HK1117723B - Tooth implant - Google Patents

Description

Dental implant

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a single-root or multi-root dental implant having a shape matching the socket, the dental implant having macroscopic retainers protruding onto the socket surface, preferably for immediate tooth replacement after loss of the tooth.

Background

The method for placing the implant, which is checked and verified for more than 20 years, consists in: rotationally symmetrical holes are milled into the bone and precisely matching implants are driven or screwed in. After placement, these rotationally symmetric implant objects, pre-manufactured in different shapes, lengths and diameters, heal over several weeks.

This approach is problematic implantly if the implant should be placed directly after the loss of teeth. In such cases, it is therefore often necessary to wait first for the bone to heal, since these implants often do not produce sufficient support in the bone due to the inconsistency between the cavities (alveoli) encountered after the tooth has been removed and the pre-manufactured implants. It is therefore advantageous to individually adapt the implant to the bone conditions encountered.

Such an implant is known from DE 10109118A. Implants are proposed that fit into the alveolus so as to be secured seamlessly in the bone by means of an adhesive or by enlarging the periodontal gap and thus by means of a press fit. It should be mentioned here that the additional retention is accomplished by milling in the region of the root of the implant.

Similar implants are known from WO 88/03391, wherein the implant is pressed into the bone with slight enlargement, and retainers formed by bevelling from below are also described here.

Documents US 5,603,616a and US 5,427,526a describe single part implants which are substantially rotationally symmetrical and tapered or manufactured separately on the basis of a mold. The implant is provided with retainers at its lower end, which are arranged with a corresponding inclination along the helical line to screw into the surface of the socket when screwing the implant into the corresponding pre-existing socket. The distribution of the bits should be as evenly distributed as possible throughout the circumference to avoid unilateral loading. In addition, it is also proposed here that the implant be enlarged by 0.5mm in all dimensions to achieve a press fit.

From DE 4100636a, a root-shaped implant is known, the production of which is effected in an expanded embodiment by copy milling, which is 1: 1, without further description of the surface structure.

From DE 19513881, it is known to first enlarge the width of the dental retainer device by the implant and then to reduce it again by a regular, honeycomb-like pull-in that encloses substantially the entire implant within the bone.

From US 4,187,608A, implants are known which are exact copies of missing teeth, wherein the production of the implant should be achieved by a special sintering process, which should improve the growth and ingrowth of bone material.

From US 2005/0048440a, an implant is likewise known, which has a socket geometry in the region of the root. To improve bone growth, the surface is suitably treated by etching, sandblasting, coating with hydroxyapatite and/or providing a small bore.

None of these patents have been practically validated, so such implant techniques have not been used to date.

Disclosure of Invention

The object of the invention is therefore to provide an implant carrier and an implant with a root section whose surface structure is less damaging to the bone and therefore has a better healing potential and healing speed than implants and implant carriers according to the prior art.

This is achieved by taking into account the anatomy, in particular the bone mass and the bone mass, since the bone groove into which the implant carrier is inserted is usually not a uniformly configured large-volume bone, but also appears only very thin, in particular in the region toward the lips and toward the cheeks, and in the region toward the tongue and toward the palate. Furthermore, the bone around the tooth root is not configured circularly symmetrically, even approximately axisymmetrically, around a tooth center or tooth axis, but exhibits different bone mass and bone quantity depending on the tooth shape, the position of the tooth in the jaw, and also depending on the load (bite).

There is a range of bones in which thin compact bones are predominantly present, which are unlikely to be compressed without immediate fracture. Furthermore, this compact bone has little regenerative power, since it has little blood flow and therefore contains only few cells necessary for good regeneration. This is in contrast to cancellous (spongy) bone, which is slightly compressible, through which blood flows well and which therefore also provides a lot of cells for rapid bone regeneration. Particularly thin and compact bones are generally in the region of those teeth which exit in the mouth, i.e. in the region of the tooth neck and towards the lips and towards the cheeks, and in the region towards the tongue and towards the palate. In contrast, the bone located therebelow, in particular between the teeth, is generally already substantially thicker and less compact but spongy in its own right due to the oblong and conical root shape.

According to the invention, macroscopic retainers are provided only on the surface extent of the thick bone extent, which can be adjacent to the cancellous bone, corresponding to the bone encountered, which surface extent is generally the side of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier directed towards the adjacent tooth or jaw end.

The arch is substantially more load bearing in the direction of the arch (i.e., in the longitudinal direction corresponding to the tensile and compressive loads through the entire bite) than in the direction transverse to the arch. This is also due to the fact that the lower jaw is a tubular bone, which is loaded mainly in the longitudinal direction and not in the transverse direction by muscle traction. The bone structure cannot therefore withstand the compressive load in the transverse direction generated by the implant without immediately fracturing, as would inevitably occur simultaneously with an even distribution of macroscopic retainers. This is in contrast to wood boards, which do not break in the longitudinal direction when driving a nail, but in the transverse direction, since the structure is likewise constructed to withstand loads in the longitudinal direction, but not in the transverse direction. Compression of the bone is necessary to firmly fix the implant within the bone during the healing phase.

It is therefore proposed that the macroscopic retainers are formed only in the region of cancellous and thick bone and that the macroscopic retainers are therefore positioned in the main load direction of the bone. Conversely, in configurations where there is thin, little and/or no load bearing capacity, and/or compact bone, the size of the implant remains to correspond to the socket surface, or is slightly reduced. This is based on the recognition that: the range of thin, less or no load-bearing, compact bones must be unconditionally protected from excessive stress caused by the implant during the healing phase, since otherwise fractures would result, and this bone part can no longer be used to support the implant and is then resorbed.

The implant also does not allow for even or uneven enlargement over the entire surface, since the entire surface is taken up by this common pressure-generating bone, while the entire bone surface facing the implant is involved, and the implant fails due to the encouragement of the conical implant shape.

In the prior art, a generally uniform and non-differential surface treatment on the micro-and macro-scale of the implant, irrespective of the different bone masses and bone quantities and the direction of loading of the bone, often leads to implant failures.

First, according to the prior art, the extracted tooth or bone groove geometry and the tooth groove geometry are recorded in the form of a data set using conventional impression materials, laser scanning systems, CT (computed tomography), MRT (magnetic resonance tomography) or other techniques. The implant shape is then changed by forming macroscopic retainers according to the invention, for example by means of a 3D computer program. Macroscopic fixture is understood as the projection of the implant in the region of the tooth socket, which projection projects by at least 0.08mm, preferably by at least 0.4mm (corresponding to 80 and 400 μm), onto the surface corresponding to the tooth socket surface. These macroscopic retainers hold the implant point-by-point during healing thereof and prevent the implant from being pressed out of the socket prior to healing due to the substantially conical socket shape.

It is therefore proposed to produce implants adapted to the encountered bone, which, by an exact replication of the root, not only have the maximum implant-bone contact at the beginning, but also have specific macroscopic retainers at those locations of the tooth root that take particular account of the bone mass and bone number, so as not to cause bone resorption and fracture. The task of the macroscopic retainer is: by locally compressing the bone, the conical tooth is firmly fixed in the bone within the first six to eight weeks during the healing phase, whereby the bone can grow in the sense of osseointegration directly without prior absorption in the region of an accurate and tension-free abutment of the implant against the bone.

Preferably, the outer contour, i.e. the circumferential extent, is enlarged in at least two horizontal directions within the cancellous bone region, in which pressure can be absorbed without difficulty, to thereby reliably achieve the necessary stability and retention throughout the healing phase.

In contrast to macroscopic retainers, the microscopic retainers, in accordance with the prior art, preferably enclose the implant object entirely within the bone. The average roughness depth (distance between the base profile and the reference profile) between 40 μm and 70 μm is sought for the microscopic retainers. This is achieved according to the invention in the case of the preferred implant material ZrO2 (polycrystalline Y-TZP tetragonal zirconia, stabilized with yttrium) by sandblasting still soft, not yet sintered material with alumina or zirconia beads of a size of approximately 250 μm at a pressure of 1 to 3 bar. This is only allowed to take place as short as possible, preferably in the form of pulses, since otherwise too much material would be removed (0.1 to 0.5 seconds per position reached being completely sufficient). For already hardened zirconium oxide, a roughness depth of from 40 μm to 70 μm can only be achieved technically with great expenditure on account of the high hardness.

The number of macroscopic retainer ranges depends on the anatomy, such as the position of the roots (maxilla, mandible, lateral, anterior, single, multiple and tooth length). A range of two to eight retainers may be provided for a single tooth, typically four retainers. The lower limit of the height of the retainer range, i.e. its maximum protrusion above the socket surface, is 0.08mm (for smaller heights already almost into the range of microscopic retainers), better still more than 0.1mm, preferably more than 0.2mm, and especially preferably (at least several) more than 0.4mm, wherein the macroscopic retainer height from the apex of the root to the crown may increase when different heights are used in the implant depending on its taper, so as not to cause an impact on the bone socket when placed. However, in order to leave the sensitive bone groove free of load in the region of the tooth neck, no macroscopic retainers are formed in this region, but instead the implant diameter will preferably be reduced by 0.05mm to 1mm, if necessary perhaps by 1.5mm, in order to reliably avoid pressure absorption or fractures. Typically, where the bone is very cancellous and/or where there is a lot of cancellous bone, then the macroscopic retainers may always be larger.

In the construction of the invention, for a tooth with a single root, two preferably longitudinal macroscopic retainers are formed in the longitudinal direction of the tooth, which are located in the region between the teeth, preferably palatally or lingually placed, and serve as guides, with which the implant can be placed without applying pressure buccally or labially and without deflecting buccally or labially and without thus breaking the thin bone. For a multi-root tooth this would be prevented by the geometry of the socket.

Another aspect of the invention is that the implant is formed to be preferably slightly shorter than the socket by 0.3mm to 1mm to avoid, in particular during nailing or pressing in of the implant, crushing the tip of the socket base, as this leads to a loading of the tapered implant in the direction of extraction.

In summary, the present invention provides a dental implant or implant carrier with a shape matching the socket and macroscopic retainers protruding onto the socket surface,

the method is characterized in that:

the macroscopic retainer is disposed only on a surface extent of the implant or the implant carrier adjacent to the cancellous and thick bone extent.

Preferably, the buccal and lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier conform to or are located posterior to the alveolar surface.

Preferably, the macro-retainers are located on a plane normal to the tooth axis.

Preferably, the macro-retainers have a cross-section that is undulating, quadrilateral or triangular with rounded sides.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer consists of a plurality of faceted projections arranged linearly or undulated on the surface.

Preferably, for a single root tooth, at least one macro-retainer is formed in the longitudinal direction of the tooth, the macro-retainer lying palatally or lingually in the range between the teeth.

Preferably, for a single root tooth, two of said macroscopic retainers are formed in the longitudinal direction of said tooth.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.08mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.1mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.2mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.4mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

Preferably, the buccal and/or lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier recede 0.05mm to 1.0mm behind the surface conforming to the alveolar surface.

Preferably, the buccal and/or lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier recede 1.5mm posterior to the surface conforming to the alveolar surface.

The invention also provides a dental implant or implant carrier with a shape matching the socket and macroscopic retainers protruding onto the socket surface,

the method is characterized in that:

the macroscopic retainers are only arranged on the sides of the root region of the implant or implant carrier which point towards the adjacent teeth or towards the jaw end.

Preferably, the buccal and lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier conform to or are located posterior to the alveolar surface.

Preferably, the macro-retainers are located on a plane normal to the tooth axis.

Preferably, the macro-retainers have a cross-section that is undulating, quadrilateral or triangular with rounded sides.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer consists of a plurality of faceted projections arranged linearly or undulated on the surface.

Preferably, for a single root tooth, at least one macro-retainer is formed in the longitudinal direction of the tooth, the macro-retainer lying palatally or lingually in the range between the teeth.

Preferably, for a single root tooth, two of said macroscopic retainers are formed in the longitudinal direction of said tooth.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.08mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.1mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.2mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.4mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

Preferably, the buccal and/or lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier recede 0.05mm to 1.0mm behind the surface conforming to the alveolar surface.

Preferably, the buccal and/or lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier recede 1.5mm posterior to the surface conforming to the alveolar surface.

The present invention also provides a method for producing an implant or implant carrier according to the above, wherein the shape of the alveolus, which is changed within a determined range, and thus the shape of the root area of the implant or implant carrier is determined, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer is then applied over the root-scale shape and the amount of bounce is applied, and the implant or implant carrier is then produced.

Preferably, the implant and the implant carrier consist of ZrO 2; and producing microscopic bits having an average roughness depth of between 50 and 70 μm, at least on a part of the surface of the material, by short, pulsed particle injection, with an injection duration of between 0.1 and 0.5 seconds for each arrival position of the still soft, not yet sintered material, with alumina or zirconia beads of a size of 250 μm, at a pressure of 1 to 3 bar; and then sintering the implant or the implant carrier.

The present invention also provides a method for producing an implant or implant carrier according to the above, wherein it is determined and then produced: the shape of the tooth socket, and thus the shape of the root region of the implant or implant carrier, changed within the determined range, is characterized in that: the macroscopic retainers are then applied over the root span.

Preferably, the macroscopic retainer is applied by gluing over the root area.

Preferably, the implant and the implant carrier consist of ZrO 2; and producing microscopic bits having an average roughness depth of between 50 and 70 μm, at least on a part of the surface of the material, by short, pulsed particle injection, with an injection duration of between 0.1 and 0.5 seconds for each arrival position of the still soft, not yet sintered material, with alumina or zirconia beads of a size of 250 μm, at a pressure of 1 to 3 bar; and then sintering the implant or the implant carrier.

Drawings

The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the drawings. Shown here are:

FIG. 1 is a horizontal section through a human upper jaw in the region of the middle of the tooth root;

FIG. 2 is a tooth located in the jaw corresponding to section II-II of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a tooth row according to section III-III of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a premolar tooth viewed from the buccal side;

fig. 5 is a view from the buccal side of an implant according to the invention after milling with a crown peg and macro retainers;

FIG. 6 is a side view of the premolar of FIG. 4 from the viewing direction of the range between the teeth;

fig. 7 is a side view of the implant according to fig. 5 with macroscopic retainers in the range between the teeth;

fig. 8 is a cylindrical titanium implant according to the prior art;

fig. 9 is some examples of placement of a macroscopic retainer on an implant;

fig. 10 is a purely schematic illustration 10 a-10 f of different cross-sectional forms of macroscopic retainers;

FIG. 11 is a variation of the present invention with an extended root range; and

fig. 12 is a variation with discrete macroscopic retainers.

Detailed Description

The human maxilla is illustrated in fig. 1, with the outer side drawn towards the buccal side and the inner side drawn towards the palatal side. The black circle identified with reference numeral 101 in the left part of fig. 1 represents an implant according to the prior art with a cylindrical root shape. The inconsistencies 102 resulting from the prior art are clearly visible and cause the poor main stability problems mentioned at the outset.

The jaw bone is not uniformly structured, so that in addition to the compact bone region 104 there is a so-called cancellous bone region, i.e. a bone region which is not compactly but spongedly structured. The cancellous bone range 103 extends generally within the bone, in the range between the teeth, with reinforcement, and around the lower half of the root primarily within the mandible. In contrast, the compact bone area 104 encloses the tooth root on the palatal side, lingual side and also on the buccal side and labial side in a thin layer without load-bearing capacity.

Fig. 2 shows a cross-sectional view along section line II-II in the buccal and palatal directions through the teeth of fig. 1. In this figure, the thin compact bone region 104 is clearly visible.

Fig. 3 shows a section through the tooth row from front to back according to section III-III of fig. 1. Cancellous bone 103 is generally located in the range between teeth. The object of the invention is now: with knowledge of spatial bone distribution, the macroscopic retainers 107 are designed only at the locations of the implant adjacent to the cancellous bone. The macroscopic retainer 107 according to the invention, which is only point-by-point in the insensitive bone area, is sufficient to achieve that the implant remains in the jaw groove during the healing phase. The scope of macro-free retainers according to the present invention is identified in the figure at 110. Reference numeral 105 identifies the jaw cavity.

Fig. 4 shows the tooth viewed from the buccal side, and fig. 5 shows the associated implant with a crown peg 106 and a laterally projecting macroscopic retainer 107. Fig. 6 shows the same premolar tooth as seen from the viewing direction of the range between the teeth, thus rotated approximately 90 degrees relative to fig. 4. Likewise, the shrinkage 108 between the roots is also displayed as a range 109 between the roots. Fig. 7 shows a corresponding associated implant. It is evident in this view that on the left and right side of the jaw, corresponding to the buccal and palatal side, no macroscopic retainers protrude, but these are arranged only on the side directed towards the adjacent tooth within the jaw. The range where no macroscopic retainers are designed is identified here at 110.

In contrast to the construction according to the invention, an implant according to the prior art with fully extended thread-shaped retainers along the outer surface is illustrated in fig. 8.

As shown in fig. 10 a-10 h, the shape of the macro-retainers 107 may be varied. Here, the illustrated contours (except 10b and 10 g) may also use shapes that are mirror-inverted to them. In principle, any type of projection or bead is suitable, for example wave-shaped, toothed, rectangular or rounded, triangular or net-shaped. These profiles can either be integrally connected to the implant or can be subsequently applied to the implant matching the alveolus or the original tooth, preferably by gluing. If, instead of macroscopic retainers 107 which are continuously formed in the circumferential direction, single, point-like or facet-like macroscopic retainers 113 are provided, as is schematically illustrated in fig. 9 or 12, these macroscopic retainers 113 can be arranged in the circumferential direction in an aligned, offset or also irregular manner and essentially consist of dome-shaped projections.

By means of the measures according to the invention, the implant can be adapted by means of suitable software, which is present in the prior art and which can be easily adapted if required, in such a way that: even missing tooth root portions (e.g., after root tip removal) are replicated, thereby filling the original space. The deformities may also be corrected. It is thus also possible to remove the excess number of and severely curved tooth roots completely or partially and to combine the roots growing next to one another completely or partially into one root, as is indicated at 111 in fig. 3, the broken lines illustrating the original root progression. In root merging, the periosteum between the roots is preferably first removed completely or partially in the bone groove and then the implant is replicated with a mold.

The attachment of the implant to the crown structure may take different forms, as are known in the art, namely: for example, threaded connections, internal or external taper connections, crown stakes, and glued and screwed connections may be used. According to the prior art, the crown-implant connection is located on or under the gingiva so that the implant is covered by the gingiva and can therefore heal without being loaded. For good bone quality and bone quantity, the implant body can be assembled immediately after placement in the bone as an implant that can be loaded immediately.

The implant may be constructed of any material known and proven in the art, which must be only biocompatible and not allowed to be absorbable, preferably ZrO 2. As is known in the art, the surface of the implant is typically etched, blasted and/or coated with hydroxyapatite (roughness corresponding to microscopic retainers) in the bone contact area. The implant may be provided with growth factors (stem cells) as required to promote growth of bone material and gums. Future surface treatments and crown structures may also be used with implants constructed according to the present invention, as the present invention does not affect these aspects.

The main aspects of the invention are to allow: in the entire set of teeth with damaged periodontal membranes, the tooth socket can be deepened by milling, so that the implant is extended in the direction of the tooth axis by this milling. In order to enlarge the surface and thereby improve the stability, in one configuration the implant is equipped with a root extension, as schematically shown in fig. 11. Thus, the implant consists of a cylindrical section 114 (corresponding to the section drilled or milled in the jaw) on the prolongation of the bone side, and a section 115 between the cylindrical section 114 and the crown peg matching the natural alveolus (the dotted line indicates the excess).

In the illustrated embodiment, macroscopic retainers 116 and 107, respectively, are designed on the cylindrical segment 114 and also on the matching segment 115, which correspond to the bone diagnosis. Within the cylindrical section, if there is sufficient cancellous bone within this bone depth, the macroscopic retainers may also be arranged circumferentially consistent with the bone diagnosis. Due to the cylindrical shape of the segment 114, particular attention is paid to the height of the macro-retainers 116 relative to the outer surface of the cylinder for its macro-retainers 116. The root extension may also be tapered or have an oblong or other cross-section as the implant is placed by stapling rather than by a helical motion.

Another aspect is to avoid the periodontal pocket when the gums are atrophic for a multi-root tooth. In this case, a block can be removed by milling the bone area between the roots (111 in fig. 3), preferably before the socket shape is determined, in order to be able to take this removal into account exactly, and thus to lengthen the intraradicular bone side in the implant, with which the bone abuts against the implant despite descending along a closed line, and thus bone pockets between the roots (between the two-pronged and three-pronged areas) are avoided. The implant thus has the form of a socket in the region of the root (with macroscopic retainers in positions adapted thereto) and has a region in the region of the root junction with the form milled in the jaw.

Further possibilities are: the socket is recessed, for example by milling, before its shape is determined, depending on the bone quality and the bone quantity. This depression is then registered in determining the shape of the tooth socket and results in a corresponding protrusion being formed on the implant carrier.

Claims (31)

1. A dental implant or implant carrier with a shape matching the alveolus and macroscopic retainers (107, 113, 116) protruding onto the surface of the alveolus,

the method is characterized in that:

the macroscopic retainers (107, 113, 116) are provided only on a surface extent of the implant or the implant carrier adjacent to the cancellous and thick bone extent.

2. The implant or implant carrier of claim 1, wherein: the buccal and lingual sides and the palatal side of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier conform to or are located posterior to the alveolar surface.

3. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: the macro-retainers (107) are located in a plane normal to the tooth axis.

4. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: the macro-retainers (107) have a cross-section that is wavy, quadrilateral or triangular with rounded sides.

5. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainers (113, 116) consist of several faceted projections arranged linearly or undulated on the surface.

6. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: for a single root tooth, at least one macro-retainer is formed in the longitudinal direction of the tooth, the macro-retainer being palatally or lingually in the range between the teeth.

7. The implant or implant carrier of claim 6, wherein: for a single root tooth, two of the macro-retainers are formed in the longitudinal direction of the tooth.

8. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.08mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

9. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.1mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

10. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.2mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

11. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.4mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

12. The implant or implant carrier of claim 1, wherein: the buccal and/or lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier recede 0.05mm to 1.0mm behind the surface conforming to the alveolar surface.

13. The implant or implant carrier of claim 1, wherein: the buccal and/or lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier recede 1.5mm posterior to the surface conforming to the alveolar surface.

14. A dental implant or implant carrier with a shape matching the alveolus and macroscopic retainers (107, 113, 116) protruding onto the surface of the alveolus,

the method is characterized in that:

the macroscopic retainers (107, 113, 116) are arranged only on the sides of the root region of the implant or the implant carrier which point toward the adjacent tooth or toward the jaw end.

15. The implant or implant carrier of claim 14, wherein: the buccal and lingual sides and the palatal side of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier conform to or are located posterior to the alveolar surface.

16. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 14 to 15, characterized in that: the macro-retainers (107) are located in a plane normal to the tooth axis.

17. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 14 to 15, characterized in that: the macro-retainers (107) have a cross-section that is wavy, quadrilateral or triangular with rounded sides.

18. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 14 to 15, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainers (113, 116) consist of several faceted projections arranged linearly or undulated on the surface.

19. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 14 to 15, characterized in that: for a single root tooth, at least one macro-retainer is formed in the longitudinal direction of the tooth, the macro-retainer being palatally or lingually in the range between the teeth.

20. The implant or implant carrier of claim 19, wherein: for a single root tooth, two of the macro-retainers are formed in the longitudinal direction of the tooth.

21. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 14 to 15, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.08mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

22. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 14 to 15, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.1mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

23. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 14 to 15, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.2mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

24. Implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 14 to 15, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer projects at least 0.4mm above the socket-conforming surface of the implant or implant carrier.

25. The implant or implant carrier of claim 14, wherein: the buccal and/or lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier recede 0.05mm to 1.0mm behind the surface conforming to the alveolar surface.

26. The implant or implant carrier of claim 14, wherein: the buccal and/or lingual and palatal sides of the root extent of the implant or implant carrier recede 1.5mm posterior to the surface conforming to the alveolar surface.

27. Method for producing an implant or implant carrier according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the shape of the alveolus, and thus the shape of the root area of the implant or implant carrier, is determined which has changed within a determined range, characterized in that: the macroscopic retainer is then applied over the root-scale shape and the amount of bounce is applied, and the implant or implant carrier is then produced.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein: the implant and the implant carrier are composed of ZrO 2; and producing microscopic bits having an average roughness depth of between 50 and 70 μm, at least on a part of the surface of the material, by short, pulsed particle injection, with an injection duration of between 0.1 and 0.5 seconds for each arrival position of the still soft, not yet sintered material, with alumina or zirconia beads of a size of 250 μm, at a pressure of 1 to 3 bar; and then sintering the implant or the implant carrier.

29. Method for producing an implant or implant carrier according to one of claims 1 to 11 and 14 to 24, wherein it is determined and then produced: the shape of the tooth socket, and thus the shape of the root region of the implant or implant carrier, changed within the determined range, is characterized in that: the macroscopic retainers are then applied over the root span.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein: applying the macroscopic retainer by gluing over the root area.

31. Method according to one of claims 29 to 30, characterized in that: the implant and the implant carrier are composed of ZrO 2; and producing microscopic bits having an average roughness depth of between 50 and 70 μm, at least on a part of the surface of the material, by short, pulsed particle injection, with an injection duration of between 0.1 and 0.5 seconds for each arrival position of the still soft, not yet sintered material, with alumina or zirconia beads of a size of 250 μm, at a pressure of 1 to 3 bar; and then sintering the implant or the implant carrier.