HK40014068A - High-power x-ray sources and methods of operation - Google Patents

Description

High power X-ray source and method of operation

Cross-referencing

The present application relies on the priority of U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/452,756 entitled "high power X-Ray Source and Method of Operating the Same" filed on 31/1/2017.

Technical Field

The present description relates generally to X-ray systems and, in particular, to a continuously operating high power, high energy X-ray source that includes a rotating target cooled by circulation of a fluid in communication with a target assembly.

Background

High power electron sources (up to500 kW) are commonly used in X-ray irradiation applications, including food irradiation and sterilization. Typically, the pencil beam is rasterized, which involves scanning the area from side to side, while the transport system transfers the object to cover the object being illuminated. The electrons traverse a thin window that separates the source vacuum from air. Because it is thin, the window can be easily cooled to prevent cracking, and because the electron beam is rasterized, it spreads the electron energy over a larger area. Thus, it is easier to cool than heat accumulated in a small spot.

In typical radiography, electrons in a beam strike a stationary target to produce X-rays. The target is typically copper brazed tungsten-rhenium cooled by chilled circulating water to remove heat from the electron deposition. High energy X-ray inspection systems typically employ sources up to 1kW, which may include the use of this type of target. However, there are emerging inspection applications where the power needs to be increased to approximately 20kW to allow for greater penetration and to implement new technologies. However, at these higher powers, heat from the target cannot be removed quickly enough to the target liquefaction point, thereby destroying the target.

Medical X-ray tubes used in Computed Tomography (CT) applications require very high power (up to 100kW) due to sub-millimeter focal spots. Fig. 1 shows a typical rotating anode X-ray tube 100 used in medical applications. The glass envelope 102 encloses a cathode 104 including a filament 106 in a focusing cup, and an anode/target 108 is coupled to a tungsten/rhenium anode disk 110 via an anode stem 114. To prevent the anode/target 108 in the tube from melting, the target 108 is rotated at a very high speed (about 8000rpm) by using a motor comprising a rotor 109 and a stator 111 to dissipate heat within the target 108 over a large area. Because it is impractical to transfer the rotating shaft through a high vacuum seal, the rotating portion of the tube is positioned within the glass vacuum enclosure 102 including the port 116 through which the generated X-rays exit the tube 100. Temperature management is achieved by the heat storage capacity of the target 108. Because the amount of heat removed by conduction is negligible and the heat storage capacity is limited, it is sometimes necessary to close the tube 100 before reopening, thereby reducing the fill factor. However, unlike medical applications, some security inspection systems require continuous operation. Therefore, there is a need for a high power X-ray source that can operate continuously and does not create overheating problems.

Another approach used with high power targets is based on liquid metal targets. Fig. 2 shows a typical liquid metal target assembly used in an X-ray source. At least a portion of the target 202 is cooled by the circulating liquid metal 204. The liquid metal 204 is cooled down using a heat exchanger 206 and the liquid metal 204 is recirculated using a pump 208. The liquid metal 204 serves as both an X-ray generating target as well as a cooling liquid in that heat generated by the electron beam 210 striking the target surface 202 is removed by the flowing stream of liquid metal 204. The advantage of this method is that it allows continuous operation, since the liquid metal can be cooled sufficiently quickly.

Possible liquid metals include liquid gallium, which has high thermal conductivity, high volumetric specific heat, and low kinematic viscosity. However, gallium has a low atomic number (Z)32 compared to tungsten (Z ═ 74), which results in lower X-ray conversion efficiency and narrower bremsstrahlung fan angle. Mercury is a liquid metal with a high Z (80) at room temperature, however, is not generally used for this application due to its hazardous nature. A suitable metal alloy consists of 62.5% Ga, 21.5% In, and 16% Sn. However, the number of atoms of the above alloy is also considerably low as compared with tungsten. Another suitable alloy may be composed of elements with higher Z, such as 43% Bi, 21.7% Pb, 18.3% In, 8% Sn, 5% Cd, and 4% Hg. However, mercury, cadmium, and lead are all hazardous materials. Another disadvantage of liquid metal targets is that they require a thin window to separate the vacuum from the liquid target. The window has a high probability of breaking and contaminating the vacuum.

Accordingly, there is a need for a high power X-ray generating target that can be cooled in a safe and efficient manner. Further, the X-ray tube with the target can be operated in a continuous mode.

Disclosure of Invention

The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools, and methods, which are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, and not limiting in scope. The present application discloses a number of embodiments.

In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a high power radiation generating target assembly comprising: a target assembly having a copper body and a target positioned along a periphery of the copper body, wherein the target is impinged by a particle stream to produce radiation; a plurality of blades positioned on the copper body; a water flow pushing the blades to rotate and cool the copper body; and at least one coupling providing a vacuum seal when rotated.

Optionally, the particle flux comprises electrons that impinge on a rotating target assembly to produce X-rays. Optionally, the energy of the electrons is 6MV or higher.

Optionally, the target is a ring made of tungsten.

Optionally, the target assembly further comprises one or more flow directors for directing the flow of liquid in a predetermined direction and for urging the plurality of vanes.

Optionally, the liquid is water. Optionally, the at least one coupling is a magnetic fluid coupling for providing a vacuum seal.

In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a high power radiation generating target assembly comprising: a target assembly having a copper body and a target along a periphery of the copper body, wherein the target is impinged by a particle stream to produce radiation; a liquid stream for cooling the copper body; a direct current motor drive configured to rotate the copper body; and a coupling providing a vacuum seal when rotated.

Optionally, the particle stream is an electron beam that impinges on a rotating target to produce X-rays. Optionally, the energy of the electrons is 6MV or higher.

Optionally, the target is a ring made of tungsten.

Optionally, the dc motor drive comprises a brushless torque motor.

Optionally, the liquid is water.

Optionally, the coupling is a magnetic fluid coupling for providing a vacuum for water sealing.

In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a high power radiation generating target assembly comprising: a target assembly having a copper body and a target along a periphery of the target body, wherein the target is impinged by a particle stream to produce radiation; a liquid stream for cooling the copper body; a chain drive motor configured to rotate the copper body; and a coupling providing a vacuum seal.

Optionally, the particle stream is an electron beam that impinges on a rotating target to produce X-rays. Optionally, the energy of the electrons is 6MV or higher.

Optionally, the target is a ring made of tungsten.

Optionally, the chain drive motor operates in conjunction with one of: chains, timing belts, continuous cables, and dc spur gear couplings.

Optionally, the liquid is water.

Optionally, the coupling is a magnetic fluid coupling for providing a vacuum for water sealing.

In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a method of continuously operating a radiation-producing target assembly, comprising: rotating a target, wherein the target is formed on the periphery of a copper body, and wherein the target is rotated using a mechanism for generating rotation; impinging the particle stream against a rotating target to produce radiation; and circulating a cooling liquid around the target such that the liquid is always in contact with at least one surface of the target to dissipate heat generated by the impinging particle stream, thereby cooling the target to allow continuous operation, wherein the target assembly comprises a coupling that provides a vacuum seal.

Optionally, the mechanism for rotating the target comprises a plurality of blades attached to the copper body, wherein the blades are propelled by the jet of cooling fluid, thereby rotating the target.

Optionally, the mechanism for rotating the target comprises a dc motor drive attached to the target assembly, the motor comprising a brushless torque motor.

Optionally, the mechanism for rotating the target comprises a chain drive motor attached to the target assembly. Optionally, the chain drive motor operates in conjunction with one of: chains, timing belts, continuous cables, and dc spur gear couplings.

Optionally, the particle stream is an electron beam that impinges on a rotating target to produce X-rays. Optionally, the energy of the electrons is 6MV or higher.

Optionally, the target is a ring made of tungsten.

Optionally, the cooling fluid is water.

Optionally, the coupling is a magnetic fluid coupling for providing a vacuum for water sealing.

In some embodiments, the present specification describes a high power radiation source comprising a rotating target assembly, the target assembly being cooled by circulation of a liquid in contact with the assembly, the assembly comprising: a target, wherein the target is impinged by particles to produce radiation; a plurality of blades attached to the target assembly, wherein the blades are propelled by a jet of liquid to rotate a target; and at least one coupling providing water for the vacuum seal. Optionally, the target assembly further comprises one or more flow directors for directing a jet of liquid material in a predetermined direction and for propelling the plurality of blades.

In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a high power radiation source comprising a rotating target assembly, the target assembly being cooled by circulation of a liquid in contact with the assembly, the assembly comprising: a target, wherein the target is impinged by particles to produce radiation; a DC motor drive attached to the target assembly to rotate the target assembly; and a coupling providing water to the vacuum seal. Optionally, the dc motor drive comprises a brushless torque motor.

In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a high power radiation source comprising a rotating target assembly, the target assembly being cooled by circulation of a liquid in contact with the assembly, the assembly comprising: a target, wherein the target is impinged by particles to produce radiation; a chain drive motor attached to the target assembly to rotate the target assembly; and a coupling providing water to the vacuum seal. Optionally, the chain drive motor operates in conjunction with one of: chains, timing belts, and continuous cables.

In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a method of operating a continuous radiation source using a rotating target assembly, comprising: rotating a target, wherein the target is rotated using a mechanism for generating rotation; directing a stream of particles onto a rotating target to produce radiation; circulating a liquid in contact with the target assembly to cool the target; and a coupling providing water to the vacuum seal. Optionally, the mechanism for rotating the target comprises a plurality of blades attached to the target assembly, wherein the blades are propelled by the jet of liquid to rotate the target. Optionally, the mechanism for rotating the target comprises a dc motor drive attached to the target assembly to rotate the target, the dc motor drive comprising a brushless torque motor. Optionally, the mechanism for rotating the target comprises a chain drive motor attached to the target assembly to rotate the target. Optionally, the chain drive motor operates in conjunction with one of: chains, timing belts, and drive belts. Optionally, the particles are electrons that strike the target to produce X-rays. Optionally, the target is made of tungsten.

In some embodiments, the present specification discloses a high power radiation source comprising a rotating target assembly, the target assembly being cooled by circulation of a liquid in contact with the assembly, the assembly comprising: a target, wherein the target is impinged by particles to produce radiation; and a plurality of blades attached to the target assembly, wherein the blades are propelled by the jet of liquid to rotate the target.

Optionally, the high power radiation source further comprises a coupling providing water to the vacuum seal. Optionally, the coupling is a dynamic magnetic fluid coupling for providing water to a vacuum seal. Optionally, the high power radiation source further comprises at least one coupling providing a seal to enable separation between water and vacuum, water and air, or vacuum and air.

The above described and other embodiments of this specification are described in more detail in the figures and detailed description provided below.

Drawings

These and other features and advantages of the present description will be appreciated as they become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

fig. 1 shows a conventional rotary anode X-ray tube 100 for use in medical applications;

FIG. 2 illustrates a liquid-metal target assembly used in a high power X-ray source;

FIG. 3A is a side cross-sectional view of an X-ray generating target assembly including a target assembly propelled by a water jet according to embodiments of the present description;

FIG. 3B is an elevational cross-sectional view of a portion of the X-ray target assembly of FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the present description;

FIG. 4A illustrates a side cross-sectional view of an X-ray generating target assembly including a target assembly rotated via a DC drive motor according to an embodiment of the present description;

FIG. 4B is an elevational cross-sectional view of a portion of the X-ray target assembly of FIG. 4A according to an embodiment of the present description;

FIG. 5A illustrates a side cross-sectional view of an X-ray generating target assembly including a target sub-assembly driven to rotate via a chain motor according to embodiments of the present description;

FIG. 5B is an elevational cross-sectional view of a portion of the X-ray target assembly of FIG. 5A according to an embodiment of the present description; and is

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating steps of operating a rotating radiation-producing target assembly according to embodiments of the present description.

Detailed Description

The present specification describes several embodiments of a high power, rotating X-ray generating target. In various embodiments, the target is made of a ring of tungsten brazed to a copper body, rotated at high speed, and cooled down with a high speed flow of chilled water. In an embodiment, the speed of the water flow ranges between 100RPM and 5000 RPM. In an embodiment, the velocity of the water flow varies based on the target material thickness, the target material type, the beam current, and the cooling temperature. In an embodiment, the jet of water used to cool the target is also used to rotate the target. Further, in an embodiment, the target assembly is connected to the electron accelerator via a physical interface using an O-ring or gasket. A cooling fluid, such as water or a mixture of water and glycol, is always in contact with at least one surface of the target to dissipate the heat generated by the energy deposited by the electron stream, thereby lowering the temperature of the target and allowing continuous operation.

The term "high power" for a radiation producing target assembly means that the target assembly is configured to produce at least 2kW and up to 100kW of X-ray radiation. Embodiments in this specification may be used with target assemblies operating in a power or energy range of 2kW to 20 kW. The design of the target assembly depends on the desired power and optimization of the desired power and corresponding dimensions of the target assembly. It should be appreciated that the power capacity of the target assembly in this specification can be increased by making the X-ray generating target assembly larger.

The present description is directed to various embodiments. The following disclosure is provided to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention. The language used in the specification should not be construed as completely denying any one particular embodiment or as indicating any limitation to the claims that may be implied therefrom. The general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Also, the terminology and phraseology used are for the purpose of describing the exemplary embodiments and should not be regarded as limiting. Thus, the present invention is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. For the purpose of clarity, details relating to technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the invention have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the invention. In the description and claims of this application, each of the words "comprising", "including", "having", and forms thereof does not necessarily have to be limited to the elements in the list with which the word is associated.

Herein, it should be noted that any feature or component described in association with a particular embodiment may be used and implemented in any other embodiment unless explicitly indicated otherwise.

FIG. 3A illustrates a side cross-sectional view of an X-ray generating target assembly 300 including a target sub-assembly 302 including a target propelled and cooled by a water spray according to embodiments of the present description. Fig. 3B illustrates an exploded, front cross-sectional view of a portion of the target assembly 302 along line 340 in fig. 3A, according to embodiments herein. Referring to fig. 3A and 3B, target assembly 302 includes a copper body 330 supporting a target ring 303 brazed into copper body 330. In an embodiment, the target ring 303 comprises a tungsten ring. However, in an alternative embodiment, for energies above approximately 7.5MeV, the copper body 330 is used as a target when neutron production is not desired. In some embodiments, the copper body 330 is disk shaped and optionally includes a protruding center wheel portion. In an embodiment, the target ring 303 may be positioned around a center wheel portion of the copper body 330. The target ring 303 is positioned along the edge or periphery of the copper body 330, wherein the target assembly 302 or portion thereof is directly opposite an electron source or electron accelerator, such as, for example, a linear accelerator. The copper body 330 is contained within a hollow stainless steel cylinder 355. In an embodiment, the top 330a and bottom 330b of the copper body 330 are brazed to the inner surface of the hollow cylinder 355. The target housing 320 houses the target assembly 302. In an embodiment, the target enclosure is constructed of a thin material that does not significantly attenuate X-rays.

Rotation of the target assembly 302 and cylinder 355 about the central longitudinal axis 380 is achieved by a first bearing 310 (in vacuum) and a second bearing 312 disposed between the cylinder 355 and the housing 320. In some embodiments, first bearing 310 and second bearing 312 are stainless steel radial open bearings having a plurality of balls sandwiched between a stationary portion and a rotating portion. The fixed portions of the bearings 310, 312 are attached to the inner surface of the housing 320, while the rotating portions of the bearings 310, 312 are coupled to and bear against the outer surface of the cylinder 355. A magnetohydrodynamic coupling or seal 306 (in embodiments, including first portion 306a and second portion 306b) is also positioned between cylinder 355 and housing 320. In some embodiments, two magnetofluid couplings may be employed. In some embodiments, only one magnetofluid coupling is employed. A stationary O-ring 308 positioned at the distal end or periphery of the housing 320 serves as a vacuum/air seal between the target assembly 302 and the electron source interface 316 that abuts the housing 320. Retainer or threaded nut bearing 314 is coupled to the inner surface of housing 320 and retainer 315 is coupled to the outer surface of cylinder 355. As shown in fig. 3A, the second bearing 312 is positioned proximal to the vertical surface 341 through the copper body 330 and the first bearing 310 is positioned distal to the vertical surface 341 through the copper body 330. In an embodiment, the ferrofluid coupling 306 is positioned between the first bearing 310 and the second bearing 312. A threaded nut bearing 314 and a retaining member 315 are disposed at a distal end of the first bearing 310 and abut the first bearing 310. The threaded nut bearing 314 and the retainer 315 allow one bearing to be movably attached so that it can be adjusted in the event of misalignment. In an alternative embodiment, a single bearing may be employed. Ideally, if a single bearing is used, it is able to withstand the force of a moment. In an embodiment, if a single bearing is employed, it may be placed at a location proximal to the vertical face 341 of the copper body 330. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the current arrangement of bearings 310, 312, 314 and magnetic fluid coupling 306 is merely exemplary and may be different in alternative embodiments.

Still referring to fig. 3A and 3B, the target assembly 302 further includes a plurality of blades 322 configured as radial extensions. In an embodiment, the blade size is dependent on the overall size of the target. In an embodiment, a plurality of blades 322 are coupled to the copper body 330. In an embodiment, the blade 322 is coupled to the copper body via any suitable bonding means, such as, but not limited to, machining, gluing, or welding. In an embodiment, any two consecutive blades are spaced apart from each other by a distance, wherein the distance ranges from a first value to a second value. In an embodiment, it should be noted that the distance between the blades 322 is dependent on the overall size of the target and target assembly. In some embodiments, the plurality of blades 322 are configured to be positioned behind the copper body 330 in a first concentric ring 322a and a second concentric ring 322b relative to the plane of the copper body 330. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the X-ray generating target assembly 300 is positioned between the electron source interface 316 of the X-ray source assembly (the entirety of which is not shown) and the collimator 350. It is noted herein that in embodiments of the present description, an electron accelerator (which may be part of an X-ray source assembly) may be employed. In an embodiment, the electron accelerator may be a tube for operating at energies less than 600 kV. In an embodiment, the electron accelerator may be a linear accelerator for operating at energies greater than lMeV and for producing high-energy electrons.

According to one aspect of the present description, the target assembly 302 is cooled by a flow of circulating water 304. In operation, the stationary electron beam 318 faces the periphery of the copper body 330 so as to strike the target ring 303. In some embodiments, the energy of the electrons in the electron beam 318 is on the order of 6MV or more. When the electron beam 318 strikes the target ring 303 (rotated via the water stream), X-rays are generated and energy deposited by the electrons is spread around the rotating target ring 303. Cold water flowing into the outer shell 320 via the conduit or opening 324 impinges on concentric rings 322a and 322b including the blades 322, thereby rotating the copper body 330 and simultaneously cooling the target assembly 302. After cooling the target assembly 302, the hot water flows out of the housing 320 through a pipe or opening 326 to a chiller to cool the water. The flow director 328 is configured to direct the flow of water in a desired direction. In an embodiment, the target assembly 302 is propelled by a water jet at a pressure of approximately 100 psi.

FIG. 4A illustrates a side cross-sectional view of an X-ray generation target assembly 400 including a target sub-assembly 402 that is rotated via a DC drive motor according to an embodiment of the present description. Fig. 4B illustrates an elevational cross-sectional view of a portion of the target assembly 402 cooled by flowing water along line 440 in fig. 4A according to embodiments of the present description. Referring to fig. 4A and 4B, target assembly 402 includes a copper body 430 supporting a target ring 403 brazed into copper body 430. In an embodiment, the target ring 403 comprises a tungsten ring. However, in an alternative embodiment, for energies above approximately 7.5MeV, the copper body 430 is used as a target when neutron production is not desired. In some embodiments, the copper body 430 is disk-shaped and optionally includes a protruding center wheel portion. In an embodiment, the target ring 403 may be positioned around a center wheel portion of the copper body 430. In an embodiment, the tungsten ring 403 is positioned along the edge or periphery of the copper body 430, wherein the target assembly 402 or a portion thereof is directly opposite an electron source, such as, for example, a linear accelerator. The copper body 430 is contained within a hollow stainless steel cylinder 455. In an embodiment, the top 430a and bottom 430b of the copper body 430 are brazed to the inner surface of the hollow cylinder 455. The target housing 460 houses the target assembly 402. In an embodiment, the target enclosure is constructed of a thin material that does not significantly attenuate X-rays.

At least one and preferably a first and second magnetic fluid seal 406a and 406b are also positioned between the cylinder 455 and the target housing 460 to provide a vacuum to motor/air seal and a motor/air to water seal. At least one retaining O-ring 408 serves as a vacuum/air seal between the target assembly 402 and the electron source interface 420 that abuts the target housing 460. Optionally, two stationary O-ring seals 408 are employed and serve as a vacuum/air seal between the target assembly 402 and the target enclosure 460.

Rotation of the target assembly 402 and cylinder 455 about the central longitudinal axis 480 is achieved by a first bearing 410 and a second bearing 412 positioned between the hollow cylinder 455 and the target housing 460. In some embodiments, first bearing 410 and second bearing 412 are stainless steel radial open bearings having a plurality of balls sandwiched between a stationary portion and a rotating portion. The second bearing 412 is disposed proximal to the vertical surface 441 of the copper body 430 and the first bearing 410 is disposed distal to the vertical surface 441 of the copper body 430. In an embodiment, the first bearing 410 is positioned on the distal side of the first magnetic fluid seal 406a and the second bearing 412 is positioned on the proximal side of the second magnetic fluid seal 406b, wherein the distal and proximal sides are defined relative to a vertical plane 441 through the copper body 430, with the proximal location being closer to the vertical plane 441 and the distal location being further from the vertical plane 441. Thus, in the embodiment just described, the first and second bearings 410 and 412 "sandwich" the first and second magnetic fluid seals 406a and 406b to provide a vacuum seal when rotated. In an alternative embodiment, the first bearing 410 may be positioned in the air on the proximal side of the first magnetic fluid seal 406a and the second bearing 412 may be positioned in the air on the distal side of the second magnetic fluid seal 406b, thus, the first and second bearings 410, 412 are "sandwiched" in the air between the first and second magnetic fluid seals 406a, 406 b. In an alternative embodiment, a single bearing may be employed. Ideally, if a single bearing is used, it is able to withstand the force of a moment. In embodiments employing a single bearing, it may be a first bearing 410 positioned in air on the proximal side of the first magnetic fluid seal 406a or a second bearing 412 positioned in air on the distal side of the second magnetic fluid seal 406 b.

The stationary portion of the bearing 410 is attached to the structure 490, while the stationary portion of the bearing 412 is attached to the inner surface of the target enclosure 460. The rotating portions of the bearings 410, 412 are coupled to and bear against the outer surface of the cylinder 455. The outer bearing retainer 414 is positioned on the periphery of the housing 460 at the distal end, while the inner bearing retainer 416 is coupled to the outer surface of the barrel 455. An inner bearing retainer 416 is positioned at the distal end of bearing 410, while an outer bearing retainer 414 is positioned at the distal end of inner bearing retainer 416 and proximal of the periphery of housing 460. The bearing retainers 414 and 416 allow one bearing to be movably attached so that it can adjust for misalignment. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the current arrangement of the bearings 410, 412 and the two magnetic fluid seals 406a, 406b is merely exemplary and may be different in alternative embodiments.

A dc motor drive including a brushless torque motor 409 is provided directly on target assembly 402 and attached to target assembly 402 to rotate subassembly 402 (and thus copper body 430) and cylinder 455. In an embodiment, target subassembly 402 can be brazed to a stainless motor rotor, wherein permanent magnets are bonded to the rotor. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the X-ray generating target assembly 400 is positioned between the electron source interface 420 of the X-ray source assembly (the entirety of which is not shown) and the collimator 450, which in an embodiment may comprise a linear accelerator for generating high energy electrons.

According to one aspect of the present description, target assembly 402 is cooled by circulating water 404, while subassembly 402, and thus copper body 430, is rotated by motor 409. In operation, the stationary electron beam 418 faces the periphery of the copper body 430 and strikes the target ring 403. In some embodiments, the energy of the electrons in the electron beam 418 is on the order of 6MV or more. When the electron beam 418 strikes the target ring 403 (rotated by the motor 409), X-rays are generated and spread around the target's tungsten ring 403 by the energy of the electron deposition. In an embodiment, for example, a joint motion model HTO5000 brushless motor may be employed to rotate the target and circulate the water. In other embodiments, any suitable brushless torque motor may be used. Further, according to the actual configuration, the motor may change the electron beam trajectory due to the electric and magnetic fields induced by the motor. Referring back to fig. 4A and 4B, the target assembly 402 is cooled by cold water that flows through the enclosure 460 via the conduit or opening 424, circulates, and cools the target assembly 402. The hot water exits the housing 460 via the pipe or opening 426 to the chiller to cool the hot water. The flow director 428 is configured to direct the flow of water in a desired direction. In an embodiment, at least one tube 490 is employed to cool the target enclosure or housing 460 with water. Alternatively, three tubes 490 are employed.

Fig. 5A illustrates a side cross-sectional view of an X-ray generation target assembly 500 including a target sub-assembly 502 rotated via a motor drive according to an embodiment of the present description. Fig. 5B illustrates a front cross-sectional view of a portion of the target assembly 502 cooled by flowing water along line 540 in fig. 5A according to embodiments herein. Referring to fig. 5A and 5B, target assembly 502 includes a copper body 501 supporting a target ring 503 brazed in copper body 501. In an embodiment, the target ring 503 comprises a tungsten ring. However, in alternative embodiments, for energies above approximately 7.5MeV, the copper body 501 may be used as a target when neutron production is not desired. In some embodiments, the copper body 501 is disk shaped and optionally includes a protruding center wheel portion. In an embodiment, the target ring 503 may be positioned around a central wheel portion of the copper body 501. In an embodiment, a tungsten ring 503 is positioned along the edge or periphery of the copper body 501, wherein the target assembly 502 or a portion thereof is directly opposite an electron source, such as, for example, a linear accelerator. The copper body 501 is contained within a hollow stainless steel cylinder 555. In an embodiment, the top 501a and bottom 501b of the copper body 501 are brazed to the inner surface of the hollow cylinder 455. Target housing 560 houses target assembly 502. In an embodiment, the target enclosure is constructed of a thin material that does not significantly attenuate X-rays.

At least one and preferably a first and second magnetic fluid seal 506a, 506b are also positioned between the cylinder 555 and the target housing 560 to provide a vacuum to motor/air seal and a motor/air to water seal. At least one retaining O-ring 508 serves as a vacuum/air seal between the target subassembly 502 and the electron source interface 524 that abuts the target housing 560. Optionally, two stationary O-ring seals 508 are employed and serve as a vacuum/air seal between the target assembly 502 and the target housing 560.

Rotation of the target assembly 502 and cylinder 555 about a central longitudinal axis 580 is achieved by first and second bearings 514, 516 disposed between the cylinder 555 and housing 560. In some embodiments, first bearing 514 and second bearing 516 are stainless steel radial open bearings having a plurality of balls sandwiched between a stationary portion and a rotating portion. A second bearing 516 is disposed proximal to the vertical face of the copper body 501 and a first bearing 514 is disposed distal to the vertical face of the copper body 501. In an embodiment, the first bearing 514 is positioned on the distal side of the first magnetic fluid seal 506a and the second bearing 516 is positioned on the proximal side of the second magnetic fluid seal 506b, wherein the distal and proximal sides are defined relative to a vertical face 541 through the copper body 501, with the proximal location being closer to the vertical face 541 and the distal location being further from the vertical face 541. Thus, in the embodiment just described, the first and second bearings 514, 516 "sandwich" the first and second magnetic fluid seals 506a, 506 b. In an alternative embodiment, the first bearing 514 may be positioned in the air on the proximal side of the first magnetic fluid seal 506a and the second bearing 516 may be positioned in the air on the distal side of the second magnetic fluid seal 506b, thus, the first and second bearings 514, 516 are "clamped" in the air between the first and second magnetic fluid seals 506a, 506 b. In an alternative embodiment, a single bearing may be employed. Ideally, if a single bearing is used, it is able to withstand the force of a moment. In embodiments employing a single bearing, it may be a first bearing 514 positioned in air on the proximal side of the first magnetic fluid seal 506a or a second bearing 516 positioned in air on the distal side of the second magnetic fluid seal 506 b.

The fixed portion of bearing 514 is attached to structure 590 and the fixed portion of bearing 516 is attached to the inner surface of housing 560. The rotating portions of bearings 514, 516 are coupled to and bear against the outer surface of cylinder 555. Outer bearing retainer 518 is positioned proximally of the periphery of housing 560, while inner bearing retainer 520 is coupled to the outer surface of cylinder 555. Bearing retainers 518 and 520 allow one bearing to be movably attached so that it can adjust for misalignment. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the current arrangement of the bearings 514, 516 and the two magnetic fluid seals 506a, 506b is merely exemplary and may be different in alternative embodiments. Further, inner bearing retainer 520 is positioned at a distal end of bearing 514, while outer bearing retainer 518 is positioned at a distal end of inner bearing retainer 520 and proximal to the periphery of housing 560.

The assembly 500 also includes a DC brush gear motor 509, a roller chain drive 510, and a chain 512, wherein the motor 509 is coupled to the target assembly 502 to rotate the subassembly 502 and the cylinder 555. In an embodiment, a 25 size roller chain with a sprocket ratio of 5:1 is used in conjunction with a size 16 DC brush gear motor. In various embodiments, the sprocket ratio is determined based on the desired target assembly rotational speed and motor size/operating speed or running torque.

It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the X-ray generating target assembly 500 is positioned between the electron source interface 524 of the X-ray source assembly (the entirety of which is not shown) and the collimator 550, the X-ray source assembly optionally including a linear accelerator for generating energetic electrons.

According to one aspect of the present description, target assembly 502 is cooled by circulating water 504 while subassembly 502 is rotated by motor 509. In operation, the stationary electron beam 507 faces the periphery of the copper body 501 and impinges on the tungsten ring 503. In some embodiments, the energy of the electrons in the electron beam 507 is on the order of 6MV or higher. When the electron beam 507 strikes the tungsten ring 503 (rotated by motor 509), X-rays are generated and spread around the tungsten ring 503 of the target by the energy of the electron deposition. Because the motor 509 is attached to the chain 512, the chain 512 in turn is coupled with the target assembly 502 via the chain drive 510, rotation of the motor 509 produces movement of the chain 512, which in turn rotates the target assembly 502 and thus the copper body 501. In various embodiments, a timing belt, continuous cable, friction drive, series of spur or dc spur gear couplings, and any drive train that allows remote control of the motor from the target shaft may be used in place of the chain 512. This embodiment overcomes potential deviation of electron trajectories because the motor 509 is positioned at a distance from the electron beam 507 and therefore the motor-induced magnetic and electric fields do not interfere with the electrons.

Referring back to fig. 5A and 5B, the target is cooled by cold water that flows into the housing 560 via conduit 530, circulates, and cools the target subassembly 502. Hot water exits housing 560 via conduit 532. The flow director 534 is configured to direct the flow of water in a desired direction. In an embodiment, at least one tube 590 is employed to cool the target enclosure or housing 560 with water. Optionally, three tubes 590 are employed.

It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the various configurations of target assemblies in this specification. In other embodiments, the target material may comprise pure copper or may be made of other suitable materials such as, but not limited to, a combination of tungsten and rhenium. Further, as described above, the bearings may be repositioned and placed in air. Alternatively, a single bearing capable of withstanding moment loads (such as a cross roller or four point contact bearing) may be employed, thereby eliminating the need for a second bearing. Further, other liquids may be used to cool the target, such as water and glycol mixtures, i.e., suitable for conditions in which the target is exposed to temperatures near ice freezing or freezing temperatures. In embodiments, the water used to cool the target may also include a corrosion inhibitor. In an embodiment, the target is impinged by a particle beam other than electrons, such as photons or deuterons. Further, in various embodiments, different types of vacuum seals may be used in place of the magnetic fluid seals.

Fig. 6 is a flow chart illustrating steps of operating a rotating radiation generating target assembly according to embodiments of the present description. At step 602, a target in a radiation generating target sub-assembly is rotated. In an embodiment, the target assembly includes a copper body supporting a target including a target ring brazed in the copper body. In an embodiment, the target ring is comprised of tungsten. In an embodiment, the target is rotated by pushing a water jet at a set of blades attached to a copper body. In another embodiment, the target is rotated by using a motor coupled to the target assembly. In an embodiment, the motor is a dc motor drive including a brushless torque motor. In another embodiment, the motor comprises a threaded sprocket through which the chain, timing belt, friction drive, and continuous cable move to rotate the target.

At step 604, the particle stream is directed toward a rotating target to produce radiation. In an embodiment, the particle stream is a stationary electron beam generated by an electron accelerator, the electron beam generating X-rays upon striking a tungsten ring portion of the rotating target.

At step 606, a cooling fluid is circulated around the target such that the fluid is in contact with at least one surface of the target to dissipate heat generated by the energy deposited by the particle stream, thereby reducing the temperature of the target to allow continuous operation. In an embodiment, the water jets used to rotate the target are also used to cool the target. In various embodiments, a liquid such as, but not limited to, water or a mixture of water and glycol may be used to cool the target.

In embodiments, the continuously operating rotating X-ray generating target assembly of the present description may be integrated with a security system deployed in a location such as, but not limited to, border controls, seaports, commercial buildings, and/or office/office buildings.

The above embodiments are merely illustrative of many applications of the system of the present invention. Although only a few embodiments of the present invention have been described herein, it should be understood, however, that the present invention may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the present embodiments and implementations are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention may be modified within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (31)

1. A high power radiation generating target assembly comprising:

a target assembly having a copper body and a target positioned along a periphery of the copper body, wherein the target is impinged by a particle stream to produce radiation;

a plurality of blades positioned on the copper body;

a water flow pushing the blades to rotate and cool the copper body; and

at least one coupling providing a vacuum seal when rotated.

2. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 1, wherein the particle stream comprises electrons that impinge upon a rotating target to generate X-rays.

3. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 2, wherein the electrons have an energy of 6MV or greater.

4. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 1, wherein the target is a ring made of tungsten.

5. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 1, wherein the target assembly further comprises one or more flow directors for directing a flow of liquid in a predetermined direction and for urging the plurality of vanes.

6. The high power radiation-generating target assembly of claim 1, wherein the liquid is water.

7. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one coupling is a magnetic fluid coupling for providing a vacuum seal.

8. A high power radiation generating target assembly comprising:

a target assembly having a copper body and a target along a periphery of the copper body, wherein the target is impinged by a particle stream to produce radiation;

a liquid stream for cooling the copper body;

a direct current motor drive configured to rotate the copper body; and the number of the first and second groups,

a coupling that provides a vacuum seal when rotated.

9. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 8, wherein the particle stream is an electron beam that impinges a rotating target to generate X-rays.

10. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 9, wherein the electrons have an energy of 6MV or greater.

11. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 8, wherein the target is a ring made of tungsten.

12. The high power radiation-producing target assembly of claim 8, wherein the dc motor, when driven, comprises a brushless torque motor.

13. The high power radiation-producing target assembly of claim 8, wherein the liquid is water.

14. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 8, wherein the coupling is a magnetic fluid coupling for providing a vacuum to a water seal.

15. A high power radiation generating target assembly comprising:

a target assembly having a copper body and a target along a periphery of the copper body, wherein the target is impinged by a particle stream to produce radiation;

a liquid stream for cooling the copper body;

a chain drive motor configured to rotate the copper body; and

a coupling providing a vacuum seal.

16. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 15, wherein the particle stream is an electron beam that impinges a rotating target to generate X-rays.

17. The high power radiation-producing target assembly of claim 16, wherein the electrons have an energy of 6MV or greater.

18. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 15, wherein the target is a ring made of tungsten.

19. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 15, wherein the chain drive motor operates in conjunction with one of: chains, timing belts, continuous cables, and dc spur gear couplings.

20. The high power radiation-producing target assembly of claim 15, wherein the liquid is water.

21. The high power radiation generating target assembly of claim 15, wherein the coupling is a magnetic fluid coupling for providing a vacuum to a water seal.

22. A method of continuously operating a radiation-producing target assembly, comprising:

rotating a target, wherein the target is formed on the periphery of a copper body, and wherein the target is rotated using a mechanism for generating rotation;

impinging the particle stream against a rotating target to produce radiation; and is

Circulating a cooling liquid around the target such that the liquid is always in contact with at least one surface of the target to dissipate heat generated by the impinging particle stream, thereby cooling the target to allow continuous operation, wherein the target assembly comprises a coupling that provides a vacuum seal.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the mechanism for rotating the target comprises a plurality of blades attached to the copper body, wherein the blades are propelled by the jet of cooling fluid, thereby rotating the target.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein the mechanism for rotating the target comprises a dc motor drive attached to the target assembly, the motor comprising a brushless torque motor.

25. The method of claim 22, wherein the mechanism for rotating the target comprises a chain drive motor attached to the target assembly.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the chain drive motor operates in conjunction with one of: chains, timing belts, continuous cables, and dc spur gear couplings.

27. The method of claim 22, wherein the particle stream is an electron beam that impinges a rotating target to produce X-rays.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the energy of the electrons is 6MV or higher.

29. The method of claim 22, wherein the target is a ring made of tungsten.

30. The method of claim 22, wherein the cooling fluid is water.

31. The method of claim 22, wherein the coupling is a magnetic fluid coupling for providing a vacuum for water sealing.