HK1169978A - Gravity feed water treatment system - Google Patents

Description

Gravity water supply treatment system

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to water treatment systems, and in particular, to gravity fed water treatment systems.

Background

As the world population increases, the demand for water also increases. Indeed, in some parts of the world where the local population grows at a rate that is significantly higher than average, the supply of safe drinking water is below average. Some of these situations are due to geographical arid climates or simply to a lack of potable surface fresh water. In addition, many water sources are depleted by the descent of underground aquifers, resulting in new wells being dug to greater depths in order to find water. In many cases, the high cost prevents these operations. Furthermore, in many areas where water is very scarce, people cannot buy water for drinking due to the low income level of people and the fact that municipal treated water is not available. Examples of such situations may include, for example, rural areas in underdeveloped countries, emergency stations in natural disasters, or camping.

Modern municipal water treatment systems are available that are equipped to treat and distribute water for human consumption. In many cases, this treatment includes coagulation, flocculation and deposition of particulate matter. Additional water filtration may also be introduced, as well as treatment with chlorine. Due to the nature of municipal systems, the treated water may not be consumed immediately, and the chlorine remains in the water until it is dispensed.

When water is treated in a household other than a municipal system (if any), the system is often referred to as a point-of-use (POU) system. These home POU systems use multiple processes to treat water, such as: coarse screening, reverse osmosis, carbon adsorption, deionization, softening, boiling, distillation and UV radiation. Many POU systems are intended for use in homes that can reliably supply water at relatively high pressures (> 20 psi). In addition, these homes are often able to use electricity or other energy sources to operate pumps to pressurize water and run electrical equipment commonly found in some POU systems. Most of these systems require potable water to be provided at the inlet.

Therefore, there is a need for a system for providing domestic POU to those who lack municipal drinking water and may not be available for electricity or other energy sources. A water finder without a municipal water system may carry a container to a source, such as a well, river, or lake, and obtain water directly. This water is contained in a container or a large vessel for later use. Processing is typically limited to simple pouring coarse sifting or sand filtering, if possible. Biological sand filters, which are typically used in dwellings or small villages, tend to be large and heavy. Some contain up to 100 pounds of sand and gravel. These bio-sand filters are somewhat micro-effective in capturing microorganisms and particulates, and they generally produce water that appears clearer, and relatively free of pathogenic microorganisms. However, these systems tend to act as a chromatography column, meaning that as water moves down the column, particles are trapped at different rates. The result is that fine particles (which should have settled in the sand) eventually escape into the effluent water.

In some cases, the user allows the water to sit for a period of time to allow the particles in the water to settle to the bottom of the container-a settling effect. In other cases, chemicals are added to the water to increase the speed of the process. These chemicals are known as flocculants such as alum or polyaluminium chloride. However, even after this treatment, the water still needs to be disinfected and sterilized. Boiling is probably the simplest treatment to destroy bacteria and microorganisms, but requires an energy source. Another option is a biological sand filter unit. A typical biological sand filter unit (200) is shown in fig. 2, and a flow diagram illustrating the biological sand filter unit is shown in fig. 1. These are less effective than boiling water, and the resulting water may still contain harmful microorganisms. Chlorine may be added to the water, for example, using the system shown in fig. 3. However, the unfamiliar taste of chlorine added to water, coupled with the unit volume required to achieve effective treatment, has resulted in many users not continuing to use water treated with chlorine due to a poor taste. Therefore, these users often return to use untreated water, which causes a long cycle of illness and poor health.

In a publication entitled "Four Layer System," doctor David h. Manz describes the effectiveness of a bio-sand filter in view of the maximum suggested face velocity of water penetrating the exposed face of the filter. He suggested a flow of 600 liters per hour or per square meter of exposed filter surface area as the maximum face flow rate per filter surface area. This translates (by unit conversion) to a face velocity of 1cm per minute.

Vmax = maximum recommended face speed

Vmax=600 l/hr/m^2= 10 l/min/m^2

=10,000cm^3/min/10,000cm^2=1cm/min

Furthermore, Manz describes in great detail how layers of his biological sand filter of different depths are adjusted in depth and particle size composition to control the face velocity at the top of the exposed sand layer. Indeed, one of the main reasons for the large amount of sand in deeper layers is to establish and control back pressure so that the face velocity through the sand bed remains within the recommended range. In the Manz filter design (also known as HydrAid biological sand water filter), the exposed face of the sand is circular, about 12 inches (30.5 cm) in diameter. Using the Manz recommendation, a maximum recommended flow rate through the system can be calculated.

Exposed sand area (a) = Pi r (Pi =3.14 r = radius)

A=3.14*15.25*15.25=730.25cm^2

Fmax = maximum recommended flow rate

Fmax=A*Vmax

Fmax=730.25cm^2*1cm/min=730.25cm^3/min=730.25ml/min

It can be seen from the calculations that the flow rate is rather slow and may not be acceptable to users who are accustomed to faster flow rates when drawing water for cooking or drinking. Furthermore, the system described by Manz requires a large amount of sand to achieve the required flow rate.

What is needed, then, is a water treatment system that is easy to use, does not require electricity or other energy sources, can be used in conjunction with or separate from existing water treatment systems, and is easy to maintain. It is also desirable that the system be used in a variety of applications, such as treating domestic water, disaster relief, and outdoor activities. It may also be desirable for the water treatment system to be smaller and more portable. Additionally, increasing the flow rate through the system may improve ease of use and provide other benefits.

Disclosure of Invention

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a water treatment system is disclosed having a flocculation (sometimes referred to as "coagulation" or "coagulation") tank and an outlet located above the bottom of the tank. The outlet may be a tap or other user operable valve. In use, untreated water is poured into the tank along with the flocculant. After a period of time and a sufficient percentage of the particles are no longer suspended in the water, the water is removed from the tank through a tap located above the level of the particles, as shown in fig. 4.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a water treatment system having a chlorination/dechlorination system is disclosed. The water is poured into an inlet funnel where it is exposed to chlorine, such as soluble flakes, and into a chlorination tank. In addition to chlorine, other materials that can disinfect water may also be used, such as other halogens, including but not limited to bromine and iodine. When the water has chlorine dissolved in the tank, it is disinfected. The water may pass through a diffuser to help ensure uniform mixing of the chlorine solution. The water treatment system may include a carbon filter to remove chlorine from the sterilized water. The water treatment system includes an outlet, such as a faucet, through which the sterilized water exits the tank, as shown in fig. 6 and 7.

In a third embodiment of the present disclosure, a water treatment system having a flocculation and chlorination/dechlorination system is disclosed. The chlorination/dechlorination system may include a chlorination tank for adding chlorine to the water and a filter, such as a carbon filter, for removing chlorine from the water. When in use, untreated water and the flocculating agent are poured into the flocculation tank together. After a period of time and the particles are no longer suspended in the water, the water exits the flocculation tank through an outlet (e.g., a faucet) and is directed to the chlorination tank inlet funnel where the water is exposed to chlorine, e.g., soluble flakes, and enters the chlorination tank. When the water has chlorine dissolved in the tank, it is disinfected. The water may be passed through a diffuser to help ensure uniform mixing of the chlorine solution and through a carbon filter to remove a sufficient amount of chlorine. The dechlorinated water may exit the tank through an outlet (e.g., a faucet) as shown in fig. 14.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a water treatment system having a flocculation, biological sand filter, and chlorination/dechlorination system is disclosed. When in use, untreated water and the flocculating agent are poured into the flocculation tank together. After a period of time and the particles are no longer suspended in the water, the water is directed to a biological sand filter box where the particles are trapped in the layers of sand as the water passes through the layers. Upon exiting the bio-sand filter box, the water enters a chlorination box inlet funnel where it is exposed to chlorine, such as soluble pieces, and enters the chlorination box. When the water has chlorine dissolved in the tank, it is disinfected. The water may pass through a diffuser to help ensure uniform mixing of the chlorine solution and through a carbon filter to remove the chlorine and exit the tank, for example, through a faucet, as shown in fig. 15. In this embodiment, the biological sand filter may be any commercially available biological sand filtration system.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a water treatment system includes an improved filter. The improved filter provides the desired flow rate through the system. Embodiments of the water treatment system are smaller and more portable than water treatment systems that include conventional filters. In one embodiment, the filter is a sand bed filter comprising a non-woven filter media disposed above the aperture in the bottom of the tub but below the sand bed. In another embodiment, the filter is a pressed block filter comprised of a filter media such as sand or activated carbon with a polymeric binder. In certain embodiments, the improved filter may be used in a POU gravity fed water treatment system that removes contaminants from water through flocculation and coagulation steps prior to treatment. It may also be used alone or in combination with a post-treatment to chlorinate and optionally dechlorinate the treated water.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the water treatment system includes a siphon to ensure that the proper dosage of the flocculation chemical is added to the water. A predetermined amount of flocculation chemical is specified for the user to add to the water. If the water level is incorrect, improper dosage of the flocculating chemical will result. The siphon ensures that water does not begin to flow unless and until the water level reaches a predetermined threshold. If the user does not add enough water, the amount of flocculant is incorrect and the water will not flow.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a water treatment system includes a chlorinator device attached to the exterior of a tub rather than to a tub lid. A user can access (access) the chlorinator device without otherwise disturbing the water treatment system or having to contact the water in the system. Portions of the chlorinator device may be seen through to allow a user to see how many chlorine pieces remain without opening or accessing the chlorinator device.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the water treatment system includes a manual pump that assists in allowing the system to operate without electrical power or a pressurized water source. Before exiting the system for use, the water flows through a filter that removes contaminants from the water. The pump generates a negative pressure on the outlet side of the filter relative to the inlet side, which allows the user to draw water at a much higher flow rate than gravity flow through the filter. One benefit of the pump is that it enables the use of filters requiring higher flow rates and/or pressures.

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, a water treatment system includes a flocculant hopper and a scoop (bucket). The flocculation chemical may be added to the system and agitated with a scoop. While flocculation is occurring, a scoop can be stored in the tank and collect the granules. When flocculation is complete, the outlet valve may be actuated to draw water from above the sediment in the bucket. Water may be pumped into another water treatment system.

Drawings

The disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments are described with reference to the following figures. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the drawings, like reference characters designate corresponding or similar parts throughout the different views.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart depicting a conventional gravity fed sand filtration process;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a conventional biological sand filter having a biological layer and a plurality of gravel layers;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram depicting a conventional biological sand filtration process with optional chlorine dosing;

FIG. 4 illustrates a flocculation tank and process according to at least one embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a chlorination process in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 6 illustrates a chlorination/dechlorination tank and process in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 7 is an exploded pictorial illustration of a chlorination/dechlorination tank and process in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a chlorine pod in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic view of a water inlet funnel with a chlorine pod in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic view of a water inlet funnel with a chlorine pod in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic view of a water inlet funnel with a chlorine pod in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of a chlorination/dechlorination tank and process in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of a flocculation and chlorination/dechlorination process according to at least one embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a diagrammatic view of a flocculation tank and process in combination with a chlorination/dechlorination tank and process in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a diagrammatic representation of a flocculation tank, biological sand filtration tank, and chlorination/dechlorination tank in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 16 is a schematic representation of a combined biological sand filter and chlorination/dechlorination tank and process in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic view of a sand bed filtration system in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 17a is a diagrammatic view of an alternative embodiment of a sand bed filtration system;

FIG. 18 is an exploded view of the embodiment depicted in FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is a diagram of an alternative embodiment of a pressed block filtration system;

FIG. 20a illustrates a single filter compact in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 20b illustrates a dual filter compact in accordance with at least one embodiment;

fig. 21 illustrates components of a pressed bio-sand filter according to at least one embodiment;

FIG. 22 shows a flow diagram of an embodiment of a mini-bio sand water treatment process;

FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of the operation of a mini-biological sand water treatment system;

FIG. 24 illustrates an embodiment of a process for cleaning and maintaining a mini-biological sand water treatment system;

FIG. 25 shows a flow diagram of one embodiment of a pressed block filtration process;

FIG. 26 illustrates an embodiment of the operation of a mini bio-sand water treatment system with a pressed block filter;

FIG. 27 illustrates one embodiment of a water flow over a filter block;

FIG. 28 illustrates one embodiment of a process for cleaning and servicing a filter compact;

FIG. 29 shows an alternative embodiment of a pressed block filter with a diameter much greater than the length;

FIG. 30 illustrates a flocculation apparatus for pretreatment of water in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 31 shows an embodiment of a siphon and faucet mechanism to ensure proper flocculation batch;

FIG. 32 shows an alternative siphon and faucet mechanism to ensure proper flocculation batch;

FIG. 33 shows an optional diffuser to reduce disturbance of the settling layer on the bottom of the flocculation tank;

FIG. 34 shows a chlorinator device at the outlet of the mini-biological sand water treatment system in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 35 shows one embodiment of a chlorine metering device;

FIG. 36 shows the water flow path through the chlorine dosing device of FIG. 35;

FIG. 37 shows one embodiment of the replacement of the chlorine pod;

FIG. 38 illustrates an embodiment of a water treatment system having a manual piston pump;

FIG. 39 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a water treatment system with a flocculant funnel;

FIG. 40 shows a top view and several side views of one embodiment of a water treatment system with a flocculant funnel;

FIG. 41 shows a side view of the flocculant hopper shown in FIG. 40;

fig. 42 shows a perspective view with the flocculant hopper removal scoop shown in fig. 40;

FIG. 43 shows an exploded view of a portion of the flocculant hopper shown in FIG. 40, with an outlet valve;

FIG. 44 illustrates an embodiment of a filtration system including a foam filter media;

FIG. 45 illustrates a filtration system including a foam filter and a shallow sand layer in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 46 illustrates a filtration system having a shallow foam filter in accordance with at least one embodiment; and

FIG. 47 illustrates a method of constructing a radial foam filter block in accordance with at least one embodiment.

Detailed Description

The POU water treatment system of the present disclosure can be configured for a wide variety of situations. The various components can be used alone or in various combinations to treat water for drinking or other uses. It is noted that the configurations detailed below are exemplary and non-exhaustive.

The illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. These illustrations are not intended to serve as complete elements or device features of an apparatus or system using the structures or methods described. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, the illustrations are merely schematic and may not be drawn to scale. Certain portions of the illustrations may be exaggerated, while other portions may be minimized. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure may be referred to, individually or collectively, by the term "invention" merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any particular invention or inventive concept. Moreover, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any subsequent arrangement designed to achieve the same or similar purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all subsequent adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the description.

The disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative and not restrictive. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many other embodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of the invention.

I. Flocculation

FIG. 4 illustrates a flocculant (sometimes referred to as a "coagulant" or "coagulant") treatment system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The water treatment system generally includes a tank (404) having an inlet (414) and an outlet (408). The tank (404) of the illustrated embodiment is a bucket, such as a conventional 5 gallon plastic bucket in general. Alternatively, the tank (404) may be substantially any other container or reservoir capable of storing water and flocculant. In the depicted embodiment, the outlet (408) may be a conventional faucet or any other valve capable of selectively allowing water to flow from the tank (404). An outlet (408), such as a faucet, is mounted at a height on the wall of the tank (404), wherein the outlet would be above the expected depth of sediment accumulated during settling. Untreated water (400) is added to a vessel or tank (404) along with a flocculant (402). The combined solution (406) of water and flocculant is mixed together and allowed to stand still within the tank (404) for a period of time, for example, hours. After the visible particles have settled to the bottom of the tank (404), a tap or valve (408) is opened to allow the treated water (410) to drain out of the tank, leaving the coagulated particles (412) at the bottom of the tank, from where they can be removed by the user through flushing and rinsing.

According to one embodiment, the POU gravity fed water treatment system removes contaminants from water by flocculation. Flocculation involves the use of some type of chemical agent (flocculant) to encourage suspended particles in the water to come out of solution by binding (clumping) together and settling to the bottom of the tank or vessel due to the weight gain caused by the addition of the flocculant. In some cases, particles suspended in water can settle to the bottom of the vessel, but this can take a long time. Other particles may remain in solution and not deposit at all to the bottom.

In the practice in rural or underdeveloped areas, water is often collected from a source (e.g., a lake, river, or well) into a container or tank. Adding a small amount of flocculant; for example, a 5 gallon container of water to be treated has a teaspoon. Flocculants may be composed of a variety of chemicals, such as alum, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum sulfate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, polyacrylamide, polyaluminum chloride, sodium aluminate, or sodium silicate. Additional or alternative natural flocculants may also be used, such as chitosan, moringa seeds, papain or fish gelatin. After the dosage of flocculant is added, it may be agitated to enhance the effect and to evenly distribute the chemical in the container. The agitation may be accomplished using conventional electromechanical agitation equipment, magnetic agitation equipment, mechanical agitation equipment such as a spoon, or other agitation methods or devices.

The next step involves allowing the treated water to stand for a period of time in its container. In the case of a 5 gallon container, the treated water may need to sit for up to 12-24 hours to allow the particles to coagulate and settle to the bottom of the container, however, this time can be significantly shortened in the case of a combination of various chemical and water conditions. Since this process may be somewhat time consuming, it may be necessary to use more than one vessel and produce a steady supply of flocculant-treated water at different stages of treatment time. The flocculant-rich water may then be allowed to stand for a period of time, for example, several hours or until visible particulates have settled to the bottom of the vessel. It is important to note that there may still be bacteria or microorganisms and some particulates and other water contaminants in the flocculant treated water.

After the water is sufficiently clear, it can be removed from the container through a tap or valve integrated with the container, preferably at a location above the depth of the expected sediment layer.

Chlorination/dechlorination

In accordance with at least one embodiment, the POU gravity feed water treatment system uses a chlorination/dechlorination process to inactivate microorganisms that may be present in the water with chlorine to disinfect the water. Chlorine for water treatment may be derived from various sources, such as trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets, calcium hypochlorite or dichloroisocyanuric acid, which are commonly used in swimming pool applications. The water to be treated is poured into a tank or container to which a measured dose of chlorine is added. The filter is used to remove chlorine from the water so that the dispensed treated water is free of chlorine odors that may be objectionable to users. The water is ready for use after the chlorination/dechlorination process. A flow chart is provided in fig. 5.

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (CAS # 87-90-1) is a stable vehicle for transporting chlorine to water. It provides a higher chlorine concentration (90% available chlorine) than the other types of chlorine mentioned due to the trichloro nature of the molecule. It is NSF certified for potable water and is readily available. The use of trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets provides an additional benefit for treating water as it enables removal of arsenic from water. Arsenic naturally present in water is usually in the +3 oxidation state. The isocyanuric acid in the chlorine chip oxidizes the arsenic in the water from +3 valence to +5 valence. When arsenic is at a valence of +5, it is removed from the water by the carbon block filter.

According to one embodiment, the POU gravity fed water treatment system uses a halogenation/dehalogenation process to disinfect water by deactivating microorganisms that may be present in the water with halogen chemicals. Halogen chemicals can be obtained from a variety of sources, such as bromine and iodine. The water to be treated is poured into a tank or container to which a measured dose of halogen chemical is added. Filters are used to remove halogen chemicals from water so that the dispensed treated water is free of chemical odors that may be objectionable to users. The water is ready for use after the halogenation/dehalogenation process.

Figures 6 and 7 show the chlorination/dechlorination process according to one embodiment of the present invention. The chlorination/dechlorination system generally includes a tank (606), chlorination units (600, 602, and 604), a diffuser (610), a dechlorination unit (612), and an outlet (616). The tank (606) of the illustrated embodiment is a bucket, such as a conventional plastic bucket, typically 5 gallons. Alternatively, the tub (606) may be any other container or reservoir capable of storing water. The illustrated bucket (606) includes a handle (622) and a hinged lid (620). The bucket (606) may also define an overflow drain hole (624). The overflow drain holes (624) may include an insect screen (not shown). In the illustrated embodiment, the chlorination unit includes a water inlet funnel (600), a chlorination tank (602), and one or more chlorine tablets (604). In the illustrated embodiment, the system includes an optional diffuser (610) that assists in mixing the chemicals. The system may include multiple diffuser (610) layers. In the embodiments of fig. 6 and 7, the dechlorination unit may include a carbon filter, such as a pressed carbon block filter. The carbon block filter may be replaced by another filter capable of substantially dechlorinating water. In the illustrated embodiment, outlet (616) may be a conventional faucet or any other valve capable of selectively allowing water to be discharged from tank (606). An outlet (616), such as a faucet, is mounted within a wall of the tank (606) and is coupled to the discharge of the dechlorination unit (612), such as by a bushing (614) and an O-ring (618). Water to be treated or previously treated by, for example, flocculation or biological sand filtration, is poured into a water inlet funnel (600) containing a chlorine tank (602) containing at least one chlorine tablet (604). The water is then exposed to the chlorine in the sheet and the chlorine dissolves into the water, for example 2-4ppm (parts per million). This process is further detailed in fig. 10. For best results, it may be desirable to use water that has been subjected to some sort of particulate removal (such as flocculant or biological sand filter treatment). This will extend the life of the dechlorinated carbon filter by reducing agglomeration.

The chlorinated water then enters a chlorination tank (606), the chlorination tank (606) may contain air gaps (608) for maintaining acceptable levels of chlorine and isocyanuric acid concentrations in the water, and may optionally further include a diffuser (610), the diffuser (610) allowing the chlorinated water to mix into a more uniform solution. Also within the tank (606) is an activated carbon compact filter (612) to remove dissolved chlorine from the water present in the tank. The filter may be an eSpring carbon block filter available from Amway corp. A bushing (614) connects the filter to a faucet or valve (616) and is sealingly connected to the filter and faucet by an O-ring (618). The container or bin (606) may include a hinged or otherwise selectively closable lid (620), and optionally a carrying handle (622). The tank may also include overflow drain holes (624) that include a barrier to prevent foreign objects from entering the tank. An exploded view of the chlorination/dechlorination tank is shown in figure 7.

FIG. 8 is a close-up illustration of a chlorine dosing apparatus that includes an outer cover (800) that prevents the chlorine tablets (802) from exiting the chamber (804). The tank also includes a plurality of holes (806) in the bottom of the tank to allow untreated water to contact the chlorine tablets (802) so that some of the chlorine dissolves into the aqueous solution. The water may then flow into the tank and optionally pre-filtered before being dispensed for use (not shown). One embodiment of the dispensing equipment includes two chlorine tablets that completely dissolve after processing about 2000 gallons of water or more. Other optional designs may require higher doses of water, requiring more chlorine. In another embodiment, different sizes and numbers of chlorine tablets may result in different volumes of treated water. An outer cover (800) may be threadably secured to the chamber (804), allowing the user to replace the chlorine tablets after they have been consumed by the water treatment. Optionally, a sealed outer cover/chamber combination (808) may be provided that prevents the user from directly interacting with the chlorine. For example, the outer cover (800) may be ultrasonically welded to the capsule (804) or one-way threaded to the capsule (804). Further optionally, the entire capsule/outer cover with the tablet sealed therein may be provided as a disposable assembly. Another benefit of the design of the capsule is that it facilitates safe handling and compliance with the transport specifications for trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets. Trichloroisocyanuric acid can be a fire hazard when transported in large quantities. Thus, special transportation methods and specifications may be implemented when trichloroisocyanuric acid is transported in large quantities. By enclosing small portions in separate sealed compartments, the risk is greatly reduced and special transport procedures and regulations are no longer required.

Figure 9 shows another embodiment of the cabin and the water inlet funnel. The chlorine dosing unit (900) is shown aligned with the attachment point within the water inlet funnel (902). In this embodiment, the dosing device is firmly connected to the funnel such that the cabin water outlet is adjacent to the bottom surface of the funnel. This placement increases the likelihood that the raw water will be fully exposed to the chlorine tablets in order to receive the proper dosage before exiting the funnel through the outlet holes (904) and depositing in the chlorination tank (not shown). It is desirable to design the water outlet holes in the tank for the flow rate required by the system design to allow chlorine to be dissolved into the water at a level effective to destroy microorganisms. If the untreated water is not sufficiently exposed, the percentage of dissolved chlorine in the tank water may be too low to effectively remove microorganisms from the water. Conversely, if the water is exposed to too much chlorine, the microorganisms will be resolved, but the life of the dechlorination filter (if equipped) will be reduced, and if the filter is not used, high levels of chlorine may cause the treated water to have an unsatisfactory taste. For example, the water outlet (904) may be configured to match the outlet flow from a flocculation or biological sand filtration tank. Such a flow rate may be between 300 and 900 ml/min. FIG. 10 depicts the chlorination process in detail. Untreated water (1000) enters the funnel through an opening at the top end. The water may be fed into the hopper through the biological sand filter by a bucket or tank or any other suitable means suitable for feeding water into the hopper. Water flows around (1002) the chlorine capsule but not through the capsule. The diffusion holes allow a controlled amount of chlorine to enter the water stream (1004) as the water flows around the chamber. The number and size of the holes are setCalculated to achieve the desired chlorine level. The holes in the bottom of the funnel provide sufficient flow restriction to allow the water surface to rise and surround the tank (1006). At the same time, they allow sufficient Water to flow out to match the flow rate of an upstream system, such as Hydraid Inc., of International Aid Inc., Spring Lake, Mich (now Safe Water Team)^TMA safe water system.

Figure 11 shows another embodiment of a water inlet funnel for use in higher volume water treatment applications. Untreated water (1100) enters the funnel (1102) and is characterized by having larger openings to accommodate higher influent water flow rates, such as 5gpm or higher. The figure shows a plurality of chlorine tablets (1104) in the lower portion of the funnel, which expose more chlorine for faster absorption by the flowing water. The number of chlorine tablets may vary depending on the local water quality and dosing requirements. The chlorinated water (1106) then leaves the funnel and is stored in a chlorination/dechlorination tank (not shown).

Figure 12 illustrates another embodiment of the chlorination/dechlorination tank of the present disclosure. There is shown a tank (1200) containing chlorine dosing equipment and an optional diffuser. The bottom of the tank shows a conduit (1202) that connects to a filter vessel (1204) placed outside the tank (1200). The conduit may be of a strong or flexible type, such as a plastic tube or hose, and may be sealingly connected to both the water tank and the filter container. The filter vessel (1204) also contains a filter media, such as a carbon block type, to remove chlorine prior to dispensing water via a faucet or other valve that is also sealably connected to the filter vessel. Additional pre-filters may be added around the filter media, which may be periodically replaced to retain particles that may not have been removed by the prior flocculation process.

Flocculation treatment and chlorination/dechlorination treatment

According to one embodiment, the POU gravity fed water treatment system removes contaminants from water by combining coagulation and/or flocculation and chlorination/dechlorination processes to enable a user to remove particulate matter from the water and inactivate microorganisms. Fig. 13 shows a flow chart of this process.

As disclosed above, in rural or undeveloped areas, water may be collected in containers or tanks from a source such as a lake, river or well. The flocculant is added in small doses, for example a teaspoon in a 5 gallon container of water to be treated, or via a batch meter. After the dose of flocculant is added, it should be agitated for optimal effect to disperse the chemical agent evenly in the container. In certain situations, additional chemicals, such as aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, or ferric chloride, may be added depending on the local water quality.

In the next step, the treated water is allowed to stand in its container for a period of time. In the case of a 5 gallon container, it is necessary to sit for 12-24 hours to allow the particles to coagulate and settle to the bottom of the container. Since this process may be somewhat time consuming, it may be desirable to use more than one vessel and produce a steady supply of flocculant-treated water at different stages of treatment time. After the water has been sufficiently clear, it may be removed from the container by pouring or by a tap or valve integrated with the container, preferably at a location at a depth above the expected sediment level.

The water, which appears clearer, is then poured or directed from the flocculation tank into a chlorination/dechlorination tank where chlorine is added. In one embodiment, the water flow rate from the flocculation tank is about 900ml/min and the water is chlorinated to a level between 2 and 5 ppm. The air gap in the chlorination tank reduces the likelihood of over-chlorination of the water, and the optional diffuser helps mix the water to promote uniform chlorination as the water enters the tank and as the water is withdrawn from the bottom mounted faucet. For a 5 gallon chlorination tank with an influent flow rate of 900ml/min, the chlorine dose is sufficient to kill more than 99.9% of the bacteria and more than 99.9% of the viruses present in the water.

The use of a filter to remove chlorine from the water allows the dispensed water to be free of unacceptable levels of chlorine taste, which may be undesirable to consumers. The water is ready for use after it has flowed through the chlorination/dechlorination process at a rate of about 0.2 to 0.5gpm (gallons per minute).

As shown in fig. 14, a flocculation tank is combined with a chlorination/dechlorination tank to provide a system for removing particles and microorganisms from the untreated water. Untreated water (1400) and flocculant (1402) are added to the flocculation tank (1404). The water and flocculant are mixed and allowed to stand for a period of time. After the water has cleared, the water is removed from the tank (1404) via a faucet (1408) placed above the depth of the settled particles (1406). The water continues into the chlorination tank (1410) via the water inlet funnel as described above. Before chlorine is removed via the filter, chlorinated water is accumulated in the chlorination tank. The dechlorinated water is removed via a tap provided at the bottom of the tank and is ready for use.

Flocculation, conventional biological sand filter, chlorination/dechlorination

According to one embodiment, the POU gravity fed water treatment system removes contaminants from water by adding a biosafety filtration process to the flocculation and chlorination/dechlorination process to enable a user to remove particulate matter, deactivate microorganisms, and remove additional particles and bacteria or microorganisms from the water.

As disclosed above, in rural or undeveloped areas, water may be collected in containers or tanks from a source such as a lake, river or well. The flocculant is added in small doses, for example a teaspoon for a 5 gallon container of water to be treated. After the dose of flocculant is added, it may be agitated to provide improved effectiveness to disperse the chemical agent evenly in the container.

The next step involves allowing the treated water to stand in its container for a period of time. In the case of a 5 gallon container, between 12 and 24 hours are required to allow the particles to coagulate and settle to the bottom of the container. Since this process is somewhat time consuming, it may be desirable to use more than one vessel and produce a steady supply of flocculant-treated water at different stages of treatment time. After the water has been sufficiently clear, it may be removed from the container by pouring or by a tap or valve integrated with the container, preferably at a location at a depth above the expected sediment level.

The flocculant-treated water is then poured into a bio-sand filter, which is typically characterized by a plurality of layers of grit of various diameters that trap particles and microorganisms. The top two inches of these sand filters are commonly referred to as a layer of bacteria or microorganisms or "bio-sand". That is, in this layer, the entrapped microorganisms tend to consume organic material in the water. Biological sand filters are typically large, cumbersome devices due to the multiple layers of sand required to function, and often require regular maintenance to function. In addition, biological sand filters are not particularly effective at capturing microorganisms, such that certain microorganisms are not captured within the biological sand filter and may be used by the user without subsequent treatment to add chlorine.

Water enters the biological sand filter and passes through several layers of grit. From the bio-sand filter tank, the water is then poured or directed to a chlorination/dechlorination tank where chlorine is added in measured doses. The use of a filter to remove chlorine from the water allows the dispensed treated water to be free of the chlorine taste, which may be undesirable to consumers. After the water has undergone the chlorination/dechlorination process, it is ready for use.

In one embodiment, the gravity fed water treatment system of the present disclosure is used in conjunction with existing biological sand filter water treatment systems to provide treated water that is cleaner and safer than that treated by biological sand filter type systems alone. This embodiment is shown in fig. 15.

Untreated water (1500) is combined with a flocculant (1502) in a flocculation tank (1504). A support bracket (dolly) (1506) provides a stable platform for the rest of the bin (1504). The support bracket may optionally include hooks, slots or pockets (pockets) specifically designed for storage or fitting. The flocculant-treated water (1508) exits the tank and is directed by a tow rack into a bio-sand filter tank (1510), such as Hydraid, of International Aid Inc. of Spring Lake, Mich^TMA safe water system. From Hydraid^TMThe system processes and removes additional particles and certain microorganisms. The bio-sand filtered water (1512) then leaves the Hydraid^TMThe system enters a chlorination/dechlorination tank (1514) where the water is exposed to chlorine and is removed by filters before being dispensed for use. Additional accessories (1518) may be provided that may include a measuring spoon for chemical dosing, a chemical dosing device for providing accurate and repeatable chemical dosing, and a timer.

Biological sand filter and chlorination/dechlorination

According to yet another embodiment, the POU gravity fed water treatment system removes contaminants from water by combining a bio-sand filter and a chlorination/dechlorination process into a single serial process. In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 16, untreated water (1600) is poured into a biological sand filter box (1602). The bio-sand filter comprises multiple layers of material to trap particles of various sizes. As the water passes down through the sand layer, it approaches a perforated support grid (1604) that allows water to pass through but prevents any sand from advancing through the grid. A water collection tray (1606) collects water that passes through the grid and directs the water into the funnel portion of the tray where the chlorine tank (1608) is stored. The chlorine tank contains a plurality of openings to allow water to come into contact with the chlorine and thereby absorb some of the chlorine. The chlorinated water leaves the funnel and is collected in a tank that may include an air gap (1610) and a diffuser (1612). The air gap is maintained by controlling the flow rate from the funnel to be less than the flow rate from the tap. A filter (1614), which may be of the carbon type, removes chlorine from the water and directs the water to a faucet (1616), where it is ready for use.

It is important to note that the size of the container may vary without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, small containers of about 5 gallons each may be used to treat water as previously disclosed, or larger containers of 50, 500, or 1000 gallons or more may be used. The process disclosed above is still applicable to a variety of sizes depending on the volume of water to be treated.

Another source of untreated water (other than streams, lakes and rivers) is the so-called "grey water": non-industrial waste water produced by domestic processes such as dishwashing, laundry and bathing. Grey water may allow for a water recycling process in which the water is recovered for reuse locally rather than being sent back to the environment. For example, a sink or washbasin can collect hand wash water, which can then be poured into the disclosed POU water treatment system.

In larger applications, such as apartment buildings, grey water may be collected at a central location (e.g., a basement) and then fed into the disclosed water treatment system. The treated water may then be piped back into the supply system, either for flushing a toilet or for other household use. In addition to reducing the amount of water used by the building, the amount of water flowing from the building into the sewage system is also reduced. The drain and supply pipes of the building may be configured to allow solid waste from the toilet and liquid waste from the sink, washing machine and dishwasher to be directed separately. Thus, grey water from the latter is directed to a collection tank within the building and not discharged into the local sewage system. The water treated by the process disclosed above is then either sent separately through a conduit to a dispensing point (e.g., sink, washing machine or toilet) or combined with an external potable water source.

Mini biological sand water treatment system with improved filter

According to one embodiment, the POU gravity fed water treatment system removes contaminants from water by adding an improved filter to remove particulate matter from the water, inactivate microorganisms, and remove additional particulates and organics.

The current embodiment addresses the inefficiency of the first few inches of sand bed in a typical biological sand filter. Waste is reduced, unwanted materials are eliminated, and ease of use of the water treatment system is enhanced by reducing the amount of sand. Thus, the overall size of the system is smaller than a typical biological sand filter. For example, one embodiment of the invention may be about 29 "high and about 12" in diameter. In addition, the problems found in typical biological sand filters are also solved. For example, certain typical biological sand filters function like a chromatography column, with larger particles trapped at the upper boundary of the sand bed and progressively smaller particles passing to the lower region in the sand bed. Particles that are not trapped in the sand bed pass completely through with the injected water.

The mini biological sand water treatment system can be used alone or in combination with flocculation and coagulation steps prior to treatment. It may also be used alone or in combination with a post-treatment to chlorinate and optionally dechlorinate the treated water.

A. Sand bed filter

One embodiment of a mini biological sand water treatment system including an improved sand bed filter is shown in fig. 17. The outer tub (1704) contains a gravel layer (1714). The water outlet pipe (1718) penetrates through a hole (1716) below the height of the gravel layer to draw water from the outer barrel. The outlet (1720) in the water pipe is located at a height above the top of the sand bed (1708), which sand bed (1708) is located inside the inner tub (1702). The inner barrel is nested within the outer barrel and has a hole in a bottom surface (1712) that permits water to pass from the inner barrel to the outer barrel. The inner barrel contains two layers of non-woven filter media (1710), such as tipping paper, disposed above the holes in the bottom of the inner barrel but below the sand bed. The water filter (1700) is nested within the inner barrel and has a hole in the bottom surface (1706). Optionally, the outlet pipe (1718) may be located inside the outer tub (1704) and the inner tub (1702). Fig. 18 shows an exploded view of the embodiment of fig. 17.

Referring to fig. 23, when water enters the mini bio-sand water treatment system, it first passes through the water filter (2300), which (2300) calms the disturbance caused by pouring the water into the system. The top layer of the sand bed contains organic material that can be affected by turbulence. The water then passes through a sand bed (2304). The sand traps particles and microorganisms. The microbial flora living in the top sand tends to destroy natural organic matter and other microorganisms. This results in a reduction of natural organic matter and microorganisms in the effluent. The water then passes through the non-woven media filter and the holes in the bottom of the inner tub. One of the functions of the non-woven media is to prevent sand loss through the holes in the bottom of the inner barrel. After the water passes through the holes in the inner barrel, it then flows into the cavity formed between the bottom of the outer barrel and the bottom of the inner barrel. This cavity may or may not be gravel packed (2306). If included, the gravel provides structural support to the bottom of the inner barrel immediately above it. Alternatively (although not shown in the drawings), the gravel may be replaced by other larger fillers, such as marble, or plastic beads or grid members with support strips. The water leaves the bottom of the tub through the holes and is directed to the outlet (2308) via a conduit. The relative heights of the pipe outlet to the sand level and the full bucket level (2310) are factors in determining the amount and rate of water flow through the system. The elevation of water when the bucket is full (2302) helps determine the initial water pressure on the sand bed. Generally, the higher the water pressure, the faster the water can flow through the system. The height of the outlet pipe (2314) establishes a location where water will stop flowing through the system. If the level of the water in the tub drops to equal the height of the outlet pipe (2312), the water pressure will equilibrate to stop flowing. In the current embodiment, the water stops flowing at a height slightly above the sand height. This ensures that a little depth of water is always covered over the sand and the organic layer remains intact (2316).

Using the suggested maximum face velocity provided by Manz, calculations can be used to determine the minimum surface area for any geometry filter. Furthermore, given the desired maximum flow rate of the system, the minimum diameter of the circular sand bed filter can be calculated. Additionally, given the desired maximum flow rate of the system, the minimum side length of the square sand bed filter can be calculated.

All of the following equations are derived from the governing equation:

F=V*A

f = flow rate

V = face velocity through filter

A = surface area of filter

For any desired maximum flow rate, the minimum surface area of the filter bed can be calculated using the following equation:

amin = minimum surface area of filter bed (cm ^ 2)

Amin=Fmax/Vmax

Fmax = maximum flow rate expected for application (ml/min)

Vmax = maximum suggested face velocity from Manz (1 cm/min).

Example (b): the maximum flow rate expected for the application is 1000 ml/min. The minimum surface area of the filter bed was calculated.

And (3) answer: amin = (1000cm ^3/min)/(1cm/min) =1000cm ^ 2.

For a circular sand bed, the minimum face diameter is determined by the following equation:

Dmin=2*((Fmax)/(Vmax*Pi))^(0.5)

dmin = minimum diameter of circular sand bed filter

Fmax = maximum flow rate (ml/min) expected for the application

Vmax = maximum suggested face velocity from Manz (1cm/min)

Pi=3.14。

Example (b): the maximum flow rate expected for the application is 1000 ml/min. The minimum face diameter of the circular filter bed was calculated.

And (3) answer: dmin =2 ^2 (1000cm ^3/min)/(1cm/min ^ 3.14)) ^ (0.5) =35.7 cm.

For a square sand bed, the minimum side length is determined by the equation:

Smin=(Fmax/Vmax)^(0.5)

smin = minimum side length of square sand bed filter.

Example (b): the maximum flow rate expected for the application is 1000 ml/min. The minimum side length of the square filter bed was calculated.

And (3) answer: smin = (1000cm ^3/min/1cm/min) ^ (0.5) =31.6 cm.

Alternatively, for a given filter area, a maximum suggested flow rate may be calculated.

Fmax=Vmax*A

Fmax = maximum suggested flow rate through a given system

Vmax = maximum suggested face velocity from Manz (1cm/min)

A = filter surface area for a given system.

Example (b): the surface area of a given filter bed is 1000cm 2. A maximum suggested flow rate through the system is calculated.

And (3) answer: fmax =1cm/min 1000cm 2=1000cm 3.

The process of cleaning the sand bed is shown in figure 24. To clean the sand, the water filter (2400) was moved open. The inner tub (1702) is lifted up and taken out from the outer tub (1704). The inner barrel at this time contains sand (1708). The sand (and any remaining water) in the inner tub is poured into the cleaning tub (2402). Fresh clean water is added into the cleaning barrel. The water and sand are stirred or otherwise disturbed to ensure that all sand particles are exposed to clear water (2406). The sand is allowed to settle to the bottom of the cleaning bucket. The mixture of water and fine particles was poured out of the bucket. This process can be repeated several times until the poured water appears to the naked eye to be free of fine particles. The non-woven filter media at the bottom of the inner barrel is removed and discarded (2404). New non-woven filter media is placed into the bottom of the inner barrel. The cleaned sand is then returned to the inner tub. The inner barrel is put back into the outer barrel. The water filter is put back into the inner barrel. The system is then ready for water to be added and filtered.

According to one embodiment, the POU gravity fed water treatment system removes contaminants from water through flocculation and coagulation steps prior to treatment. It may be used alone or in combination with post-treatment to chlorinate and optionally dechlorinate the treated water. Similarly, all three steps may optionally be used in sequence with each other, as shown in fig. 22.

B. Pressed block filter

According to one embodiment, the POU gravity fed water treatment system removes contaminants from water by adding a pressed cake filtration process to remove particulate matter from the water, inactivate microorganisms, and remove additional particulates and organics. Further, the filter press block improves the ease of cleaning and replacing the filter press block in the system.

Another embodiment of a mini bio-sand water treatment system including a pressed block bio-sand filter is shown in fig. 19. The system includes a bucket (1902), and the bucket (1902) may include a snap-on lid (1900). A portion of the tub lid may optionally be hinged to allow easy access to the tub interior during maintenance. An inlet pipe (1912) is placed at or near the top of the tank to receive water from a hose, pipe or any other method of adding water into the system. The tub optionally has a carrying handle (1904) for ease of transport and maintenance. A compact filter (1906) is inside the tub and at or near the bottom of the tub. The compact filter is constructed of a filter media (e.g., sand or activated carbon) and a polymeric binder. The binder may be ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. The binder maintains the shape of the mass, but does not completely cover the surface of the media particles. Both or one of the sand and the activated carbon media may function in the system. After the water passes through the filter cake, the water passes through a pipe network (1908) to a faucet (1910) located on the bowl side. The height of the spigot is set above the top of the filter press block. One or more compact filters may be used within the tub. Fig. 20a shows the configuration (2000) when only one filter (2002) is used with a simple pipe network (2004). Fig. 20b shows a configuration (2006) when two filters (2008) are interfaced in parallel with a network conduit (2010), which will be brought to a single location (2012) by the outlet water from each filter for delivery via a faucet. In a similar manner, additional filters may be added to the system with a line tee.

The filter compact may be made with sand as the primary filter media. However, it can be made from diatomaceous earth, perlite, activated carbon, other inorganic filter media, and mixtures thereof. Current embodiments of the compact filter include commercially available sand with a particle size distribution as described in table 1. The sand particles are bound together in blocks by high or ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. In this embodiment, the composition of the block is 80 to 90% by weight of sand and 10 to 20% by weight of binder. The current embodiment of the sand block is 16 to 25cm in length, 8 to 14cm in outer diameter, and 3 to 9cm in inner diameter.

In one embodiment, the composition of the sand block is 88% sand by weight and 12% binder by weight. The sand blocks have dimensions of 22cm long, 10.7cm outer diameter and 5.6cm inner diameter.

Table 1: particle size distribution used in the present example

American standard mesh	Opening (inch)	Opening (mm)	Cumulative wt% penetration	The cumulative wt% retained	The remaining percentages by weight
						30	0.0234	0.59	92-100	0-8	0-8
40	0.0165	0.42	82-97	3-18	2-14
						50	0.0117	0.30	69-90	10-31	7-20
70	0.0083	0.21	48-75	25-52	12-27
						100	0.0059	0.15	27-55	45-73	14-33
140	0.0041	0.11	7-30	70-93	15-30
						200	0.0029	0.08	1-12	88-99	6-22
270	0.0021	0.05	0-2	98-100	0-12
						Dish	Dish

The biological sand cake filter (2100) of the present invention is made using conventional manufacturing techniques and equipment. Generally, the binder (in powder form) and the sand are mixed uniformly so that the binder is uniformly dispersed in the sand. In certain embodiments, the binder is present in an amount of between about 10% and 20% by weight, and in one embodiment about 12% by weight, based on the weight of the sand combined with the binder. The combined sand and binder is fed into a conventional cylindrical mold (not shown) having an upwardly projecting central pin. The mold and its contents are then heated to from about 190 to about 235 degrees celsius, most preferably about 204 degrees celsius. At the same time, the combined sand and binder is subjected to a pressure of from about 100 to about 600 pounds, preferably about 300 pounds, via a conventional pressurized piston (not shown) which is lowered into the mold and includes a central void opening for the central pin. The combined sand and binder is then allowed to cool and the resulting structure is removed from the mold in the form of an integrated sand liner (2102). The sand liner (2102) is then trimmed to length if necessary.

The top end cap (2104) and bottom end cap (2106) may be separately fabricated, such as by conventional injection molding, and then attached to the sand lining (2102) by cement, adhesive, or other means. If desired, a threaded insert may be used during molding of the tip cap to provide a threaded member for attaching the bio-sand filter (2100) to a suitable pipe or fitting (2108). Alternatively, the top end cap may be molded with a cylindrical protrusion and a groove for an O-ring to seal when the protrusion is inserted into an appropriate pipe or fitting.

A flow diagram of one embodiment of a filter press block process is shown in fig. 25. Turning to fig. 26, optionally, the water may be pretreated prior to entering the mini-biological sand water treatment system. As the water enters the mini biological sand water treatment system, it first passes through a water intake pipe or funnel (2600) and collects in a bucket up to a water level (2602). The water level elevation (2604) above the filter block establishes head pressure on the surface of the pressed block filter (2608) and causes water to flow through the filter media. The water then passes radially through the filter block (2606) and collects within the central hollow core (2608) of the block. The filter block traps particulates and microorganisms. Microorganisms living in the outer layers of the nuggets tend to destroy natural organic matter as well as other microorganisms. This results in a reduction of natural organic matter and microorganisms in the effluent. The water then passes through the pipe to a faucet on the bowl side (2610). The relative elevation of the faucet with respect to the block height and the full bucket height determines the amount and rate of water flow through the system (2612). The water level elevation (2604) at which the bucket is full determines the initial water pressure applied to the bio-sand filter. The higher the water pressure, the faster the water can flow through the system. The height of the water outlet tap above the top of the filter block (2612) establishes a position where water will stop flowing through the system and ensure that the filter block remains wet. Another mini-biological sand water treatment system configuration is shown in fig. 27. Water flows radially (2706 and 2708) through the filter block (2700). Optionally, there may be an outer layer (scrub) and/or a layer of foam material (2714) on the filter block surface to remove particles from the water before it enters the filter block. An end cap (2702) allows water to flow through the filter block. The water collects in the central hollow core (2710) of the block and flows through the outlet tube (2704) to the system's outlet tap (2712).

Using the suggested maximum face velocity provided by Manz, a calculation can be used to determine the minimum surface area of the cylindrical compact filter. In addition, given the desired maximum flow rate and filter length, the minimum diameter of the filter press block can be calculated. Additionally, given the desired maximum flow rate and filter diameter, the minimum length of the filter press block can be calculated.

All of the following equations are derived from the governing equation:

F=V*A

f = flow rate

V = face velocity through filter

A = surface area of filter.

For any desired maximum flow rate, the minimum surface area of the filter compact can be calculated using the following equation:

amin = minimum surface area of pressed filter (cm ^ 2)

Amin=Fmax/Vmax

Fmax = maximum flow rate expected for application (ml/min)

Vmax = maximum suggested face velocity from Manz (1 cm/min).

Example (b): the maximum flow rate required for the application is 1000 ml/min. The minimum surface area of the filter block is calculated.

And (3) answer: amin = (1000cm ^3/min)/(1cm/min) =1000cm ^ 2.

For a given compact length, the minimum compact diameter is determined by the following equation:

Dmin=Fmax/(L*Vmax*Pi)

dmin = minimum diameter (cm) of pressed block filter

Fmax = maximum flow rate (ml/min) expected for the application

Vmax = maximum suggested face velocity from Manz (1cm/min)

L = length of pressed block filter (cm)

Pi=3.14。

Example (b): the maximum flow rate required for the application was 1000ml/min and the block length was 20 cm. The minimum diameter of the filter block is calculated.

And (3) answer: dmin = (1000cm ^3/min)/(20cm ^ 1cm/min = 3.14) =15.9 cm.

For a given press diameter, the minimum block length is determined by the following equation:

Lmin=Fmax/(D*Vmax*Pi)

lmin = minimum length of pressed block filter

Fmax = maximum flow rate (ml/min) expected for the application

Vmax = maximum suggested face velocity from Manz (1cm/min)

D = diameter of pressed block filter (cm)

Pi=3.14。

Example (b): the maximum flow rate required for the application was 1000ml/min and the block diameter was 15 cm. The minimum length of the filter block is calculated.

And (3) answer: lmin = (1000cm ^3/min)/(15cm ^ 1cm/min = 3.14) =21.2 cm.

Alternatively, for a given compressed filter area, a maximum suggested flow rate may be calculated.

Fmax=Vmax*A

Fmax = maximum suggested flow rate through a given system

Vmax = maximum suggested face velocity from Manz (1cm/min)

A = filter surface area for a given system.

Example (b): the surface area of a given filter block is 1000cm 2. A maximum suggested flow rate through the system is calculated.

And (3) answer: fmax =1cm/min 1000cm 2=1000cm 3/min.

Alternatively, the maximum suggested flow rate may be calculated for a system having multiple identically sized compacts of parallel flow.

Fmax=Vmax*A*n

Fmax = maximum suggested flow rate through a given system

Vmax = maximum suggested face velocity from Manz (1cm/min)

A = filter surface area per filter press

n = number of compressed block filters for parallel flow.

Example (b): the system contains two compressed block filters in parallel flow. The surface area of each filter block is 1000cm 2. A maximum suggested flow rate through the system is calculated.

And (3) answer: fmax =1cm/min 1000cm 2=2000cm 3/min.

To clean the filter block, the lid of the bucket top can be opened or removed. The filter block is separated from the line and removed from the drum. At this point, the filter block may be discarded and replaced with a new filter block. Alternatively, the filter block may be partially regenerated by pumping water therethrough in the opposite direction to the normal flow direction, as shown in fig. 28. Water is fed through holes (2804) in the end cap (2802) and flows radially outward (2806) through the radial filter block (2800). This reverse pumping can be achieved by an electric pump and hose or by a manual pump and hose. Optionally, the outer layer and/or the foam layer (2714) may be brushed or rinsed to remove additional particles.

An alternative embodiment of a mini-biological sand water treatment system is shown in fig. 29. The mini biological sand water treatment system includes a pressed block filter (2900) having a diameter greater than a length. Water flows to the faucet through end cap (2902) and outlet pipe (2902).

Flocculation + modified filters + chlorination/dechlorination

According to the two previous embodiments, a mini bio-sand water treatment system removes contaminants from water by treating the water using a flocculation process, a mini bio-sand filtration process, and a chlorination/dechlorination process in that order.

According to one embodiment, the POU gravity fed water treatment system removes contaminants from water by adding a biosafety filtration process to the flocculation and chlorination/dechlorination process to enable a user to remove particulate matter from the water and inactivate microorganisms.

As indicated above, in rural or undeveloped areas, water may be collected in containers or tanks from sources such as lakes, rivers or wells. In some cases, this water may be extremely turbid due to the high particle concentration. In these cases, it is best to treat the water in a flocculation, coagulation and sedimentation process before pouring or piping the water into the mini bio-sand water treatment system. The flocculation process will remove a large amount of particulate matter from the water, thereby extending the life of the sand bed and paper filter or pressed block filter in the mini bio-sand water treatment system.

After the water has flowed through the mini biological sand water treatment system, it can be poured or piped into a chlorination/dechlorination process. In one embodiment, the process kills additional microorganisms in the water such that the overall sequence of filtration steps has a total destruction of microorganisms of greater than 99.99%. After the water has been subjected to the chlorination/dechlorination process, the water is ready for use.

VIII siphon

Referring to fig. 30, one embodiment of a water treatment system having a flocculation step prior to biological sand filtration is shown. A stream of water and a flocculating chemical (3000) are poured into the system. The water is left standing in the flocculation tank (3002) for a period of time. During this time, the particles (3004) coagulate and sink to the bottom of the tank. After the flocculation process is finished, the water is pumped out of the barrel by a water outlet pipe (3006). The height of the tube can be set higher than the height of the particles which sink at the bottom of the tank. A one-way valve (3008) located at the top of the outlet pipe allows air to escape. When the water tank is filled to or above the level of the faucet, then the outlet pipe, faucet and down tube form a siphon after air escapes through the one-way valve (3008). The water exits via the outlet tap (3010) and flows through the down tube into the next stage (3012) of the water treatment system. In the present embodiment, the next stage of the water treatment system is the biological sand stage as previously described.

When performing the flocculation process, one parameter is the dosage of the flocculation chemical into the water. To assist the user in dosing the correct dose, standard size buckets are used and a predetermined amount of flocculation chemical is specified for the user to add to the water. If the water level is incorrect, an improper dosage of flocculating chemical may result.

To encourage the user to fill the flocculation vat completely, a siphon mechanism is included. When water is added to the tub, the water level in the pipe also rises through the opening (3102). When the water level (3100) in the tub reaches a level at or above the level of the faucet (3106), air is flushed into the one-way valve (3104). After the air is flushed in and the faucet (3106) is opened, water will flow out and down through the pipe (3108). The water continues to flow until it reaches the level of either the inlet pipe (3102) or the outlet pipe (3110).

Referring to FIG. 32, an alternative embodiment of a siphon mechanism is shown. Two differences from the siphon mechanism of fig. 31 are that the down tube (3108) is located inside the tub and the tap (3106) is located at the bottom end of the down tube. This embodiment has fewer parts on the outside of the tub.

FIG. 33 shows another alternative embodiment of a siphon mechanism. This implementation includes a diffuser (3300) on the inlet of the siphon mechanism. The diffuser reduces the velocity of the water as it enters the siphon mechanism, thereby reducing the chance of turbulence and pumping of particles (3302) that settle at the bottom of the tank. Although shown attached to the embodiment of fig. 33, the diffuser may be used in conjunction with other embodiments of the siphon mechanism, such as the embodiments shown in fig. 31 and 32. The construction of the diffuser may be as simple as a pipe connected to the inlet of the siphon mechanism by an elbow. The conduit may have a slot or hole therein. The collection of all these slots or holes presents a large inlet surface for the water flow to pass through. This results in a reduced water flow rate at any given water inlet.

IX. chlorinator device

Referring to fig. 34, an embodiment of a chlorinator device on the outlet of a mini biological sand water treatment system is shown. Although shown and described as being associated with a mini biological sand water treatment system (3400), the chlorinator device may also be used in association with other water treatment systems. The water leaves the mini-biological sand water treatment system (3400) and enters a chlorinator device.

Figure 35 shows the components and features of one embodiment of a chlorinator device. The chlorinator device includes a chlorinator inlet pipe (3500), a flow vessel (3502), a chlorine cartridge (3504) (sometimes referred to as a chlorine "cartridge"), chlorine tablets (3506), a chlorine cartridge cap (3508), a chlorinator outlet pipe (3510), a bypass flow path (3512), a slot (35 l 4) in the side of the chlorine cartridge, an outlet aperture (3516) in the chlorine cartridge cap, and a tablet support (3518). Because the chlorinator device is attached outside the bucket rather than floating or attached within the bucket, a user can access the chlorinator device without disturbing the water treatment system or having to deal with dirty water. Further, portions of the chlorinator device may be seen through, allowing a user to see how much chlorine tablets remain without having to open or access the chlorinator device.

Referring to FIG. 36, an embodiment of the water flow through the chlorinator assembly of FIG. 35 is disclosed. Water enters through the inflow pipe (3600). The water flows down the top and sides of the chlorine tank step by step (3602). A portion of the total water flow enters the chlorination tank (3604) via the slots in the side walls. The portion entering the slot is adjusted by the size and shape of the slot. The size of the tank can be adjusted during manufacture based on the chlorine dosing requirements. Generally, larger slots and smoother edges will allow more water to flow into the chlorine tank. In general, smaller slots with sharper edges will allow less water to enter the chamber. A portion of the total water flow bypasses the chlorine capsule (3606). This water flows to the outlet pipe through holes or channels that allow water to flow through the chlorine tank. The water flowing inside the chlorine tank carries away the chlorine dissolved from the chlorine tablets (3608). The water flows out through the holes in the chlorine capsule cap. The size of the orifice regulates the flow rate. The chlorinated water and the bypassed water are recombined in the outlet pipe and become thoroughly mixed within the water-receiving vessel (3610). The tablet support (3518) includes spaced apart support members that support the chlorine tablet while containing water flowing through the tablet. In this manner, the pill support controls exposure of the chlorine pill (3506) to water. Optionally, the chlorine tablets may be placed above, below, or aligned with the grooves in the sides of the chlorine pod, which may alter the interaction between the water and the chlorine tablets. Further optionally, the location, orientation, and number of grooves within the sides of the chlorine pod can be varied to vary the interaction between the water and the chlorine tablets. The pill support also places the chlorine tablet at a height that the user can see through the transparent window to determine when to change the chlorine tablet. Optionally, a portion or all of the chlorine pod may be transparent to allow viewing of the chlorine tablets.

FIG. 37 shows one embodiment of a process for replacing a chlorine tank. The flow container (3502) slides upwards on the inlet pipe (3500) of the chlorinator. The used chlorine pod (3504) is removed from the outlet pipe (3510). A new chlorine capsule (3700) is installed into the outlet pipe (3510). The stream container (3502) is lowered to return to the location of the chlorine capsule.

X. hand pump

Some gravity fed water treatment systems are large, heavy and relatively difficult to move. Many gravity fed water treatment systems are forced to compromise between flow rate and performance. That is, to have a higher flow rate, filtration performance is sometimes sacrificed, and vice versa. There is a need for a system that operates without pressurized plumbing and without electrical power, yet provides water purification that approximates the filtration and flow rate performance of systems that use pressurized plumbing and electrical power.

In one embodiment, a water treatment system having a pump for assisting water flow provides disinfection, filtration, chemical absorption, and high flow rates without the need for pressurized plumbing or electrical power. In this embodiment, the disinfection is achieved by adding chlorine to the water as it enters the water tub. Filtration and chemical adsorption can be achieved by passing the chloridized water through a pleated filter media and a pressed carbon block filter. In alternative embodiments, sterilization, filtration, and chemical absorption may be accomplished with different chemicals, filters, or systems. In this embodiment, the user draws water from the water system using a manually actuated piston pump mounted at the system outlet. As the water is withdrawn, it flows through one or more filter media that remove chlorine and other contaminants from the water.

Fig. 38 shows a system in which disinfection, filtration, and chemical absorption of water help purify the water. These processes can be carried out without electrical power or pressurized plumbing. In addition, this embodiment of the system is capable of delivering a flow rate of one gallon per minute. A wide mouth funnel (3800) may be provided to accept a high flow rate (e.g., poured from another barrel) when filling the water storage tank (3804). A chlorine tablet (3802) may be installed in the funnel so that water dissolves as it is poured through the funnel, thereby disinfecting the water. The size of the funnel opening, the size of the outlet, and the size and number of chlorine tablets can be adjusted to achieve the desired amount of chlorination in the water. Water may be stored in tank (3804) until the moment the user wants to draw water for use.

During storage, chlorine actively disinfects the water. The size of the tank and the maximum effluent flow rate can be varied and adjusted by the system designer or system installer to achieve the proper chlorine CT exposure in the water.

In one embodiment, the manual pumping system is a manually actuated piston pump, as shown in fig. 38. Although a manually actuated piston is used in the present embodiment, a different kind of pump may be used to actuate the water flow. In other embodiments, a different manual pumping system is employed so that the system can operate without access to electrical power or pressurized plumbing.

As water is drawn from the tank for use, it first flows through the pressed block of activated carbon (3806). Optionally, a pleated filter media may be installed above the carbon block to filter large particles and prevent clogging of the carbon block. In some cases, the head of water in a small residential size tank (about 5 gallons) is not sufficient to allow water to flow through the strainer block. Thus, a manually operated piston pump can be mounted on the outlet post of the filter. When the piston pump handle (3814) is raised, a piston (not shown) within the body (3812) creates a negative pressure differential with respect to the water pressure on the inlet side of the filter block. This causes water to flow through the filter block, into the filter outlet (3808), and up into the body (3812) of the pump. As water is drawn through the body of the pump, it passes through a one-way rubber flapper valve (3810). Also, when new water is drawn into the body (3812), it replaces the water originally there. The displaced water escapes through a drain port (3816) at the top of the pump. The diameter and stroke length of the piston can be varied to allow adjustment by the system designer or system installer to achieve a desired water flow delivery per stroke. For example, given a stroke duration of 2 seconds and a piston capacity of 126ml, a net flow rate of 3780ml (about one gallon) per minute can be achieved.

In some gravity fed water treatment systems, small volume tanks generate very little head pressure due to lack of water depth or other reasons. In the embodiment shown in fig. 38, the system includes a pressed carbon block filter media with a pleated prefilter. The carbon block with the pleated prefilter may provide substantially equivalent filtration to an electrically powered water purifier. Some gravity fed water treatment systems do not build sufficient head pressure to allow water to flow through some carbon block filter media. However, a manual pumping system mounted on the outlet side of the filter media provides assistance and allows the proper flow rate to be achieved. A negative pressure is generated at the water outlet when the pump is actuated, thus creating a net pressure differential across the media to accelerate the water flow.

An assembly tray (3818) may be included to secure the carbon block filter, pre-filter and pump in place at the bottom of the storage tank (3804). The assembly tray may also help keep the filter and pump from being damaged during transport.

Instead of a funnel, a tubular or other enclosed chlorine delivery member may be used to add chlorine to the incoming water. For example, any of the chlorine delivery components previously described to effect any chlorination process may be used in conjunction with a manual pumping system.

In one embodiment, rather than adding chlorine as the water is poured through a funnel (or other suitable chlorine introduction device), the liquid, powder, or one or more tablets may be manually mixed into the water in a separate bucket and then poured into a safe water storage container.

In case the user has access to the water in the plumbing, then the safe water storage container can be filled using a hose connected to the tap or a diverter valve on the tap. The use of a safe water storage container with disinfection may be advantageous in situations where the water supplied by the plumbing installation is contaminated. Furthermore, a safe water storage container may provide available water in situations where water supply is intermittent or where water pressure in the plumbing system is low.

While the above examples discuss chlorine, other sanitizing chemicals may be used. For example, bromine, iodine, or any other suitable agent may be used in place of or in addition to chlorine. In some systems, a sanitizing chemical may not necessarily be required.

Although the present embodiment employs a high performance pressed carbon filter, a lower performance filter may be used. For example, in one alternative embodiment, the filter may be used only to remove chlorine flavors from the water. In another alternative embodiment, a lower cost filter may be used.

The pump system described in connection with the present embodiment is a piston pump with a bicycle tyre pump handling action. In an alternative embodiment, a lever connection may be added to operate a pump with a lever type motion. In other embodiments, different types of pump systems may be used to draw water at the appropriate flow rate. For example, a rotary crank assembly may be used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating linear motion, instead of linear motion operating a pump action. In another alternative embodiment, instead of a piston pump, other kinds of pumps may be used, such as a crank-driven peristaltic pump.

XI flocculation funnel

Referring to fig. 39 and 40, the water treatment system may include a flocculation tank or funnel (3900) in cooperation with a mini bio-sand filter. In this embodiment, the flocculation funnel (3900) nests atop the mini-biological sand filter (3902). A cover (3904) for the flocculation funnel can replace the mini bio-sand filter cover.

As water and flocculation chemicals are added to the flocculation tank (3900), they may be stirred with a scoop (3906). As the flocculation process proceeds, scoop (3906) may be stored in flocculation tank (3900), perhaps as best shown in fig. 41, with the scoop portion of the scoop nested in the water collection area (3908) of flocculation tank (3900). As particles in the water condense and settle to the bottom of the tank, they are directed by the sloped walls (3910) of the tank to fall into the catchment area (3908). In this embodiment, the walls are angled a minimum of 30 degrees from horizontal to help ensure that sediment will fall into the water collection area (3908). In alternative embodiments, the angle of the wall may be set at different angles.

When the condensation and precipitation process is complete, the scoop (3906) may become full of granules. An outlet valve (3912) is located above the settled particulate layer in bucket (3906). Thus, the height of the outlet valve (3912) will determine the volume of settled particles captured by the water collection area (3908). Optionally, the height of the outlet valve (3912) may be adjusted, or additional outlet ports may be added. Perhaps as best shown in fig. 41, the user may actuate the valve handle (3914) to open the outlet valve (3912) and allow water to be expelled from above the sediment in the bucket (3906). In this embodiment, water exiting the outlet valve (3912) flows directly into the mini bio-sand filter system, which then operates as described above to further filter and treat the water. The outlet valve is designed so that the water flow is maintained at a flow rate which is slow enough not to disturb the sediment in the region of the water collection/scoop. In alternative embodiments, the outlet valve may flow into a different filter system or storage container. Referring to fig. 42, the scoop may be removed from the catchment area to empty the collected sediment or to stir the flocculation chemical into the untreated water.

The structure of the tank outlet, particularly the approximately vertical wall (3916) around the outlet valve port, is configured to minimize the formation of flocculated deposits during the coagulation process. The sides of the effluent structure are positioned and inclined to divert the motion of the floes away from the inlet port of the outlet valve as the floes accumulate in the water collection area served by the scoop.

Referring to fig. 43, the outlet valve assembly (3918) is described in more detail. In this embodiment, the outlet valve assembly (3918) includes a valve body (3930), a pull cup (3926), a set screw (3928), a valve handle (3914), a valve pull rod assembly (3920), a valve retainer (3922), a valve spring (3924), and a valve body insert (3932). The valve pull rod assembly has a threaded end for fine adjustment of length and an adjustment nut. As the handle (3914) is actuated, the valve stop (3922) pulls the outlet valve out and allows water to flow. A valve spring (3924) is used to reset the valve stop. In alternative embodiments, other configurations of the outlet valve assembly using additional, different, or fewer components may be implemented.

Xii. foam structure

Biological sand filtration systems can reduce the concentration of microorganisms in water by passing the water through a biological layer formed on the surface of a gravel bed. These systems use large amounts of grit to filter the water, making them heavy, difficult to clean, transport and maintain. For example, it can be cumbersome to transport large volumes of sand, and in some locations, it may be difficult to obtain the sand locally.

In one construction, some or all of the sand may be replaced with one or more foam filter elements. The foam is lighter, easier to produce, and easier to ship out of a centralized location. The installation process will also be simpler and can be performed by inexperienced persons.

A bio-layer forms on top of the foam and results in a significant reduction of the particle concentration at the effluent.

The foam cell density in this example is about 100 cells per inch. In alternative embodiments, the pore density may be adjusted depending on the application. Multiple layers of foam may be used to fill the volume of the container. To control the flow rate and surface velocity, a restriction orifice may be installed in the outlet or hose. Polyurethane foams can remain stable for many years and are not consumed by microorganisms. Further, its existing formulations can be certified for contact with water by NSF.

An exemplary filter system including a foam filter is shown in fig. 44 and 46. The filtration system includes a tank (4404), a cover (4400), a diffuser layer (4406), a bio-layer (4408), and a polyurethane foam (4410). In this embodiment, the polyurethane foam is cut into pieces for easy stacking and loading into a cone-shaped box. Alternatively, a single cone-shaped block of foam may be used. Although some blocks are used in the illustrated embodiment, foam materials of different shapes and sizes may be used depending on the application or interaction with the water tank. Untreated water is poured into the top of the tank (4402) and exits the tank via outlet pipe (4412) into a treated water storage container (4414).

In an alternative embodiment shown in fig. 45, a shallow layer of sand (4500) may be added on top of the foam pile to promote better formation of the organic layer. While multiple layers of foam are shown in the embodiment of fig. 44 and 45, a single shallow layer of foam may be used in alternative embodiments, which may reduce the overall height of the system.

In another alternative embodiment, a sheet of foam material may be rolled into a cylinder and capped to form a radial flow filter element. The radial flow filter block is shown in fig. 19 and 20A-20B and described previously. As described above, the filter block is constructed of sand or activated carbon, is compressed and held together with an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene binder. In this embodiment, the radial filter block may be formed from a sheet of foam material rolled into a cylinder and capped at the ends. With a filter block tee or any other filter connection system, additional filter blocks may be added to scale the system up to any size.

An exemplary configuration of a radial flow foam filter block is shown in fig. 47. In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of: 1) rolling the foam sheet into a cylinder (4700); 2) gluing (4702) along the seam; 3) gluing the closed end cap to one end of the cylinder (4704); and 4) gluing the open end cap with the pipe joint to the other end of the foam cylinder (4706). In alternative embodiments, the foam filter block may be made using different methods, including additional or fewer components and additional or fewer steps.

Prefilter media may be used to cover the surface of the end flow structures or radial flow structures to allow easier cleaning and reduce clogging of the foam cells.

In alternate embodiments, other foamed or porous materials or structures may be substituted for the polymer foam materials described above. For example, glass, metal or other substrates made by fusing beads of a material may be used. One exemplary embodiment includes porex sintered polyethylene, which may also be used as a support for bio-construction (bio-formation).

The above is a description of the current embodiment of the invention. Many variations and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and broader aspects of the invention as defined in the appended claims, which are to be interpreted in accordance with the principles of patent law including the doctrine of equivalents. Any element referred to in the singular, for example, by the articles "a," "an," "the," or "said," is not to be construed as limiting the element to the singular.

Claims (41)

1. A water treatment system comprising:

an inlet for receiving water;

an outer tub;

an inner barrel sized to nest within the outer barrel, the inner barrel including a bottom and at least one aperture defined in the inner barrel bottom, the aperture sized to allow water to flow from the inner barrel to the outer barrel;

a non-woven filter media positioned within the inner barrel adjacent to the at least one aperture;

a sand bed for capturing particulates and microorganisms, wherein the sand bed is located within the inner barrel above the non-woven filter media, wherein the sand bed comprises a bio-layer, and wherein a sand bed height is defined by a top surface of the sand bed; and

an outlet for dispensing filtered water at a height above the height of the sand bed.

2. The water treatment system of claim 1, including a water filter for passing water from the inlet to the inner barrel.

3. The water treatment system of claim 1, wherein the depth of the sand bed is less than or equal to 4 inches.

4. The water treatment system of claim 1, comprising:

a chlorinator, wherein a user can access the chlorinator device without otherwise interfering with the water treatment system, wherein the chlorinator device comprises:

a chlorinator inlet for receiving water that is not chlorinated;

a chlorine capsule comprising a chlorine capsule inlet, a chlorine tablet, and a chlorine capsule outlet, wherein the chlorine capsule inlet regulates an amount of water entering the chlorine capsule, and wherein the chlorine capsule outlet dispenses water that has been chlorinated;

a bypass outlet for dispensing non-chlorinated water;

a flow vessel for 1) conducting water from the chlorinator inlet to the chlorine tank; and 2) directing water from the chlorinator inlet to the bypass outlet;

a chlorinator outlet for recombining non-chlorinated water from the bypass outlet with chlorinated water from the chlorine tank outlet.

5. The water treatment system of claim 4, wherein the chlorinator device is mounted externally of the inner tub and externally of the outer tub.

6. The water treatment system of claim 4 wherein said flow container and said chlorine pod are transparent allowing a user to see how many of said chlorine tablets are left without accessing said chlorinator device.

7. The water treatment system of claim 4 wherein said chlorine pod is releasably mounted adjacent said outlet.

8. A portable water treatment system comprising:

a first container;

a first inlet for receiving water;

a compact filter comprising filter media and a polymeric binder, the polymeric binder holding the filter media in a predetermined shape and the polymeric binder allowing fluid flow through the filter media;

a filter height defined by a top surface of the compact filter; and

a first outlet for dispensing water, the first outlet being located at a height above the height of the filter.

9. The portable water treatment system of claim 8 wherein the adhesive is polyethylene.

10. The portable water treatment system of claim 8 including a plurality of pressed block filters in parallel.

11. The portable water treatment system of claim 8 wherein said filter media defines an open space in the center of said filter media, said open space receiving water passing through said filter media.

12. The portable water treatment system of claim 8 wherein the compact is about 80% to 90% by weight filter media with 10% to 20% by weight polymer binder.

13. The portable water treatment system of claim 8 including:

a second treatment system comprising a second container, a second inlet for receiving water into the second container, a second outlet adjacent the first inlet for dispensing water from the second container, and a flocculant positioned within the second container to promote coagulation and precipitation of particles suspended in the water; and

a siphon tube passing through the second outlet, the siphon tube comprising a siphon tube extending within the second container to the second outlet, a one-way valve located at a top of the siphon tube to allow air to escape, a siphon tube outlet adjacent the siphon tube extending from the second outlet to the first inlet.

14. The portable water treatment system of claim 13 wherein the siphon inlet pipe defines a plurality of apertures.

15. The portable water treatment system of claim 13 including an expected height of settled particles in the second container, the siphon inlet pipe being located at a height above the expected height of settled particles.

16. A chlorinator device comprising:

a chlorinator inlet for receiving non-chlorinated water;

a chlorine capsule comprising a chlorine capsule inlet, a quantity of chlorine, and a chlorine capsule outlet, wherein the chlorine capsule inlet regulates the amount of water entering the chlorine capsule, and wherein the chlorine capsule outlet dispenses water that has been chlorinated;

a bypass outlet for dispensing the non-chlorinated water;

a flow vessel for 1) conducting water from the chlorinator inlet to the chlorine tank; and 2) directing water from the chlorinator inlet to the bypass outlet;

a chlorinator outlet for recombining the non-chlorinated water from the bypass outlet with the chlorinated water from the chlorine tank outlet;

wherein a user can access the chlorinator device without otherwise interfering with the water treatment system.

17. The chlorinator device of claim 16 including a diffuser to help ensure even mixing of the chlorine with water.

18. The chlorinator device of claim 16 wherein the amount of chlorine includes at least one trichloroisocyanuric acid tablet.

19. The chlorinator device of claim 16 including a filter adjacent the outlet to remove the chlorine from the water.

20. The chlorinator device of claim 19 wherein the filter is an activated pressed carbon block filter.

21. A water treatment system comprising:

a first treatment system comprising a first container, a first inlet for receiving water into the first container, a first outlet for dispensing water out of the first container, and a flocculating agent within the first container between the first inlet and the first outlet, the flocculating agent causing particles suspended in the water to coagulate and precipitate;

a second treatment system comprising a second container, a second inlet for receiving water into the second container, a second outlet for dispensing water out of the second container, and at least one layer of sand, gravel or foam material to trap particles or microorganisms suspended in the water and inhibit the flow of the particles and microorganisms through the second outlet; and

a third treatment system comprising a third container, a third inlet for receiving water into the third container, a third outlet for dispensing water out of the third container, at least one of chlorine and halogen within the third container to deactivate microorganisms that may be present in the water, and a filter adjacent the third outlet to remove one of the chlorine and halogen from the water.

22. The water treatment system of claim 21 wherein the first outlet is adjacent the second inlet and the second outlet is adjacent the third inlet.

23. The water treatment system of claim 21 wherein said first container, said second container and said third container are portable.

24. The water treatment system of claim 21 wherein the first container is sized to nest within the second container and the second container is sized to nest within the third container.

25. The water treatment system of claim 21, comprising an expected depth of coagulated particles settled within the first container, wherein the first outlet is located at a height above the expected depth of coagulated particles.

26. The water treatment system of claim 21 wherein the first treatment system includes a plurality of first containers to treat water over a period of time.

27. The water treatment system of claim 21 wherein said third treatment system includes a funnel, one of said chlorine and a halogen located within said funnel.

28. The water treatment system of claim 27 wherein said third treatment system includes an air gap adjacent said funnel.

29. A portable water treatment system comprising:

a container;

an inlet for receiving water;

a foam filter element adjacent said inlet for filtering microorganisms and particulates from the water;

a bio-layer located between the inlet and the foam layer; and

an outlet for dispensing water.

30. The portable water treatment system of claim 29 including a layer of sand between said foam filter element and said bio-layer.

31. The portable water treatment system of claim 29 including a pre-filter media positioned between the foam filter element and the bio-layer.

32. The portable water treatment system of claim 29 wherein said foam filter element is a radial flow filter.

33. The portable water treatment system of claim 29 wherein the foam has a foam cell density of about 100 cells per inch.

34. A portable water treatment system comprising:

a flocculation system comprising a flocculation tank, a flocculation inlet for receiving water into the flocculation tank, a flocculant to cause particles suspended in the water to coagulate and settle, a flocculation tank bottom, a water collection area at the flocculation tank bottom, a scoop within the water collection area for removing settled particles in the water, and a flocculation outlet for dispensing water from the flocculation tank, wherein the flocculation tank bottom directs the settled particles in the water to the water collection area.

35. The portable water treatment system of claim 34 including a second water treatment system including a second container and a second inlet for receiving water into the second container, wherein the flocculation tank bottom is nested within the second container inlet.

36. The portable water treatment system of claim 34 wherein the second water treatment system includes an amount of chlorine.

37. The portable water treatment system of claim 34 wherein the second water treatment system includes a foam filter.

38. The portable water treatment system of claim 34 wherein the second water treatment system includes a sand filter.

39. The portable water treatment system of claim 34 wherein the second water treatment system includes a pressed block filter.

40. The portable water treatment system of claim 34 wherein the flocculation tank bottom comprises at least one wall angled at about 30 degrees relative to horizontal.

41. The water treatment system of claim 21 including a manual pump capable of increasing at least one of flow rate and pressure within said water treatment system.