondary battery 1 can be charged via the charging switch 6 and the parasitic diode 5a.
【０００５】[0005]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、上記従
来の保護回路では、保護回路の抵抗があって電圧降下が
大きく、二次電池に貯えられた電力のうち使われない部
分が多いという問題があった。例えば、上記保護回路内
部のスイッチ素子一つの電圧降下が0.1Ｖであったとす
ると、保護回路全体では0.2Ｖの電圧降下を起こしてし
まう。3.0Ｖ以上で動作する機器に電力を供給する場
合、二次電池の電圧は3.2Ｖ以上である必要がある。こ
のため、二次電池の電圧が3.2Ｖのときに二次電池に残
っている電力は使うことができず、無駄になってしま
う。However, the above-mentioned conventional protection circuit has a problem that the resistance of the protection circuit causes a large voltage drop, and there are many unused portions of the electric power stored in the secondary battery. Was. For example, if the voltage drop of one switch element inside the protection circuit is 0.1 V, a voltage drop of 0.2 V occurs in the entire protection circuit. When power is supplied to a device that operates at 3.0 V or more, the voltage of the secondary battery needs to be 3.2 V or more. For this reason, when the voltage of the secondary battery is 3.2 V, the power remaining in the secondary battery cannot be used and is wasted.
【０００６】本発明の目的は、二次電池の保護回路での
電圧降下を少なくし、二次電池に貯えられた電力をより
多く負荷に取り出すことである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to reduce a voltage drop in a protection circuit of a secondary battery and to extract more electric power stored in the secondary battery to a load.
【０００７】[0007]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記の課題を解決するた
めに、本発明では、二次電池の保護回路を、二次電池の
電池電圧を検出する電圧検出手段と、二次電池の電池電
圧が第１の所定値以上であるときに二次電池の充電を遮
断する充電遮断手段と、二次電池の電池電圧が第２の所
定値以下であるときに二次電池の放電を遮断する放電遮
断手段と、二次電池の電池電圧が所定範囲内であるとき
に充電遮断手段と放電遮断手段とをバイパスする接続手
段とを備えた構成とした。In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, according to the present invention, a protection circuit for a secondary battery includes a voltage detection means for detecting a battery voltage of the secondary battery, and a battery voltage of the secondary battery. Charge interruption means for interrupting the charging of the secondary battery when is greater than or equal to a first predetermined value, and discharging for interrupting the discharging of the secondary battery when the battery voltage of the secondary battery is equal to or less than a second predetermined value The configuration includes a cutoff unit and a connection unit that bypasses the charge cutoff unit and the discharge cutoff unit when the battery voltage of the secondary battery is within a predetermined range.
【０００８】このように構成したことにより、電圧降下
なく電流を取り出すことができる。[0008] With this configuration, a current can be taken out without a voltage drop.
【０００９】[0009]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の実施の形態につい
て、図１を参照しながら詳細に説明する。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to FIG.
【００１０】（実施の形態）本発明の実施の形態は、二
次電池の電池電圧が所定範囲内であるときに、放電用ス
イッチと充電用スイッチをバイパスするスイッチを設け
た二次電池保護回路である。(Embodiment) An embodiment of the present invention relates to a secondary battery protection circuit provided with a switch for bypassing a discharging switch and a charging switch when the battery voltage of the secondary battery is within a predetermined range. It is.
【００１１】図１は、本発明の実施の形態における二次
電池保護回路のブロック図である。図１において、二次
電池１は、リチウムイオン二次電池である。電圧検出手
段２は、二次電池１の電池電圧を検出する手段である。
スイッチ制御手段３は、電圧検出手段２からの信号に応
答して、バイパス用スイッチ４または放電用スイッチ５
または充電用スイッチ６のＯＮ、ＯＦＦ制御を行う手段
である。放電用スイッチ５は、二次電池１と直列に接続
されたスイッチである。充電用スイッチ６は、二次電池
１と直列に接続されたスイッチである。FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a secondary battery protection circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1, a secondary battery 1 is a lithium ion secondary battery. The voltage detecting means 2 is a means for detecting the battery voltage of the secondary battery 1.
The switch control means 3 responds to the signal from the voltage detection means 2 by switching the bypass switch 4 or the discharge switch 5
Alternatively, it is means for performing ON / OFF control of the charging switch 6. The discharging switch 5 is a switch connected in series with the secondary battery 1. The charging switch 6 is a switch connected in series with the secondary battery 1.
【００１２】これらスイッチ５、６は、寄生ダイオード
５a、６aを有するＭＯＳＦＥＴからなり、二次電池１が
充電される場合に、寄生ダイオード５aは順バイアスさ
れる方向に、また寄生ダイオード６aは逆バイアスされ
る方向に接続されている。バイパス用スイッチ４は、二
次電池１と直列に接続され、スイッチ５、６をバイパス
するように接続されたスイッチである。充放電用端子
７、８は、充電器または負荷（いずれも図示しない）が
接続される端子である。The switches 5 and 6 are composed of MOSFETs having parasitic diodes 5a and 6a, and when the secondary battery 1 is charged, the parasitic diode 5a is forward-biased and the parasitic diode 6a is reverse-biased. Connected in the direction that will be. The bypass switch 4 is a switch connected in series with the secondary battery 1 and connected to bypass the switches 5 and 6. The charging / discharging terminals 7 and 8 are terminals to which a charger or a load (both not shown) are connected.
【００１３】リチウムイオン二次電池は、4.5Ｖを超え
て過充電されると、電解液の分解により、著しく電池性
能が劣化する。また、2.0Ｖを下回って過放電された場
合にも、著しく電池特性が劣化する。そこで、本実施の
形態においては、二次電池の電池電圧が所定範囲外とな
ったとき、二次電池の充電または放電を遮断するように
している。また、二次電池の電池電圧が所定範囲内とな
ったとき、保護回路が低抵抗になるよう、二次電池の充
電または放電を遮断するスイッチをバイパスするように
低抵抗の電流経路を接続している。When a lithium ion secondary battery is overcharged by exceeding 4.5 V, the performance of the battery is significantly deteriorated due to decomposition of the electrolyte. Also, when the battery is overdischarged below 2.0 V, the battery characteristics are significantly deteriorated. Therefore, in the present embodiment, when the battery voltage of the secondary battery is out of the predetermined range, charging or discharging of the secondary battery is cut off. Also, when the battery voltage of the secondary battery falls within a predetermined range, a low-resistance current path is connected so as to bypass a switch that shuts off charging or discharging of the secondary battery so that the protection circuit has a low resistance. ing.
【００１４】上記のように構成された本発明の実施の形
態における保護回路の動作を説明する。通常状態では、
バイパス用スイッチ４及び放電用スイッチ５及び充電用
スイッチ６とも、ＯＮ状態とされ、充電及び放電が可能
となっている。各スイッチ４、５、６の抵抗値が同じ場
合には、放電用スイッチ５及び充電用スイッチ６を通過
する電流経路と比較すると、バイパス用スイッチ４を通
過する電流経路を並列接続した保護回路の抵抗値は、３
分の２と低いものになる。The operation of the protection circuit according to the embodiment of the present invention configured as described above will be described. Under normal conditions,
The bypass switch 4, the discharge switch 5, and the charging switch 6 are also turned on, and charging and discharging are enabled. When the resistance values of the switches 4, 5, and 6 are the same, the current path passing through the bypass switch 4 is compared with the current path passing through the discharging switch 5 and the charging switch 6, The resistance value is 3
It will be as low as two minutes.
【００１５】この状態で、充放電用端子７、８に充電器
が接続されると、二次電池に充電電力が印加され、4.3
Ｖの定電圧充電が開始される。電圧検出手段２は、二次
電池１の電池電圧を検出している。今、充電器の故障あ
るいはその他の原因により、4.3Ｖを超えての充電がな
され、二次電池１の電池電圧が4.5Ｖ以上となると、電
圧検出手段２は、スイッチ制御手段３に対して第一の異
常信号を与える。スイッチ制御手段３は、この第一の異
常信号に応答し、バイパス用スイッチ４及び充電用スイ
ッチ６にＬＯＷ信号を印加し、これをＯＦＦ状態とす
る。よって、二次電池１の充電が遮断され、二次電池１
の過充電が防止される。In this state, when a charger is connected to the charging and discharging terminals 7 and 8, charging power is applied to the secondary battery, and
V constant voltage charging is started. The voltage detecting means 2 detects the battery voltage of the secondary battery 1. Now, when charging exceeding 4.3 V is performed due to failure of the charger or other causes, and the battery voltage of the secondary battery 1 becomes 4.5 V or more, the voltage detecting means 2 sends a second signal to the switch control means 3. Give one abnormal signal. In response to the first abnormal signal, the switch control means 3 applies a LOW signal to the bypass switch 4 and the charging switch 6 to turn it OFF. Therefore, charging of the secondary battery 1 is interrupted, and the secondary battery 1
Is prevented from being overcharged.
【００１６】充電が遮断され、充電用スイッチ６がＯＦ
Ｆ状態とされたとしても、このスイッチ６と並列に寄生
ダイオード６aがあり、また放電用スイッチ５は依然と
してＯＮ状態である。したがって、二次電池１は、放電
用スイッチ５及び寄生ダイオード６aを経て放電可能な
状態となっている。The charging is interrupted, and the charging switch 6 is turned off.
Even if the switch is set to the F state, there is a parasitic diode 6a in parallel with the switch 6, and the discharge switch 5 is still in the ON state. Therefore, the secondary battery 1 is in a state where discharge is possible via the discharge switch 5 and the parasitic diode 6a.
【００１７】一方、充放電用端子７、８に何らかの負荷
が接続されると、二次電池１の放電が開始される。電圧
検出手段２は、二次電池１の電池電圧を検出しており、
電池電圧が2.0Ｖ以下となるとスイッチ制御手段３に対
して第二の異常信号を与える。スイッチ制御手段３は、
この第二の異常信号に応答し、バイパス用スイッチ４及
び放電用スイッチ５にＬＯＷ信号を印加し、これをＯＦ
Ｆ状態とする。よって、二次電池１の放電が遮断され二
次電池１の過放電が防止される。On the other hand, when any load is connected to the charging / discharging terminals 7 and 8, discharging of the secondary battery 1 is started. The voltage detecting means 2 detects the battery voltage of the secondary battery 1,
When the battery voltage becomes 2.0 V or less, a second abnormal signal is given to the switch control means 3. The switch control means 3
In response to the second abnormal signal, a LOW signal is applied to the switch for bypass 4 and the switch for discharge 5 and the signal is turned off.
Set to F state. Therefore, the discharge of the secondary battery 1 is interrupted, and the overdischarge of the secondary battery 1 is prevented.
【００１８】放電が遮断され、放電用スイッチ５がＯＦ
Ｆ状態とされたとしても、このスイッチ５と並列に寄生
ダイオード５aがあり、また充電用スイッチ６は依然と
してＯＮ状態である。したがって、二次電池１は、充電
用スイッチ６及び寄生ダイオード５aを経て充電可能な
状態となっている。The discharge is interrupted, and the discharge switch 5 is turned off.
Even in the F state, there is a parasitic diode 5a in parallel with the switch 5, and the charging switch 6 is still in the ON state. Therefore, the secondary battery 1 can be charged via the charging switch 6 and the parasitic diode 5a.
【００１９】上記のように、本発明の実施の形態では、
二次電池保護回路に、二次電池の電池電圧が所定範囲内
であるときに、放電用スイッチと充電用スイッチをバイ
パスするスイッチを設けたので、電圧降下なく電流を取
り出すことができる。As described above, in the embodiment of the present invention,
When the battery voltage of the secondary battery is within a predetermined range, the secondary battery protection circuit is provided with a switch that bypasses the discharging switch and the charging switch, so that a current can be extracted without voltage drop.
【００２０】[0020]
【発明の効果】以上の説明から明らかなように、本発明
では、二次電池の保護回路を、二次電池の電池電圧を検
出する電圧検出手段と、二次電池の電池電圧が第１の所
定値以上であるときに二次電池の充電を遮断する充電遮
断手段と、二次電池の電池電圧が第２の所定値以下であ
るときに二次電池の放電を遮断する放電遮断手段と、二
次電池の電池電圧が所定範囲内であるときに充電遮断手
段と放電遮断手段とをバイパスする接続手段とを備えて
いるので、二次電池の電池電圧が所定範囲内であるとき
に保護回路が低抵抗になり、保護回路での電圧降下が少
なくなり、二次電池からより多くの電力を負荷に取り出
すことができるという効果が得られる。As is apparent from the above description, in the present invention, the protection circuit for the secondary battery includes a voltage detecting means for detecting the battery voltage of the secondary battery, and the battery voltage of the secondary battery being the first. Charge interrupting means for interrupting charging of the secondary battery when it is equal to or more than a predetermined value, and discharge interrupting means for interrupting discharge of the secondary battery when the battery voltage of the secondary battery is equal to or less than a second predetermined value; When the battery voltage of the secondary battery is within a predetermined range, the protection circuit is provided when the battery voltage of the secondary battery is within a predetermined range. Has a low resistance, a voltage drop in the protection circuit is reduced, and more power can be extracted from the secondary battery to the load.
【図１】本発明の実施の形態における二次電池の保護回
路のブロック図、FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a protection circuit for a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention;
【図２】従来の二次電池の保護回路のブロック図であ
る。FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a conventional protection circuit for a secondary battery.
１ 二次電池 ２ 電圧検出回路 ３ スイッチ制御手段 ４ バイパス用スイッチ ５ 放電用スイッチ ６ 充電用スイッチ ５a、６a 寄生ダイオード ７、８ 充放電用端子 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Secondary battery 2 Voltage detection circuit 3 Switch control means 4 Bypass switch 5 Discharge switch 6 Charge switch 5a, 6a Parasitic diode 7, 8 Charge / discharge terminal
Claims (1)
手段と、前記二次電池の電池電圧が第１の所定値以上で
あるときに前記二次電池の充電を遮断する充電遮断手段
と、前記二次電池の電池電圧が第２の所定値以下である
ときに前記二次電池の放電を遮断する放電遮断手段と、
前記二次電池の電池電圧が所定範囲内であるときに前記
充電遮断手段と前記放電遮断手段とをバイパスする接続
手段とを備えたことを特徴とする二次電池の保護回路。1. A voltage detecting means for detecting a battery voltage of a secondary battery, and a charge interrupting means for interrupting charging of the secondary battery when the battery voltage of the secondary battery is equal to or higher than a first predetermined value. Discharge interruption means for interrupting the discharge of the secondary battery when the battery voltage of the secondary battery is equal to or lower than a second predetermined value;
A protection circuit for a secondary battery, comprising: a connection unit that bypasses the charge interruption unit and the discharge interruption unit when the battery voltage of the secondary battery is within a predetermined range.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28174399A JP2001112182A (en) | 1999-10-01 | 1999-10-01 | Secondary battery protection circuit |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28174399A JP2001112182A (en) | 1999-10-01 | 1999-10-01 | Secondary battery protection circuit |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2001112182A true JP2001112182A (en) | 2001-04-20 |
Family
ID=17643376
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28174399A Pending JP2001112182A (en) | 1999-10-01 | 1999-10-01 | Secondary battery protection circuit |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2001112182A (en) |
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