HK1231418B - One component fibrin glue comprising a polymerization inhibitor - Google Patents

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein is a single component liquid sealant formulation, methods for its preparation, and such sealant formulations for use in, inter alia, hemostasis, sealing, healing and/or surgery. In particular, disclosed herein is a liquid sealant formulation comprising fibrin monomers and a GPRP peptide, as defined in the appended claims. The formulations exhibit stability and extended shelf-life and are useful following blockage, neutralization, dilution of and/or removal of the peptide.

BACKGROUND

Fibrin sealants, also known as fibrin glue, have been in use in the clinic for decades (see, for example, Tabélé, et al. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2012, 15:124-140; Dickneite, G et al. Thrombosis Res 2003, 112:73-82). Oftentimes, fibrin sealants consist of two liquid components, a fibrinogen comprising component and a thrombin comprising component, which are stored frozen due to their inherent instability. Sometimes fibrin sealant products consist of two freeze dried components, which require reconstitution immediately prior to use and delivery by a conjoined syringe or other double-barreled delivery device. Freeze dried formulations are typically stable, but the fibrinogen component is difficult to reconstitute. Upon mixing the two-component solutions, thrombin cleaves fibrinogen thus allowing the latter to generate fibrin polymers.

A fibrin sealant clot is formed by enzymatic reactions involving fibrinogen, thrombin and Factor XIII. Fibrinogen is the precursor protein of the blood clot matrix. It has a molecular weight of ∼ 340,000 Daltons and consists of 3 pairs of non-identical polypeptide chains, Aα, Bβ and γ, linked together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen has a trinodular structure: two identical D terminal globular domains and a central E globular domain connected by supercoiled α-helices. Thrombin converts the fibrinogen to fibrin monomers by enzymatic action at a rate determined by the concentration of thrombin.

Factor XIII, an enzyme of the blood coagulation system, typically present in the glue formulation, cross-links and stabilizes the fibrin clot when activated by thrombin and in the presence of calcium. This process bypasses most of the steps of normal coagulation and mimics its last phase. Some manufacturers add anti-proteolytic agents to the fibrin glue formulation (e.g. as described in WO93/05822 ) or specifically remove the plasminogen in order to stop or delay fibrinolysis (e.g. as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,792,835 and 7,125,569 ).

Background art includes Laudano and Doolittle (PNAS 75(7):3085-9) and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,219,328 ; 5,318,524 ; 8,367,802 ; 6,268,483 ; 6,500,427 ; 5,723,579 ; 5,478,810 ; 5,607,858 ; 6,908,899 and 8,513,380 .

EP 0592242 A1 relates to a fibrin sealant wherein a composition comprising fibrin monomers is used as a component of the fibrin sealant. A chaotropic agent, such as urea or sodium bromide, is used to prevent spontaneous polymerization of the fibrin monomers. EP 0592242 A1 teaches that the composition is preserved by freezing, lyophilizing or holding at 4 °C.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Preparation of a fibrin sealant prior to use is time consuming and cumbersome. The commercialized sealants consist of two components, a fibrinogen comprising component and a thrombin comprising component, which are typically supplied as dry powders or separate frozen liquids. The process for reconstituting the powders is time-consuming because of the limited solubility of the fibrinogen component, and often requires heating. Once reconstituted or thawed, the components are transferred to two separate syringes for immediate use. There are known single component sealants that require cumbersome handling and/or have a short shelf life.

Provided herein are single component, stable sealant formulations comprising fibrin monomers and a GPRP peptide, methods of manufacture and methods of use, which overcome drawbacks of known sealant product formulations, methods of manufacture and/or methods of use.

Provided herein is a liquid sealant formulation comprising fibrin monomers at a concentration of 1 to 13%, (w/v); and a GPRP peptide, wherein the GPRP peptide is present in an amount which is greater than 100 fold molar excess or greater than about 340 molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers; and wherein the liquid formulation is stable for at least 14 days at an ambient temperature selected from the group consisting of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25°C.

In one embodiment, the liquid formulation is stable for up to 90 days at an ambient temperature selected from the group consisting of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25°C.

In one embodiment, the liquid formulation is stable for a period of time in the range of 14 days and up to 90 days at an ambient temperature selected from the group consisting of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25°C.

In one embodiment, the GPRP peptide is present in an amount of greater than 100 to about 460 or greater than 100 to about 340, or about 340 to about 460 fold molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers.

The term "fibrin monomers" as used herein includes fibrin monomers, dimers and oligomers having a number of fibrin units so that the fibrin is maintained in soluble form in an aqueous liquid solution at an ambient temperature selected from the group consisting of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25°C.

In one embodiment, an oligomer contains up to 10 fibrin units.

The term "fibrin polymer" as used herein includes a plurality of fibrin units having a number of fibrin units that limit the solubility of the fibrin in an aqueous liquid solution at an ambient temperature selected from the group consisting of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25°C.

In one embodiment, a polymer contains more than 10 fibrin units.

"An ambient temperature" is the temperature in the surrounding environment of the fibrin formulation.

In one embodiment, the formulation is stable for a longer period of time when kept at a lower temperature e.g. 2-8°C or frozen. After thawing, the formulation can be transferred to a location having an ambient temperature of about 20-25°C and remain stable for at least 14 days at that temperature. The formulation may also be stable at temperatures other than those specifically disclosed above.

In various embodiments, the fibrin monomers are present at a concentration of 1 to 4% (w/v) or 3.5 to 13% (w/v).

In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The term a "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to any diluent or a vehicle which is suitable for human or other animal use.

In some embodiments, the formulation is substantially free of added thrombin. "Substantially free" refers to less than about one (1) IU of thrombin per milliliter (U/ml) of formulation.

In some embodiments, the GPRP peptide includes a peptide, derivative or salt thereof comprising the Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro tetrapeptide amino acid sequence.

In some embodiments, the GPRP peptide is a tetrapeptide having amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a derivative or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the GPRP peptide is a tetrapeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a derivative or salt thereof.

In various embodiments, the term "GPRP peptide" includes a peptide selected from the group of peptides having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1 - SEQ ID NO:42 (SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:2; SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:5; SEQ ID NO:6; SEQ ID NO:7; SEQ ID NO:8; SEQ ID NO:9; SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO:11; SEQ ID NO:12; SEQ ID NO:13; SEQ ID NO:14; SEQ ID NO:15; SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:17; SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO:19; SEQ ID NO:20; SEQ ID NO:21; SEQ ID NO:22; SEQ ID NO:23; SEQ ID NO:24; SEQ ID NO:25; SEQ ID NO:26; SEQ ID NO:27; SEQ ID NO:28; SEQ ID NO:29; SEQ ID NO:30; SEQ ID NO:31; SEQ ID NO:32; SEQ ID NO:33; SEQ ID NO:34; SEQ ID NO:35; SEQ ID NO:36; SEQ ID NO:37; SEQ ID NO:38; SEQ ID NO:39; SEQ ID NO:40 SEQ ID NO:41; and SEQ ID NO:42;) or salt thereof.

In various embodiments, the GPRP peptide is selected from the group of peptides having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1 to SEQ ID NO:42 or salt thereof.

In various embodiments, the GPRP peptide is selected from the group of peptides consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1 to SEQ ID NO:42 or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the GPRP peptide is a GPRP peptide amide.

In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises thrombin-activated Factor XIII. The formulation may further include a calcium chelator. The calcium chelator may be a citrate ion, oxlate ion, EDTA, EGTA or a combination of such calcium chelators. In various embodiments, the calcium chelator is a citrate ion provided, for example, as sodium citrate. Sodium citrate may be present in the formulation at a concentration of about 1 mM to about 50 mM. The formulation may include EDTA and/or EGTA, for example, about 0.1 to about 2.5 mM EDTA and/or EGTA.

In some embodiments, the formulation has a neutral pH, for example, pH of about 6-8, or pH of about 6.5 -7.5 or pH of about 6.7 - 7.2.

In some embodiments the formulation contains a buffer. Typically, a buffer is an ingredient that prevents radical shifts in pH. In one embodiment the buffer is selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, sodium oxalate, sodium acetate, glycine, arginine and combinations thereof.

The formulation may be used in hemostasis, healing, sealing and/or in surgery, for example in tissue sealing, wound healing, dura healing, suture replacement or anastomosis.

In another aspect, provided herein is a container holding a liquid sealant formulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the container is an ampoule, a vial or a prefilled syringe comprising the formulation. In some embodiments, the formulation or the individual components of the formulation are lyophilized. Provided herein is a container holding a lyophilized formulation that upon reconstitution provides a liquid sealant formulation as disclosed herein.

In another aspect, provided herein is a kit, which includes a container comprising a liquid sealant formulation as disclosed herein, and optionally a small molecule exchange device or G removal device (and optionally instructions for use).

A small molecule exchange device can be any module containing a resin pre-equilibrated with a small molecule permissive for fibrin polymerization. Small molecules within the formulation are exchanged for said polymerization permissive small molecule.

Typically, small molecule exchange is the replacement of at least one small molecule with at least another small molecule. The resin in the column is pre-equilibrated with one or more small molecules(s) that are desired in the final formulation and/or molecules that permit fibrin polymerization. The resin beads are typically porous, the pores being in the range of molecular weights of those molecules which are to be replaced.

In one embodiment, a liquid formulation comprising the fibrin monomers and GPRP peptide is passed through a column that is packed with the porous resin. The fibrin monomers in the formulation will be too large to enter the pores of the resin and will quickly pass through the column. Without being bound by the mechanism, a small molecule e.g. GPRP peptide in the solution will travel a more tortuous path, as they are able to enter and re-exit the pores of the resin, thus greatly slowing their rate of migration through the resin. Without wishing to be bound to theory, the small molecules with which the resin has been pre-equilibrated have a significant head-start, and therefore exit the resin together with the proteins (e.g. fibrin monomers). Thus, the buffer, salts and other small molecules, are exchanged in this step.

In one embodiment before and/or during application of the formulation, the GPRP is diluted with respect to the fibrin monomers and is in a ratio of equal to or lower than 100 such as in the ratio of 1-60, for example 3, 4, 11, 11.3, 17, 22.7, 23, 34, 45, 56.7, or 57.

The formulation in the container or in the kit may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In yet another aspect, provided is a liquid sealant formulation for use in preparing a sealant at a surface comprising:

1. a) providing a liquid sealant formulation as disclosed herein; and
2. b) applying the formulation to the surface under conditions which facilitate fibrin polymerization at the surface.

In some embodiments, the surface is a bleeding or non-bleeding organ/tissue of a subject. A subject includes mammalian animals, including humans, and may be a human patient. In some embodiments, the human patient is a surgery patient.

A "surface" is a position or location where one desires to form the sealant or glue. The surface depends on the use of the sealant. The sealant may be used, for example, in hemostasis, tissue fixation, graft fixation, wound healing and anastomosis. The formulations, methods, and kits disclosed herein can be used internally and externally, for tissue and organ graft fixation, for sealing a surgical wound, in vascular surgery including providing hemostasis and for anastomoses such as arterial, gastrointestinal and tracheal anastomoses.

The surface can be an external surface of the skin that can be seen by unaided vision and a surface of an internal body part which is a part of the internal anatomy of an organism. External surfaces include, but are not limited to, the skin of the face, throat, scalp, chest, back, ears, neck, hand, elbow, hip, knee, and other skin sites. Examples of internal body parts include, but are not limited to, body cavity or anatomical opening that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs such as the nostrils; the lips; the ears; the genital area, including the uterus, vagina and ovaries; the lungs; the anus; the spleen; the liver; and the cardiac muscle. The surface can be a bleeding or a non-bleeding site. The surface can also be a working surface.

In some embodiments, the conditions comprise removing, blocking, neutralizing and/or diluting the GPRP peptide. The GPRP peptide may be removed or diluted by applying the formulation directly to the surface. Alternatively, the GPRP peptide may be removed or diluted by passing the formulation through a small molecule exchange device. Also, it may be removed or diluted by passing the formulation through a size exclusion and/or affinity based device prior to or during application to the surface. Other removal or dilution options include addition of GPRP-complimentary moieties to the device. Complimentary moieties in the device would be essentially an affinity method.

Alternatively or in addition, the GPRP in the formulation could be neutralized and/or blocked by adding a peptide e.g. a complementary moiety of a GPRP peptide or an antibody capable of displacing GPRP bound to the fibrin.

In yet a further aspect provided is a liquid sealant formulation for use in a method of healing, sealing and/or reducing blood loss in a subject in need, comprising applying to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a liquid sealant formulation disclosed herein. The formulation is applied to the subject under conditions which facilitate fibrin polymerization. In some embodiments, the conditions comprise removing, blocking, neutralizing and/or diluting the GPRP peptide.

The term "a therapeutically effective amount" refers to the dose required to prevent, ameliorate and/or treat a disease, disorder or condition. The effective dose can be changed depending on the age and weight of the subject, the disease or condition and its severity and other factors which can be recognized by the skilled in the art.

In another aspect, provided is a liquid sealant formulation as disclosed herein for use in healing, sealing, reducing blood loss and/or surgery.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a method of manufacturing a liquid sealant formulation as disclosed herein, comprising:

1. a) providing a component comprising fibrin monomers;
2. b) providing a GPRP peptide or salt thereof;
3. c) admixing a) and b) in order to obtain the liquid sealant formulation comprising the GPRP in an amount which is greater than 100 or greater than at least 340 fold molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers and fibrin monomer concentration of 1 to 13% (w/v).

In certain embodiment the ratio is of greater than 100 to about 460 or greater than 100 to about 340, or about 340 to about 460 fold molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers

The term "admixing" means mixing the components in any order, any combination and/or sub-combination.

Further provided is a liquid sealant formulation obtainable by the method.

The fibrin monomers may be obtained by contacting an aqueous fibrinogen comprising solution with thrombin under conditions that allow cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin. In such an embodiment, preparation of fibrin monomers are under conditions that fibrin polymerization is inhibited e.g. in the presence of GPRP or other reversible fibrin polymerization blocking agent. In one embodiment fibrin is obtained from fibrinogen under conditions which inhibit polymerization (e.g. by lowering temperature) and GPRP peptide is added later on.

The thrombin may be free in solution or immobilized on beads.

If thrombin is immobilized on beads, for example beads in batch form or in a column and the fibrinogen component is passed through/contacted with the beads, the resulting formulation/component may comprise residual amounts of thrombin. In some embodiments, the formulation is substantially free of thrombin, for example, has less than about one (1) IU/ml of thrombin.

In some embodiments, the formulation/component includes thrombin-activated Factor XIII.

Alternatively, the fibrin monomers in the formulations may be obtained by contacting an aqueous fibrinogen comprising solution with a thrombin-like enzyme under conditions that allow cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin. Examples of such an enzyme are snake venom enzymes that cleave fibrinopeptide A (FpA) like Batroxobin. In such an embodiment, preparation of fibrin monomers are under conditions that fibrin polymerization is inhibited e.g. in the presence of GPRP or other reversible fibrin polymerization blocking agent.

In some embodiments, the fibrin monomer component/formulation further includes a calcium chelator.

Further provided is a sealant formulation manufactured using the method provided herein.

The fibrinogen can be prepared from initial blood composition. The blood composition can be whole blood or blood fractions, i.e. a product of whole blood such as plasma. Fibrinogen can be autologous, human including pooled plasma, or of non-human source. It is also possible that the fibrinogen is prepared by recombinant methods or can be chemically modified.

In one embodiment of the invention, the fibrinogen solution is comprised from a biologically active component (BAC) which is a solution of proteins derived from blood plasma which can further comprise anti fibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid and/or stabilizers such as arginine, lysine, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or mixtures thereof. BAC can be derived from cryoprecipitate, in particular concentrated cryoprecipitate.

The term "cryoprecipitate" refers to a blood component which is obtained from frozen plasma prepared from whole blood. A cryoprecipitate can be obtained when frozen plasma is thawed in the cold, typically at a temperature of 0-4oC, resulting in the formation of precipitate that contains fibrinogen and factor XIII. The precipitate can be collected, for example by centrifugation and dissolved in a suitable buffer such as a buffer containing 120 mM sodium chloride, 1 mM calcium chloride, 10 mM trisodium citrate, 120 mM glycine, 95 mM arginine hydrochloride. The solution of BAC can comprise additional factors such as for example factor VIII, fibronectin, von Willebrand factor (vWF), vitronectin, etc. for example as described in US 6,121,232 and WO9833533 . The composition of BAC can comprise stabilizers such as tranexamic acid and arginine hydrochloride. The amount of tranexamic acid in the solution of BAC can be from about 80 to about 110 mg/ml.

In another embodiment, the concentration of plasminogen and plasmin in the BAC composition is lowered to equal or less than 15 µg/ml like for example 5 µg/ml or less plasminogen e.g. using a method as described in US 7,125,569 , EP 1,390,485 and WO02095019 . In another embodiment of the invention, when the concentration of plasminogen and plasmin in the BAC composition is lowered, the composition does not contain tranexamic acid or aprotinin.

The fibrinogen solution may be the BAC2 component (from EVICEL®) or any other fibrinogen containing solution, such as purified recombinant fibrinogen or cryoprecipitate produced from human plasma.

In one embodiment the formulation is a fully dissolved solution e.g. a solution whose solute and solvent constitute only one phase, e.g. a liquid phase.

These and other aspects and embodiments of the invention will become evident upon reference to the following detailed description of the invention and the figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

• Fig. 1 is a graph showing the effect of GPRP peptide concentration on fibrin polymerization time at a fixed fibrin concentration.
• Fig. 2A shows a liquid formulation comprising GPRP peptide and fibrin.
• Fig. 2B shows that fibrin polymerization occurred after removal of the GPRP peptide.
• In this embodiment GPRP peptide was removed by subjecting the formulation to a small molecule exchange device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure is based, in part, upon the finding of a stable sealant formulation which includes fibrin monomers and a GPRP peptide at a certain concentration, as defined in the appended claims.

Provided herein are liquid sealant formulations comprising fibrin monomers and a GPRP peptide at a certain molar ratio, which overcome the deficiencies of the currently available sealant formulations. Further provided herein are methods of manufacturing and methods of using the formulations.

Provided herein is a liquid sealant formulation comprising a) fibrin monomers; and b) a GPRP peptide. The fibrin monomers are present at a concentration of 1% to 13% (weight per volume (w/v)). In one embodiment, the GPRP peptide has the amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (GPRP; SEQ ID NO:1), or salt thereof and is present in an amount which is greater than 100 fold molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers, greater than or equal to about 340 fold molar excess or about 340 to about 460 fold molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers.

In another embodiment, the GPRP peptide comprises the amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 1) or Gly-Pro-Arg-Val (SEQ ID NO: 23).

In various embodiments, the GPRP peptide is selected from the group of peptides having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2 - SEQ ID NO:42.

Stability can be determined by observing minimal or absence of spontaneous polymerization or clotting in the formulation e.g. the formulation does not show or have spontaneous polymerization or clotting in the presence of GPRP peptide for up to 14 days, and retains its clotting activity level upon removal, dilution, blockage and/or neutralization of GPRP to a molar excess of equal to or less than 100. The clotting activity level or capability of the formulation to form a sealant can be determined in-vitro and/or in-vivo using clotting methods known in the art. Stability can also be determined by measuring and observing the presence of minimal or absence of fibrin polymers or clot in the shelf-ready liquid formulation.

In use, the GPRP effect can be reduced e.g. by dilution to a concentration according to an intended use. For hemostasis it will be of advantage to obtain clotting times which are less than one minute. In one embodiment, the GPRP concentration in the formulation is diluted to a molar excess of equal or less than 100 fold or to a molar excess of equal or less than 34 fold.

For graft fixation it will be of advantage to obtain clotting times which are approximately 15 minutes. In one embodiment, the GPRP concentration in the formulation is diluted to a molar excess of equal to or less than 100 fold or to a molar excess of equal to or less than 56 fold.

The terms "stable" and "stability" when referring to the liquid sealant formulation, mean an absence of fibrin polymerization/fibrin clot in the formulation before its application to a surface. The formulations disclosed herein are stable at an ambient temperature as defined above for at least 14 (fourteen) days.

Fibrin polymerization or clotting can be measured, for example, by measuring migration length on a slanted surface (or drop test model) or by any other method known in the art. Full polymerization can be assessed by cessation of flow of the liquid formulation e.g. upon inversion. Rapid polymerization can be measured using a Stat4 clotting analyzer Stago Diagnostics or similar coagulometer.

For long-term storage e.g. 1 year or more at 2-8°C, the formulation, comprising the fibrin monomers and the GPRP peptide may be aliquoted into sterile vials, ampoules, or other containers, which are then sealed. In one embodiment, a seal that permits removal of the formulation with a syringe through the seal is used. The container can be labeled according to standard practice in the pharmaceutical or medical device field.

In use, the liquid sealant formulation can be applied directly from the container, can be passed through a small molecule exchange device, or through a GPRP removal device (e.g. an affinity device having a GPRP-complimentary moiety); although the method of use will be determined by the user (e.g. medical practitioner such as a physician, nurse, medic) i.e. according to the needs of the individual patient and on the severity of bleeding or condition.

As used herein, the indefinite articles "a" and "an" mean "at least one" or "one or more" unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

As used herein, the terms "comprising", "including", "having" and grammatical variants thereof are to be taken as specifying the stated features, steps or components but do not preclude the addition of one or more additional features, steps, components or groups thereof.

When a numerical value is preceded by the term "about", the term "about" is intended to indicate +/-10%.

As used herein, the term "peptide" is used broadly to mean an isolated compound of about 4 to about 50 consecutive amino acids, or analogs of amino acids. Included within the definition of peptide are, for example, peptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, synthetic amino acids, peptoids, etc.), peptides with substituted linkages, peptide salts, as well as other modifications known in the art, both naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring (e.g., synthetic). Thus, synthetic peptides, cyclized, branched peptides and the like, are included within the definition.

By "GPRP peptide" it is meant a peptide of four or more consecutive amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, specifically the sequence Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro. A GPRP peptide may comprise a tetramer (GPRP, SEQ ID NO: 1), a derivative or analog thereof. A GPRP peptide may be 4 to 12 amino acid residues in length, or 4 to 8 preferably 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 amino acids in length.

Without wishing to be bound to theory, a GPRP peptide is capable of binding to a fibrin monomer, thereby blocking association and polymerization of fibrin monomers. The GPRP peptide may comprise, for example, a GPRP peptide amide (amide at C terminus) disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,478,810 and 5,607,858 , having formula GPRP-X-N(R₁R₂) wherein G is the amino acid glycine, P is the amino acid L-proline, R is the amino acid L-arginine, X is a proteinogenous amino acid other than proline or is a dipeptide including proline, N is nitrogen and R₁ and R₂ are identical or different and are hydrogen or a lower alkyl chain having up to 4 carbon atoms. Other GPRP peptides include peptides termed "fibrin knob peptides" disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 8,513,380 such as a peptide having amino acid sequence GPRP (SEQ ID NO:1), GPRV (SEQ ID NO:2), or GHRP (SEQ ID NO:3). The GPRP peptide can have the amino acid sequence GPRPX (SEQ ID NO:32), GPRVX (SEQ ID NO:33), GPRPXX (SEQ ID NO:34), GPRVXX (SEQ ID NO:35), GPRPXXX (SEQ ID NO:36), GPRVXXX (SEQ ID NO:37), GPRPXXXX (SEQ ID NO:38), or GPRVXXXX (SEQ ID NO:39), or GPRXXX (SEQ ID NO:40) where X is any amino acid.

The peptide can also have a C-terminal amino acid, such as for example cysteine or lysine, that enables subsequent chemical reactions with other agents to produce C-terminal conjugates. Therefore, in some embodiments, the C-terminal amino acid of the peptide is a cysteine. Therefore, in some embodiments, the C-terminal amino acid of the peptide is a lysine. For example, the GPRP peptide can have the amino acid sequence GPRPAAC (SEQ ID NO: 25), GPRPFPAC (SEQ ID NO: 26), GPRPPERC (SEQ ID NO: 27), GPRVVERC (SEQ ID NO: 28), GPRVVAAC (SEQ ID NO: 29), or GPSPAAC (SEQ ID NO: 30).

Any of the peptide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1-42 may be a peptide amide e.g. as disclosed in the above referenced patents.

Amino acids and peptide sequences are commonly abbreviated as shown below, in Table A. Table A: Abbreviation, systematic names and formulae of common amino acids

Name	Symbols/ abbreviations		Systematic name	Formula
	3 ltr	1 ltr
Alanine	Ala	A	2-Aminopropanoic acid	CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH
Arginine	Arg	R	2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid	H2N-C(=NH)-NH-[CH2]3-CH(NH2)-COOH
Asparagine	Asn	N	2-Amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid	H2N-CO-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Aspartic acid	Asp	D	2-Aminobutanedioic acid	HOOC-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Cysteine	Cys	C	2-Amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid	HS-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Glutamine	Gln	Q	2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid	H2N-CO-[CH2]2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Glutamic acid	Glu	E	2-Aminopentanedioic acid	HOOC-[CH2]2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Glycine	Gly	G	Aminoethanoic acid	CH2(NH2)-COOH
Histidine	His	H	2-Amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
Isoleucine	Ile	I	2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic	C2H5-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOH
Leucine	Leu	L	2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid	(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Lysine	Lys	K	2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid	H2N-[CH2]4-CH(NH2)-COOH
Methionine	Met	M	2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic	CH3-S-[CH2]2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Phenylalanine	Phe	F	2-Amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid	C6H5-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Proline	Pro	P	Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Serine	Ser	s	2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid	HO-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Threonine	Thr	T	2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid	CH3-CH(OH)-CH(NH2)-COOH
Tryptophan	Trp	W	2-Amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propanoic acid
Tyrosine	Tyr	Y	2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy phenyl)-propanoic acid	HO-p-Ph-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Valine	Val	V	2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid	(CH3)2CH-CH(NH2)-COOH

In one embodiment, an amino acid analog sequence is used whereby at least one amino acid in the isolated peptide is substituted with an analog or bio-similar amino-acid (conservative substitution), as known in the art. The amino acids can be in L form or D form.

The amino acid sequence of a peptide is written according to the conventional notation, with an amino group (NH₂) at the N-terminal appearing on the left hand of the sequence and carboxyl group (COOH) at the C-terminal appearing on the right hand thereof.

The peptides disclosed herein may form a physiologically acceptable salt by conventional salt formation reaction. Such salts can include salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid; salts with organic acids such as lactic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, citric acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid; salts with hydroxides and carbonates of alkali metals and alkali earth metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium and aluminum; and salts with amines such as triethylamine, benzylamine, diethanolamine, t-butylamine, dicyclohexylamine and arginine.

Both inter- and intra-chain disulfide bonds may be formed and the peptide forms resulting from the formation of such disulfide bonds are encompassed by the present invention.

In one embodiment, the peptides disclosed herein are chemically synthesized. In other embodiments, the peptides disclosed herein are produced in-vivo or ex-vivo by expression of recombinant DNA in prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells.

In some embodiments, the GPRP peptides reversibly bind the C-terminal region of the fibrin and fibrinogen chain. It is to be understood that a preferential interaction does not necessarily require interaction between specific amino acid residues and/or motifs of each peptide.

The term "substantially free of thrombin " or "thrombin-free" relates to a component or formulation having no more than about 1 (one) unit of thrombin per milliliter (ml) formulation.

The term "an effective amount" refers to the amount of a component or formulation disclosed herein required to form a sealant e.g. to cover an injured surface, to reduce bleeding, to increase healing, to ameliorate an undesired condition etc.

The "pharmaceutically acceptable" or "pharmacologically acceptable" carriers, solvents, diluents, excipients, and vehicles generally refer to inert, non-toxic solid or liquid fillers, diluents or encapsulating material not reacting with the active ingredients of the compositions disclosed herein. Acceptable excipients include, without limitation, saline; acetic acid or acetate; and sodium chloride ions; mannitol; albumin; or combination thereof.

Peptides disclosed herein are synthesized according to methods known in the art, including, but not limited to synthetic (e.g. synthesizing the peptide chemically from individual amino acids) and recombinant methods (e.g. synthesizing DNA encoding the peptide and using the DNA to produce recombinant peptide).

Chemical synthesis of the peptide: a peptide disclosed herein and DNA encoding the peptide may be chemically synthesized by methods known in the art. Suitable methods for synthesizing the peptide are described by Stuart and Young (1984), "Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis," Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Methods Enzymol., Second Edition, Pierce Chemical Company, 289, Academic Press, Inc., NY (1997). For example, a solid phase synthesis method or a liquid phase synthesis method may be used. The solid phase synthesis is usually carried out by protecting amino groups with appropriate protecting groups. For example, either Boc (tert-butoxycarbonyl) or Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl), or a combination thereof may be used. In one example, a peptide disclosed herein is synthesized by following the steps: 1) an amino acid residue corresponding to the C-terminal of the peptide to be produced is bonded to a solid phase material insoluble to a reaction solvent via an a- COOH group of the amino acid or such solid phase material is purchased; 2) in the direction towards the N-terminal of the peptide, a corresponding amino acid or peptide fragment is bonded by condensation to the amino acid of step 1) after protecting other functional groups such as an a-amino group of the corresponding amino acid or peptide fragment other than an a-COOH group; 3) a protecting group of an amino group forming a peptide bond such as an a-amino group is removed from the bonded amino acid or peptide fragment; 4) steps 2) and 3) are repeated to elongate a peptide chain in order to form a peptide chain corresponding to the desired peptide; 5) detach the produced peptide chain from the solid phase material and remove the protecting groups from the protected functional groups; and 6) purify the peptide, thereby to obtain the desired peptide.

Solid phase materials, as well as solvents and a condensing agents, are well known in the art.

Chemical synthesis and expression of DNA: The DNA encoding a peptide disclosed herein may be replicated and used to express recombinant peptide following insertion into a wide variety of host cells in a wide variety of cloning and expression vectors. The host may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The DNA may be chemically synthesized. Suitable methods for synthesizing DNA and cloning vectors (e.g. for use in mammalian, insect or plant cells, bacteria, phage and yeast) are available. The recombinant peptide, which can be expressed in the form of a fusion protein, is purified by methods known in the art.

While the following examples demonstrate certain embodiments of the invention, they are not to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention, but rather as contributing to a complete description of the invention.

EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1: Effect of GPRP peptide concentration on fibrin polymerization time.

To evaluate the effect of the presence of a peptide and its concentration on fibrin monomers polymerization rate, a mixture of GPRP peptide:fibrin monomers was incubated and the time until a clot was formed was measured.

A mixture of GPRP peptide:fibrin monomers was prepared as follows: GPRP peptide (Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro; custom made by Sigma; the peptide was supplied in lyophilized form (250 mg) and dissolved in 100 mM tri-Sodium Citrate dihydrate; pH=7 creating 1 M GPRP) was added to a fibrinogen solution (BAC2 solution as in EVICEL® Fibrin Sealant). The peptide final concentration in the solution is listed in Table 1 below. Fibrinogen final concentration used was 1%, 1.5%, 3%, 3.5%. A BAC2 solution [fibrinogen component of EVICEL®] containing 7% clottable fibrinogen was diluted in 20 mM sodium acetate (NaAcetate) buffer, pH 7.0 to obtain the final listed concentrations.

To form fibrin, thrombin (as in EVICEL® Fibrin Sealant) was added to the fibrinogen solution at a final concentration of 10 IU/ml or 100 IU/ml and then the time to clot was recorded. Clotting was assessed by cessation of flow when inverting the tube.

Table 1 provides an outline of the clotting time per fibrin and peptide final concentrations.

The fibrin monomer concentration was estimated as being equal to the fibrinogen concentration. Table 1: clotting time as a function of fibrin and peptide concentration.

1% fibrin monomers
GPRP concentration	Time to clot	Fold (GPRP:fibrin)
0.1 mM	Immediate	3.4
1 mM	<5 minutes	34
5 mM	4 hours	170
10 mM	7-8 days	340

Table 1: clotting time as a function of fibrin and peptide concentration.

3% fibrin monomers
GPRP concentration	Time to clot	Fold (GPRP:fibrin)
0.1mM	5 seconds	1.1
0.2mM	7 seconds	2.3
0.5mM	11 seconds	5.7
1mM	13 seconds	11.3
1.5mM	22 seconds	17
2mM	28 seconds	22.7
3mM	2.5 minutes	34
4mM	8 minutes	45
5mM	15 minutes	56.7

Table 1: clotting time as a function of fibrin and peptide concentration.

1.5% fibrin monomers
GPRP concentration	Time to clot	Fold (GPRP:fibrin)
20mM	No clotting (>2 weeks)	453

Table 1: clotting time as a function of fibrin and peptide concentration.

3.5% fibrin monomers
GPRP concentration	Time to clot	Fold (GPRP:fibrin)
40mM	No clotting (>2 weeks)	389

Results of short term experiments:

In general, as the concentration of GPRP peptide was lowered, the fibrin monomers progressively polymerized at a faster rate. For example, 1% fibrin and 0.1 mM GPRP (∼3.4:1 molar ratio of GPRP:fibrin), a fibrin clot was formed immediately, at 1% fibrin and 1 mM GPRP (∼34:1 molar ratio), a clot formed in less than 5 minutes. At 1% fibrin and 5 mM GPRP (∼ 170:1), the solution was stable as a liquid for 4 hours, and at 1% fibrin and 10 mM GPRP (∼ 340:1), the solution was stable as a liquid for approximately 7-8 days, but did polymerize to form a solid after that.

Results of long term experiments:

At a fibrin concentration of 1.5% and 20 mM GPRP (∼453:1), or at 3.5% fibrin and 40 mM GPRP (∼389:1), the solution was stable and did not form a clot even after 2 weeks at room temperature.

These experiments show that a molar ratio of 340:1 (GPRP:fibrin) advantageously resulted in stabilization of the liquid solution for about 7-8 days.

Similar results were observed with the two thrombin concentrations used.

Without wishing to be bound to theory, this result indicates that most or all of the fibrinogen was cleaved by the thrombin and the differences in clotting time were related to the GPRP concentrations relative to fibrin.

The relationship between polymerization time and GPRP:fibrin molar ratio is also shown in Fig. 1.

In this experiment, a fixed (3%) fibrin concentration and increasing amounts of GPRP (0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 1.5 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, and 5 mM) were used to delay polymerization. All of these (having a ratio of at most 57:1) are below the minimal ratio required for long term stabilization of fibrin monomers. The GPRP:fibrin solution was prepared as described above (by adding a GPRP peptide into a fibrinogen solution and adding thrombin into the GPRP:fibrinogen mix). Next, the time to clotting was recorded as above.

Fig. 1 shows that there is a logarithmic correlation between the fibrin polymerization rate and the molar ratio of GPRP peptide to fibrin.

This indicates that the rate of fibrin clot formation can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the GPRP peptide within the solution and that dilution of the GPRP peptide by even a small amount would affect fibrin polymerization rate.

Furthermore, the defined correlation allows, in some embodiments, the control of the rate of polymerization by the control of the final GPRP peptide concentration after application (e.g. via a small molecule exchange device).

EXAMPLE 2: Fibrin clot formation from a solution comprising fibrin and GPRP using a small molecule exchange device.

The following example aims to show that initiation and/or acceleration of fibrin clot formation can be achieved by using a small molecule exchange device to dilute or remove the GPRP peptide from the solution.

A mixture containing a fibrin concentration of approximately 3.8%, and GPRP peptide concentration of 41 mM GPRP peptide (molar ratio of ∼366:1) was prepared as described above (by adding a GPRP peptide into a 3.8% fibrinogen solution and adding thrombin to cleave the fibrinogen into fibrin). This molar ratio was found to be sufficient to maintain the formulation stable.

A commercial small molecule exchange device (GE PD-10 spin columns; Product code: 17-0851-01, GE Healthcare) was used according to the standard spin protocol provided with the device, to remove/dilute the GPRP peptide from the GPRP:fibrin monomer formulation. The exchange device was pre-equilibrated with a buffer including 20mM sodium acetate pH 7.0; 25 mM calcium chloride. 2.5 ml solution was subjected to the buffer exchange procedure and fibrin clot formation was assessed by inverting the tube containing the buffer-exchanged mixture.

The small molecule-exchanged formulation rapidly clotted (Fig. 2B) whereas the solution which was not subjected to the buffer exchange procedure, remained in liquid form (Fig. 2A).

SEQUENCE LISTING

• <110> Omrix Biopharmaceuticals Ltd. and Ethicon Inc. PILPEL, Yair ZHERDEV, Yuri DORON, Sivan DEANGLIS, Ashley NUR, Israel
• <120> ONE COMPONENT FIBRIN GLUE COMPRISING A POLYMERIZATION INHIBITOR
• <130> ETH5784
• <160> 42
• <170> PatentIn version 3.5
• <210> 1 <211> 4 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 1
• <210> 2 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 2
• <210> 3 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 3
• <210> 4 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 4
• <210> 5 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 5
• <210> 6 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 6
• <210> 7 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 7
• <210> 8 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 8
• <210> 9 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 9
• <210> 10 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 10
• <210> 11 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 11
• <210> 12 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 12
• <210> 13 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 13
• <210> 14 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 14
• <210> 15 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 15
• <210> 16 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 16
• <210> 17 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 17
• <210> 18 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 18
• <210> 19 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 19
• <210> 20 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 20
• <210> 21 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 21
• <210> 22 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 22
• <210> 23 <211> 4 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 23
• <210> 24 <211> 4 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 24
• <210> 25 <211> 7 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 25
• <210> 26 <211> 8 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 26
• <210> 27 <211> 8 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 27
• <210> 28 <211> 8 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 28
• <210> 29 <211> 8 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 29
• <210> 30 <211> 7 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 30
• <210> 31 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <400> 31
• <210> 32 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (5)..(5) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 32
• <210> 33 <211> 5 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (5)..(5) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 33
• <210> 34 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (5)..(6) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 34
• <210> 35 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (5)..(6) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 35
• <210> 36 <211> 7 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (5)..(7) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 36
• <210> 37 <211> 7 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (5)..(7) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 37
• <210> 38 <211> 8 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (5)..(8) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 38
• <210> 39 <211> 8 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (5)..(8) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 39
• <210> 40 <211> 6 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (4)..(6) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 40
• <210> 41 <211> 7 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (6)..(7) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 41
• <210> 42 <211> 7 <212> PRT <213> ARTIFICIAL
• <220> <223> Synthetic peptide
• <220> <221> misc_feature <222> (6)..(7) <223> Xaa can be any naturally occurring amino acid
• <400> 42

Claims (15)

1. A liquid sealant formulation comprising fibrin monomers at a concentration of 1 to 13% (w/v) and a GPRP peptide; wherein the GPRP peptide is present in the formulation in an amount which is greater than 100 fold molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers; and wherein the liquid formulation is stable for at least 14 days at an ambient temperature selected from the group consisting of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25°C.
2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the GPRP peptide is present in an amount greater than 340 fold molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers, optionally wherein the GPRP peptide is present in an amount of 340 to 460 fold molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers.
3. The formulation of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the formulation is free of added thrombin.
4. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising thrombin-activated Factor XIII.
5. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a calcium chelator, optionally wherein the calcium chelator is a citrate ion, optionally wherein the citrate ion is provided by sodium citrate.
6. The formulation of claim 5, comprising from 1 mM to 50 mM sodium citrate.
7. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the formulation has a neutral pH.
8. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to 7, for use in a method of surgery.
9. A container comprising the formulation of any one of claims 1 to 7.
10. A kit comprising the container of claim 9, and optionally instructions for use.
11. A method of manufacturing a liquid sealant formulation comprising fibrin monomers at a concentration of 1 to 13% (w/v) and a GPRP peptide; wherein the GPRP peptide is present in the formulation in an amount which is greater than 100 fold molar excess relative to the fibrin monomers; and wherein the liquid formulation is stable for at least 14 days at an ambient temperature selected from the group consisting of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25°C, comprising the steps of:

    a) providing a component comprising fibrin monomers;

    b) providing a GPRP peptide, or salt thereof; and

    c) admixing a) and b) in order to obtain the liquid sealant formulation.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the provided fibrin monomers are obtained by contacting an aqueous fibrinogen solution with thrombin or a thrombin like enzyme under conditions that allow cleavage of the fibrinogen.
13. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the fibrin monomer component comprises thrombin-activated Factor XIII.
14. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the fibrin monomer component comprises a calcium chelator.
15. A formulation according to any one of claims 1 to 7, for use in a method of healing, sealing and/or reducing blood loss in a subject in need, the method comprising applying to the subject an effective amount of the formulation.