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IT1270082B - Difosfine eteroaromatiche come leganti chirali, complessi tra dette difosfine e metalli di transizione ed impiego di detti complessi come catalizzatori chirali - Google Patents

Difosfine eteroaromatiche come leganti chirali, complessi tra dette difosfine e metalli di transizione ed impiego di detti complessi come catalizzatori chirali

Info

Publication number
IT1270082B
IT1270082B ITMI941438A ITMI941438A IT1270082B IT 1270082 B IT1270082 B IT 1270082B IT MI941438 A ITMI941438 A IT MI941438A IT MI941438 A ITMI941438 A IT MI941438A IT 1270082 B IT1270082 B IT 1270082B
Authority
IT
Italy
Prior art keywords
chiral
diphosphines
complexes
complex
transition metals
Prior art date
Application number
ITMI941438A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Patrizia Antognazza
Tiziana Benincori
Elisabetta Brenna
Edoardo Cesarotti
Francesco Sannicolo'
Licia Trimarco
Original Assignee
Univ Degli Studi Milano
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Univ Degli Studi Milano filed Critical Univ Degli Studi Milano
Publication of ITMI941438A0 publication Critical patent/ITMI941438A0/it
Priority to ITMI941438A priority Critical patent/IT1270082B/it
Priority to KR1019970700159A priority patent/KR100384411B1/ko
Priority to EP95943147A priority patent/EP0770085B1/en
Priority to CN95194093A priority patent/CN1190397A/zh
Priority to CZ199783A priority patent/CZ293465B6/cs
Priority to AU30764/95A priority patent/AU685660B2/en
Priority to HU9700054A priority patent/HU221381B1/hu
Priority to CA002193889A priority patent/CA2193889C/en
Priority to PCT/EP1995/002647 priority patent/WO1996001831A1/en
Priority to DK95943147T priority patent/DK0770085T3/da
Priority to ES95943147T priority patent/ES2136896T3/es
Priority to JP50411796A priority patent/JP3330611B2/ja
Priority to US08/765,479 priority patent/US5907045A/en
Priority to DE69512415T priority patent/DE69512415T2/de
Priority to AT95943147T priority patent/ATE184878T1/de
Publication of ITMI941438A1 publication Critical patent/ITMI941438A1/it
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of IT1270082B publication Critical patent/IT1270082B/it
Priority to US09/286,582 priority patent/US6133191A/en
Priority to US09/286,583 priority patent/US6297387B1/en
Priority to US09/300,531 priority patent/US6077958A/en
Priority to GR990402532T priority patent/GR3031443T3/el
Priority to US09/938,354 priority patent/US6586357B1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0073—Rhodium compounds
    • C07F15/008—Rhodium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
    • B01J31/1865—Phosphonites (RP(OR)2), their isomeric phosphinates (R2(RO)P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
    • B01J31/2404—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring
    • B01J31/2409—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
    • B01J31/2404—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring
    • B01J31/2442—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising condensed ring systems
    • B01J31/2447—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising condensed ring systems and phosphine-P atoms as substituents on a ring of the condensed system or on a further attached ring
    • B01J31/2452—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising condensed ring systems and phosphine-P atoms as substituents on a ring of the condensed system or on a further attached ring with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
    • C07C67/303—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by hydrogenation of unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
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    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0046—Ruthenium compounds
    • C07F15/0053—Ruthenium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0073—Rhodium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/572—Five-membered rings
    • C07F9/5728—Five-membered rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems
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    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/655—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/65515—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a five-membered ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/655—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/65515—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a five-membered ring
    • C07F9/65517—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having oxygen atoms, with or without sulfur, selenium, or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the oxygen atom being part of a five-membered ring condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/655345—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the sulfur atom being part of a five-membered ring
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    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/655345—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the sulfur atom being part of a five-membered ring
    • C07F9/655354—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the sulfur atom being part of a five-membered ring condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/60—Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation
    • B01J2231/64—Reductions in general of organic substrates, e.g. hydride reductions or hydrogenations
    • B01J2231/641—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes
    • B01J2231/645—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes of C=C or C-C triple bonds
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    • B01J2531/02—Compositional aspects of complexes used, e.g. polynuclearity
    • B01J2531/0261—Complexes comprising ligands with non-tetrahedral chirality
    • B01J2531/0266—Axially chiral or atropisomeric ligands, e.g. bulky biaryls such as donor-substituted binaphthalenes, e.g. "BINAP" or "BINOL"
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/50—Complexes comprising metals of Group V (VA or VB) as the central metal
    • B01J2531/52—Antimony
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/821—Ruthenium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/822—Rhodium
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    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/22—Organic complexes
    • B01J31/2282—Unsaturated compounds used as ligands
    • B01J31/2295—Cyclic compounds, e.g. cyclopentadienyls

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)

Abstract

Difosfine chirali costituite da un sistema bieterociclico pentatomico aromatico atte a fungere da leganti chirali, complessi tra dette difosfine e metalli di transizione e loro impiego come catalizzatori chirali in reazioni stereocontrollate quali reazioni di riduzione dia - stereo - ed enantioselettive. Procedimento per la preparazione di dette difosfine chirali, nonché procedimento per la preparazione di detti complessi e per il loro impiego come catalizzatori chirali in reazioni stereocontrollate.
ITMI941438A 1994-07-12 1994-07-12 Difosfine eteroaromatiche come leganti chirali, complessi tra dette difosfine e metalli di transizione ed impiego di detti complessi come catalizzatori chirali IT1270082B (it)

Priority Applications (20)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITMI941438A IT1270082B (it) 1994-07-12 1994-07-12 Difosfine eteroaromatiche come leganti chirali, complessi tra dette difosfine e metalli di transizione ed impiego di detti complessi come catalizzatori chirali
ES95943147T ES2136896T3 (es) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Difosfinas heteroaromaticas como ligantes quirales.
US08/765,479 US5907045A (en) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands
CN95194093A CN1190397A (zh) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 作为手性配体的杂芳香二膦
CZ199783A CZ293465B6 (cs) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatické difosfiny jako chirální ligandy
AU30764/95A AU685660B2 (en) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands
HU9700054A HU221381B1 (en) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatic chiral diphosphines, their complexes with transition metals, preparation and use thereof
CA002193889A CA2193889C (en) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands
PCT/EP1995/002647 WO1996001831A1 (en) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands
DK95943147T DK0770085T3 (da) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatiske diphosphiner som chirale ligander
KR1019970700159A KR100384411B1 (ko) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 키랄리간드인헤테로방향족디포스핀
JP50411796A JP3330611B2 (ja) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 キラルリガンドとしての複素環式芳香族ジホスフィン
EP95943147A EP0770085B1 (en) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands
DE69512415T DE69512415T2 (de) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatische diphospine als chirale liganden
AT95943147T ATE184878T1 (de) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Heteroaromatische diphospine als chirale liganden
US09/286,582 US6133191A (en) 1994-07-12 1999-04-05 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands
US09/286,583 US6297387B1 (en) 1994-07-12 1999-04-05 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands
US09/300,531 US6077958A (en) 1994-07-12 1999-04-27 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands
GR990402532T GR3031443T3 (en) 1994-07-12 1999-10-07 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands
US09/938,354 US6586357B1 (en) 1994-07-12 2001-08-24 Heteroaromatic diphosphines as chiral ligands

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITMI941438A IT1270082B (it) 1994-07-12 1994-07-12 Difosfine eteroaromatiche come leganti chirali, complessi tra dette difosfine e metalli di transizione ed impiego di detti complessi come catalizzatori chirali

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
ITMI941438A0 ITMI941438A0 (it) 1994-07-12
ITMI941438A1 ITMI941438A1 (it) 1996-01-12
IT1270082B true IT1270082B (it) 1997-04-28

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ITMI941438A IT1270082B (it) 1994-07-12 1994-07-12 Difosfine eteroaromatiche come leganti chirali, complessi tra dette difosfine e metalli di transizione ed impiego di detti complessi come catalizzatori chirali

Country Status (16)

Country Link
US (5) US5907045A (it)
EP (1) EP0770085B1 (it)
JP (1) JP3330611B2 (it)
KR (1) KR100384411B1 (it)
CN (1) CN1190397A (it)
AT (1) ATE184878T1 (it)
AU (1) AU685660B2 (it)
CA (1) CA2193889C (it)
CZ (1) CZ293465B6 (it)
DE (1) DE69512415T2 (it)
DK (1) DK0770085T3 (it)
ES (1) ES2136896T3 (it)
GR (1) GR3031443T3 (it)
HU (1) HU221381B1 (it)
IT (1) IT1270082B (it)
WO (1) WO1996001831A1 (it)

Families Citing this family (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1286497B1 (it) * 1996-11-20 1998-07-15 Italfarmaco Sud Spa Difosfine di tipo misto eteroariliche-ariliche come leganti chirali, relativi complessi con metalli di transizione e impiego di detti
DE19652350A1 (de) * 1996-12-17 1998-06-18 Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh Neue Katalysatoren aus Übergangsmetallverbindungen und 4,5-Diphosphinoacridin-Liganden
JP3148136B2 (ja) * 1996-12-26 2001-03-19 高砂香料工業株式会社 新規なキラルジホスフィン化合物、その製造中間体、該ジホス フィン化合物を配位子とする遷移金属錯体並びに該錯体を含む 不斉水素化触媒
US6162929A (en) * 1997-12-23 2000-12-19 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Process for the manufacture of bisphosphine oxide and bisphosphonate compounds
IT1299068B1 (it) * 1998-04-10 2000-02-07 Chemi Spa Legandi fosforati chirali e loro complessi organometallici, utili come catalizzatori in sintesi stereoselettive
FR2778915B1 (fr) * 1998-05-20 2000-06-30 Rhone Poulenc Fibres Nouvelles furylphosphines et complexes organometalliques les comprenant
IT1303757B1 (it) * 1998-11-16 2001-02-23 Sigma Tau Ind Farmaceuti Processo industriale per la produzione di l-carnitina.
DE19918420A1 (de) * 1999-04-23 2000-10-26 Aventis Res & Tech Gmbh & Co Bidentate Organophosphorliganden und ihre Verwendung
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ATE184878T1 (de) 1999-10-15
US5907045A (en) 1999-05-25
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CA2193889A1 (en) 1996-01-25
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