HK1241251B - Sampling device - Google Patents

Description

Sampling device

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a sampling device. The sampling device includes a split compartment that pops open to create increased space or volume for storing a sample. The sampling device of the present invention is suitable for collecting samples in an aquaculture environment, a closed system, or in the gastrointestinal tract of a human or animal. The present invention also relates to a method for orally administering the sampling device to an animal and recovering the sampling device to analyze the collected sample to diagnose gastrointestinal health and determine nutrient absorption and digestibility.

Background Art

The ability to sample material directly from the gastrointestinal tract of animals is a key enabling technology for diagnosing gastrointestinal health conditions, understanding ileal digestion, fermentation in the colon, and studying the relationship between specific dietary components and the biology, chemistry, and physio-chemical properties of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and/or animals. This includes nutrient absorption, drug metabolism, microbial profiles, immune status, etc.

Analysis of samples of material such as gases, solid particles or liquids from the gastrointestinal tract of an animal can provide information about the pH, enzyme activity, microbial load/content and molecular composition of the sampled material, including nutritional load, and can provide information that can be used to assess health status and diagnose diseases (particularly gastrointestinal diseases) by determining immune factors or overall immune status, characterizing the presence of microbiota and the presence/absence of microbial pathogens or the presence/absence of health-related microorganisms.

Early detection, identification and localization of abnormal conditions are crucial for definitive diagnosis and/or treatment of various pathologies. Specific control over the digesta sampling site is also crucial for understanding health and disease, as conditions are often site-specific, for example associated with the stomach, ileum or colon, rather than affecting the entire gastrointestinal tract. Site-specific sample collection is also useful for understanding dietary influences and nutrition, for example, ileal processing is an important factor in diet design because the efficiency of digestion and absorption in the small intestine affects the luminal contents present in the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract. The fermentation carried out by the intestinal flora in the colon depends on the luminal contents that reach the colon, so factors such as incomplete digestion of proteins are associated with the formation of toxic compounds, including the formation of ammonia, dihydrogen sulfide, indole and phenol, which in turn have been shown to increase the risk of colon cancer in humans. In the design of diets for "production animals", it is also important to improve the efficiency of nutrient availability in food and the environmental impact of waste from animals.

Although total apparent digestibility (measured by the percentage of ingested nutrients recovered in feces) is a key measure, this method has many disadvantages due to the contamination of feces with metabolic waste and substances of non-dietary origin. Therefore, ileal digestibility is a more appropriate measure of nutrient administration. In addition, the outflow from the terminal ileum into the cecum can be considered as a substrate for the action of the hindgut microbial community. The colonic digesta or lumen contents can therefore provide a predictor or allow the assessment of nutrients available for fermentation by resident gastrointestinal microflora. Therefore, the ability to measure a wide range of chemicals (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, fats, non-starch polysaccharides, micronutrients, anti-nutritional factors), biological and physio-chemical properties (e.g., viscosity) from ileal and colonic digesta represents a significant development, which in turn enables us to understand the step change in the effect of specific dietary ingredients on the digestive process and its products. Such digestion products can include fecal properties, such as fecal quality and hardness, intestinal gas or flatulence. The development of these enabling technologies can also enable further diagnosis and research of gastrointestinal diseases.

There is a continuing need to improve upon known sampling devices so that larger volumes of samples can be obtained and that samples of liquids as well as solid samples within a range of viscosities can be obtained. These improvements to sampling devices allow for a wider range of analytical testing of samples and enhance the range of samples that can be obtained. Furthermore, the ability to vary the point within the gastrointestinal tract at which the sample is captured allows for the study of changes in factors involved in digestion, dietary processing (pH, enzymes, emulsifiers, etc.); nutrient absorption; microbial flora; immune factors and digestive tract viscosity along the entire length of the gastrointestinal lumen. Thus, sampling can be performed within the stomach, ileum, colon, and cecum, allowing for the adjustment of the sampling site based on the nature of the desired sample.

The sampling device of the present invention is simple, inexpensive, reliable, and easy to use, does not require constant monitoring, and is reusable. The sampling device of the present invention can be recycled and samples can be easily extracted and analyzed using a variety of biological, chemical, and physical assays. Both liquid and solid materials can be sampled using the sampling device of the present invention.

The sampling device of the present invention is capable of recording changes in an environment over long periods of time, such as 24 hours. Specifically, changes in the environment along the gastrointestinal tract of an animal. The sampling device of the present invention is capable of downloading stored data to a computer and can be easily reprogrammed for repeated use. The sampling device of the present invention is capable of detecting and recording the time, pH, and/or temperature of sample acquisition.

Specifically, the sampling device of the present invention is capable of collecting a large number of samples as a result of its separate compartment being ejected, thereby creating an increased volume or space for samples to be collected and stored.

Summary of the Invention

In a first aspect of the present invention, a sampling device is provided. The sampling device comprises a housing, wherein the housing comprises a chamber, at least one opening, an actuating device, and a separable compartment, wherein the separable compartment is releasably retained within the housing, the actuating device enabling a substance within the chamber to be drawn through the opening and simultaneously pushing the separable compartment along the housing until the separable compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device, thereby creating an increased space or volume for receiving and storing a sample within the chamber of the sampling device.

In some embodiments, the sampling device can be used to sample any form of closed system, such as fish tanks, process tanks, bioprocessing systems, various agricultural systems, or any system where human/physical intervention is beneficial and/or industrial or plant piping.

In a specific embodiment, the sampling device of the present invention is used to sample internal substances from the gastrointestinal tract of an animal.

The terms "sample," "substance," and "content" are used interchangeably and refer to any liquid, solid, particulate, or gas that can be sampled by the sampling device. More specifically, when referring to sampling within the gastrointestinal tract of an animal, these terms may also refer to the digesta or luminal contents or digestion products. Liquids may be present in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, for example. Such liquids may contain solids or species in solution (or suspension), such as dietary components, medications, and food ingredients; digestion products, microbial metabolites, and gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and the like may also be present.

In particular, the sampling device is designed to withstand any pressure (e.g., chewing) and/or changes in the environment. In particular, the sampling device is designed to travel along the gastrointestinal tract of an animal. The sampling device must be able to withstand the peristaltic motion of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the chemical and mechanical environment of the gastrointestinal tract.

Different materials can be used for various components of the sampling device. Specifically, the material used determines the texture and/or hardness of the sampling device. The material can be hard, soft, smooth and/or ductile, and the preference for the material used depends on its application.

Typically, the sampling device can be made of any non-digestible, non-biodegradable, non-immunogenic, non-bioreactive or non-permeable material. Specifically, the material used to make the sampling device can be any bioinert polymeric material, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, acrylic resin, etc., ceramic or metal, such as stainless steel, preferably with a smooth surface to facilitate uptake and transmission, and at least one radiopaque surface or inclusion so that it can be observed in a radiograph if necessary.

Thermoplastic materials such as polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or polypropylene (PP) may be used.

Preferably, the outer surface of the sampling device is made of polycarbonate. The polycarbonate can be translucent to facilitate visual assessment of the contained sample. Other components are preferably made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In particular, PTFE can be used for internal components of the sampling device, where the flexible properties of the material allow a seal to be formed between two adjacent surfaces.

All materials used in the sampling device are inert and safe for food and/or medical use.

In some embodiments, the sampling device can be in the shape of a capsule or pill. The capsule can be cylindrical with rounded, conical or flattened ends. The sampling device can be partially spherical in shape.

The sampling device, and in particular the different components of the sampling device, are manufactured using conventional tools and/or methods known in the art. Specifically, the sampling device and components can be manufactured using additive techniques (such as 3D printing) or subtractive techniques (such as CNC machining) known in the art.

In particular, the sampling device is preferably suitable for swallowing and for ingestion by an animal.Capsules known in the art have dimensions of 26 mm to 30 mm x 11 mm to 15 mm (length x width).

A particular advantage of the present invention is that, although the sampling device can have dimensions similar to those known in the art, the separate compartments within the sampling device are ejected, thereby creating an increased volume or space for receiving and/or storing samples. Depending on the animal, size, breed and/or species, the sampling device will vary in size as described herein. The dimensions of the sampling device can range from about 10 mm to 70 mm in length to 3 mm to 25 mm in width. Specifically, the dimensions of the sampling device can be about 10 mm to 15 mm and about 3 mm to 7 mm, about 15 mm to 25 mm by about 7 mm to 12 mm, about 20 mm to 30 mm by about 10 mm to 17 mm, about 30 mm to 40 mm by about 15 mm to 20 mm, about 10 mm to 20 mm by about 3 mm to 20 mm, about 35 mm to 65 mm by about 7 mm to 23 mm, or about 40 mm to 70 mm by about 10 mm to 25 mm and/or any combination thereof.

Depending on the size of the capsule used, the sampling device of the present invention can obtain a sample volume ranging from about 0.11 ml to about 20 ml. Specifically, the sample volume can be about 0.11 ml to 3 ml, about 1 ml to 5 ml, about 3 ml to 7 ml, about 7 ml to 13 ml, about 10 ml to 15 ml, about 13 ml to 17 ml, or about 15 ml to 20 ml, and/or any combination thereof. In a specific example of the present invention, the sampling device can have an internal volume of 1.53 ^cm³ and can obtain and store a sample volume of 1.3 ml, which is 85% of the available internal volume.

The sampling device most preferably has dimensions of about 20 mm to 25 mm by about 9 mm to 12 mm (length x width).

The sampling device has a modular design and includes one or more components. Specifically, the sampling device is assembled from one or more components. One component may include an actuator and an opening. Another component may include a housing. Another component may include an independent, separate compartment.

The different components of the sampling device may be formed separately and easily assembled together to form the sampling device and/or individual components of the sampling device.

In some embodiments, the sampling device may include at least two halves connected to each other by one or more components and/or housings.

In some aspects of the present invention, the sampling device includes a housing, wherein the housing includes a chamber, at least one opening, an actuating device, and a separate compartment, wherein the separate compartment is releasably retained within the housing by a retaining device, and wherein the actuating device enables internal material to be drawn into the chamber through the opening and simultaneously pushes the separate compartment along the housing until the separate compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device, thereby creating increased space or volume for receiving and storing the sample within the chamber of the sampling device.

In other aspects of the present invention, the sampling device includes a housing, wherein the housing includes a chamber, at least one opening, an actuating device and a separate compartment, wherein the separate compartment is releasably retained within the housing by a retaining device, the retaining device being activated by a triggering device, wherein the actuating device enables the internal material to be drawn into the chamber through the opening and simultaneously pushes the separate compartment along the housing until the separate compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device, thereby creating an increased space or volume for receiving and storing the sample within the chamber of the sampling device.

In another aspect of the present invention, a sampling device is provided, comprising a housing, wherein the housing comprises a chamber, at least one opening, an actuating device, and a separate compartment, wherein the separate compartment is releasably retained within the housing by a retaining device, the retaining device being a material that responds to changes in the external environment of the sampling device, and wherein the actuating device enables the internal material to be drawn into the chamber through the opening and simultaneously pushes the separate compartment along the housing until the separate compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device, thereby creating increased space or volume for receiving and storing the sample within the chamber of the sampling device.

In another aspect of the present invention, a sampling device housing is provided, wherein the housing includes a chamber, at least one opening, an actuating device and a separate compartment, wherein the separate compartment is releasably retained within the housing by a retaining device, wherein the retaining device is an interlocking mechanism between the housing and the separate compartment, and wherein the actuating device enables internal material to be drawn into the chamber through the opening and simultaneously pushes the separate compartment along the housing until the separate compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device, thereby creating increased space or volume for receiving and storing the sample within the chamber of the sampling device.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a sampling device is provided, comprising a housing, wherein the housing comprises a chamber, at least one opening, an actuating device and a separate compartment, wherein the separate compartment is releasably retained within the housing by a retaining device, and wherein the actuating device enables internal material to be drawn into the chamber through the opening, and simultaneously pushes the separate compartment along the housing until the separate compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device, thereby creating increased space or volume for receiving and storing samples within the chamber of the sampling device, wherein the actuating device is tethered to a closure device, and wherein movement of the actuating device causes the closure device to block the opening.

The sampling device comprises a housing. The housing comprises a chamber, at least one opening and a separate compartment. Specifically, the housing is a capsule that holds the actuating device and the separate compartment within the sampling device.

In some embodiments, the housing may be made of polycarbonate.

In particular, the sampling device of the present invention is reusable. In particular, individual components can be unscrewed and reused multiple times. The entire sampling device can be reused. In some embodiments of the present invention, materials that react with the external environment of the sampling device, one or more batteries and/or the triggering device may need to be replaced, for example, Eudragit washers, wax washers, fuses or batteries.

The housing of the sampling device of the present invention may have one or more openings.

Specifically, the sampling device has at least one opening. The opening can be an inlet and/or an outlet. The opening can be an orifice or hole at one or both ends of the housing. In a specific embodiment, the opening is an inlet that allows the sample to enter the housing of the sampling device, preferably into the chamber. Alternatively, the opening can be an outlet that allows the separable compartment to be ejected from the housing of the sampling device. Specifically, the housing can have two openings, one opening (inlet and outlet) on each end of the housing at opposite ends of the sampling device.

In some embodiments, the inlet opening can be a valve. The valve can be any valve known in the art and will depend on the intended use of the sampling device. The valve includes an orifice. The valve can be made of rubber or a synthetic elastomer. Preferably, the valve is made of an elastomer that is resistant to low pressures, thereby allowing the orifice to open. In other embodiments, the opening can be an inlet and an outlet. The opening can be a two-way valve. Most preferably, the opening is a one-way valve.

In some embodiments, the opening comprises an orifice without a valve.

The sampling device comprises an actuating device.

Specifically, the actuator is arranged in a first configuration and can be moved to a second configuration within the housing of the sampling device. The first configuration is a compressed state, and the second configuration is an extended state. The actuator helps to draw the sample into the housing of the sampling device, preferably into the chamber.

In particular, the actuation means enables the sample to be drawn into the chamber of the housing through the opening and simultaneously pushes the separate compartment along the housing until the separate compartment is ejected from the sampling device.

The actuating device may be any object or element capable of storing internal energy within the sampling device over a period of time. Specifically, the actuating device may be a system and/or object capable of causing another object or element to move and/or act, such as providing a force to move a separate compartment from a retained and compressed state to an uncompressed and ejected state.

The actuating means may comprise a spring, a chemical reaction (releasing a gas and generating pressure), an electric actuator (such as a motor or pump), compressed air or a vacuum energy storage.

The actuating device maintains a certain amount of internal energy, preferably for a predetermined time under various predetermined conditions.

When the split compartment is in place, the actuator is held in a compressed state.

The actuating device may include an elastic member. Specifically, it may include any object capable of storing kinetic energy and/or capable of moving. The elastic member may be a spring and/or a plunger/piston.

The actuating device includes at least a plunger/piston. The actuating device may include a plunger/piston and a spring, a plunger/piston and an electric actuator, etc. In some embodiments, the plunger/piston can be moved from a first configuration to a second configuration within the housing of the sampling device by a chemical reaction that releases gas and/or generates pressure within the housing of the sampling device.

An actuation means (eg, a spring coupled to a plunger/piston or the plunger/piston urged along the housing by other means) pushes the separate compartments simultaneously out of the housing of the sampling device.

Specifically, the actuation device draws the sample into the chamber through the opening of the sampling device and simultaneously pushes the separate compartment along the length of the sampling device housing until the separate compartment is ejected from the sampling device housing.

In a particular embodiment, the actuating means comprises a spring.

Generally, a spring is an elastic object, such as a coil, that returns to its original shape after being compressed or stretched, and releases the stored energy during the return to the original state. Springs can include any type of spring, such as a helical spring, a conical spring, a torsion spring, a compression spring, or a wave spring. Springs can be made of any material that is resistant and elastic, such as stainless steel or other metals or alloys.

In a specific embodiment, a spring is used as an actuator. The sampling device is maintained in a compressed state by the separate compartment. The spring can drive a plunger/piston along the housing (e.g., along the length of the housing), pushing the separate compartment out of the housing of the sampling device and converting the actuator from its first compressed configuration to a second extended configuration. When the spring is extended along the housing, the driving force of the spring creates a short-term framed vacuum and/or capillary action, wherein the sample is drawn into the housing of the sampling device, preferably through the opening into the chamber.

When the separate compartment is not in place (ie has been ejected from the housing of the sampling device), a stopper arrangement at the end of the housing of the sampling device prevents the plunger/piston from leaving the sampling device.

The movement of the separate compartment to eject from the housing of the sampling device is caused by an actuating device.

Preferably, the actuating means is a spring and plunger arrangement or a spring and piston arrangement.

In some embodiments, the actuation device is coupled at one end of a housing of the sampling device, and the separable compartment is at least releasably retained within the housing by a retaining device at an opposite end of the sampling device.

In particular, when the actuating device reaches the opposite end of the housing, it can form a seal such that the sampling device is sealed.

Specifically, the actuator is coupled to the valve. Specifically, the actuator and the valve are coupled in a retainer. The retainer can be made of any material, in particular polycarbonate. When coupling the actuator and the valve in the retainer, a retaining ring, such as an O-ring, can be used.

The term "coupled" refers to two or more objects that are attached directly to one another or attached through one or more intermediate elements, or held adjacent to one another.

In particular, the actuating device and the opening are separate components of the sampling device, which can be attached and/or fixed to the housing of the sampling device. Preferably, the actuating device and the opening are coupled together in a separate compartment which is screwed into one end of the sampling device housing.

The plunger/piston may be made of polytetrafluoroethylene.

Specifically, the actuator (e.g., plunger/piston) is adapted to have a projection that can engage with the separable compartment. The projection is positioned centrally to the separable compartment so that the separable compartment advances linearly when ejected under the force applied by the actuator. Specifically, the projection is located on the upper surface of the actuator. The projection may include a magnet, an induction coil, or a light source.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the sampling device comprises a closure device.

The closure device is an object that blocks the aperture. Specifically, the closure device can block any of the openings. The closure device can be any form of element or object capable of blocking or plugging the sampling device opening, such as a ball made of thermoplastic material or similar material, thereby forming a seal in the sampling device opening. The closure device helps to close the opening. The closure device can be a block, ball, cap, or other material. Specifically, the closure device can be tethered to the actuator. Specifically, the closure device can be tethered to the actuator and the retaining device.

The terms "tether," "tethered to," or "tethered to" refer to any form of cord, securing device, or flexible attachment that anchors a movable object to another element or component, which may also be movable or fixed.

In another embodiment, the actuator (e.g., plunger/piston) is tethered to the closure device, and when the actuator moves along the housing of the sampling device, it is pulled and tensioned. Specifically, when the actuator moves, the tether is tensioned and driven into the housing of the sampling device until the closure device reaches the opening. The closure device can be pulled or pushed into the opening to form a closed device. At the same time, the actuator has sucked the sample into the chamber of the sampling device, and the separate components are ejected. Thus, the sample is sealed in the sampling device.

In particular, the housing of the sampling device comprises a stopper arrangement.

The stopper device prevents the actuator (e.g., plunger/piston) from being ejected from the housing. The stopper device can be any protrusion and/or additional element or object that blocks or stops another object at a given point. Specifically, the stopper device is a protrusion that stops the actuator from leaving the housing. The stopper device can be located at the end of the housing where the separate compartment is ejected. It works by stopping the actuator (e.g., plunger/piston) from being further released and preventing it from moving with the separate compartment ejected from the sampling device. Specifically, the stopper device is used to stop the actuator from being ejected, thereby sealing the sampling device.

The stop means may be a lip, a lug, a protrusion or a pin.

The sampling device comprises a separate compartment, wherein the separate compartment is an independent compartment. The separate compartment can be loosely inserted and/or assembled into the housing of the sampling device.

Specifically, a separate compartment is a closed compartment that can be unscrewed at any given time for reuse. The separate compartment consists of two separate components, a housing and a lid. The lid is connected to the associated electronic components and power source (e.g., a battery). The lid can be screwed into the housing of the separate compartment and tightly sealed. Specifically, the lid can also include an O-ring.

In particular, the separated compartments are airtight and watertight.

The interface of the cover and housing of the separate compartment can be coated with food-safe silicone oil to facilitate sealing. The associated electronic components can be encapsulated in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape to prevent contamination by liquids, grease or other materials that may interfere with the correct operation of the electronic components.

In some embodiments, the sampling device and/or the individual components can be reusable. Specifically, the separate compartments can be reprogrammed. For example, the sampling device can be reconfigured to different sampling rates. The sampling device can be user-defined rather than fixed. The sampling device allows for some flexibility in its configuration. This is accomplished through a serial communications clip and associated software.

In some embodiments, the separate compartment comprises any associated electronic circuitry and at least one battery.Preferably, the separate compartment comprises at least one battery, a sensor and a microprocessor.

Typically, the sampling device may include a printed circuit board (PCB) that includes a microcontroller (PIC microcontroller), sensors (such as a glass pH microelectrode and a pH reference microelectrode), light emitting diodes, a release detection switch, battery connections, various resistors and capacitors, and/or a power supply. FIG10 is a schematic diagram showing the different electrical components that may be located in separate compartments of the sampling device.

The sampling device may include a battery, such as one located in a separate compartment.

The battery can be any type of battery known in the art, such as a pin or button cell of lithium carbon monofluoride. The button cell can be made of alkaline materials, lithium, silver, etc. and/or a combination thereof, and can be made into different sizes.

In particular, the battery is capable of operating for at least 24 hours.The battery may be rechargeable.

The separate compartment may contain one or more batteries.

Basically, the sampling device can be turned on when the battery is inserted; the sampling device initializes and then repeatedly goes through the following main cycle, see FIG. 11 .

Typically, at power-up, software initializes and defines the configuration bits, ports, clocks, universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter, and watchdog timer.

Parameters are loaded from the electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, wherein the parameters to be loaded may be device ID, log address, sampling rate, pre-wake-up time, burst count, and number of samples.

The Device ID is the serial number of the sampling device. The Log Address is the address where the next logged data entry will be stored. The Sample Rate is the sampling rate at which data is logged. The Pre-Wake-Up Time is set to allow the microprocessor to reach normal operating conditions. The Burst Count is the number of samples collected per interval, and the Sample Count is the number of samples collected before a sample is acquired and logged.

The sampling device then enters a main loop, in which it checks for the presence of a serial interface. If so, it enters debug mode, where various parameters can be manipulated. If not, the watchdog timer initiates a wakeup event, during which data is sampled from the analog-to-digital converter and recorded to flash memory. The sampling device can then re-enter sleep mode until the watchdog timer initiates another wakeup event.

In some embodiments, the detachable compartment further comprises a flash memory capable of recording data. The data is stored and then downloaded when the detachable compartment is recovered, or transmitted in real time to a remote facility (ie, via wireless data transmission).

The wireless data transmission system can consist of two parts. The first part is the sampling device, which contains the radio frequency transmitter circuit with firmware that controls the transmission, an antenna, and a processing device, such as a microchip (e.g., radio frequency identification (RFID)) inserted into the sampling device. The second part consists of the radio frequency receiver circuit and antenna. This wireless transmission is also effective in locating the sampling device.

The second part has a range of possible embodiments, including but not limited to a pad that can be placed on the floor of a pet's kennel; a small unit that can be mounted on the floor, wall, or ceiling; a collar, leash, sheath, boot, earring, or other form that can be carried externally by the animal or placed in an external environment of a closed system in which the sampling device is used (such as outside a fish tank, outside a factory pipe, etc.).

The second part also includes a device for storing the received data and transmitting the data to an operator or other device. The communication to the user via the first part or the second part of the wireless data transmission can be in the form of a lighted indicator, a speaker or sounder, or a graphical display (for example, an available signal (such as a buzzer)).

The data communicated between the first part and the second part may include, but is not limited to, pH measurements obtained by the sampling device; temperature measurements obtained by the sampling device; measurements from other sensors of the sampling device; other status information from the sampling device, such as battery level, sample capture status, etc.; data that has been intelligently processed by the sampling device and derived from other readings, such as reminders indicating the estimated position of the sampling device within the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., leaving the stomach; entering the ileum, etc.).

Communication with other devices through the second part can include standard or proprietary wired communication interfaces (such as Ethernet, USB, serial cable, etc.), standard or proprietary wireless communications (such as Bluetooth, GSM, wifi), removable data storage such as SD cards, USB data "keys", etc.

The separate compartment may comprise a pressure switch. In particular, the switch is adapted to record the moment when the separate compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device.

The switch can be a contact switch or a non-contact switch. A contact switch can be a reed switch, a pressure switch or a non-contact switch which can be an inductive coil, built into a microprocessor, or an optical switch such as an LED and photodiode pair.

Preferably, the switch may be a pressure switch.

The pressure switch interfaces with a small protrusion on the upper surface of an actuator (e.g., a plunger/piston). The actuator and the separate compartment exert pressure on each other, thereby maintaining contact with each other via the protrusion and the pressure switch. Specifically, when the sampling device is actuated by the retaining device, the separate compartment is at least partially released and at least partially disengaged from the actuator.

Specifically, when the separate compartment and the actuator are engaged, the switch is closed. When the separate compartment and the actuator are disengaged, the switch is open. Typically, when the switch is open, it indicates the moment when the sample is obtained and the separate compartment is ejected. This is typically when the separate compartment is ejected from the sampling device.

In an alternative embodiment, the switch can be a reed switch. The reed switch can be held in a closed configuration by a magnet located on the actuator, particularly within a protrusion on the actuator. When the split compartment is ejected, the magnet and the reed switch are no longer in contact, and the reed switch opens, providing a signal that the sample has been captured.

In other embodiments, the switch may be an induction coil. An induction coil device is located between the actuator and the separate compartment, thereby inducing a current in the coil of the separate compartment. When the separate compartment is ejected, the induced current in the coil of the separate compartment ceases to exist, indicating that the sample has been captured.

In other embodiments, the switch may be an optical switch. The optical switch may be a small light source (e.g., a light emitting diode) and a photoresistor arranged between the actuator and the separate compartment so that light affects the resistance of the photoresistor. When the separate compartment is ejected, the light source can no longer affect the photoresistor, and the resulting resistance change is interpreted as a signal that a sample has been captured.

The sampling device may include a sensor. Specifically, the separate compartment includes a sensor. Specifically, the sensor may be a pH sensor and/or a temperature sensor. Other sensors capable of sensing and signaling other environmental factors, such as pressure, solutes, etc., may also be used in the sampling device.

In particular, the sensor may protrude from a surface of the separate compartment such that it is exposed to the external environment of the sampling device.

In a preferred embodiment, the sensor is a pH sensor/meter, which may include a glass pH microelectrode and a pH reference microelectrode.

A typical pH meter consists of a measuring probe (such as a glass electrode) and a reference probe connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays or records the pH reading. A variety of pH meters that can be used in the present invention are known in the art. The preferred pH sensing component of the present invention consists of a glass microelectrode coupled to a reference microelectrode. Alternative embodiments may consist of an ion-selective field effect transistor, a solid-state reference electrode, or other suitable technology readily known in the art.

Specifically, the printed circuit of the sampling device may include a pH circuit that can record the pH level during transit of the sampling device (e.g., along the gastrointestinal tract), wherein the circuit includes at least a pH electrode, a reference electrode, a microprocessor, a switching assembly, and a power supply.

Typically, the software and electronics will interface with the following: a miniature pH probe input to an analog-to-digital converter; a reference voltage to a pH reference electrode; switch contacts to detect whether the sampling device is configured as open or closed; a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) to download saved data and perform diagnostic functions; detection circuitry for the UART connection; and an LED connected to the UART transmission.

In some embodiments, the pH probe circuit is designed without an amplifier, instead limiting the positive and negative references of the analog-to-digital converter in the microcontroller to an appropriate output voltage range. The sensor's reference voltage is biased by a simple resistor divider network. A processor is required that includes a voltage reference, which can be an output, and an analog-to-digital converter. Compared to more conventional designs, pH probes are more easily adapted to small spaces, using fewer components. A simplified circuit with a simple resistor divider network instead of an amplifier represents a suitable solution for the requirements of a sampling device.

Typically, a pH sensor depends on the pH conditions in which it is located. It can be preprogrammed to react/respond to specific pH conditions based on the external environment in which the device is located, such as locations along the gastrointestinal tract and/or tanks (i.e., for bioprocessing/fish/other processing, etc.) and/or other agricultural systems. The pH sensor can be preprogrammed to activate at pH levels of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 and/or any range and/or combination thereof. For example, a pH lower than 4 can be preprogrammed to activate the sampling device to its second configuration (e.g., in the stomach), or preprogrammed to activate the sampling device to its second configuration (e.g., in the small or large intestine and/or just upon entering the small or large intestine) at a pH higher than 5. Activation can include a time element so that after a specific pH level is detected, activation is delayed for a predetermined time. Activation can also be programmed to require a consistent pH level before activation is triggered. For example, so that the holding device is not released.

Specifically, the glass electrode can protrude from the surface of the split compartment so that it is exposed to the external environment of the sampling device so that pH can be measured with an accuracy of +/- 0.5 pH units (5% accuracy) and multiple readings can be taken (e.g., about 3000 or more readings), which can be preconfigured to determine the rate at which pH is measured and recorded.

Specifically, the sensor/meter may be connected to a battery and associated electronic circuitry within a separate compartment.

In addition, the circuit can also record the actuation torque at the point where the sample is drawn into the housing (i.e., collected). This is achieved by monitoring the release of the switch (i.e., when the switch is open and no longer in contact with and/or engaged with the actuation device).

In some embodiments, the sampling device may further include a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a biosensor and/or a solute sensor, etc.

In some embodiments, the sensor/meter can be programmed to release the holding device relative to a specific pH unit, timing, temperature solute concentration, or any combination of these parameters. For example, such programming may include a timing of 60 minutes after the pH increases by about pH 3, or after the pH increases by about 2 pH units, and hold the increase for 3 minutes, etc.

In some embodiments, the sampling device further comprises a retaining device, which releasably retains the separate compartment within a housing of the sampling device. Specifically, the housing of the sampling device comprises the retaining device.

The retaining device temporarily prevents the actuating device (e.g., plunger/piston) from being ejected from the housing until a predetermined time and/or condition. The retaining device can be any element, object, or mechanism that prevents the separate compartment from being released from the housing of the sampling device. Specifically, the retaining device retains the separate compartment within the housing of the sampling device and retains the sampling device in a compressed and closed configuration.

The holding device can be activated passively or actively.

In particular, the retaining device may be automatically activated, pre-programmed and/or remotely activated.

In some embodiments, the retaining means may be a material and/or an interlocking mechanism and/or a fastening means that reacts to changes in the environment external to the sampling device.

In some embodiments, the retaining means can be a material that reacts to changes in the environment outside the sampling device. The retaining means can be in the form of a coating, a pin, and/or a washer. In a preferred embodiment, the retaining means is in the form of a coating. The coating can surround the entire sampling device, or can partially cover portions of the sampling device or be located at specific portions of the sampling device.

Typically, the sampling device may encounter differences in physiological properties (e.g., pH, pressure, temperature, enzyme activity, etc.) (e.g., depending on whether the sampling device is in the stomach or colon, etc., particularly when traveling along the gastrointestinal tract of an animal). Therefore, the external environment of the sampling device is variable. In particular embodiments, the sampling device may include a retaining device that is a material that responds to pH, temperature, light, humidity, solute concentration, or enzyme activity or concentration. In particular, the material may be degradable, digestible, or soluble.

The material may surround the entire sampling device, or may only partially cover portions of the sampling device or be located at specific portions of the sampling device. The material may be located at and/or cover the end of the sampling device that ejects the separable compartment. The material may also cover an opening, such as an inlet, an outlet, and/or both an inlet and an outlet. Specifically, the material may be in the form of a coating, a pin, and/or a washer.

In some embodiments, the retaining means can be a material that reacts to changes in the external environment, wherein the retaining means is a material in the form of a coating. The coating can surround the entire sampling device and/or portions of the sampling device. The coating helps the sampling device retain the separable compartment within the housing.

In some embodiments, the retaining means may be a material that reacts to changes in the external environment, wherein the retaining means is a material in the form of a gasket. The gasket helps to retain the separate compartment and the housing together.

In some embodiments, the retaining means may be a material that reacts to changes in the external environment, wherein the retaining means may be a material in the form of a coating and a gasket, thereby retaining the separate compartments within the housing and keeping the gasket dry and maintaining the mechanical strength of the gasket intact.

The material gradually dissolves when exposed to changes in pH, temperature, light, humidity, solute concentration, or enzyme environment. The rate of degradation, digestibility, and/or solubility can be controlled by differences in the chemical structure of the material or by differences in the thickness of the material applied and/or similar material forms, or both. Specifically, the material may require two or more layers composed of the same material or different materials.

In some embodiments, the pH sensitive material can comprise and/or consist of a pH sensitive material that degrades in an alkaline environment or in an acidic environment. The degradation rate can be controlled by differences in the chemical structure of the material or by differences in thickness application and/or similar material forms, or both.

In some embodiments, a first material/layer is dissolved in response to a first pH, a first temperature, a first wavelength of light, a first solute concentration, or a first enzyme activity, and a second material/layer is dissolved in response to a second, different pH, a different temperature, a different wavelength of light, a different solute concentration, or a different enzyme activity.

The material may be pH dependent and dissolve under acidic conditions at pH 4 when in contact with stomach acid, or dissolve in the large intestine under alkaline conditions such as pH 5 to 6 or greater than 7, and/or any combination thereof.

In a specific embodiment, the material may be cellulose, phthalate acetate, glyceryl stearate, paraffin, epoxy compound or poly (meth)acrylate, such as L, S or E. Preferably, the material is L, S or E.

In some embodiments, the material may include and/or be composed of a temperature-sensitive material that degrades when the temperature increases or decreases. The heat-sensitive material may be a glue, a colloid, or a wax. Specifically, the wax may be paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, ester wax, polyester wax, or a vegetable wax. A preferred embodiment may be paraffin wax, which has a melting point above the animal's body temperature. FIG8K illustrates an example of a heat-sensitive material as a retaining device.

In some embodiments, the material can include and/or consist of a photosensitive material that degrades at a specific wavelength, such as glue and/or other similar materials known in the art. Specifically, the (glue) material degrades when exposed to light, such as a light-emitting diode. FIG8L illustrates an example of a photosensitive material as a retaining device.

In some embodiments, the material may comprise and/or consist of a material that degrades in response to humidity changes in solute concentration.

In some embodiments, the material may comprise and/or consist of a material that degrades upon changes in enzyme activity and/or enzyme concentration.

In alternative embodiments, the retaining device can be an interlocking mechanism. Specifically, the interlocking mechanism can be located between the housing and the separable compartment. In some embodiments, the retaining device can include a material that responds to changes in the external environment of the sampling device and the interlocking mechanism. The material that responds to changes in the external environment can respond to pH, temperature, light, humidity, solute concentration, or enzyme activity or concentration. Specifically, the material can be degradable, digestible, or soluble.

The material may surround the entire sampling device, or may only partially cover portions of the sampling device or be located at specific portions of the sampling device. The material may be located at and/or cover the end of the sampling device that ejects the separable compartment. The material may also cover an opening, such as an inlet, an outlet, and/or both. Specifically, the material may be in the form of a coating, a pin, and/or a washer. The material may be in the form of a coating.

The material gradually dissolves when exposed to changes in pH, temperature, light, humidity, solute concentration, or the environment of the enzyme. The rate of degradation, digestibility, and/or solubility can be controlled by differences in the chemical structure of the material or by differences in the thickness and/or form of similar materials applied, or both. Specifically, the material may require two or more layers composed of the same material or different materials.

In some embodiments, the pH sensitive material can comprise and/or consist of a pH sensitive material that degrades in an alkaline environment or in an acidic environment. The degradation rate can be controlled by differences in the chemical structure of the material or by differences in thickness application and/or similar material forms, or both.

In some embodiments, the first material/layer dissolves in response to a first pH, a first temperature, a first wavelength of light, a first solute concentration, or a first enzyme activity, and the second material/layer dissolves in response to a second, different pH, a different temperature, a different wavelength of light, a different solute concentration, or a different enzyme activity.

The material may be pH dependent and dissolve in the stomach when in contact with stomach acid and under acidic conditions at pH 4, or in the large intestine when under alkaline conditions such as pH 5 to 6 or greater than 7, and/or any combination thereof.

In a specific embodiment, the material may be cellulose, phthalate acetate, glyceryl stearate, paraffin, epoxy compound or poly (meth)acrylate, such as L, S or E. Preferably, the material is L, S or E.

In some embodiments, the material may include and/or be composed of a temperature-sensitive material that degrades when the temperature increases or decreases. The heat-sensitive material may be a glue, a colloid, or a wax. Specifically, the wax may be paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, ester wax, polyester wax, or a vegetable wax. A preferred embodiment may be paraffin wax having a melting point above the animal's body temperature. FIG8K illustrates an example of a heat-sensitive material as a retaining device.

In some embodiments, the material can include and/or consist of a photosensitive material that degrades at a specific wavelength, such as glue and/or other similar materials known in the art. Specifically, the (glue) material degrades when exposed to light, such as when exposed to a light-emitting diode. FIG8L illustrates an example of a photosensitive material as a retaining device.

In some embodiments, the material may comprise and/or consist of a material that degrades in response to humidity changes in solute concentration.

In some embodiments, the material may comprise and/or consist of a material that degrades upon changes in enzyme activity and/or enzyme concentration.

Typically, an interlocking mechanism is a mechanical element that allows for the coupling of one or more components and/or other objects that can affect the movement or operation of individual components.

In particular, the interlocking mechanism may be tightened or released by a rotational, radial or linear motion or by a rotational, radial or linear means.

Specifically, the retaining means may be (i) a rotatable (ie, rotary) interlocking mechanism, or (ii) a radial interlocking mechanism, or (iii) a linear interlocking mechanism.

In some embodiments, the interlock mechanism may be rotational, such as a bayonet mount, a rotation point detent, a set of rotating magnets or electromagnets (see Figures 8C and 81 for representations of these). Preferably, the rotational interlock mechanism is a bayonet mount.

Bayonet-style mountings, commonly referred to in the art as fastening elements, consist of a male side with one or more radial pins and a female receiver with one or more matching L-shaped slots and one or more springs to keep the two parts engaged and locked together. The slot can be shaped like a capital L with a serif (a short upward segment at the end of the horizontal arm); the pin slides into the vertical arm of the L, rotates across the horizontal arm, and is then pushed slightly upward by the spring into the short vertical "serif"; the connector is no longer free to rotate unless pressed down against the spring until the pin disengages the "serif," thereby unlocking and releasing.

Specifically, wherein the retaining device can be a bayonet mount, the actuator (e.g., a plunger/piston) is attached to the sampling device opening so that it cannot rotate when the actuator is in a compressed state. The separate compartment is pivoted about the attachment until the bayonet mount interlock mechanism is aligned in such a way that the separate compartment is no longer retained and is thus released. As a result, the pressure in the sampling device housing is released, and the actuator is extended along the housing, pushing the separate compartment out of the sampling device to move from a first compressed configuration to a second extended configuration.

In certain embodiments, the rotation mechanism can be a rotation point latch. Specifically, a pin can interfere with a detent mechanism on the sampling device housing. Upon activation, the sampling device is rotated by the driving force, disengaging the detent mechanism and releasing the separate compartment. FIG8C illustrates an example of a rotation point latch interlock mechanism.

In a specific embodiment, the rotation mechanism can be a set of rotating magnets. Specifically, permanent magnets are included in the housing wall and the separate compartment. When aligned, the attractive force of the magnets holds the separate compartment within the housing of the sampling device. When exposed to rotational forces, the magnets move out of alignment and lose their attractive force, thereby releasing the separate compartment. FIG8I illustrates an example of a rotating magnet as a rotational interlocking mechanism.

In a specific embodiment, the rotation mechanism can be electromagnetic. Specifically, electromagnets embedded in the walls of the separate compartment and the housing are energized, causing them to attract. This attractive force is sufficient to prevent the separate compartment from moving relative to the housing. When the energizing current is removed, the two compartments are no longer held together by the attractive force, and the separate compartment is released.

In some embodiments, the interlocking mechanism can be radial, such as a compressible material (i.e., a rubber O-ring), an arcuate member friction piece, a circlip, or a pull-in detent (see illustrations of these in Figures 8A, 8B, or 8G). Preferably, the radial interlocking mechanism is a compressible material, such as a rubber O-ring gasket.

In a specific embodiment, the radial interlocking mechanism can be any compressible material. In some embodiments, the material can be an elastomeric material. Specifically, the compressible material can be an O-ring gasket or a curved strip element. Specifically, a ring made of a compressible material is compressed between the cover and the main body of the separable compartment. This compression causes the material of the O-ring to expand outward (radially) so that it contacts the inner surface of the sampling device housing. The friction generated is sufficient to prevent the separable compartment from being ejected and therefore being releasably retained. The compression of the ring is reduced under specific conditions and/or at a predetermined time, reducing the friction between the separable compartment and the housing, thereby releasing the separable compartment.

In a specific embodiment, the radial interlocking mechanism can be an arched member. Specifically, the longitudinal elements on the outer surface of the separable compartment remain compressed so that they bend outward. These elements contact the inner surface of the sampling device housing, causing frictional interference, thereby preventing the separable compartment from being released. Under specific conditions and/or at a predetermined time, the compression of the longitudinal elements is reduced, reducing the friction between the separable compartment and the housing, allowing the separable compartment to be released. Figure 8A shows an example of a radial interlocking mechanism of an arched member.

In a specific embodiment, the radial mechanism can be a circlip. Typically, a circlip is a form of fastener consisting of a semi-flexible metal ring with an open end that allows rotation but prevents lateral movement. Specifically, the circlip fits into a groove on the outer surface of the separate compartment. The circlip may interfere with a stopper device of the sampling device housing. The circlip is squeezed together under specific conditions and/or at a predetermined time, reducing its diameter and allowing it to move past the stopper device, allowing the separate compartment to be released. Figure 8B shows an example of a circlip radial interlocking mechanism.

In a specific embodiment, the radial interlocking mechanism can be a pull-in type retaining member. Specifically, the material strip is deformed so that it protrudes through the hole on the side of the separable compartment and engages with features on the inner wall of the sampling device housing. These features interfere with the strip to prevent the separable compartment from being released. Under specific conditions and/or at a predetermined time, the strip relaxes and withdraws from these features, allowing the separable compartment to be released. Figure 8G shows an example of a pull-in type retaining member as a radial interlocking mechanism.

In some embodiments, the interlocking mechanism can be linear, such as a deformable lip and/or barrel, tab, or pin at the end of the housing or pin that holds the separable compartment in place, or a bimetallic latch, electromagnet, and/or shape memory alloy that protrudes through the housing to hold the separable compartment in place (see Figures 8D, 8E, 8F, 8H, or 8J for illustrations of these). Preferably, the linear interlocking mechanism is a pin that pushes the separable compartment into place.

In a specific embodiment, the linear interlocking mechanism can be a deformable lip. Specifically, an area of the housing is made deformable so that when pushed, the separable compartment is released. Typically, a notch (e.g., lip) is made in the housing of the sampling device so that it becomes more easily deformed. Specifically, this notch is made of a deformable material, such as a shape memory alloy. Under specific conditions and/or at a predetermined time, the separable compartment is pushed against the notch, which folds back to allow the separable compartment to be released and then returns to its normal state to prevent the actuator from being released. This notch can also be used as a stopper device. Figure 8H shows an example of a deformable pin as a linear interlocking mechanism.

In a specific embodiment, the linear interlocking mechanism can be a shape memory alloy (SMA). Specifically, the shaped element composed of the shape memory alloy is deformed so that it interferes with the separated compartment and the housing. Under specific conditions and/or a predetermined time, an electric current can be applied, or the shape memory alloy can be heated by some other means to restore the shape memory alloy to its initial shape. The initial shape is specified so that it allows the separated compartment to be released. Figure 8H shows an example of a shape memory alloy as a linear interlocking mechanism.

In a specific embodiment, the linear interlocking mechanism can be a pin. Specifically, the pin is located between the hole in the wall of the separable compartment and the housing of the sampling device, preventing the separable compartment from being released. Under specific conditions and/or at a predetermined time, the pin is pulled inward or pushed outward, allowing the separable compartment to be released. Figure 8E shows an example of a pin as a linear interlocking mechanism.

In a specific embodiment, the linear interlocking mechanism is a bimetallic latch. Specifically, a shaped bimetallic strip is affixed to the outer surface of the housing so that one end protrudes through a hole in the housing and into a hole in the separable compartment. Under specific conditions and/or at a predetermined time, the bimetallic strip is heated and thereby deformed, causing the protruding end to retract and allowing the separable compartment to be released. FIG8F shows an example of a bimetallic latch as a linear interlocking mechanism.

In a specific embodiment, the linear interlocking mechanism can be an electromagnet. Specifically, the end surface of the split compartment is made of a ferrous material. The end of the housing is made of a ferromagnet. Current is passed through the electromagnet, generating an attractive force between the end of the housing and the end surface of the split compartment, preventing the split compartment from being released. When the current is removed, the attractive force ceases, allowing the split compartment to be released. Figure 8J shows an example of an electromagnet as a linear interlocking mechanism.

In still other embodiments, the retaining means may be a fastening means and/or a material that reacts to changes in the external environment of the sampling device (as described above). Specifically, the sampling device's actuator is tethered to the closure device, and wherein movement of the actuator causes the closure device to block the opening. In other embodiments, the fastening means is also tethered to the closure device.

A fastening device may be any device or coupling element that can hold and secure another object to prevent movement or separation through the application of pressure.

In particular, the securing means may be a clamp that holds the tether in place under tension.

In a specific embodiment, the fastening device can be actuated by any of the previously described interlocking mechanisms. The interlocking mechanism can be tightened or released by rotational, radial, or linear motion, or by a rotary, radial, or linear mechanism. Preferably, the interlocking mechanism is a latch. Any type of latch known in the art can be used.

The latch may comprise a plurality of components that interfere with one another, possibly associated with a lever and a pivot point. These components may comprise hook elements and/or friction elements. A portion of the set of components may be flexible so that when a force is applied thereto, it bends or deforms or otherwise moves. This movement is arranged so that the components of the latch no longer interfere with one another and the latch is released, thereby releasing the retaining device and, therefore, the separable compartment.

In this particular embodiment, the actuation device may not include a spring, may not include a valve, and may not include a stopper device.

In this embodiment, the actuator (e.g., plunger/piston) and the closure are tethered together. When the retaining means (fastening means and/or a material that reacts to changes in the sampling device's external environment) is activated (passively or actively), the separate compartment is released, causing the actuator to move along the sampling device's housing due to the pressure drop within the housing. The actuator, tethered to the closure, is under tension. The actuator moves along the sampling device's housing, and the tensioned tether pulls the closure until it reaches the opening. The closure is pushed or pulled into the opening, forming a closed sampling device. Simultaneously, the actuator draws the sample into the sampling device's chamber. The sample is thus sealed within the sampling device. Because the actuator is tethered to the closure under tension, the actuator (plunger/piston) cannot be released further, and therefore, a stopper is not required to stop the plunger from leaving the sampling device.

In an alternative embodiment, the retaining means is also tethered under tension to the closing means.

Further embodiments may include a spring to increase the force with which the actuator is driven along the housing.

The sampling device may further comprise a triggering device. The triggering device may be an element of the sampling device that can be automatically activated, pre-programmed and/or remotely activated. The triggering device may be an element that can interact with the retaining device to provide the effect of releasing the separated compartment of the sampling device.

In particular embodiments, the retaining device may be activated by a triggering device and/or in response to a release parameter.

In particular embodiments, the interlock mechanism may be activated by a triggering mechanism and/or in response to a release parameter.

In particular embodiments, the fastening device may be activated by a triggering device and/or in response to a release parameter.

In particular, the triggering device may be automatically activated, pre-programmed and/or remotely activated.

In some embodiments, the triggering mechanism may be in the form of an electronic actuation.

Electronic actuation can be selected from electromagnetic devices (such as solenoids and/or motors, magnetostrictive materials), piezoelectric electronic devices (such as stacks or diaphragms), shape changers (muscle wires), electrochemical (battery venting, spark generators, photosensitive adhesives), heating elements and/or fusion (fuse blowing, heating elements or wax actuators).

In specific embodiments, the triggering device can be a solenoid or an electric motor. A solenoid or electric motor can consist of wire wound around a central metal core. When current is passed through the wire, the resulting electromagnetic field causes the solid core to move. This movement can be used to implement one or more mechanisms required to release the interlock mechanism and/or retaining device.

In certain embodiments, the triggering mechanism may be a magnetostrictive material. When a magnetic field is applied to the magnetostrictive material, the material changes shape and/or size. This change in shape or size can be used as a source of kinetic energy to activate one or more mechanisms required to release the interlock mechanism and/or retaining device.

In a specific embodiment, the triggering device can be a piezoelectric material. When an electric field is applied to the piezoelectric material, mechanical strain is generated. The force generated by this piezoelectric effect can be used as a source of kinetic energy to implement one or more mechanisms required to release the interlock mechanism and/or retaining device. The available force can be multiplied by stacking piezoelectric elements.

In a specific embodiment, the triggering device can be a muscle wire. Specifically, the muscle wire can be a fiber of nickel-titanium alloy (e.g., NiTiO2 or NiTiO2) that changes length in the presence of an electric current. The force generated by the change in length can be used as a source of kinetic energy to achieve one or more mechanisms required to release the interlock mechanism and/or retain the device.

In a specific embodiment, the triggering device can be a fuse. Specifically, a section of material is used to block the energy of an actuating device (e.g., including a spring), preventing the separate compartment from being released from the housing of the sampling device. When an electric current is applied to the material, the resistance causes the material to heat up and mechanically fail. Typically, the material will be zinc, copper, silver, aluminum, or an alloy designed to provide predictable failure characteristics. Failure of the fuse will release the interlock mechanism and/or retaining device, thereby allowing the separate compartment to be released.

In further embodiments, the retaining device and/or the triggering device may be automatically activated, pre-programmed, and/or remotely activated.

The triggering device can be automatically activated in response to a release parameter (pH, temperature, etc.). The triggering device can be activated by instructions programmed into the microprocessor of the separate compartment in response to the release parameter. The triggering device can also be activated by an external wireless system in response to an external release parameter (e.g., time, daylight) or by direct intervention of the system user.

In some embodiments, the holding device and/or the triggering device are activated in response to a release parameter. In a specific embodiment, the holding device is released in response to a release parameter.

When the release parameter can be activated by a physiological property (eg pH, pressure, temperature) or externally remotely activated, the release parameter can activate the retaining means and/or the triggering means.

The release parameter can be a pH change, a temperature change, a light change, a humidity change, a solute concentration and/or an enzyme activity or enzyme concentration, and/or can be activated at a predetermined time and/or a predetermined pH and/or a predetermined temperature and/or a predetermined light, and/or a predetermined humidity and/or a predetermined solute concentration and/or a predetermined enzyme activity or enzyme concentration or a location and/or environmental conditions, etc.

In specific embodiments, the release parameters can be remotely activated from outside the animal's body, or can be pre-programmed based on time, or can be activated based on other physiological characteristics (eg, pH, pressure, temperature, etc.).

In particular, the release parameter may be activated in response to a predetermined signal from the environment external to the sampling device and/or in response to a predetermined signal from an internal processor and/or controller in the sampling device.

The sampling device can be programmed to open in response to a pH signal indicative of gastric emptying, for example, 60 minutes after the pH rises above pH 3 or 60 minutes after the pH rises by at least 2 pH units and remains elevated for 3 minutes. Additionally, changes in temperature can also be used to determine increases in gastric pH due to water ingestion so that these events are not mistaken for gastric emptying.

Calibration techniques using parameters such as time, temperature, and pH to determine the location in the gastrointestinal tract of an animal are known in the art. Typically, the pH during transit through the gastrointestinal tract is expected to rise sharply upon stomach emptying, continue to rise at a slower rate along the small intestine, drop sharply upon entering the large intestine, and then begin to rise again very slowly (this can be seen in FIG9 ). Specifically, for example, the moment when the sampling device reaches the end of the small intestine can be determined as follows: (1) a pH increase of at least 4 pH units is detected; (2) this pH increase persists for about 10 minutes; and (3) this increase is at least 30 minutes after leaving the stomach.

In some embodiments, the sampling device may include a controller (internal or external to the sampling device) that controls the activation of the release parameter. Specifically, the controller may generate a signal at a predetermined time or may receive a signal from an external source or generate a signal in response to a sensed parameter (such as pH, temperature, pressure, enzyme activity, etc.).

In some embodiments, a signal is induced in the circuitry of a sampling device by an array of electromagnetic coils external to the test subject's body. Movement of the test subject (e.g., by walking between the array of electromagnetic coils, or by moving a handheld coil array around the test subject's body) induces a current in the circuitry of the sampling device. This current is interpreted as a signal that serves as a release parameter.

In some embodiments, the circuit includes a signal receiving coil that receives a wireless signal from an external transmitter. This signal can be activated at any time by an external operator and used as a release parameter.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the retaining device may be a rotation interlock mechanism activated by a trigger device, such as a bayonet mount. Figures 5A and 5B are schematic diagrams of an example of a bayonet mount as a rotation interlock mechanism on a sampling device.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the retaining means may be a rotational interlock mechanism, such as a bayonet mount, which is activated by a triggering means such as a piezo beam.

Specifically, the separable compartment is inserted into the housing and rotated to engage with the actuating device. The separable compartment and the actuating device (that is, plunger/piston) engage with each other to keep the stored energy by a pin or other positioning device. This rotation causes the spring (which provides the force that makes the separable compartment rotate in the housing) in the interlocking mechanism to extend, thereby storing a certain amount of energy in the spring. This rotation also causes the projection on the separable compartment and on the housing to align, thereby preventing the separable compartment from being released and being releasably maintained thus. This sampling device is thus under its compressed configuration.

When a sensor (e.g., a pH and/or temperature sensor) detects an appropriate change in pH and/or temperature, a signal is sent from the microprocessor to the piezoelectric beam, causing the beam to deflect. This deflection disengages the detent pins and allows the stored spring energy to be released, thereby rotating the separable compartment within the housing. This rotation causes the protrusions in the separable compartment and the housing to move out of alignment, allowing the separable compartment to be ejected by the actuator.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the retaining means may be a rotational interlocking mechanism, such as a bayonet-type mount, which is activated by a triggering means, such as a muscle wire.

Specifically, the separable compartment is inserted into the housing and rotated to engage with the actuator via a pin or other positioning device. This rotation causes the spring to extend, storing a certain amount of energy in the spring. This rotation also causes the projections on the separable compartment and on the housing to align, preventing the separable compartment from being released. The sampling device is now in its compressed state. When a sensor (e.g., a pH and/or temperature sensor) detects an appropriate change in pH and/or temperature, a signal is sent from the microprocessor to a section of muscle wire, causing the muscle wire to shorten. One end of the muscle wire is attached to a positioning pin. This shortening causes the positioning pin to disengage and allows the stored spring energy to be released, thereby causing the separable compartment to rotate in the housing. This rotation causes the projections in the separable compartment and in the housing to disengage, allowing the separable compartment to be ejected by the actuator.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the retaining means may be a radial interlocking mechanism, such as a bayonet-type mount, which is activated by a triggering means, such as a shape memory alloy (SMA).

Specifically, the separate compartment is inserted into the housing and rotated to engage with the actuator via a pin or other detent. This rotation extends a simple spring element, storing a certain amount of energy within the spring. This rotation also causes the protrusions on the separate compartment and on the housing to align, preventing the separate compartment from being released. The sampling device is now in its compressed state. When a sensor (e.g., a pH and/or temperature sensor) detects an appropriate change in pH and/or temperature, a signal is sent from the microprocessor to a deformed shape memory alloy, causing the shape memory alloy to return to its initial form. One end of the shape memory alloy is attached to a detent pin. This change in shape causes the detent pin to disengage and allows the stored spring energy to be released, thereby causing the separate compartment to rotate within the housing. This rotation causes the protrusions in the separate compartment and in the housing to disalign, allowing the separate compartment to be ejected by the actuator.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the retaining means may be a radial interlocking mechanism, such as a compressible material activated by a triggering mechanism. Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of an example of an O-ring as a radial interlocking mechanism on a sampling device.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the retaining means may be a radial interlocking mechanism, for example a compressible material in the form of an O-ring, which is activated by a triggering means such as a piezoelectric beam.

Specifically, the separable compartment is inserted linearly into the housing. A continuous linear force on the separable compartment (after it is inside the housing) compresses the elastic O-ring between the cover and the body of the separable compartment. This compression causes the O-ring to deform, causing it to interfere with a stopper device (e.g., a lip) on the end of the housing, preventing the separable compartment from being released. The O-ring is kept compressed by a latching mechanism within the separable compartment. When a sensor (e.g., a pH and/or temperature sensor) detects an appropriate change in pH and/or temperature, a signal is sent from a microprocessor to a piezoelectric beam, causing the beam to deflect. This deflection disengages the latching mechanism and allows the O-ring to return to its initial, uncompressed state, in which it no longer interferes with a stopper device (e.g., a lip) on the housing. The separable compartment is then ejected by an actuator.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the retaining means may be a radial interlocking mechanism, for example a compressible material in the form of an O-ring, which is actuated by a triggering means such as a muscle wire.

Specifically, the separable compartment is linearly inserted into the main body of the pill. The continuous linear force on the separable compartment (after it is located inside the main pill body) compresses the elastic O-ring between the lid and the main body of the separable compartment. This compression causes the O-ring to deform, causing it to interfere with the lip on the end of the main pill body, thereby preventing the separable compartment from being ejected. The O-ring is kept compressed by the latching mechanism in the separable compartment. When a sensor (such as pH and/or temperature sensor) detects the appropriate change of pH and/or temperature, a signal is sent from the microprocessor to a section of muscle wire, causing the muscle wire to shorten. One end of the muscle wire is attached to the latching mechanism. This shortening causes the latching mechanism to disengage and allows the O-ring to return to its initial uncompressed state, in which the O-ring no longer interferes with the lip on the pill body. Then, the separable compartment can be freely ejected by the actuator.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the retaining means may be a radial interlocking mechanism, such as a compressible material in the form of an O-ring, which is activated by a triggering means such as a shape memory alloy (SMA).

Specifically, the separate compartment is inserted linearly into the housing. A continuous linear force on the separate compartment (after it is inside the housing) causes the elastic O-ring to be compressed between the cover and the body of the separate compartment. This compression causes the O-ring to deform, causing it to interfere with a stopper device (e.g., a lip) on the end of the housing, preventing the separate compartment from being released. The O-ring is kept compressed by a latching mechanism within the separate compartment. When a sensor (e.g., a pH and/or temperature sensor) detects an appropriate change in pH and/or temperature, a signal is sent from the microprocessor to a deformed shape memory alloy, causing the shape memory alloy to return to its original shape. One end of the shape memory alloy is attached to the latching mechanism. This change in shape causes the latching mechanism to disengage and allows the O-ring to return to its initial, uncompressed state, in which the O-ring no longer interferes with the stopper device on the housing. The separate compartment can then be freely ejected by the actuator.

Specifically, in a specific embodiment of the present invention, the holding device may be a fastening device activated by a trigger device. Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of an example of a fastening device as a holding device of a sampling device.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the retaining means may be a fastening means activated by a triggering means such as a piezoelectric beam.

Specifically, the separate compartment is linearly inserted into the housing, compressing the actuator. A tether is attached to the actuator and extends around the outer surface of the sampling device and is clamped by a securing mechanism (such as a clamping mechanism). The securing mechanism consists of a protrusion extending through a membrane on the surface of the separate compartment. This protrusion is held in place by a latch and lever mechanism within the separate compartment. The latch can be initially engaged by the temporary action of a magnet or electromagnet. The securing mechanism allows the actuator to remain engaged under tension, thereby preventing movement. When a sensor (such as a pH and/or temperature sensor) detects an appropriate change in pH and/or temperature, a signal is sent from the microprocessor to the piezoelectric beam, causing it to deflect. This deflection disengages the latch and lever mechanism, allowing the securing mechanism to release. The actuator can then freely push and eject the separate compartment. As the actuator travels along the housing, the tether is pulled through the opened pill. A closure is attached at a point on the tether, blocking the opening of the sampling device when the actuator is fully extended.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the retaining means may be a fastening means activated by a triggering means such as a muscle wire.

Specifically, the separate compartment is inserted linearly into the housing, compressing the actuator. A tether is attached to the actuator and extends around the outer surface of the sampling device to be clamped by a fastening and retaining device (e.g., a clamping mechanism). The fastening device consists of a protrusion extending through a membrane on the surface of the separate compartment. This protrusion is held in place by a latch and lever mechanism within the separate compartment. A latch can be engaged by the temporary action of a magnet or electromagnet. The fastening device allows the tether to remain under tension, thereby preventing movement of the actuator. When a sensor (e.g., a pH and/or temperature sensor) detects an appropriate change in pH and/or temperature, a signal is sent from the microprocessor to a section of muscle wire, causing the muscle wire to shorten. One end of the muscle wire is attached to the latch and lever mechanism. This shortening disengages the latch and lever mechanism, allowing the fastening device to be released. The actuator can then be freely ejected from the separate compartment. As the actuator moves along the housing, the tether is pulled through the main opening of the sampling device. A closure device is attached at a point on the tether, which serves to block the opening of the sampling device when the actuator is fully extended.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the retaining means may be a fastening means activated by a triggering means such as a shape memory alloy (SMA).

Specifically, the separate compartment is inserted linearly into the housing, compressing the actuator. A tether is attached to the actuator and extends around the outer surface of the sampling device to be clamped by a fastening and retaining device (such as a clamping mechanism). The fastening device consists of a protrusion extending through a membrane on the surface of the separate compartment. This protrusion is held in place by a latch and lever mechanism within the separate compartment. A latch can be engaged by the temporary action of a magnet or electromagnet. The fastening device allows the tether to remain under tension, thereby preventing movement of the actuator. When a sensor (such as a pH and/or temperature sensor) detects an appropriate change in pH and/or temperature, a signal is sent from the microprocessor to a section of deformed shape-memory alloy, causing the shape-memory alloy to return to its original shape. One end of the shape-memory alloy is attached to the latch and lever mechanism. This change in shape causes the latch and lever mechanism to disengage and allows the fastening device to release. The actuator can then be freely ejected from the separate compartment. As the actuator moves along the housing, the tether is pulled through the opening of the sampling device. A closure device is attached to the tether at a point that blocks the opening of the sampling device when the actuator is fully extended.

A second aspect of the present invention provides a method of obtaining a sample (eg, the interior of the gastrointestinal tract of an animal), comprising the steps of orally administering a sampling device of the present invention to the animal, and recovering the sampling device.

The sampling device can be orally ingested by the animal, recovered from the feces, and the sample is easily extracted. The sample will be preserved and recovered from the sampling device for various biological, chemical, and physical tests, such as total nitrogen testing for proteins, amino acid analysis using high performance liquid chromatography, peptide size measurement, for example, by gel permeation chromatography, assessment of the presence of immune factors, such as by ELISA, identification and enumeration of microorganisms using microbial culture methods, or molecular/DNA sequencing or fingerprint analysis, or detection of metabolites, for example, by mass spectrometry.

In some embodiments, the capsules may be administered to the animal in the fasting state, with food, or at intervals before and/or after feeding.

In some embodiments, an animal may ingest more than one sampling device. Each sampling device may be ingested by the animal at a different time. Each sampling device is capable of obtaining a separate sample at a different point along the gastrointestinal tract. The sampling devices may be ingested individually and/or coupled together for ingestion.

In particular, the sampling device may store and/or obtain a volume of up to about 18 ml to 20 ml, depending on the size of the sampling device.

In some embodiments, the methods of the invention are performed on animals (e.g., mammals). The animals can be humans and/or companion animals, farm animals, or production animals, such as dogs, cats, horses, cows, sheep, and/or chickens.

Depending on the species it is used for, the sampling device may need to be modified. Specifically, smaller animals will require a smaller sampling device. Differences in gastrointestinal pH profiles also need to be considered, particularly in the case of ruminants.

Methods of detecting a sampling device during its transit along the gastrointestinal tract of an animal are known in the art, such as using radiography or ultrasound. Other modes of detecting a sampling device are readily known in the art, such as insertion of a microchip and/or wireless transmission.

The sampling device can be used in any method that preferably or must avoid intervention (manual intervention or other intervention). These methods include collecting samples from treatment tanks (such as sewage, food and beverage, biological products or chemicals such as fuel production, agricultural systems such as biofuels or fertilizer and pesticide production, fish (home or industry) hospitals or factory pipelines). The method involves adding a sampling device to the above-mentioned system and finally obtaining the sampling device from the system. The sampling device can be obtained from the same position or from different positions in the system. The sampling device can have been passed through the system before it is retrieved.

Other aspects and features of the present disclosure are set forth in the following:

1. A sampling device comprising a housing, wherein the housing comprises a chamber, at least one opening, an actuating device and a separate compartment, wherein the separate compartment is releasably retained within the housing by a retaining device, wherein the retaining device is an interlocking mechanism between the housing and the separate compartment, and wherein the actuating device enables internal material to be drawn into the chamber through the opening and simultaneously pushes the separate compartment along the housing until the separate compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device, thereby creating an increased space or volume for receiving and storing a sample within the chamber of the sampling device.

2. The sampling device according to item 1 above, wherein the interlocking mechanism is tightened and/or released by a rotational movement, a radial movement or a linear movement or by a rotational means, a radial means or a linear means.

3. The sampling device according to item 2 above, wherein the rotational interlock mechanism is a bayonet-type mounting.

4. The sampling device according to item 2 above, wherein the radial interlocking mechanism is a rubber O-ring gasket.

5. The sampling device according to item 2 above, wherein the linear interlocking mechanism is a pin that pushes the separable compartment into place.

6. The sampling device according to any one of items 1 to 5 above, wherein the retaining device further comprises a material that reacts to changes in the external environment of the sampling device.

7. The sampling device according to item 6 above, wherein the material responds to pH, temperature, light, humidity, solute concentration or enzymatic degradation.

8. The sampling device according to item 6 or 7 above, wherein the material is degradable, digestible or soluble.

9. The sampling device according to any one of items 2 to 8 above, wherein the holding device is activated by a triggering device selected from an electromagnetic or piezoelectric device, a shape memory alloy, a muscle wire or a consumable fuse.

10. The sampling device according to any one of items 2 to 9 above, wherein the holding device is released in response to a release parameter.

11. The sampling device according to item 10 above, wherein the release parameter is a change in pH, a change in temperature, a change in humidity, a change in solute concentration, a change in enzyme concentration or a change in light, and/or is activated at a predetermined time and/or at a predetermined pH and/or at a predetermined temperature and/or a predetermined humidity level and/or a predetermined solute concentration and/or a predetermined enzyme activity or enzyme concentration.

12. The sampling device according to any one of items 2 to 11 above, wherein the holding device and/or the triggering device are automatically activated, pre-programmed and/or remotely activated.

13. The sampling device according to any one of items 10 to 12 above, wherein the release parameter responds to changes in the external environment of the sampling device and is a material that is degradable, digestible or soluble by responding to pH, temperature, light, solute concentration or enzymes.

14. Sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the retaining means is a bayonet mount activated by a trigger means.

15. The sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the retaining means is a rubber O-ring gasket activated by a trigger means.

16. The sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the at least one opening is an inlet and/or an outlet.

17. The sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the opening is a one-way valve.

18. The sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the actuating means comprises at least one plunger.

19. The sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the actuating means is a spring and plunger arrangement.

20. A sampling device according to any preceding clause, wherein the actuation means is coupled at one end of a housing of the sampling device and the separable compartment is releasably retained by a retaining means located within the housing at an opposite end of the sampling device.

21. The sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the retaining means is activated and the separable compartment is at least partially released and at least partially disengaged from the actuating means.

22. The sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the actuating means is prevented from ejecting from the housing by stopper means at an end of the housing, wherein the separate compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device.

23. The sampling device according to item 22 above, wherein the stopper means is a lip, a pin, a lug or a protrusion.

24. The sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the separate compartment comprises at least one battery, a sensor and a microprocessor.

25. The sampling device according to item 24 above, wherein the sensor is a pH sensor and/or a temperature sensor.

26. The sampling device according to item 24 or 25 above, wherein the separate compartment further comprises a pressure switch.

27. The sampling device according to item 26 above, wherein the pressure switch is adapted to record the time when the separable compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device.

28. The sampling device according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the sampling device is reusable.

29. The sampling device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the sampling device is used to sample internal materials from the gastrointestinal tract of an animal.

30. A method for obtaining a sample from the gastrointestinal tract of an animal, comprising the steps of orally administering the sampling device as described in any one of the preceding items to the animal, and retrieving the sampling device.

31. The method of item 30 above, wherein the animal is a human, companion animal, farm animal, or production animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, sheep, and/or chicken.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will now be further described by reference to the following examples and figures, which are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

Figures 1A and 1B are views of example embodiments of sampling devices. Figure 1A shows an external view of a representative sampling device, and Figure 1B shows a cross-sectional view of the sampling device including separate electronic components.

2A and 2B are schematic diagrams of the sampling device.

FIG3 is a schematic diagram of an example of a sampling device.

FIG. 4 shows an exploded view of the different compartments of one embodiment of the sampling device.

Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of a specific embodiment of a sampling device. Figure 5A shows an illustration of a bayonet mount, and Figure 5B shows an illustration of a specific example of a sampling device where the retaining device is a rotational interlock mechanism (bayonet mount).

Figure 6 shows a diagram of another embodiment of the sampling device. This figure shows the retaining device as a compression O-ring.

Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a sampling device. This figure shows a specific example, in which the holding device is a fastening device, the holding device is tethered to the closing device, the closing device is tethered to the actuating device, and a triggering device is shown.

8A-8L are illustrations of example embodiments of a retaining device as an interlocking mechanism.

Figure 8A illustrates a radial interlock mechanism, which features an arcuate friction element. Retention mechanism—radial interlock, arcuate friction element. Arc-shaped elements protruding from the sides of the separable compartment interfere with the inner surface of the housing, causing friction. This friction prevents the separable compartment from being released. The element is held in the arcuate configuration by a force generated by a triggering mechanism, such as current passing through a piezoelectric stack. When the current is disconnected, the arcuate elements relax, reducing friction and allowing the separable compartment to be released.

Figure 8B illustrates a radial interlocking mechanism in the form of a circlip. The circlip fits into a groove on the outer circumference of the separable compartment. The circlip interferes with a second groove on the inner surface of the housing, preventing the separable compartment from being released. The triggering mechanism can be a length of muscle wire that shortens when current flows through it, squeezing the circlip together and reducing its circumference, allowing the separable compartment to be released.

FIG8C is a rotation locking mechanism, which is a rotational detent (e.g., a rotational point detent). A rotatable arm protrudes from the separable compartment to interfere with a lip on the end of the housing, thereby preventing the separable compartment from being released. A triggering device, such as an electric motor, rotates the arm on a sealed bearing so that it no longer interferes with the lip, thereby allowing the separable compartment to be released.

Figure 8D illustrates a linear interlock mechanism that acts as a deformable cylinder. This prevents the separate compartment from being ejected by a protrusion on the end of the housing. A portion of the housing is made of a deformable material, such as a piezoelectric material. When current passes through the piezoelectric material, it deflects outward, away from the separate compartment. The protrusion no longer presents an obstruction, and the separate compartment is released.

Figure 8E shows a linear interlock mechanism for a pin. The pin protrudes through an opening in the separable compartment into a recessed hole in the housing, preventing the separable compartment from being released. A trigger device, such as a solenoid device, provides a force that pushes the pin outward through the hole in the housing, allowing the separable compartment to be released.

Figure 8F shows a linear interlock mechanism, a bimetallic latch. A bimetallic pin protrudes through an opening in the housing and interferes with a recess in the split compartment, preventing the latter, i.e., the split compartment, from being released. A triggering mechanism (e.g., an electronic heating coil) heats the bimetallic latch/pin, causing it to deflect or deform. This change causes the bimetallic latch (or pin) to disengage from the split compartment, allowing it to be released (Q = heat).

FIG8G illustrates a radial interlock mechanism, which is a pull-in latch. Two deformable members protrude from the surface of the separate compartment into a hole in the housing, preventing the separate compartment from being ejected. A triggering mechanism (e.g., a piezoelectric stack) pushes the deformable members in a direction parallel to the length of the sampling device. This causes the ends of the deformable members to retract inwardly away from the housing, allowing the separate compartment to be released.

Figure 8H illustrates a linear interlocking mechanism that functions as a deformable pin. Two elements protrude from the housing's surface into recesses in the compartment, preventing the compartment from being released. These elements are deformable, for example, made of a shape-memory alloy. When current passes through them, their hardness changes, making them more flexible. The force of the actuator can then deform them to the point where the compartment is released.

Figure 8I illustrates a rotational interlock mechanism using magnets. Magnets embedded in the separable compartment and housing surface are aligned so that an attractive force exists between them. This attractive force prevents the separable compartment from being released. A triggering device, such as an electric motor, causes the magnets to become out of alignment, or to align in a manner that causes the poles to repel. This eliminates the attractive force between the magnets, allowing the separable compartment to be released.

FIG8J is an electromagnet-type linear interlocking mechanism. The end surfaces of the split compartment are made of ferrous material. The ends of the housing are made of ferromagnetic metal. Current is passed through the electromagnet, generating an attractive force between the end of the housing and the end surface of the split compartment, preventing the split compartment from being released. When the current is removed, the attractive force ceases, and the split compartment can be released.

FIG8K is a representation of a retaining device for heat-sensitive materials. The separate compartment is prevented from being released by a material that degrades when heated (e.g., wax). Upon heating, the material softens and is no longer able to resist the force of the actuator, and the separate compartment is released.

FIG8L is a diagram illustrating a retaining device for a light-sensitive material. The separate compartment is prevented from being released by friction caused by glue or a glue-like material between the separate compartment and the housing. When the material is exposed to light, such as a light-emitting diode, the (glue) material degrades and the separate compartment is released.

9 is a graph of time versus pH for the gastrointestinal tract of an animal and illustrates the point in time at which the sampling device is opened, at which point the sampling device captures a sample.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing different electrical components that may be in a discrete assembly.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating that the sampling device may be turned on when a battery is inserted; the sampling device initializes and then repeatedly goes through the main cycle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following example details how to use the sampling device:

The breakaway compartment is removed from the sampling device and unscrewed to allow access to the onboard electronics. A microprocessor is connected to the serial communications connector to allow configuration of the appropriate sampling rate. A new battery is inserted into the PCB, and the breakaway compartment is resealed. The electronics record pH data from the time the battery is inserted until it is removed. Each sampling event is associated with a flashing LED to indicate to the user that the pill is functioning correctly.

The pH sensor is then calibrated against a set of known pH buffer solutions.

The separate compartment is inserted into the housing together with a gasket made of a material that degrades under alkaline pH conditions. This gasket acts as a retaining device, preventing the separate compartment from being ejected.

The valve assembly is screwed into the housing. This compresses the actuator's spring, forcing the plunger against the split compartment. A protrusion on the plunger engages the switch assembly on the PCB via a membrane on the split compartment surface. This is registered by the onboard electronics as an indication that the sampling device is in its closed/compressed configuration.

The sampling device is then ready for administration to a test subject.

During its transit through the gastrointestinal tract, the sampling device samples the output of the pH sensor at a predetermined sampling rate (e.g., every 30 seconds). Upon exiting the stomach, the gasket retaining the device begins to degrade in the alkaline environment of the duodenum. When the gasket degrades to the point where it can no longer withstand the force of the compression spring of the actuator, the separate compartment ejects from the sampling device.

When the separate compartment is ejected from the sampling device, the movement of the plunger along the length of the sampling device creates a temporary vacuum, which draws a sample of the digestive tract contents through the opening and into the sampling device. During this time, the pressure on the plunger protrusion on the switch assembly decreases. This is registered by the onboard electronics as an indication that the sampling device is in its open/uncompressed configuration.

After transiting through the entire digestive tract, the sampling device is recovered at excretion. It is recovered in two parts: a compartment containing the sampled digestive tract contents, and a separate compartment containing data related to the pH recorded during transit and a record of the sampling time, indicated by a change in switch state.

The sampling device is unscrewed to retrieve the sampled digestive tract contents.The split compartment is calibrated a second time against a known set of pH buffer solutions to check for drift in the pH sensor output compared to the initial calibration.

The detachable compartment is unscrewed and the battery removed. Data is downloaded from the onboard flash memory via a serial communication connector attached to the microprocessor. This data can be seen in Figure 9.

The sampling device is reprogrammed and ready for reuse.

The results in Figure 9 show the pH calibration along the animal's gastrointestinal tract, at which point the sample was captured and the corresponding pH.

Claims (30)

1. A sampling device comprising a housing, wherein the housing includes a chamber, at least one opening, an actuation device, and a detachable compartment, wherein the detachable compartment is releasably retained within the housing and is ejectable, and wherein the actuation device enables a sample to be drawn into the chamber through the opening and simultaneously pushes the detachable compartment along the housing until the detachable compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device, thereby creating increased space or volume for receiving and storing the sample within the chamber of the sampling device; It also includes a retaining device that releasably holds the separate compartment within the housing of the sampling device, and the retaining device is made of a material that responds to changes in the external environment of the sampling device. 2. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the holding device is an interlocking mechanism between the housing and the separate compartment. 3. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the holding device is a fastening device. 4. The sampling device according to claim 2, characterized in that the interlocking mechanism is fastened and/or released by rotational motion, radial motion, or linear motion, or by a rotational device, radial device, or linear device. 5. The sampling device according to claim 4, wherein the holding device is a rotary interlocking mechanism, and the rotary interlocking mechanism is a bayonet-type mounting component. 6. The sampling device according to claim 4, wherein the holding device is a radial interlocking mechanism, and the radial interlocking mechanism is a rubber O-ring washer. 7. The sampling device according to claim 4, wherein the holding device is a linear interlocking mechanism, and the linear interlocking mechanism is a pin that pushes the separate compartment into place. 8. The sampling device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the holding device is activated by a triggering device selected from electromagnetic or piezoelectric devices, shape memory alloys, muscle wires, or consumable fuses. 9. The sampling device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the holding device is released in response to the release parameter. 10. The sampling device according to claim 9, wherein the release parameter is a change in pH, a change in temperature, a change in humidity, a change in solute concentration, a change in enzyme concentration, or a change in light, and/or is activated at a predetermined time and/or at a predetermined pH and/or at a predetermined temperature and/or at a predetermined humidity level and/or at a predetermined solute concentration and/or at a predetermined enzyme activity or enzyme concentration. 11. The sampling device according to claim 8, wherein the holding device and/or the triggering device are automatically activated, pre-programmed, and/or remotely activated. 12. The sampling device according to claim 9, wherein the release parameter responds to changes in the external environment of the sampling device and is a material that is degradable, digestible, or soluble by responding to pH, temperature, light, solute concentration, or enzymes. 13. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the holding device is a bayonet-type mounting component activated by a triggering device. 14. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the holding device is a rubber O-ring washer activated by a triggering device. 15. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one opening is an inlet and/or an outlet. 16. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the opening is a one-way valve. 17. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the holding device is a fastening device, the actuating device is roped to the closing device, and the movement of the actuating device causes the closing device to block the opening, wherein the fastening device is also roped to the closing device. 18. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the actuation device comprises at least one plunger. 19. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the actuating device is a spring and plunger device. 20. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the actuating device is coupled to one end of the housing of the sampling device, and the separable compartment is releasably held by a holding device located within the housing at the opposite end of the sampling device. 21. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the holding device is activated, and the split compartment is at least partially released and at least partially disengaged from the actuation device. 22. The sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that the actuating device is prevented from ejecting from the housing by a stop device at the end of the housing, and the split compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device. 23. The sampling device according to claim 22, wherein the stop device is a protrusion. 24. The sampling device according to claim 23, wherein the protrusion is a lip, a pin, or a lug. 25. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the separate compartment comprises at least one battery, a sensor, and a microprocessor. 26. The sampling device according to claim 25, wherein the sensor is a pH sensor and/or a temperature sensor. 27. The sampling device according to claim 25 or 26, wherein the separate compartment further includes a pressure switch. 28. The sampling device according to claim 27, wherein the pressure switch is adapted to record the moment when the separate compartment is ejected from the housing of the sampling device. 29. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the sampling device is reusable. 30. The sampling device according to claim 1, wherein the sampling device is used to sample from the gastrointestinal tract of an animal.