HK40006991B - Device and method for cleansing and treating skin - Google Patents

Description

Device and method for cleansing and caring for skin

This application is a divisional application of the patent application with application number 201580055721.5 filed on April 13, 2017.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/036,785, filed on August 13, 2014, and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/825,316, filed on August 13, 2015, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and generally.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to devices for cleansing and caring for skin, particularly facial skin, and methods of using devices for cleansing and caring for skin.

Background Art

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and performs several important functions, including forming a physical barrier to the environment, protecting against microorganisms, and allowing and restricting the inward and outward passage of water and electrolytes, ultraviolet radiation, and toxic agents. The skin consists of three structural layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer. Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type found in the epidermis. Fibroblasts are the dominant cell type in the dermis. The dermis is composed of a supportive extracellular matrix and contains collagen bundles that run parallel to the skin's surface. Fibroblasts within the dermis produce collagen, elastin, and structural proteoglycans. Collagen fibers make up 70% of the dermis, giving it strength and toughness, while elastin provides normal elasticity and flexibility. Proteoglycans provide adhesion and hydration. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has been implicated in regulating extracellular matrix production in human skin connective tissue. This factor is also important in wound healing. The skin is also full of nerves and blood vessels and also contains a small number of immune cells (e.g., mast cells, tissue macrophages, etc.).

The aging of human skin is associated with discoloration, wrinkling and sagging effects. These developments relevant to aging are significantly visible in human skin that becomes dry, wrinkled, loose and irregularly pigmented over time. Usually, the characteristic of aging skin is the flatness of the dermis-epidermal junction, the increased atrophy and the loss of elasticity of the dermal connective tissue. The loss of firmness and elasticity is usually associated with the reduction/loss and disorder of the main extracellular components (including collagen I (associated with the main cause of wrinkle formation), elastin and large and small proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans). Aging skin also has reduced TGF-β, which leads to the generation of reduced collagen and impaired wound healing. Histological analysis of aging in human skin shows a reduction in tissue thickness, the disorder of collagen and the accumulation of non-functional elastin.

Handheld skin cleansing devices are used for cosmetic purposes to effectively cleanse facial skin. In some cases, these devices claim additional benefits, such as exfoliation, smoothing/resurfacing, or deep cleansing. These devices feature one or more discrete motorized brushes or non-woven pads that oscillate, vibrate, or a combination thereof, providing the mechanical action of the brush(es) or pad(s) against the skin. Typically, a cleanser is applied to the brush or pad. The cleaning effectiveness of these devices depends on the type of bristles or pad, the pressure applied, and the type of cleanser.

One example among many is the Sonic Dermabrasion Facial Brush ST255, sold by PRETIKA® Corp. of Laguna Hill, California. This brush includes a handle and a rotating, round-bristled brush head. Another example is the Pore Sonic Cleanser, sold by Pobling of Seoul, South Korea, which includes a vibrating rectangular brush. Yet another example is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0233798, entitled BRUSHHEAD FOR ELECTRIC SKIN BRUSH APPLIANCE, published on September 20, 2012. Another example is the MIA 1®, MIA 2®, and MIA 3®, sold by CLARISONIC® of Redmond, Washington. Yet another example is the PRO X® Facial Brush sold by Procter & Gamble of Cincinnati, Ohio. Many examples like these are easily found in department stores, drug stores, and online.

Such rotating and/or vibrating heads provide a cleansing action that is superior to using one's hands to clean one's face. However, brushes and pads only reach the surface of the uppermost layer of skin cells. The brush tip does not effectively reach the interstitial spaces between cells or other delicate skin features, where dirt or dead cells can become trapped, and therefore does not effectively clean such spaces. Additionally, brushes tend to accumulate a combination of cleanser, dirt, bacteria, and dead skin cells at the base of the bristles, making them difficult or impossible to remove. Finally, brushes used for facial cleansing tend to lift rather than remove facial skin cells. Consequently, brushes can actually have a roughening effect on the skin.

Summary of the Invention

Disclosed herein is a cleaning device comprising a handle; an electric motor disposed within the handle and attached to an actuator, the motor and actuator being adapted to apply an oscillatory motion at a frequency of approximately 5 Hz to 30 Hz; and a generally planar cleaning head having a first major surface and a second major surface and divided into two or more cleaning head segments, the first major surface comprising a plurality of elastomeric cleaning features extending away from the first surface and having an aspect ratio of approximately 1:5 to 10:1, wherein the actuator is attached to the second major surface of the cleaning head to apply the oscillatory motion to one or more cleaning head segments to provide a total displacement of approximately 0.5 mm to 12 mm per oscillation.

In some embodiments, the oscillation is a circular oscillation, and at least one cleaning head segment is circular or annular. In some embodiments, at least two cleaning head segments are adapted to oscillate in opposite directions relative to each other. In some embodiments, the first surface of the cleaning head comprises more than one cleaning feature shape, relative cleaning feature orientation, or both. In some embodiments, the elastomer is characterized by a fully reversible strain of approximately 5%-700%, a Shore A hardness of approximately 10 to 50, and a coefficient of friction of approximately 0.25 to 0.75. In some embodiments, the cleaning features comprise prisms or truncated prisms having a base footprint of approximately 0.1 mm to 10 mm in its longest dimension and a height of approximately 0.5 mm to 5 mm. In some embodiments, the elastomer comprises one or more permanent additives or fugitive additives. In some such embodiments, the one or more permanent additives or fugitive additives comprise an antimicrobial component, an abrasive component, a cleaning or conditioning component, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the total displacement is approximately 0.5 mm to 8 mm.

Also disclosed herein is a skin cleansing system comprising a device with a handle; an electric motor disposed within the handle and attached to an actuator, the motor and actuator being adapted to apply an oscillatory motion at a frequency of approximately 5 Hz to 30 Hz; a generally planar cleaning head having a first major surface and a second major surface and divided into two or more cleaning head segments, the first major surface comprising a plurality of elastomeric cleaning features extending away from the first surface and having an aspect ratio of approximately 1:5 to 10:1, wherein the actuator is attached to the second major surface of the cleaning head to apply an oscillatory motion to one or more cleaning head segments, the oscillatory motion comprising a total relative displacement of approximately 0.5 mm to 12 mm per oscillation; and a cleanser selected from the group consisting of a liquid, a dispersion, an emulsion, a gel, a slurry, or a solution that reduces the stick-slip action of the cleaning features, which are in frictional contact with the skin surface during the oscillatory motion of the cleaning head.

Additional advantages and novel features of the device will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

1A-1I depict several representative schematic views of a cleaning device and motion generating subassembly as described herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates a number of exemplary cleaning feature shapes useful in conjunction with the cleaning apparatus.

3A-3F illustrate exemplary cleaning head segment displacements.

4A and 4B illustrate additional details of the displacement of the cleaning head segment of FIG. 3A .

5A and 5B illustrate additional details of the cleaning head segment displacement of FIG. 3D .

FIG6 illustrates in a schematic block diagram one embodiment of a controller as used in a cleaning apparatus.

7 is a flow chart representation of one embodiment of a method of using a cleaning device.

FIG8 shows the theoretical physical elements of stick-slip motion (static friction and kinetic friction).

9A and 9B are graphs showing the effects of static compressive loading protocols on (8A) collagen 1 and (8B) TGF-β.

10A-10D are graphs showing the effects of dynamic compression loading protocols on (9A) collagen 1, (9B) biglycan, (9C) decorin, and (9D) TGF- β .

11A to 11C are diagrams showing patterns of marks used to measure displacement of a silicone film caused by stretching when the embodiment is applied to a film used as a skin model, and the displacement of the film when the embodiment is applied.

FIG12 illustrates a graph showing the evaluation of lack of skin smoothness.

FIG. 13 illustrates a graph showing the assessment of lack of facial skin softness.

FIG. 14 illustrates a graph showing the evaluation of the appearance of pores on facial skin.

FIG15 illustrates a graph showing the evaluation of poor facial skin texture.

FIG. 16 illustrates a graph showing an assessment of lack of facial skin clarity.

FIG17 illustrates a graph showing the assessment of lack of facial skin radiance.

FIG18 illustrates a chart showing an assessment of overall facial skin appearance.

FIG. 19 illustrates a graph showing the evaluation of the lack of facial skin cleansing ability.

FIG. 20 illustrates a cleaning head having a three-dimensional, frusto-conical shape.

21A and 21B illustrate components of an embodiment for applying force generally perpendicular to the skin with a pin 802 to displace tissue.

22A and 22B illustrate top and side views, respectively, of an embodiment of a joint feature shape.

23A and 23B illustrate top and side views, respectively, of an embodiment of a split alpha lobe feature shape.

24A and 24B illustrate top and side views, respectively, of embodiments of inverted and non-inverted mushroom features.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Although the present disclosure provides reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Various embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like parts and components throughout the several views. Reference to various embodiments does not limit the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any examples set forth in this specification are not intended to be limiting and merely set forth some of the many possible embodiments for the purposes of the appended claims.

definition

As used herein, the term "cleaning head" means an article having a first major surface and a second major surface, wherein the first major surface has a plurality of cleaning features arranged thereon and the second surface is adapted to be attached to at least an actuator of a cleaning device. In some embodiments, the cleaning head comprises two or more discrete cleaning head segments, each of which comprises a plurality of cleaning features. In some such embodiments, one or more cleaning head segments are attached to a handle; provided that at least one cleaning head segment is attached so as to be moved by an actuator. In some embodiments, the first major surface of the cleaning head is substantially planar. In other embodiments, the cleaning head has a curved or arcuate shape, including in some embodiments a hemispherical shape. In some embodiments, the cleaning head is generally symmetrical; in other embodiments, the cleaning head comprises one or more asymmetrical portions or asymmetrical profiles. In some embodiments, the cleaning head comprises a plurality of arcuate shapes.

As used herein, the term "cleaning feature" means a protrusion that is attached to the first major surface of the cleaning head and extends away from the first major surface of the cleaning head in a direction generally perpendicular to the first major surface of the cleaning head. There are between 2 and 100 cleaning features per square centimeter of the first major surface. The cleaning feature has an aspect ratio (width: height) of 1:5 to 10:1, wherein the width or x distance is the longest dimension of the base (the portion where the cleaning feature intersects the first major surface of the cleaning head), and the height or y distance is the distance between the base and the peak (the portion of the cleaning feature farthest from the first major surface). The cleaning feature is an elastic cleaning feature, i.e., it is formed from an elastomeric component and is capable of elastic deformation to a certain extent. The shape of the cleaning feature is not specifically limited. In some embodiments, more than one cleaning feature shape, relative cleaning feature orientation, or both are located on a single cleaning head. In some embodiments, more than one cleaning feature shape, relative orientation, or both are located on a single cleaning head segment.

As used herein, the term "total displacement" means the maximum linear distance traveled by the motion of a first cleaning head segment relative to a second, adjacent cleaning head segment, as measured at two adjacent points, such as two points on opposite sides of their adjacent edges. In a sinusoidal oscillatory motion, the displacement traveled at the peak of the amplitude is measured relative to the stationary adjacent cleaning head segment to obtain the total displacement. Where the adjacent stationary cleaning head segment also oscillates, the total displacement is the result of the combined motion of the segments.

As used herein, the term "handle" or "handle portion" refers to the portion of the cleaning device that fits the average human grip to enable a user to actuate the cleaning head of the device toward the user's face and manipulate the device to slide the cleaning head across the facial surface. The handle also includes a motor and associated wiring, supports, and power input to facilitate application of power to the motor via DC or AC/DC. In some embodiments, the handle includes a switch for turning power on or off to the motor or device control module. In some embodiments, the handle includes additional controls.

As used herein, the term "elastomer" or "elastomeric composition" means a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer composition having a fully reversible strain of about 5%–700%, a Shore A hardness of about 10 to 50, and a coefficient of friction relative to human facial skin of about 0.2 to 0.8 (e.g., about 0.25 to 0.75). In some embodiments, the elastomeric composition includes one or more fillers, crosslinks, or both. Examples of suitable polymers for use in the elastomeric composition include silicone rubber (polydiorganosiloxane), rubbery polyurethane, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), butyl rubber (isobutylene rubber), natural or synthetic polyisoprene, nitrile rubber (butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber), rubbery polypropylene, EPDM (ethylene propylene diene copolymer), EPM (ethylene propylene copolymer), and others, as well as blends and copolymers thereof.

As used herein, the term "electric motor" means a device that is electrically powered to generate motion (whether rotational, reciprocating, orbital, or otherwise) that can be coupled directly or indirectly to a cleaning head or cleaning head segment to cause the cleaning head or cleaning head segment to move as described herein.

As used herein, the term "about" used in describing embodiments of the present disclosure to modify, for example, the amount of a component in a composition, concentration, volume, process temperature, process time, throughput, flow rate, pressure, and the like, and ranges thereof, refers to variations in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, by typical measurement and processing procedures used to make a compound, ingredient, concentration, or use a formulation; by inadvertent errors in these procedures; by differences in the purity of the manufacturing, source, or starting materials or components used to perform the method, and similar approximate considerations. The term "about" also encompasses quantities that vary due to aging of a formulation or mixture having a specific initial concentration, and quantities that vary due to mixing or processing a formulation or mixture having a specific initial concentration. Where modified by the term "about," the appended claims include equivalents to these quantities.

As used herein, the word "substantially" used in describing embodiments of the present disclosure to modify, for example, a type or amount of a component, property, measurable amount, method, position, value, or range in a composition refers to changes that do not affect the overall stated composition, property, amount, method, position, value, or range in a manner that invalidates the intended composition, property, amount, method, position, value, or range. By way of non-limiting example only, intended properties include elasticity, modulus, hardness, and shape; intended positions include the position of a first cleaning feature relative to a second cleaning feature. Where modified by the term "substantially," the appended claims include equivalents to these types and amounts of material.

Cleaning device

Disclosed herein is a cleaning device for cleaning the skin of a mammal, such as a human, comprising at least one handle; an electric motor disposed within the handle and attached to an actuator, the motor and actuator being adapted to apply an oscillatory motion at a frequency of approximately 5 Hz to 30 Hz; and a cleaning head having a first major surface and a second major surface, the first major surface comprising a plurality of elastomeric cleaning features extending away from the first surface and having an aspect ratio (width:height) of approximately 1:5 to 10:1, wherein the cleaning head is divided into two or more cleaning head segments, and wherein an actuator is attached to the second major surface of the cleaning head to apply the oscillatory motion to one or more cleaning head segments, thereby causing a total displacement of approximately 0.5 mm to 8 mm per oscillation.

Figures 1A and 1B are representative views of an exemplary embodiment of a cleaning device. Figure 1A shows cleaning device 100, which includes a handle portion 110, an on/off switch 120, and a mounting portion 130 that positions and secures a cleaning head 140. A first major surface 150 of cleaning head 140 includes cleaning features 160. In various embodiments, handle portion 110 includes a motor (not shown) that actuates selected motions of cleaning head 140 or a segment thereof. A second major surface (not shown) of cleaning head 140 is attached to an actuator (not shown) in a manner that facilitates the actuation of the oscillating motion. Figure 1B shows a recharging port 170, which is configured to receive a charger cable (not shown) to provide power, such as from a 120V wall outlet, to a rechargeable battery device inside handle portion 110. The battery device provides power to the motor and control module, which actuate the motion of cleaning head 140 or one or more segments thereof.

Figures 1C and 1D illustrate representative dimensions of the cleaning device. In the illustrated embodiment, the height H of the device is between about 140 mm and 220 mm, or about 170 mm and 180 mm. The width W of the device is between about 30 mm and 70 mm, or about 40 mm and 60 mm. The depth D of the device is between about 50 mm and 120 mm, or about 70 mm and 100 mm.

Various other configurations of embodiments are envisioned for the cleaning device 100. Some of these embodiments are described in greater detail below.

A cleaning head of a cleaning device is an article having a first major surface and a second major surface, the first major surface having a plurality of cleaning features arranged thereon. At least some portions of the cleaning features are formed from an elastomeric composition. In some embodiments, the cleaning head, including all of the cleaning features, is formed from an elastomeric composition. In other embodiments, the cleaning head is a composite structure having an elastomeric composition as a portion thereof, wherein the portion includes at least the surface of the first major surface of the cleaning head and at least a portion of the cleaning features. The elastomeric composition is a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer composition having a fully reversible strain of at least approximately 5%–1000%, a Shore A hardness of approximately 10 to 50, and a coefficient of friction (µ, a property affected by the composition) of approximately 0.20 to 1.20 relative to human facial skin (in the absence of a beard or similar substantial facial hair). In embodiments, the reversible strain is at least 100% or 200%, and up to 1000%, for example, approximately 700% or approximately 500%. In embodiments, the Shore A hardness is approximately 20 to 40. In embodiments, the coefficient of friction relative to human facial skin is about 0.20 to 1.20 or about 0.20 to 1.00, or about 0.20 to 0.90, or about 0.20 to 0.80, or about 0.25 to 0.80, or about 0.25 to 0.75, or about 0.30 to 1.00, or about 0.40 to 1.00, or about 0.40 to 0.90, or about 0.40 to 0.80, or about 0.50 to 1.00, or about 0.50 to 0.90, or about 0.30 to 0.90, or about 0.30 to 0.80.

Examples of suitable polymers for use in the elastomeric composition include cross-linked silicone rubber (polydiorganosiloxane, specifically polydimethylsiloxane), rubbery polyurethane, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), butyl rubber (isobutylene rubber), natural or synthetic polyisoprene, nitrile rubber (butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber), rubbery polypropylene, EPDM (ethylene propylene diene copolymer), EPM (ethylene propylene copolymer), and others, as well as blends and copolymers thereof. In some embodiments, the elastomeric composition is a cross-linked network. In some embodiments, the elastomeric composition includes one or more fillers, plasticizers, or both. In some embodiments, the elastomeric composition also includes one or more colorants, heat stabilizers, UV stabilizers, antimicrobial agents, and the like.

One example of a suitable elastomeric composition is a silica-filled silicone elastomer, such as those sold by Dow Corning Co. of Midland, MI; Momentive Performance Materials Inc. of Columbus, OH; Wacker Chemie AG of Munich, Germany; and Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan. Suitable silicone elastomer compositions include SUPERSIL®, a two-part filled silicone elastomer sold by Mouldlife of Suffolk, England, and SYLGARD®-184, a 10:1 two-part mixture sold by Dow Corning® Corporation of Midland, Michigan. Other suitable elastomeric polymers useful in forming the elastomeric component include rubbery or thermoplastic polyurethanes sold by Bayer MaterialsScience AG of Leverkusen, Germany, Huntsman International LLC of The Woodlands, Texas, and others.

In some embodiments, the elastomeric component includes one or more additives. The additives are embedded within the cleaning head or the surface of the cleaning head to provide additional beneficial results to the user during use of the cleaning device. In some embodiments, the additives are permanent, meaning they are not depleted from the surface of the cleaning head during use. In other embodiments, the additives are dispersible additives, meaning they are depleted during use. Examples of additives include abrasive particles embedded within at least one cleaning feature to exfoliate or micro-abrade the skin, or to adjust the level of static friction or stick-slip of the cleaning feature relative to the skin surface. Such additives are suitably permanent or dispersible, as determined by the manufacturer. Examples of suitable dispersible additives include inorganic and organic molecules that benefit the skin and allow the user to care for their skin during cleansing. Examples of such molecules include magnesium, calcium, vitamins such as vitamin D, plant-derived skin active ingredients, antioxidants, and the like. Another example of a dispersible additive is a skin cleansing ingredient embedded within or surrounding the cleaning feature or the cleaning head, or a portion thereof.

In some embodiments, part or all of one or more cleaning heads are consumable items that are expected to be frequently replaced, that is, disposable cleaning heads. For example, in an embodiment in which one or more dispersible additives are set as a part of one or more cleaning heads, the appropriate time to replace one or more cleaning heads is when the dispersible additives are exhausted. In some of these embodiments, there are one or more indicators on the cleaning head to indicate when the dispersible additives are exhausted and a new cleaning head is needed. An illustrative example of a suitable indicator is a colored layer placed below the dispersible additive layer so that the exhaustion of the dispersible additive is indicated by the exposure of the colored layer visible to the user. Those skilled in the art will readily envision other such indicators. In some embodiments, after a specified time period, the manufacturer provides instructions to the user to replace the cleaning head, so as to ensure that the user uses a cleaning head with one or more dispersible additives of sufficient quantity. In some embodiments, one or more onboard electronic indicators are used to notify the user of the time to replace the cleaning head.

Another example of a useful additive is an antimicrobial component. Depending on the nature of the additive, useful antimicrobial components can be either permanent or dispersible. For example, silver or a silver (Ag) component can be used. In some embodiments, the silver component is in the form of particles. One type of useful silver component is BIOMASTER® TD100, available from ADDMASTER® Ltd. of Stafford, England. If present, the silver component is dispersed in the elastomeric component used to form the first major surface of the cleaning head at approximately 0.001 wt% to 5 wt%, based on the weight of the elastomeric component, or at approximately 0.01 wt% to 1 wt%, or at approximately 0.05 wt% to 0.5 wt%, based on the weight of the elastomeric component.

In some embodiments, the cleaning features are integrated with the cleaning head or cleaning head segment, i.e., the cleaning head or cleaning head segment having multiple cleaning features is a single item formed by molding, 3D printing, etc. In other embodiments, the cleaning head or cleaning head segment is a composite structure having at least one surface layer comprising an elastomeric component, which is disposed at least on the first major surface and includes the cleaning features. In some such embodiments, the cleaning head includes a rigid layer proximate to the first major surface. The rigid layer is composed of one or more non-elastomeric thermoplastic materials, thermosetting materials, metals, and combinations thereof, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polycarbonate, nylon, aluminum, steel, glass, combinations thereof, etc. In some such embodiments, the rigid layer forms the second major surface.

The shape of the cleaning feature is selected from one or more of a variety of shapes as will be described in detail below.In some embodiments, more than one cleaning feature shape, relative cleaning feature orientation, or both are located on a single cleaning head or cleaning head segment.

A cleaning feature is a protrusion attached to the first major surface of a cleaning head and extending away from the first major surface of the cleaning head in a direction generally perpendicular to the first major surface. In some embodiments, the cleaning feature is integral with the first surface of the cleaning head or cleaning head segment; that is, the cleaning head or cleaning head segment including the cleaning feature disposed thereon is a single molded or formed article or portion thereof. In various embodiments, the cleaning feature has an aspect ratio (width:height) of approximately 1:5 to 10:1, where the width or x-distance is the longest dimension of the base (the portion of the cleaning feature that intersects the first major surface of the cleaning head) and the height or y-distance is the distance between the base and the peak (the portion of the cleaning feature that extends farthest from the first major surface). In some embodiments, the cleaning feature aspect ratio is approximately 1:5 to 5:1, or approximately 1:4 to 4:1, or approximately 1:3 to 3:1, or approximately 1:3 to 2:1, or approximately 1:3 to 1:1. In some embodiments, the aspect ratio of individual cleaning features can vary across a single cleaning head or segment thereof.

In some embodiments, there are approximately 2 to 100 cleaning features per square centimeter, or approximately 3 to 70 cleaning features per square centimeter, or approximately 5 to 50 cleaning features per square centimeter on at least one area of the cleaning head. In some embodiments, the space between the cleaning features, or the "land area" of the first major surface of the cleaning head or cleaning head segment, is approximately 1% to 50% of the total first major surface area of the cleaning head, or approximately 5% to 30% of the first major surface area of the cleaning head. In some such embodiments, the cleaning features are spaced so as to be approximately equidistantly distributed on the first major surface in one or more directions. In some embodiments, the cleaning features are spaced in a uniform pattern on the first major surface. In some embodiments, the cleaning features are irregularly spaced on the first major surface. In some embodiments, the footprint of the base of the cleaning features is approximately 0.1 mm to 10 mm along the longest dimension, or approximately 0.5 mm to 8 mm along the longest direction, or approximately 1 mm to 6 mm, or approximately 2 mm to 5 mm. In some embodiments, the peak or height of the cleaning features extends from approximately 0.5 mm to 5 mm from the base, or approximately 1 mm to 4 mm, or approximately 1 mm to 3 mm from the base. To impart the stretch-and-glide action described below to the skin, which is different from that imparted by bristles used on some skin care devices, the cleansing feature has a substantially continuous contact surface with the skin of at least about 1 square millimeter or greater, for example, about 1 square millimeter to 5 square millimeters. This area, which is significantly larger than the skin contact area of a conventional single bristle, is useful for applying the stretch-and-glide force to the skin as described below.

The shape of the cleaning features is not particularly limited, except that in many configurations, the peak footprint area is the same as or smaller than the base footprint area of each cleaning feature. Benefits of this configuration include ease of manufacturing and a more secure anchoring of the cleaning features on the first surface of the cleaning head or its segment during use of the device. Cleaning feature shapes useful in the device include cones, truncated cones, pyramids (with a triangular base), truncated cones, cylinders, hemispheres, prisms (triangular prisms with rectangular or square bases), truncated prisms, cubes, cuboidal shapes, pentahedrons (with a rectangular base), truncated pentahedrons, and variations and modifications thereof. In some embodiments, the base of the cleaning feature has an "x" shape, a "v" shape, a "y" shape, a "u" shape, a star, a crescent, a ring, or some other shape, and the peak footprint reflects this shape; in some such embodiments, the peak footprint is slightly smaller than the base footprint. In some embodiments, the base footprint has one distinguishable shape, and the peak footprint has a different distinguishable shape. For example, in some such embodiments, the base of the cleaning features is hexagonal and the peaks are hemispherical.

The irregular shapes and variations on the shapes set forth above include elongated prismatic features with a notch in one or more locations at the peak; mushroom shapes (a generally cylindrical base portion with a solid or hollow hemispherical or frustoconical peak portion, wherein the larger dimension faces the first major surface of the cleaning head or portion thereof), inverted mushroom shapes (a generally cylindrical base portion with a solid or hollow hemispherical or frustoconical peak portion, wherein the smaller dimension faces the first major surface of the cleaning head or portion thereof), tapered features that curve as the feature proceeds from the base portion to the peak portion, forming a hook-like profile in some cases; and other variations envisioned by those skilled in the art.

Figure 2 shows some examples of cleaning features and their distribution on the first surface of a cleaning head. Shape Design 1 ("α-blade") is a prismatic shape with a rectangular base footprint and a blade-like peak footprint. The distribution of the α-blade features on the cleaning head or cleaning head segment is defined by a first group of three cleaning features in a single, even parallel orientation, followed by a second group of three cleaning features oriented 90° to the first group. Shape Design 2 ("α-latch") is a curved conical shape with a circular base footprint and a smaller circular peak footprint. Its distribution on the cleaning head or cleaning head segment is defined by a first row of features, in which the conical shape curves in a first direction, and a second row of features, in which the conical shape curves in a second direction approximately 180° from the first direction. Shape Design 3 ("Crowned Wave Latch") is a different curved conical shape with a rectangular peak footprint. Its distribution on the cleaning head or cleaning head segment is similar to that of Shape Design 2. Shape Design 4 ("Blade Tip Latch") is similar to Shape Design 2, except that the peak footprint has a rectangular shape. The distribution of Shape Design 4 on the cleaning head or cleaning head segment is similar to that of Shape Design 2. Shape 5 ("Alpha Latch Concentric Chase") is the same shape as Shape 2, but the orientation of the curved portion of the tapered shape is slightly randomized; in addition, the overall spatial arrangement of the features on the cleaning head or cleaning head segment is concentric and not in straight rows.

Continuing with Figure 2, Shape 6 ("Blade Tip Latching Row") is identical to Shape 4, but the orientation of the curved portion of the tapered shape is slightly randomized across the cleaning head or cleaning head segment; furthermore, the overall spatial arrangement of the features on the cleaning head or cleaning head segment is concentric and not arranged in straight rows. Shape 7 ("Concentric Blades") is identical to Shape 1, with a set of three aligned features arranged in a concentric pattern. Shape 8 ("Inverted Mushroom") is a truncated cone-shaped feature mounted on a cylindrical portion or rod. The features are arranged in a hexagonally packed arrangement on the cleaning head or cleaning head segment. Notably, the truncated cone portion of Shape 8 is sufficiently flexible to allow it to be inverted. Shape 9 ("Linked") is a crescent shape with a blade-like peak footprint. The features are arranged in a staggered pattern on the cleaning head or cleaning head segment; the staggered features are arranged in rows on the cleaning head or cleaning head segment. Shape 10 ("Non-Inverted Mushroom") is identical to Shape 8, but lacks the flexibility to invert to create a mushroom shape. Shape 11 ("Split Alpha Blade") is identical to Shape 1, except that the prisms have a peak footprint with a notch. Shape 11 is configured on a cleaning head or cleaning head portion in the same manner as Shape 1.

In some embodiments, the cleaning head is divided into two or more discrete cleaning head segments, each of which includes a plurality of cleaning features. The cleaning head segments are formed by discrete partitions of the cleaning head at least at its first major surface, which partitions extend toward the second major surface. In some embodiments, the cleaning head is divided across its entire thickness, i.e., from its first major surface to its second major surface. The cleaning head segments allow one or more segments to be moved by one or more motors activated by one or more actuators via the connection to the handle portion of the cleaning device via the second major cleaning head surface. While maintaining contact with the skin, during movement of the one or more cleaning head segments, a stretching movement is imparted to the skin by the interaction of the cleaning features with the skin.

Representative embodiments of cleaning head designs designed to provide skin-stretching motions are shown in Figures 3A-3F. Those skilled in the art will envision many other shapes and configurations that achieve similar displacement motions for one or more cleaning head segments. In Figures 3A-3F, first major surface configurations 150A-150F are variations of the cleaning head first major surface 150 of Figure 1. The configurations of Figures 3A-3F are shown without cleaning features to illustrate details of the cleaning head segment configurations and their selected motions relative to one another. In each embodiment, the first half of the oscillating motion is indicated by arrows, wherein the second half of the oscillating motion (not shown) is in a direction opposite to the direction indicated by the arrows. All motions indicated by arrows occur simultaneously in each individual embodiment shown in Figures 3A-3F. Figure 3A illustrates a first embodiment 150A that includes stationary segments 151 positioned on either side of a first linear motion segment 152 that moves in a first linear direction A. FIG3B illustrates a second embodiment 150B, which includes a first linear motion segment 152 that moves in a first linear direction A, alternating with an adjacent second linear motion segment 152′ that moves in a second linear direction B. This relative motion of two adjacent segments is referred to in some embodiments as "counter-oscillation." FIG3C illustrates a third embodiment 150C, which includes a first lateral motion segment 154 and a second lateral motion segment 154′ on either side of a stationary segment 151, wherein the first lateral motion segment 154 moves in a linear direction C and the second lateral motion segment 154′ moves in a linear direction D. FIG3D illustrates a fourth embodiment 150D, which includes a circular motion segment 156 that moves in a counterclockwise direction E and is positioned within an annular stationary segment 153. FIG3E illustrates a fifth embodiment 150E, which includes a circular motion segment 156 that moves in a counterclockwise direction E and is positioned within an annular motion segment 156 that moves in a clockwise direction F. This counter-rotation of two adjacent circular or annular segments is referred to in some embodiments as "counter-oscillation." FIG3F illustrates a sixth embodiment 150F, which includes an annular stationary segment 153, an annular stationary segment 153′, and an annular moving segment 156″ that moves in a counterclockwise direction E, with the annular moving segment 156″ positioned between the annular stationary segment 153 and the circular stationary segment 153′.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, such as respectively in the embodiment 150B and 150E of Fig. 3 B and 3E, the reverse-oscillation type motion causes two different types of motion boundaries.As used in this article, the term motion boundary means the outer edge of the motion cleaning head or cleaning head section as shown in Fig. 3 A-3F.There is motion boundary at the edge of each motion cleaning head section.With reference to 150B, at the edge of 152 near the edge of 152 ', reverse-oscillation sets relative motion boundary 157, and motion boundary 158 is a simple motion boundary.Similarly, with reference to embodiment 150E, 156,156 ' reverse-oscillation provides relative motion boundary 157 ', and the oscillation of 156 ' sets simple motion boundary 158 '.

As described above, each of the embodiments 150A-150F in Figures 3A-3F illustrates the first half of an oscillatory motion, wherein the second half of the oscillatory motion is in a direction opposite to the direction indicated by the arrow. When the cleaning device is turned on, the oscillatory motion is repeated in a series of cycles that continue until the device is turned off. When the cleaning features positioned on the cleaning head 150 are held against the skin, the oscillatory motion is a skin-stretching motion. This skin-stretching motion is particularly beneficial within certain defined parameters. Figures 4A-5B provide additional details of this motion, specifically with respect to embodiment 150A in Figure 3A and embodiment 150D in Figure 3D, respectively, to illustrate these parameters. Referring to embodiment 150A, at the beginning of an oscillation, points x and y are approximately 0.5 mm to 8 mm apart. Midway through one oscillation 150A', the first linear motion segment 152 has moved in the first linear direction A, with points x and y aligned; thus, segment 152 has moved 0.5 mm to 8 mm relative to the stationary segment 151. The first linear motion section 152 now moves in the opposite direction until the cleaning head returns to its original configuration 150A, thereby completing one oscillation.

It will be understood that in some configurations, the first linear motion segment 152 moves in a manner that causes it to oscillate equally on both sides from the position represented by 150A, that is, half of the total displacement distance is represented by 150A', and 150A-150A' represents a quarter of a cycle rather than half, and in embodiment 150A, points x and y are separated by approximately 1 mm to 4 mm. It will also be understood that for two adjacent motion cleaning head segments, such as 150B of Figure 3B and 150E of Figure 3E, respectively, the total displacement distance must take into account the motion of both motion segments. In some such embodiments, each motion cleaning head segment moves half of the total displacement distance in each cycle.

Similar to embodiments 150A-150A', embodiments 150D-150D' show that at the beginning of an oscillation, points x and y are displaced 0.5 mm to 8 mm apart along line z. Midway through one oscillation 150D', the circular motion segment 156 has moved in the counterclockwise direction E, and points x and y are aligned; thus, the movement of the circular segment 156 has displaced point y by 0.5 mm to 8 mm. The circular motion segment 156 now moves in a clockwise direction until it returns to its original configuration 150D, completing one oscillation.

Some other embodiment cleaning head configurations (e.g., other configurations shown in Figures 3A-3F) oscillate similarly to those of Figures 4A-5B. The total displacement of each moving cleaning head segment relative to the adjacent (multiple) moving cleaning head segments or relative to the adjacent stationary cleaning head segments per cycle is approximately 0.5 mm to 8 mm. In some embodiments, the displacement per cycle is approximately 1 mm to 8 mm, or approximately 2 mm to 8 mm, or approximately 2 mm to 7 mm, or approximately 2 mm to 6 mm, or approximately 2 mm to 3 mm, or approximately 3 mm to 5 mm, or approximately 3 mm to 4 mm. Additionally, the cycle frequency (time per cycle) is about 5 Hz to 30 Hz, or about 10 Hz to 30 Hz, or about 15 Hz to 30 Hz, or about 20 Hz to 30 Hz, or about 25 Hz to 30 Hz, or about 5 Hz to 25 Hz, or about 5 Hz to 20 Hz, or about 5 Hz to 15 Hz, or about 10 Hz to 30 Hz, or about 10 Hz to 25 Hz, or about 10 Hz to 20 Hz.

It will be understood that the various configurations of the cleaning head, particularly with respect to the number and configuration of the cleaning head segments, are not specifically limited and are selected by the designer. Thus, in some embodiments in which the circular center cleaning head segment is surrounded by a counter-oscillating ring, 1 to 3 annular cleaning head segments, or 2 to 5, or even 5 to 100 annular cleaning head segments are arranged on the cleaning head in concentric circles, wherein the counter-oscillating action is provided by the alternating oscillating motion of the concentric annular cleaning head segments. In one example, a single annular cleaning head segment includes a single row of cleaning features radially arranged around an annular segment. The segment can be counter-oscillating, or the oscillating segment can alternate with a stationary segment, or a combination thereof. Similarly, the linear oscillating cleaning head segment is not specifically limited to the total number of counter-oscillating segments or alternating stationary/oscillating segments.

In some embodiments, the cleaning head is divided into two cleaning head sections, including an inner circular section and an outer annular section, wherein one of the sections is adapted to remain substantially stationary during operation of the cleaning device while the other section moves in an orbital motion. The orbital motion follows a circular or elliptical path without any circular (rotational or twisting) displacement. In such embodiments, the moving gap formed between the inner circular section and the outer annular section provides a displacement of approximately 0.5 mm to 8 mm. In some embodiments, the outer annular section is stationary, and the inner circular section moves in an orbital manner at a frequency of 5 Hz to 30 Hz to provide a displacement of 0.5 mm to 8 mm between the inner and outer sections. In other embodiments, the inner circular section is stationary, and the outer annular section moves in an orbital manner at a frequency of 5 Hz to 30 Hz to provide a displacement of 0.5 mm to 8 mm between the inner and outer sections, as well as a displacement at the outer periphery of the outer annular section.

In some embodiments, the first major surface of the cleaning head is not divided into cleaning head sections. Instead, in such embodiments, the movement of the cleaning features relative to each other is realized by moving the elastomeric surface from below. In such embodiments, the cleaning head has a single, continuous elastomeric top layer that supports the cleaning features. The cleaning head first surface is manipulated or stretched from below. In some such embodiments, more complex motion patterns are implemented, such as planetary motion or orbital motion, etc.

The attachment of the cleaning head section to the actuator is activated by the motor connected to promote the motion of the cleaning head section. It will be understood that in some embodiments, the cleaning head is attached to the handle, and one or more cleaning head sections are attached to one or more actuators. In certain embodiments, one or more cleaning head sections are attached to one or more actuators to provide oscillatory motion, and one or more additional cleaning head sections are attached to the handle to provide one or more static cleaning head sections. In other embodiments, one or more actuators provide the reverse-oscillatory motion of two or more cleaning head sections.

Significantly, the user is free to use the cleaning device without engaging the motor to move the cleaning head or cleaning head segment(s). Thus, the user can simply move the cleaning device against the skin in a cleaning motion and achieve a cleaning effect. Additionally, in some embodiments, the cleaning device includes one or more settings that allow the user to employ greater or lesser displacement per cycle, a greater cycle frequency, such as 30 Hz to 100 Hz, or a combination of such variable displacement and frequency, to accomplish specific tasks, such as deep cleaning or exfoliation.

With respect to the interaction of the cleaning head with the actuator, an exemplary embodiment will now be discussed in detail to provide an understanding of one possible mechanism of the oscillatory motion. Referring to FIG. 1E , the cleaning head 140 and its attachment to the cleaning device 100 are shown in slightly greater detail. FIG. 1F illustrates an enlarged view of the cleaning device of FIG. 1E . Specifically, FIG. 1F illustrates the cleaning head 140 as it may be removed from the cleaning device 100, thereby revealing features of the actuator mechanism 200.

FIG1G is a partially exploded view of the actuator mechanism 200, including features disposed within the handle 110 of the cleaning device 100. The actuator mechanism 200 includes a primary drive 201 and a secondary drive 202. The primary drive 201 includes a motor drive shaft 210, a gear mechanism 220, and a pivot arm 230. The motor drive shaft 210 includes a coupling member 212, a collar 214, and a collar gear 216. The collar gear 216 is attached to the motor drive shaft 210 and thus moves along with the motor drive shaft 210. The collar 214 and coupling member 212 are attached to each other, but not to the motor drive shaft 210, and thus the collar 214 and coupling member 212 can rotate independently of the motor drive shaft 210 and the collar gear 216. Gear mechanism 220 includes a gear 222, an offset pin 224 (extending upward from gear 222 in FIG. 1G ), and a center pin 226 (extending downward from gear 222 in FIG. 1G ). Gear 222 engages with collar gear 216 and is held stationary in space by center pin 226 (i.e., center pin 226 engages a stationary member, not shown). Pivot arm 230 is attached to and supported by collar 214 and includes a slot 232 that slidably engages offset pin 224. Secondary drive 202 includes an outer ring gear 240, planet gears 250, and a sun gear 260. Outer ring gear 240 includes an engagement pin 242. Sun gear 260 includes an engagement slot 262 adapted to receive engagement member 212. Sun gear 260, planet gears 250, and outer ring gear 240 combine to form a planetary gear system.

When engagement member 212 is operably engaged with engagement slot 262, primary drive unit 201 and secondary drive unit 202 are operable to provide counter-oscillatory motion by causing collar gear 216 to move due to rotational movement of motor-driven shaft 210. This motion is illustrated in Figures 1H and 1I. Figure 1H is a top-down view of primary drive unit 201. A complete cycle of motion of primary drive unit 201 driven by motor-driven collar gear 216 is illustrated from left to right in Figure 1H. Movement of shaft 210 causes collar gear 216 to move in a clockwise direction. Gear 222 moves counterclockwise due to engagement of collar gear 216 with gear 222. Rotation of gear 222 causes biasing pin 224 to move within slot 232, thereby causing pivot arm 230 to move first counterclockwise, then clockwise, and then counterclockwise, as illustrated by the sequential arrangement from left to right in Figure 1H. In some embodiments, the arcuate motion of the pivot arm 230, as shown in FIG1H , over a single complete cycle traverses an arc of approximately 20° to 50°, or approximately 25° to 45°, or approximately 30° to 40°. As depicted by the pivot arm 230, the engagement member 212 moves simultaneously and over the same arc. FIG1I is a top-down view of the motion of the secondary drive unit 202 when the engagement member 212 of the primary drive unit 201 engages within the engagement slot 262. FIG1I shows, from left to right, one complete cycle of motion of the primary drive unit 202 driven by the actuator engaged with the primary drive unit 201. Dashed lines are provided to provide perspective on the relative motion of the sun gear 260 and the pin 242 attached to the outer ring gear 240. The motion of the sun gear 260, engaged with the planet gears 250, acts to move the outer ring gear 240 in a direction opposite to the motion of the sun gear 260, as indicated by the motion of the pin 242. As shown in FIG. 1I , the motion of the outer ring gear 240 over a single complete cycle passes through an angle of approximately 5° to 30°, or approximately 7° to 25°, or approximately 10° to 20°.

Therefore, the design of a cleaning head adapted to operate in conjunction with the actuator mechanism 200 of FIG. 1G includes an annular outer cleaning head segment adapted and designed to engage with the pin 242 of the secondary drive 202, and an inner circular cleaning head segment adapted and designed to engage with the hub of the engagement slot 262. As shown in FIG. 1G , the collar gear 216 on the primary drive 201 is connected to a DC motor. The action of the motor rotating the shaft 210 and the collar gear 216 in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction causes the described motion, illustrated in FIG. 1H and FIG. 1I . When engaged with the moving engagement member 212 of the primary drive 201, the movement of the hub of the moving engagement slot 262 causes the circular inner cleaning head segment to move in a first direction (counterclockwise, as shown in FIG. 1H ), then counterclockwise. Simultaneously, the movement of the pin 242 causes the annular outer cleaning head segment to move in a second direction (clockwise, as shown in FIG. 1I ). In this manner, radial counter-oscillatory motion is achieved. Other embodiments will be envisioned by those skilled in the art that are not specifically limited by the description of the exemplary embodiments provided herein and do not depart from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

The handle portion of the device houses the motor, which is either powered directly by an AC/DC power source or by batteries. The handle also includes associated wiring, supports, and power inputs to facilitate the application of power to the motor via DC or AC/DC. If powered directly, a power cord is provided that allows the user to plug the cleaning device into a standard wall outlet (e.g., 120V, 60Hz in North America) and convert the power to DC. If the cleaning device is powered by batteries, a recharging cord is removably attached to the device, and the charging cord is plugged into a standard wall outlet to recharge the depleted battery. In some embodiments where the device is battery powered and rechargeable, a sensor visible to the user is connected to a display that alerts the user to the status of the remaining battery power. In some embodiments, the handle includes a switch that is available to the user to turn power to the motor on or off.

In some embodiments, the cleansing device also incorporates a timer that beeps, vibrates, or otherwise notifies the user that a specific time increment has elapsed. For example, a timer algorithm that causes a beeping signal to sound every 15 seconds, every 30 seconds, or some other interval when the cleansing device is turned "on" can be useful for alerting the user that they should begin cleansing different areas of skin. Timer intervals are usefully employed in conjunction with an internally incorporated automatic "off" switch that shuts off the device after a certain number of timed intervals. For example, in some embodiments for facial cleansing, a timer routine is implemented that vibrates every 15 seconds, and after four 15-second intervals (during which the timer vibrates three times), the device automatically shuts off. In some embodiments, the user can select (via controls located on the handle) a skin cleansing program, wherein the timer and automatic shutoff are programmed for facial cleansing, gentle facial cleansing, foot cleansing, and so on.

In some embodiments, the cleaning device is waterproof and, for example, can withstand immersion in up to 0.25 meters, up to 1 meter, up to 2 meters, or more of water without water entering the handle or other portion of the device that houses the electrical components. In other embodiments, the cleaning device is water-resistant, i.e., the device can be washed or splashed without water entering the handle or other portion of the device that houses the electrical components, but the device cannot be submerged without water entering the handle or other portion of the device that houses the electrical components.

The handle portion fits in an average human grip in a manner that enables the user to comfortably place the first major surface of the cleaning head in contact with the user's face with some applied pressure and manipulate the device to slide the cleaning head across the facial surface. Although the embodiments shown in Figures 1A and 1B do not limit the types of handle designs that can be usefully employed with the cleaning device, they are provided as a guide. The materials used to make the handle chassis (i.e., the portion of the handle visible to the user) are not specifically limited. Generally, metal or plastic compounds, or a combination thereof, are used to form the chassis and the design or functional details present thereon. A common material used to form the handle portion is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) copolymer. Antimicrobial agents, colorants, surface modifications, textures, etc. may be appropriately included in the handle portion of the device.

In some embodiments, the cleaning head, or a portion thereof including the first major surface, is removably attached to the cleaning device. In some embodiments, removing the cleaning head is useful for washing or replacing the cleaning head or a portion thereof. Various attachment mechanisms are useful for removably attaching the cleaning head or a portion thereof to the cleaning device. Examples of useful attachment mechanisms include hook and loop mating attachment surfaces, snaps, latches, screws, and any other such mechanisms known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the second major surface of the cleaning head is disengaged from the actuator to effect removal of the entire cleaning head. In other embodiments, the removable portion of the cleaning head is an elastomeric member that includes at least a portion of the first major surface. In some such embodiments, an attachment device, such as that described above, is employed to removably attach the elastomeric member to the cleaning head. In other such embodiments, the elastomeric member is adapted to be stretched to cover and surround at least a portion of the non-removable portion of the cleaning head, such that a combination of elastic recovery of the stretched elastomeric member and static friction maintains the elastomeric member in place on the cleaning head.

In some embodiments of a cleaning device in which a portion of the cleaning head is removable, an advantage of the cleaning device is that the user can not only remove the cleaning head or a portion thereof to clean or replace it, but also the user can exchange the cleaning characteristics on its first major surface. Thus, in an embodiment, the cleaning device is part of a kit that includes two or more replacement cleaning heads or cleaning head portions having different cleaning characteristics. Such embodiments are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, an advantage of this cleaning feature design is that the cleaning head is easy to wash between uses. The high aspect ratio of the cleaning feature (a width:height of not less than 1:5 when compared to bristles that typically have an aspect ratio of 1:10 or less) imparts cleanability to the cleaning head, wherein residue left over from cleaning (residual detergent, dirt, bacteria, and dead skin cells) is easily washed off the surface of the cleaning head. The cleaning head segment is therefore more hygienic than a cleaning brush when reused. Further, in embodiments where the elastomeric component includes, for example, an antimicrobial compound or particle, the growth of bacteria or other microorganisms on the surface of the cleaning head is slowed or prevented altogether. Thus, the cleaning head of the present invention has excellent cleanliness and/or cleanability when compared to brush-based devices.

control system

The cleaning device has a control system 500 (see FIG6 ) that allows the user to turn the device on and off and, in some embodiments, select operating parameters. As can be seen in FIG6 , in one embodiment, the controller 500 has an on-off control 502. It may have an optional oscillation frequency control 504 and/or an oscillation amplitude control 506. The controls may be individual buttons or areas on a touchpad or touch screen (not shown).

Controller circuit 510 comprises logic circuitry or may be a programmed microprocessor. In either case, it is configured to receive various input signals and provide output signals for controlling components or an optional display. Power for controller circuit 510 comes from battery 540, which may be rechargeable and may have an associated charge level indicator 532. Controller circuit 510 has an input interface that senses the status of controllers 502, 504, and 506 for use as input to the control logic. The control logic includes a timer that can be used as a cycle timer for a use cycle or for timing other intervals used in control. In one embodiment, controller circuit 510 times a long interval that defines a complete use cycle, such as 2, 3, or 5 minutes, or any other appropriate use interval. It also times segments of the complete use cycle, at the end of which a brief change in oscillation frequency, a beep, or other indication can indicate to the user to continue to a new treatment zone on the multi-zone skin area to be treated. For example, when treating the face, the facial skin may be subdivided by the device into 2, 3, 4, or more areas to be treated at different times as part of a recommended complete usage cycle. The controller circuit 510 may also optionally include a display driver 514 that controls the text, images, or other visual signals presented to the user on an optional display 530. Alternatively, instead of visual signals, only audible signals may be used to provide signals to the user. In this case, the display 530 is a buzzer or a small transducer that is used to generate one or more sounds under the control of the controller circuit 510. In certain embodiments, the controller circuit 510 may be configured to generate artificial human speech (e.g., to provide voice direction) using a speech synthesizer, pre-recorded content, or other device.

The controller circuit 510 also has a motor interface 520, through which the controller circuit 510 delivers a selected amount of power and/or an actuation signal, and potentially a variable pattern of power and/or an actuation signal, to an electric motor 522. In this way, the action of the electric motor can be controlled. The electric motor 522 is operably connected to an actuator 540, which delivers motion to the cleaning surface shown in Figures 3A-4B. The controller 500 and its controller circuit 510 allow the user to control the operation of the device during use, as described below. Basic control allows the device to be turned on or off. For example, using other control features, the user can control the amplitude of the motion within the ranges discussed above, as well as the frequency of the oscillation of the cleaning surface within the ranges discussed above, in combination with the pressure applied by the user to the cleaning surface shown in Figures 3A-4B, to control the motion of the cleaning surface to meet the user's perception of comfort and effectiveness. These two parameters can be controlled independently. The levels of these parameters considered comfortable and/or effective can vary between users. The device allows the user to control these selections through adjustments, optionally using a display 530 that shows the current parameter adjustment status and provides guidance for making adjustments, such as a graphic displaying a bar graph with the current level and the range of available adjustments. The display 530 can also display a timer for a complete treatment cycle or a timer for discrete segments.

In some embodiments, as described above, the cleansing device also incorporates a timer that notifies the user when specific time increments have elapsed. For example, a timer that beeps every 30 seconds is useful for alerting the user that they should begin cleansing different areas of the skin. Timer intervals can be usefully employed in conjunction with an internally incorporated automatic "off" switch that shuts the device off after a certain number of timed intervals. A flow chart illustrating one such timing algorithm is shown in FIG7 . The timer algorithm is initiated by the user activating the cleansing device 610, setting usage parameters 620, applying a cleansing composition 630 to the device or the user's skin (or the skin of a person whose skin the user will be cleansing), and initiating cleaning 640 of the first zone (n=1). After a predetermined interval, the timer algorithm sends a signal to a mechanism (a speaker that causes a tone or beep, a vibrating element that sends vibrations through the handle, a switch that temporarily shuts off the cleansing device, etc.) alerting the user that cleaning of that zone is complete. The user is then alerted to move to the next zone of skin for cleaning. After a predetermined number of such time intervals, n, the device is signaled to shut down; this is accomplished via a series of queries 660 after each zone is completed. After each signal, n is increased by 1 after each interval until n reaches the target value and the device shuts down.

Kit

In embodiments of the cleaning device where a portion of the cleaning head is removable, an advantage is that the user can not only remove the cleaning head or portion thereof to clean or replace it, but the user can also exchange the cleaning characteristics on its first major surface. Thus, in embodiments, the cleaning device is part of a kit that includes two or more replacement cleaning heads or cleaning head portions that differ in their cleaning characteristics.

In some embodiments, the kit includes at least one cleaning device and two or more cleaning heads or cleaning head portions. In some embodiments, the two or more cleaning heads or cleaning head portions are substantially identical; in other embodiments, the two or more cleaning heads or cleaning head portions have different cleaning features or differently arranged cleaning head features disposed thereon. In some embodiments, the kit includes two or more cleaning heads or cleaning head portions that are substantially identical and additionally includes one or more additional cleaning heads or cleaning head portions having different cleaning features or differently arranged cleaning head features disposed thereon.

In some embodiments, the kit also includes a power cord for removably attaching to the cleaning device handle and a plug suitable for being received by a power source. In some embodiments, the kit also includes a docking station that is suitable for fastening the cleaning device when not in use. In some embodiments, the docking station includes an adapter that is connected to the cleaning device handle and connects the device to a power cord with a plug suitable for being received by a power source. In some embodiments, the docking station includes a cleaning mechanism to clean the first surface of the cleaning head when the cleaning device is fastened to the docking station. In some embodiments, the kit also includes one or more skin cleaning ingredients that are packaged for use with the cleaning device. In some embodiments, the kit also includes a travel bag that is suitable for containing the cleaning device to protect the cleaning device during travel, such as in a suitcase or bag.

Also contemplated are replacement kits; such kits are associated with, but do not include, a cleansing device. A replacement kit includes replacement parts or components for a user who already owns a cleansing device. One such kit includes one or more substantially identical cleansing heads or cleansing head portions. Another such kit includes two or more cleansing heads or cleansing head portions having different cleansing features or differently arranged cleansing head features disposed thereon. Another such kit includes one or more cleansing heads or cleansing head portions and one or more packages containing skin cleansing ingredients; the ingredients may be the same or different. Some kits include two or more of the above-described replacement parts or components.

In some embodiments, the kit further includes one or more sets of instructions to instruct a user on how to use the cleaning device, specialized packaging, labels, decorative designs, coupons, and the like.

It will be understood that different cleaning heads or cleaning head portions, whether or not included in a kit, are designed to achieve varying effects when used by a user; furthermore, in some embodiments, specific cleansers may be recommended for use in conjunction with specific cleaning feature designs or arrangements. Thus, by interchanging cleaning features and skin cleansing ingredients, different effects ranging from gentle massage to vigorous exfoliation can be achieved.

Use of the device

The cleansing device is for cleansing mammalian skin; specifically, human skin. In some embodiments, the device is used as a facial skin cleanser for humans. In some embodiments, the device is used to care for human facial skin. The device is intended for use in conjunction with a skin cleansing or care ingredient, wherein the skin cleansing or care ingredient is, for example, a detergent-type or non-detergent facial skin cleansing ingredient, or a non-detergent care ingredient such as a moisturizing ingredient, such as a lotion, gel, cream, or combination thereof. To use the device, a user coats at least a portion of the first major surface of the cleansing head with the skin cleansing or care ingredient (or alternatively applies the ingredient to an area of skin), brings the device into contact with their own face, and turns the device on to initiate a skin-stretching motion. When the skin-stretching motion is employed in conjunction with the cleansing ingredient, the skin-stretching motion of the cleansing feature provides certain surprising and unexpected advantages.

Compared to the effect that can be achieved using conventional brush type skin cleaning equipment, the skin-stretching motion stretches the skin surface and also stretches skin cells, thereby allowing greater cleaning and/or care without causing pain or discomfort to the user. The skin-stretching motion also provides a scraping or squeezing (squeegee) like cleaning action. These two observed motions are the combined results of the interaction of the cleaning feature together with the skin cleanser and the skin surface with a stick-slip mechanism when the cleaning device is "turned on" and kept against the skin. "Stick-slip" can be described as alternating between surfaces sticking to each other and sliding on each other, and friction changes accordingly. Typically, the static friction coefficient (exploratory figure) between two surfaces is greater than the kinetic friction coefficient. When the applied force is large enough to overcome static friction, the reduction in friction from static to dynamic can cause a sudden jump in the speed of motion.

Figure 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating the theoretical physics elements of stick-slip behavior. Drive system 10 is connected to spring 20, and load 30 is placed on a horizontal surface 40. The static friction between load 30 and surface 40 is determined by mass (gravity). When drive system 10 is activated, spring 20 is loaded, and the force of spring 20 against load 30 increases until the static friction coefficient between load 30 and surface 40 is overcome. At this point, load 30 begins to slide horizontally across surface 40, and the friction coefficient decreases from its static value to its dynamic value. At the moment slippage begins, spring 20 accelerates load 30. During the movement of load 30, the force applied by spring 20 decreases until it is insufficient to overcome the kinetic friction of load 30 on surface 40. From this point on, load 30 decelerates and eventually stops. However, drive system 10 continues to load spring 20, and when the spring is reloaded, the stick-slip cycle begins again. In a system that causes the load to oscillate, it is compressed, which can cause a stick-slip cycle during the reset motion.

Following the schematic representation of Figure 8, 10 represents an actuator on the cleaning device that is actuated by a motor in a first direction, 20 represents the elasticity (elastic modulus) of the cleaning feature, and 30 represents the cleaning feature that is held against the surface represented by the skin 40, wherein the force by which the cleaning device is actuated toward the skin is determined by the user rather than by gravity. In this way, the static and dynamic friction of the cleaning feature relative to the skin are triggered by a sliding-stick mechanism. The static-dynamic friction balance is achieved by the use of a selected cleanser and/or water, the coefficient of friction of the cleaning feature relative to the skin, and the force with which the user presses the cleaning device against the skin. During the oscillating motion of the cleaning head, the cleanser reduces the sticking portion of the stick-slide action of the cleaning feature that is in frictional contact with the skin surface. Therefore, depending on the force applied by the user, the extension caused by the sticking portion of the stick-slide action of the cleaning feature can be more easily modulated and reduced relative to the nominal total displacement distance in the oscillation cycle.

Due to the movement of the cleaning feature caused by the cleaning head actuator, the sticking portion of the stick-slide action causes the skin cells to stretch until static friction is overcome. The initiation of the sliding portion of the stick-slide action then causes the cleaning feature to slide across the surface of the skin cells. When a skin cleansing ingredient is added to the first major surface of the cleaning head, the lubricating effect of the liquid interface between the cleaning feature and the skin reduces traction during the "sliding" portion of the motion, or in some cases, also reduces static friction, thereby causing less "sticking" and more "slipping" during use. Similarly, during use, the pressure applied by the user against the skin of the cleaning feature affects the balance of "sticking" and "slipping."

In certain embodiments, a method for cleansing and/or conditioning human skin includes applying a cleansing and/or conditioning composition to the skin and/or a cleaning head of a device, contacting the cleaning head with the skin, and turning on the device. A user can move the cleaning head of the device across the skin to reach a desired treatment area. In certain embodiments, contacting includes applying a force, such as an average pressure of approximately 1N to 10N, or approximately 1N to 8N, or approximately 2N to 6N, or approximately 2N to 4N, or approximately 2N to 10N, or approximately 4N to 10N, or approximately 2N to 8N, or approximately 2N to 6N, or approximately 3N to 5N, or approximately 4N. In certain embodiments, the applied force can vary based on the desired treatment area (e.g., a relatively light force can be applied to the more sensitive facial skin around the user's eyes, while a relatively high force can be applied to the less sensitive facial skin near the user's cheeks), the coefficient of friction between the cleaning head and the desired treatment area (e.g., as varied by the applied cleansing and/or conditioning composition), and other factors.

In certain embodiments, the displacement of the cleaning head during contact, in combination with the stick-slip action of the cleaning features and further with the applied cleaning and/or conditioning ingredients, provides a skin displacement that is about 5% to 100% of the displacement of the cleaning head, or about 5% to 90%, or about 10% to 90%, or about 20% to 90%, or about 25% to 90%, or about 30% to 90%, or about 40% to 90%, or about 50% to 90%, or about 5% to 80%, or about 5% to 70%, or about 5% to 60%, or about 5% to 50%, or about 10% to 70%, or about 20% to 60% of the displacement of the cleaning head, as determined by measurement of displacement of a synthetic silicone skin phantom as described herein in Example 2. Thus, for example, if the cleaning head displacement is 5 mm, the skin displacement measured at at least one location is about 0.25 mm to 4.5 mm. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the variability in the skin displacement measured during use of a cleaning head with known displacement during operation of the cleaning head is caused by the choice of cleaning and/or conditioning ingredients employed, the Shore A hardness and coefficient of friction of the cleaning profile, and the forces applied during use by the user. The aforementioned variables affect the stick-slip action and therefore the actual skin displacement.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it appears that the "stick" phase of the cleansing action offers benefits in manipulating the skin through stretching, something that cannot be effectively achieved with bristles because their greater aspect ratio and flexibility relative to applicant's cleansing features do not effectively stretch the skin surface and underlying layers in the manner found to be beneficial. Bristles also appear less suited to applying scraping forces across an area of skin in a sliding motion. As discussed above, bristles tend to lift skin cells but do not remove them; thus, a brush can have a roughening effect on the skin. In stark contrast, the cleansing action of current cleansing features effectively removes surface cells via a stick-slide motion, resulting in a skin-smoothing effect that is observable to the user. The peak footprint of the elastomeric cleansing feature, along with the displacement and frequency of its oscillating action, creates a wiping effect on the skin surface. This action removes loose skin cells but does not "dig deep" into the stratum corneum to lift and remove other stratum corneum cells. Stated differently, the cleansing feature of the cleaning device removes loose and rough skin cells without increasing the roughness of the skin surface.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, we believe that the specific degree, frequency, or period of controlled stretching of human skin, or a combination of two or more thereof, causes microscopic extracellular matrix stretching, which in turn causes stretching of attached dermal fibroblasts. We believe that this stretching induces favorable gene expression changes in the fibroblasts, thereby instructing them to repair or augment the skin's extracellular matrix (ECM) and improve skin health and appearance. The extracellular matrix is composed of collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and water-retaining molecules (e.g., other proteins and glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin, glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronic acid, etc.) held within the fibrous network. Restoring the ECM results in an improved appearance and a reduction in the subject's apparent age.

Without limitation, various types of skin cleansing ingredients are useful in conjunction with a cleaning device. Generally, any liquid, dispersion, emulsion, gel, slurry, or solution conventionally used to cleanse the skin can be used in conjunction with a cleaning device. The preferred method of use is to apply a cleanser to the first major surface of the cleaning head, then contact the first major surface with the skin, and "turn the device on." However, the user can also apply the cleanser ingredient to the skin, then contact the cleaning device with the skin, and "turn the device on." In some embodiments, a cleanser cartridge is integrally housed within the cleaning head and is arranged to distribute the skin cleanser ingredient or other ingredients to the skin during use. Other ingredients include, for example, oils or other lubricants to reduce static friction, astringents for treating skin conditions such as acne, medicinal ingredients, and the like. In some embodiments, the cartridge can be refilled by the user. In other embodiments, the cartridge itself is replaced by the user after emptying. In some such embodiments, the cleaning device includes a sensor adapted to provide a signal to alert the user when the cartridge is empty.

During use, the user moves the cleansing device around the surface of the skin. The skin-stretching motion of the cleansing feature acts on the skin, and the cleansing ingredients present on the cleansing feature are present at the interface between the skin and the cleansing feature. The skin-stretching motion is thus coupled with the availability of the cleansing ingredients, which can be deposited by the cleansing feature within the skin fissures and pores during the "sticking" phase of the cleansing action and then further urged across the skin surface during the "gliding" phase of the cleansing action.

Examples of skin cleansing ingredients usefully employed in conjunction with cleansing devices include Neutrogena Deep Clean or Ultra Gentle, sold by Neutrogena Corp. of Los Angeles, California; CeraVe cleansers sold by Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC of Laval, Quebec, Canada; Clarisonic cleansers sold by Pacific Bioscience Laboratories Inc. of Redmond, Washington; Aveeno cleansers sold by Johnson & Johnson of New Brunswick, New Jersey; Purity cleanser sold by Philosophy Inc. of Phoenix, Arizona; and Estee Lauder Cleanser sold by New York, New York. Cos.; FREE & CLEAR® Cleanser sold by Pharmaceutical Specialties, Inc. of Rochester, Minnesota; or a cleanser such as a soap bar or liquid soap mixed with water. In embodiments, the cleanser is a non-detergent, non-foaming cleanser. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing ingredient is characterized by the absence of lauryl sulfate, such as sodium lauryl sulfate or ammonium lauryl sulfate. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing ingredient is characterized by the absence of ionic surfactants. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing ingredient is characterized by a semi-liquid state, i.e., a viscosity that is similar to honey and does not undergo substantial shear thinning. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing ingredient is pumpable and is delivered in a pump bottle. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing ingredient is characterized by a smooth, silky feel without a generally gritty or chalky feel. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing ingredient includes one or more moisturizers, glycerin, or oils.

Examples of useful components that can be included in skin cleansing compositions include those that do not substantially negate or hinder the stick-slip action of the cleansing device during use. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing composition comprises water, glycerin, cetyl alcohol, polyglyceryl-10 laurate, ethylhexylglycerin, cetearyl glucoside, caprylyl glycol, carbomer, sodium hydroxide, and phenoxyethanol. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing composition comprises 0.001% to 4% salicylic acid, or approximately 0.5% to 3% by weight salicylic acid, or approximately 1% to 2% by weight salicylic acid. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing ingredients include water, sodium cocoyl isethionate, glycerin, sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate, glycereth-2 cocoate, glyceryl stearate, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, acrylates copolymer, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate/cocoate, portulaca oleracea extract, camellia oleifera leaf extract, hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel) water, lotus flower extract, panthenol, butylene glycol, tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, allantoin, tocopheryl acetate, hydroxyphenylpropionamidobenzoic acid, hydrolyzed jojoba esters, hydroxyethylcellulose, 10-hydroxydecanoic acid, lactic acid, xanthan gum, sodium hydroxide, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, methylisothiazolinone, fragrance, alcohol, disodium EDTA-copper, and pentylene glycol. In some embodiments, the skin cleansing ingredients include water (aqua), sodium lauroamphoacetate, sodium trideceth sulfate, meadowfoam seed oil (meadowfoam), coco-glucoside, coco-glucoside alcohol (coconut), PEG-120 methyl glucose dioleate, rosewood (rosewood) oil (rosewood), geranium maculate (pelargonium) oil, guaiac wood extract (guaiac wood), citronella (palmwort) oil, damascus rose extract, santalum (west indian rosewood) bark oil, santalum oil (sandalwood), sage oil (clary sage), cinnamon bark leaf oil, chamomile (roman chamomile) flower oil, daucus carota sativa (carrot) seed oil, piperine seed extract (piper), polysorbate 20, glycerin, carbomer, triethanolamine, methylparaben, propylparaben, citric acid, imidazolidinyl urea, and yellow 5 (CI 19140 lemon yellow).

The benefits of the stick-and-slide mechanism include a more thorough cleaning action than can be achieved by conventional brush-type skin cleansing devices. The sticking portion of the cleansing head's action stretches cells, exposing a larger surface area for cleaning without causing discomfort to the user; the subsequent rolling action more effectively removes loosened dirt from the skin's surface than with conventional brush-type cleansing devices. An additional benefit is exfoliation, as the stretching followed by the rolling action on the skin serves to effectively remove dead cells. An additional benefit is skin smoothing, which is provided during the sliding portion of the cleansing head's action and is optimized by the design of the cleaning features to glide across the cell surface with a rolling action. A desired effect of the cleanser applied under the cleansing head is that it serves to emulsify dead cells and dirt, which the cleansing head is able to loosen by its manipulation of the skin at the skin's surface and its stick/slide action. The cleanser is removed after the device is used, and the loosened dead cells and dirt are then removed.

Without being limited by theory, it appears that another additional benefit provided by the use of the cleaning device is increased fibrillin (collagen) production within the lower dermis. It has been found that stretching the skin surface by approximately 0.5 mm to 8 mm at 5-25 Hz produces stretching of individual fibroblasts in the lower dermis by approximately 20-100 microns. That is, the stretching distance decreases with skin depth, but it appears to cause some stretching of individual cells, which may act as a mechanical stimulus to the cells. There is evidence that this type of stretching produces a response in which fibroblasts increase protein production. See, for example, Lee, SL et al., "Physically-Induced Cytoskeleton Remodeling of Cells in Three -Dimensional Culture ," PLOS One 7 (12), e45512 (December 2012).

Furthermore, we have discovered that the motion, frequency, amplitude, and duration of skin cleansing using a skin cleansing device leads to changes in the skin's water-binding molecules (specifically, diglycans). This is a surprising and rapid change, resulting from just two 2-minute cleansing cycles separated by 8 hours. In the past, little attention has been paid to the skin's water-binding molecules. However, our in vitro data suggests that using the cleansing device of the present invention rapidly improves the skin's water-binding capacity. This is likely to provide a more rapid change in appearance, while also increasing collagen expression and improving tissue in due time.

experiment

Example 1

Using 3 AATCC dermal fibroblast cell lines obtained from Caucasian women aged 48-56 years, cultured on an inert 3D polymer scaffold coated with collagen gel to mimic the dermal environment, the inventors initiated testing of tissue responses to static and cyclic stretch by RT-qPCR analysis to examine the RNA genes Col-1, decorin, TGF-β, and dimeric fibroblasts. The TGF-β pathway is a major regulator of extracellular matrix production in human skin connective tissue. Loss of TGF-β leads to reduced collagen production and impaired wound healing in aging human skin. Col-1 produces a component of type I collagen, which combines with other collagen components to produce type I procollagen. Decorin is associated with collagen fibril stacks, where a decorin-deficient matrix affects skin chondroitin/dermatan sulfate levels and keratinocyte function. The phenotypic effects of dimer deficiency are linked to abnormalities in fibrillar collagen, resulting from insufficient synthesis of decorin, and mimicking Ehlers-Danlos-like changes in bone and other connective tissues.

Cell lines were maintained in 1 mL aliquots in liquid nitrogen until needed. For preparation, they were removed from the liquid nitrogen, thawed in a 37°C water bath, and placed in T75 flasks in Millipore high-glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 7.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). This medium composition provided a 26-hour doubling time. Cells were grown at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂ until 90% confluence and a concentration of 10⁵ cells per mL was achieved. Cells were not utilized beyond passage 5. At this point, cells were detached from the flask using trypsin/EDTA for 4 minutes, centrifuged at 500 g for 8 minutes, and reconstituted in DMEM supplemented with 7.5% FBS in preparation for seeding the scaffolds.

The custom-made scaffolds were composed of an aliphatic polyester copolymer synthesized by ring-opening copolymerization of iota-lactide and epsilon-lactide in a ratio of 75/25 according to the technique of Tomihata, K., M. Suzuki, T. Oka, and Y. Ikada, A new resorbable monofilament suture, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1998, 59(51):13–18. The scaffolds were 1 cm in diameter with a thickness of 0.5 cm to fit the dimensions of a BOSE 5200 biokinetic chamber (obtained from BOSE ESG, Eden Prairie, MN, USA). The scaffold coating procedure used was that described by Rentsch B, et al., Embroidered and surface modified polycaprolactone -co-lactide scaffolds as bone substitute: in vitro characterization . Ann Biomed Eng 2009a, 37: 2118–2128. For the purpose of generalization, porcine skin collagen I (obtained from MBP GmbH, Neustadt-Glewe, Germany) was suspended in 0.01 M acetic acid. To immobilize the collagen I on the scaffolds, the suspension was diluted 1:2 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS–60 mM Pi, 270 mM NaOH, pH 7.4). After incubation for 4 hours at 37°C, the scaffolds were dried and crosslinked, followed by the addition of 0.1 M N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-carbodiimide hydrochloride and 0.05 M N-hydroxysuccinimide (obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, MO). This was done in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 5.5/40% ethanol. After 6 hours at room temperature, the scaffolds were dried again and then washed with four cycles of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 9, for 15 minutes, 4 M NaCl for 30 minutes, and ultrapure water. Sterilization was performed using gamma radiation at ≥25 kGy (obtained from Synergy Health Radeberg GmbH, Radeberg, Germany).

A BOSE Electroforce 5200 series biodynamic four-chamber test system (obtained from BOSE ESG, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA) was configured to maintain a cell-seeded scaffold in a physiologically relevant environment while applying force under steady-state flow conditions. The cell-seeded scaffold was placed in the center of a non-porous compression disk within the biodynamic chamber. The chamber and closed-loop pump system were filled with 500 ml of growth medium at a constant flow rate of 100 ml/min at 37°C. The biodynamic system and tubing accessories were housed in an environmental chamber (obtained from Caron Products and Services, Inc., Marietta, Ohio) at 37°C, RH 25%, and pH 7.4. A control sample was held in place by four sample compression disks, with only hydrostatic loading applied, and no mechanical loading.

The coated scaffolds were placed in a six-well plate, and 250 μl of the cell suspension was placed on the scaffolds. The scaffolds were then incubated at 37°C for 1 hour to promote cell adhesion. DMEM supplemented with 7.5% FBS was then dispensed into the wells containing the cell-seeded scaffolds and incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. The medium was changed every 24 hours for 3 days. After 3 days, the scaffolds were aseptically removed from the six-well plate and loaded into a biodynamic chamber for mechanical loading.

Static loading . For baseline comparison, static compression was applied at 500 kPa (slope 50 kPa/sec) for 1 minute. This static testing method was defined to establish the experimental protocol for mechanical testing and to estimate the effects of static compression. The compressive load was then reduced to a preloaded state of 50 kPa (10% of the maximum (slope 50 kPa/sec)) for 14 minutes before being reapplied for another minute. During the course of this study, a total of four mechanically loaded stents and four control samples were examined. Following the conclusion of the experimental protocol, the stents were removed from the chamber and immediately placed in a -80°C freezer for 24 hours before undergoing fractionation and analysis by RT-qPCR (iCycler, obtained from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, California).

Dynamic Loading . To test the effects of dynamic loading on the response of selected molecules in a skin simulation, dynamic loading was applied between 500 kPa and 50 kPa at a rate of 15 Hz for 2 minutes. The compressive load was reduced to a preloaded state of 10% of the maximum (50 kPa) for 8 hours before being reapplied at 15 Hz for another 2 minutes. During the course of this study, a total of nine mechanically loaded stents and nine control samples were examined. At the end of the experimental schedule, the stents were removed from the chamber and immediately placed in a -80°C freezer for 24 hours before undergoing fractionation and analysis by RT-qPCR (Bio-rad iCycler).

RNA extraction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) . Total RNA was extracted using the TRIspin method according to the manufacturer's instructions, and reverse transcription was performed using the Omniscript kit (obtained from Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). Aliquots of the resulting cDNA were amplified in a Bio-rad iCycler using human-specific primer sets for the molecules in question. The resulting values were normalized to housekeeper 18S.

Statistical Analysis . Mean data, standard deviations, and error bars were collected and calculated using Microsoft EXCEL® (available from Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA). Paired Student t tests were performed using Microsoft EXCEL®. Values >0.05 were considered significant.

Results . The data generated suggest that application of a dynamic mechanical loading protocol results in a favorable positive modulation in the production of beneficial molecules associated with skin and wound healing. Further details regarding these results are provided below.

Effects of static compression on human dermal fibroblasts . As expected, the static compression loading protocol produced negative regulation of collagen I and TGF-β expression (Figures 9A and 9B) in statically loaded samples (n=4) when compared to control (unloaded) samples. This result provides strong baseline evidence that the system responds to static stimulation as predicted. Therefore, it is reasonable to continue dynamic loading stimulation with this skin-mimicking system.

Effects of dynamic compression on human dermal fibroblasts . Skin simulations responded differently to a dynamic compressive loading protocol with respect to the expression of syndecan, collagen I, decorin, and TGF-β (Figures 10A-10D). When compared to untreated control samples (n=9), decorin expression was observed to be significantly upregulated. Syndecan, collagen 1, and TGF-β expression appeared to be upregulated in dynamically loaded samples compared to control (unloaded) samples.

Without being limited by theory, in addition to the obvious beneficial effect of stretching individual fibroblasts in the lower dermis, it appears that the stretching motion of the cleansing surface during the "sticking" portion of the oscillation cycle can also manipulate the skin surface to open up the intercellular spaces between cells or other delicate skin features where dirt or dead cells can become trapped. Furthermore, this motion can open pores and then allow them to relax. This can result in a pumping action of some kind that will aid in the removal of material stuck in or created in the pores. This opening of skin features and pores also allows the entry of cleansing agents.

Example 2

Synthetic skin samples were prepared according to the following scheme. First, the following components were mixed: 30 wt% of a mixture containing 75-85 wt% polydiorganometallic siloxane, 20-25 wt% amorphous silica, and 0.1 wt% platinum-siloxane complex; 30 wt% of a mixture containing 65-70 wt% polydiorganometallic siloxane, 20-25 wt% amorphous silica, and 10 wt% of other components; 8.6 wt% silicone fluid (non-reactive silicone oil); and 31.4 wt% of a mixture of polydiorganometallic siloxanes, which modifies the hardness and tactile feel of the final cured material. The blended components were cast into a 2 mm thick film and cured by allowing the film to stand undisturbed at ambient laboratory temperature for approximately 8 hours. The same components were then blended in the same ratios, but 20 wt% of white dye, based on the total component weight, was added to the components. A layer of white dye was cast on one of the major sides of the cured film and allowed to cure.

After both curing steps were completed, the template sheet shown in FIG11A was placed on top of the cured silicone film. The points drawn in FIG11A were set to 500 μm holes, and the cured silicone film was marked using the template holes. The distances marked in FIG11A are in millimeters. The markings describe a series of concentric circles that are used to measure the displacement of the silicone film caused by the counter-rotational stretching motion. FIG11B shows concentric circles, which are labeled as inner 1 (corresponding to a radius of 4.2 mm from the center point in FIG11A), inner 2 (corresponding to a radius of 8.3 mm from the center), outer (corresponding to a radius of 16.5 mm from the center), and outer (corresponding to a radius of 23.5 mm from the center).

A counter-oscillating cleaning head configuration having overall device features similar to those shown in FIG1 and 150E similar to FIG3E was employed to illustrate the displacement of a synthetic skin surface caused by a cleaning device. The dimensions and other aspects of the counter-oscillating cleaning head of the device are shown in Table 1. The test fixture was designed to hold a synthetic skin sample and a cleaning device, further providing contact between the cleaning features of the cleaning device and the synthetic skin surface using an applied force of 4 N.

Table 1. Characteristics of the cleaning apparatus employed in Example 2.

feature Description or value The outer diameter of the cleaning head is 156 of 150E in FIG3E 25.3 mm The inner diameter of the cleaning head is 156' of 150E in Figure 3E 26.3 mm The outer diameter of the cleaning head is 156' of 150E in Figure 3E 41.4 mm Maximum displacement at the relative motion boundary 157' of 150E of FIG3E (displacement measured as a straight line distance between the start and end points) 5.4 mm Materials used to form cleaning features PDMS Shore A hardness of the material used to form the cleaning features 25 Overall shape of the cleaning feature Design 9 of Figure 2 Backward-oscillation frequency 15 Hz

The marked silicone film was used to measure displacement during its operable contact with the skin cleansing device of Table 1. First, 0.35 mL of cleaning fluid (Purity MadeSimple, obtained from Natural Philosophy, Inc., Phoenix, Arizona) was applied to the surface of the cleaning feature. The device and silicone film were then mounted in a test fixture so that the center point (marked on the silicone film as shown in FIG11A ) contacted the center of the cleaning head on the white side of the silicone film. The test fixture provided a uniform contact force of 4 N between the silicone film and the cleaning feature. A high-speed camera (approximately 500 Hz, 200 frames/second) was positioned close to the contact area so that the side of the silicone film opposite the white (contact) side was viewed by the camera; the markings placed on the film using the template of FIG11A were fully visible in the camera's field of view.

The cleaning device and camera are turned on. During the counter-rotation of the cleaning head, each mark on the silicone film is tracked, and the distance from each mark position to its average position is calculated. For each mark, the maximum displacement from the average is calculated and multiplied by 2 to estimate the range. The image analysis algorithm is written in Python and uses OpenCV. The analysis tracks the measurement points in each frame of the video and calculates the displacement of the marks on the silicone film. Figure 11C shows the displacement measured by the camera in millimeters. It can be seen from Figure 11C that a displacement of approximately 5.4 mm causes a silicone displacement of approximately 1 mm at some measurement points, which corresponds to a range of approximately 2 mm.

Example 3

Use human subjects to carry out 8 weeks of cleaning test.Use the cleaning device of Example 2 in the research, except the type change of the cleaning characteristics as shown in Table 2, and the rate of contra-oscillation is 15 Hz.The amplitude of contra-oscillation is 5 mm.The cleaning device also includes onboard data collection and log system to record use parameters, such as use time and the force applied to the cleaning head during use.Use the cleaning agent of Example 2 in the research.Table 2 summarizes the plan and parameters of the cleaning test and lists the cleaning characteristics adopted in the test.

Table 2. Plan summary for Example 3.

The results of the study, based on the mean grades and subject assessment scores of the combined clinical grading assessment, are graphically plotted in Figures 12-19. Continuous improvement was observed in all grading areas over the 8-week trial. Figure 12 shows the assessment for lack of skin smoothness. Figure 13 shows the assessment for lack of facial skin softness. Figure 14 shows the assessment for the appearance of pores on the facial skin. Figure 15 shows the assessment for poor facial skin texture. Figure 16 shows the assessment for lack of facial skin clarity. Figure 17 shows the assessment for lack of facial skin radiance. Figure 18 shows the assessment for overall facial skin appearance. Figure 19 shows the assessment for lack of facial skin cleansing ability.

Additional Embodiments

In an embodiment, a device includes a cleaning head that includes one or more components of an actuator system (e.g., secondary drive 202 of actuator mechanism 200). The cleaning head also includes multiple motion segments configured to create a generally nonlinear (e.g., circular) counter-oscillation-type motion to provide cyclic strain on the skin to a specific tension and then allow the skin to relax. The nonlinear counter-oscillation-type motion can advantageously provide improved comfort and motion consistent with natural hand positioning during use. The motion segments include an inner circular segment having a diameter of approximately 25.4 mm, which is surrounded by an outer ring segment having an inner diameter of approximately 26.4 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 41 mm. The motion segments also include one or more cleaning features having an elastomeric composition with a Shore A hardness of approximately 25. The cleaning features have an inverted mushroom design (Figure 2, Design 8), a jointed design (Figure 2, Design 9), a split alpha blade design (Figure 2, Design 11), or a combination thereof.

The device is configured such that, when in use, the inner circular segment has a rotational amplitude of 36°±2° (an arc of approximately 7.8 mm) and the outer ring segment has a rotational amplitude of 16°±2°. The cycling frequency (time per cycle) of each moving cleaning head segment relative to the adjacent moving cleaning head segment(s), or relative to the adjacent stationary cleaning head segment, is approximately 15 Hz. The device is further configured to induce skin displacement having an amplitude of approximately 0 mm to 12 mm, or approximately 2 mm to 12 mm, or approximately 2 mm to 8 mm, or approximately 4 mm to 6 mm, or approximately 5 mm. The device can be configured to induce skin displacement such that the displacement does not exceed a maximum value that would stretch dermal cells to a point where the cells are predicted to produce harmful levels of inflammatory agents. The gripping and sliding can be sufficient to move the skin to a point where the skin's resistance to further stretching exceeds the surface's ability to grip.

The device is configured to provide a substantially constant amount of skin displacement over a wide range of skin resistance to stretching. Specifically, the device is configured to operate at a constant speed of 15 Hz over a wide range of resistance to movement. If the user applies a relatively high amount of pressure, the skin and underlying fat and muscle may resist to a greater extent, but the motor still maintains the same frequency, applying a higher current/torque to compensate for the greater resistance.

Skin Cleansing Head Segments . In certain embodiments, a skin cleansing system may include first and second skin cleansing head segments having first and second elastomeric cleaning features, respectively, and a relative motion boundary defined by and disposed between the first and second skin cleansing head segments. The first and second skin cleansing head segments may both be configured to translate relative to the other in a reciprocating motion in a plane shared by the first and second skin cleansing head segments. The first and second cleaning features may have the same feature pattern. The first skin cleansing head segment may be circular, and the second skin cleansing head segment may be annular and disposed about the first skin cleansing head segment. The reciprocating motion may have a component in a direction perpendicular to the plane shared by the first and second skin cleansing head segments.

Multiple Configurations . Certain embodiments may include different types of cleaning features on different cleaning head segments and/or within the same cleaning head segment. For example, within a single cleaning head segment, a first design (e.g., an inverted mushroom design) may be interspersed with or within a second design (e.g., a non-inverted mushroom design). As another example, a first cleaning feature (e.g., an inverted mushroom design) may be present on a first cleaning head segment (e.g., the inner circle of the cleaning head), and a second cleaning feature (e.g., a split alpha blade design) may be present on a second cleaning head segment (e.g., the outer ring of the cleaning head).

Non-planar cleaning head segments . While embodiments of the cleaning head have been shown as being generally planar (see, for example, FIG. 1B ), heads need not be, or need not be, exclusively planar. Cleaning heads can include generally three-dimensional shapes. For example, FIG. 20 illustrates a cleaning head 710 having a three-dimensional, frustoconical shape. The cleaning head includes three cleaning head segments: segment 712, segment 714, and segment 716. The placement of cleaning head segments 712, 714, and 716 on different portions of the head can facilitate cleaning of hard-to-reach areas of the face, such as the corners near the nose, the lower eyelids, the mouth, and other areas. Segments 712, 714, and 716 can counter-oscillate relative to one another. While this embodiment of the cleaning head is shown as having a frustoconical shape, other shapes are possible, including, but not limited to, cylindrical, pyramidal, prism, spherical, cubic, other shapes, or combinations thereof.

Multiple cleaning head segment configurations . In certain embodiments, there may be multiple cleaning head segments. For example, there may be two, three, four, five, six, or more cleaning head segments. A segment may oscillate or otherwise move relative to one or more of the other segments. The segments may, but need not, be arranged concentrically, staggered, confined, overlapping, linearly, nonlinearly, in other arrangements, or in combinations thereof. For example, there may be interlocking head segments (e.g., like the Olympic rings).

Sliding Pin Embodiment . In certain embodiments, for example, by using a device with the features illustrated in Figures 21A and 21B , beneficial displacement of the skin (e.g., stretching and/or compression) can be achieved by applying a force generally perpendicular to the skin's surface that exceeds the hand pressure applied by the device's user. Specifically, these figures illustrate components of an embodiment for applying force generally perpendicular to the skin with a pin 802 to displace tissue. Pin 802 can be a blunt, non-penetrating pin that rides on a rotating cam 804 driven by a motor 808 and is configured to slide through an opening in a plate 810. Rotating cam 804 includes a ramp 806, which is a section of rotating cam 804 with increasing height. For example, as shown in Figures 21A and 21B , ramp 806 has a curved, inclined portion, a relatively flat plateau, and then a curved, descending portion. Other configurations of ramp 806 are possible and may include wavy, bumpy, flat, or other configurations.

To use the device, the user touches the device's plate 810 to their face and turns the device on to initiate the skin-stretching motion. As the rotating cam 804 rotates, the ramp 806 causes certain pins 802 to rise or fall, with some of the pins 802 extending through the plate 810 to stretch or otherwise displace the user's skin. The device's sliding pin configuration enables the device to provide improved skin displacement in areas typically covered with hair, such as the top of a user's head or the skin on a user's face with a beard.

Connectivity and Training . In certain embodiments, the device may include functionality for connecting to separate devices to enable added functionality. For example, the device may be configured to establish a wired or wireless connection (e.g., via Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or other wireless communication technologies) with a mobile phone, tablet, computer, or other separate device. This connectivity enables various features, such as tracking usage of the device, tracking the pressure applied to the cleaning head by the user during device use, user reminders for device usage, control of device functions, and other functionality. As a specific example, a user may use Bluetooth and log into an app on their phone to pair the device with their mobile phone. The app may receive data from the device and train the user on optimal use of the care device. For example, the app may receive data from the device indicating that the user is applying the device to their face with too much or too little pressure (e.g., the current tension of the device's motor) and provide a warning to the user. The app may also provide diagrams or videos illustrating the user's proper device usage. The app may also instruct the user on when and where to apply the device next.

Variable Adjustment . Certain embodiments of the device may provide features for adjusting device characteristics, such as the amount of skin displacement provided by the device or the frequency of the displacement motion. Certain embodiments may provide adjustment for the amount of skin displacement by providing an adjuster that controls the distance traveled by the displaceable section of the head. For example, the device may include (as the prime mover for the displaceable section of the head) a stepper motor with electronically and incrementally controlled rotational displacement. The motor may be configured to cause the displaceable section of the cleaning head to travel a first adjustable distance, then reverse and return to travel the first adjustable distance. For example, the motor may be configured to rotate a first distance before reversing. The first distance may be user-modifiable (e.g., via a switch or control knob) to control the amount of skin displacement provided by the device. In specific embodiments, this distance may range anywhere from approximately 0.5 mm to 8 mm. This allows for adjustment of the amount of skin-stretching displacement based on the stick-and-slide action described above. The device may also provide features that allow the user to determine their skin type, how strongly their skin resists displacement, what frequency provides the best results, and so on, and configure the device accordingly.

In some embodiments, the frequency and/or displacement can be changed as part of the cleaning pattern. For example, there can be periods of time with increasing or decreasing frequency and/or displacement (e.g., 10 seconds, 20 seconds, or other time periods). In some embodiments, the frequency and displacement can have an inverse relationship, such that when the frequency increases, the displacement decreases, or vice versa. The cleaning patterns can correspond to different parts of the user's body. For example, a first frequency and/or displacement setting can be used in a first area of the body (e.g., the user's forehead), and a second frequency and/or displacement setting can be used in a second area of the body (e.g., the area under the user's eyes). The area of the body can be selected based on characteristics of the skin, such as thickness or thinness.

Pore displacement . Without being bound by a particular theory, the stick-slip motion can cause deformation of the pores and promote cleaning. For example, the device can straddle the pores using features that move in opposite directions, opening or otherwise deforming the pore opening and/or areas near the pores. The deformation of the pores can induce movement of the cleaning agent in and out of the pores, promoting cleaning.

Relationship between the handle and head section . The head section of the device may define a first axis along the direction in which the head section generally extends. Similarly, the handle section may define a second axis along the direction in which the handle section generally extends. The relationship between the first axis and the second axis may vary based on design considerations, including ergonomics, mechanism placement, aesthetics, and other factors. In some embodiments, the angle between the axes may be 0˚ (the head and handle are generally aligned with each other), 30˚, 45˚, 90˚ (the head and handle are generally perpendicular to each other), and/or other relationships. In some embodiments, the handle and head section may be detachable to facilitate replacement of the head (e.g., to provide different or improved functionality), cleaning, maintenance, or other functionality of the device.

Embodiments of Shape 9 (Link Features) . Figures 22A and 22B illustrate top and side views, respectively, of a link of Shape 9 (Link), according to certain embodiments. The link can have an internal radius r1 of various sizes, including, but not limited to, approximately 0.5 _mm to 3 mm, or approximately 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm, or approximately 1 mm to 2.5 mm, or approximately 1 mm to 2 mm, or approximately 1.4 mm to 2 mm, or approximately 1.5 mm to 1.7 mm, or approximately 1.55 mm to 1.7 mm, or approximately 1.55 mm to 1.65 mm, or approximately _1.6 mm. The link can have a diameter Φ1 that is approximately perpendicular to _radius r1 . In embodiments where the link is approximately semicircular, _diameter Φ1 can be approximately 2× _{radius r1} . In embodiments where the links are semi-ellipsoidal, the diameter Φ ₁ may have a different relationship to the radius r ₁ , including, but not limited to, about 0.25× to 1.75×, or about 0.5× to 1.75×, or about 0.5× to 1.5×, or about 0.75× to 1.5×, or about 0.75× to 1.25×, or about 1× radius r _1. Depending on the angle of the segments, one or more links may overlap or otherwise intersect. The links can have widths w ₁ of various sizes, including, but not limited to, about 0.2 mm to 1.4 mm, or about 0.2 mm to 1.2 mm, or about 0.4 mm to 1.2 mm, or about 0.4 mm to 1 mm, or about 0.6 mm to 1 mm, or about 0.6 mm to 0.9 mm, or about 0.7 mm to 0.9 mm, or about 0.7 mm to 0.85 mm, or about 0.75 mm to 0.85 mm, or about 0.8 mm.

The links may have an outer diameter Φ ₂ which is approximately the diameter Φ ₁ plus twice the width w _1. The links may have a height h ₁ from the base of the link to the base of the rounded portion of the link of various sizes including, but not limited to, about 0.25 mm to 3 mm, or about 0.25 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 0.75 mm to 3 mm, or about 0.75 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.4 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.4 mm to 1.6 mm, or about 1.5 mm, or about 1.48 mm. The rounded portion of the link can have a radius r ₂ of various sizes, including, but not limited to, about 0 mm (no rounding) to 0.4 mm, or about 0 mm to 0.3 mm, or about 0.03 mm to 0.3 mm, or about 0.03 mm to 0.2 mm, or about 0.06 mm to 0.2 mm, or about 0.06 mm to 0.15 mm, or about 0.09 mm to 0.15 mm, or about 0.09 mm to 0.12 mm, or about 0.1 mm. Although the links are shown as half of a circle (e.g., about 180° segments), in certain embodiments, the links can be segments having different angles, including, but not limited to, about 0° to 360°, or about 0° to 270°, or about 90° to 270°, or about 90° to 210°, or about 120° to 210°, or about 180°.

Figures 23A and 23B illustrate top and side views, respectively, of an embodiment of shape 11 (split alpha feature) , according to certain embodiments. The first pair of opposing sides of the embodiment can have a length l ₁ of various sizes, including, but not limited to, approximately 2.5 mm to 6.5 mm, or approximately 2.5 mm to 6 mm, or approximately 3 mm to 6 mm, or approximately 3 mm to 5.5 mm, or approximately 3.5 mm to 5.5 mm, or approximately 3.5 mm to 5 mm, or approximately 4 mm to 5 mm, or approximately 4 mm to 4.75 mm, or approximately 4.25 mm to 4.75 mm, or approximately 4.5 mm. The second pair of opposing sides of embodiments can have various lengths relative to length l ₁ , including, but not limited to, about 0.25× to about 2×, or about 0.25× to 1.75×, or about 0.5× to 1.75×, or about 0.5× to 1.5×, or about 0.75× to 1.5×, or about 0.75× to 1.25×, or about 1× length l ₁ . The notch of embodiments can have various widths w ₁ , including, but not limited to, about 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm, or about 0.1 mm to 0.6 mm, or about 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm, or about 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm, or about 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm, or about 0.3 mm to 0.45 mm, or about 0.35 mm to 0.45 mm, or about 0.4 mm.

_The distance d1 between the centers of the valleys of embodiments may have various sizes, including but not limited to about 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm, or about 0.5 mm to 3 mm, or about 1 mm to 3 mm, or about 1 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 1.75 mm, or about 1.5 mm. The distance d2 between the first and second peaks of embodiments may have various sizes, including but not limited to about 0.5 _mm to 3.5 mm, or about 0.5 mm to 3 mm, or about 1 mm to 3 mm, or about 1 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 1.75 mm, or about 1.5 mm. The _distance d3 between the second and third peaks of embodiments can have various sizes, including but not limited to, about 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm, or about 0.5 mm to 3 mm, or about 1 mm to 3 mm, or about 1 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 1.75 mm, or about 1.5 mm. One or more of the peaks can have a rounded tip with _a diameter Φ1 of various sizes, including but not limited to, about 0.1 mm to 1.5 mm, or about 0.1 mm to 1.25 mm, or about 0.2 mm to 1.25 mm, or about 0.2 mm to 1 mm, or about 0.3 mm to 1 mm, or about 0.3 mm to 0.75 mm, or about 0.4 mm to 0.75 mm, or about 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm, or about 0.5 mm. The peaks can have heights h ₁ from the base of various sizes, including, but not limited to, about 0.5 mm to 5 mm, or about 0.5 mm to 4 mm, or about 0.75 mm to 4 mm, or about 0.75 mm to 3 mm, or about 1 mm to 3 mm, or about 1 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1.5 mm to 2.25 mm, or about 1.75 mm to 2.25 mm, or about 2 mm.

Dimensions of Shapes 8 and 10 (Inverted and Non-Inverted Mushrooms) . Figures 24A and 24B illustrate top and side views, respectively, of embodiments of Shapes 8 and 10 (inverted and non-inverted mushroom features). Embodiments can have an outer diameter Φ ₁ of various sizes, including, but not limited to, approximately 1 mm to 6 mm, or approximately 1 mm to 5 mm, or approximately 2 mm to 5 mm, or approximately 2 mm to 4 mm, or approximately 2.5 mm to 4 mm, or approximately 2.5 mm to 3.55 mm, or approximately 2.75 mm to 3.55 mm, or approximately 2.75 mm to 3.25 mm, or approximately 3.05 mm to 3.25 mm, or approximately 3.15 mm. Embodiments may have inner diameters Φ ₂ of various sizes, including but not limited to, about 0.9 mm to 4 mm, or about 0.9 mm to 3 mm, or about 1.1 mm to 3 mm, or about 1.1 mm to 2.7 mm, or about 1.4 mm to 2.7 mm, or about 1.4 mm to 2.4 mm, or about 1.8 mm to 2.4 mm, or about 1.8 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.9 mm.

Embodiments may have base diameters Φ ₃ of various sizes, including but not limited to about 0.75 mm to 2.75 mm, or about 0.75 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1 mm to 2.5 mm, or about 1 mm to 2.25 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2.25 mm, or about 1.25 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.5 mm to 2 mm, or about 1.5 mm to 1.8 mm, or about 1.7 mm to 1.8 mm, or about 1.75 mm. Embodiments may have heights h ₁ of various sizes, including but not limited to about 1 mm to 5 mm, or about 1 mm to 4 mm, or about 1.6 mm to 4 mm, or about 1.6 mm to 3.6 mm, or about 2.1 mm to 3.6 mm, or about 2.1 mm to 3.1 mm, or about 2.4 mm to 3.1 mm, or about 2.4 mm to 2.8 mm, or about 2.6 mm. Embodiments may have a top with a depression having a depth d ₁ of various sizes, including, but not limited to, about 0 mm (no depression) to about 1.4 mm, or about 0.2 mm to 1.4 mm, or about 0.4 mm to 1.4 mm, or about 0.4 mm to 1.2 mm, or about 0.6 mm to 1.2 mm, or about 0.6 mm to 1 mm, or about 0.7 mm to 1 mm, or about 0.7 mm to 0.9 mm, or about 0.8 mm. Embodiments may have a distance d ₂ from the top of the mushroom to the diameter transition of various sizes, including, but not limited to, about 0.1 mm to 1.3 mm, or about 1.3 mm to 1.3 mm, or about 0.3 mm to 1.1 mm, or about 0.5 mm to 1.1 mm, or about 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm, or about 0.6 mm to 0.9 mm, or about 0.6 mm to 0.8 mm, or about 0.7 mm. Embodiments may have various amounts of angle θ ₁ between the diameter transition portion and the outer surface of the embodiment, including but not limited to approximately 0° to 180°, or approximately 0° to 135°, or approximately 10° to 135°, or approximately 10° to 110°, or approximately 20° to 110°, or approximately 20° to 85°, or approximately 30° to 85°, or approximately 30° to 60°, or approximately 35° to 60°, or approximately 35° to 55°, or approximately 40°.

Additional or Alternative Uses . While certain embodiments have been described primarily in the context of cleaning, the disclosed embodiments need not or need not be used exclusively for that purpose. In certain embodiments, the embodiments may be used for skin care (e.g., anti-aging care, anti-acne care, pore-tightening care, callus care, or other care), applying products to the skin (e.g., sunscreen, moisturizer, anti-aging cream, or other products), or other applications.

The device can be packaged as a kit that includes interchangeable cleaning head segments with different designs. The user can select the desired design to correspond to the desired level of stretch strength or effectiveness for the user's individual skin type. Interchangeability can be achieved by enabling the cleaning features, one or more cleaning head segments, and/or the cleaning head to be interchangeable.

The present invention disclosed illustratively herein can be suitably put into practice without any element that is not clearly disclosed herein. Although the present invention is susceptible to the influence of various modifications and alternative forms, its specific features have been shown and described in detail by means of examples. However, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described. Differently, it is contemplated that the modifications, equivalents and alternatives that fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention are covered. In various embodiments, the present invention suitably includes the elements described herein and claimed for protection, and is substantially composed of or composed of the elements described herein and claimed for protection.

In addition, as described herein, each embodiment of the present invention is intended to be used alone or in combination with any other embodiment described herein and its modifications, equivalents, and alternatives that fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention. The various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting the appended claims. It will be appreciated that various modifications and changes may be made without following the illustrated and described example embodiments and applications, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the claims.

Claims (15)

1. A cleaning device, comprising: handle; A motor, which is housed within the handle and includes a drive shaft capable of rotating about a drive shaft axis; A cleaning head, actuated by the motor, having a first internal portion and a second external portion; A first gear is connected to the drive shaft, causing it to rotate together with the drive shaft; A coupling member, which is centered on the axis of the drive shaft and operatively connected to the first gear, such that rotation of the first gear causes the coupling member to oscillate in an arc about the axis of the drive shaft. A planetary gear assembly, operatively driven by the engagement member, and comprising: A sun gear, operatively coupled to a first internal portion of the cleaning head, to cause the first internal portion to move arcuately along a first direction in response to an arcuate oscillation of the engaging member; and A ring gear, operatively connected to the sun gear via a plurality of planetary gears of the planetary gear assembly, and operatively connected to a second outer portion of the cleaning head, to cause the second outer portion of the cleaning head to move along an arc in a second direction opposite to the first direction when the first inner portion moves along an arc in a first direction and oscillates in the opposite direction relative to the second outer portion. 2. The cleaning device according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a collar disposed between the engaging member and the first gear, the engaging member being operatively attached to the collar such that the engaging member moves together with the collar. 3. The cleaning device according to claim 2, characterized in that it further comprises a pivot arm extending radially from the collar and operatively engaging with the first gear to induce an arcuate oscillation of the collar in response to rotation of the first gear. 4. The cleaning device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The pivot arm includes a groove; The pin is received in the slot; and The pin reciprocates along a length of the groove in response to the rotation of the first gear, causing the collar to oscillate in an arc. 5. The cleaning device according to claim 4, characterized in that it further comprises a second gear meshing with the first gear such that the second gear rotates in response to the rotation of the first gear, and wherein the pin is coupled to the second gear such that the axis of the pin is parallel to but deviates from the axis of rotation of the second gear. 6. The cleaning device according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the ring gear is connected to the sun gear by three planetary gears of the planetary gear assembly. 7. The cleaning device according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, the first inner portion of the cleaning head is an inner circular portion of the cleaning head and the second outer portion of the cleaning head is an outer annular portion of the cleaning head. 8. The cleaning device according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that the frequency of the arc oscillation is approximately 5 Hz to 30 Hz. 9. The cleaning device according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that the motor, the first gear, the engagement member and the planetary gear assembly include an actuator, and wherein the cleaning head is removably and operatively coupled to the actuator and has a first main surface comprising a plurality of elastomeric cleaning features, wherein the elastomeric cleaning features extend away from the first main surface and have an aspect ratio of approximately 1:5 to 10:1. 10. The cleaning device according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that the cleaning feature comprises a cleaning feature substrate having an "x" shape, a "v" shape, a "y" shape, a "u" shape, a star shape, a crescent shape, or an annular shape, and having a peak occupancy region reflecting the shape of the substrate. 11. The cleaning device according to claim 1, wherein the motor, the first gear, the engagement member, and the planetary gear assembly include an actuator operably coupled to the cleaning head and configured to apply an oscillating motion thereto, the oscillating motion providing a total displacement of approximately 0.5 mm to 8 mm between a first inner circular portion of the cleaning head and a second outer annular portion of the cleaning head in each oscillation, including an adhesion phase and a sliding phase of the cleaning action. 12. A skin care kit comprising: The cleaning apparatus according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the motor, the first gear, the engagement member, and the planetary gear assembly include actuators; and The cleaning head is a first cleaning head, and the kit also includes a second cleaning head, each of which is removable and operatively coupled to the actuator. 13. The kit according to claim 12, wherein the first cleaning head and the second cleaning head have different cleaning head features or different arrangements of cleaning head features to achieve different cleaning effects. 14. The kit according to claim 12 or 13, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of cleaning features has a substantially continuous contact surface of at least 1 ^mm² to apply a stretch-sliding force to the skin in contact. 15. The kit according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that one cleansing head is suitable for a gentle massage effect on the skin, and the other cleansing head is suitable for a more powerful exfoliating effect on the skin.