HK1156320B - Labelled nucleotides - Google Patents

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to labelled nucleotides. In particular, this invention discloses nucleotides having a removable label and their use in polynucleotide sequencing methods.

BACKGROUND

Advances in the study of molecules have been led, in part, by improvement in technologies used to characterise the molecules or their biological reactions. In particular, the study of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA has benefited from developing technologies used for sequence analysis and the study of hybridisation events.

An example of the technologies that have improved the study of nucleic acids, is the development of fabricated arrays of immobilised nucleic acids. These arrays consist typically of a high-density matrix of polynucleotides immobilised onto a solid support material. See, e.g., Fodor et al., Trends Biotech. 12:19-26, 1994, which describes ways of assembling the nucleic acids using a chemically sensitized glass surface protected by a mask, but exposed at defined areas to allow attachment of suitably modified nucleotide phosphoramidites. Fabricated arrays can also be manufactured by the technique of "spotting" known polynucleotides onto a solid support at predetermined positions (e.g., Stimpson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6379-6383, 1995).

A further development in array technology is the attachment of the polynucleotides to the solid support material to form single molecule arrays. Arrays of this type are disclosed in International Patent App. WO 00/06770 . The advantage of these arrays is that reactions can be monitored at the single molecule level and information on large numbers of single molecules can be collated from a single reaction.

For DNA arrays to be useful, the sequences of the molecules must be determined. U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,509 discloses a method to sequence polynucleotides immobilised on a solid support. The method relies on the incorporation of 3'-blocked bases A, G, C and T having a different fluorescent label to the immobilised polynucleotide, in the presence of DNA polymerase The polymerase incorporates a base complementary to the target polynucleotide, but is prevented from further addition by the 3'-blocking group. The label of the incorporated base can then be determined and the blocking group removed by chemical cleavage to allow further polymerisation to occur.

Welch et al. (Chem. Eur. J. 5(3):951-960, 1999) describes the synthesis of nucleotide triphosphates modified with a 3'-O-blocking group that is photolabile and fluorescent. The modified nucleotides are intended for use in DNA sequencing experiments. However, these nucleotides proved to be difficult to incorporate onto an existing polynucleotide, due to an inability to fit into the polymerase enzyme active site.

Zhu et al. (Cytometry 28:206-211, 1997) also discloses the use of fluorescent labels attached to a nucleotide via the base group. The labelled nucleotides are intended for use in fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) experiments, where a series of incorporated labelled nucleotides is required to produce a fluorescent "bar code".

WO00/15844 , WO96/11937 and Prober JM et al; Science (1987); vol 238, no 4825 pages 336-341 describe variants on the dideoxynucleotide terminators used in electrophoretic 'Sanger' sequencing. The nucleotides described have both the 2' and 3' positions as hydrogen.

WO99/57321 discloses a method of sequencing where the number of incorporated nucleotides is counted. In order to be counted, the nucleotide must have a free 3' hydroxyl moiety to allow multiple incorporation events to occur.

US6136543 discloses a nucleotide with a photolabile linker between the base and the label and a free 3'-hydroxyl. D5 also separately discloses a nucleotide with a label attached to the 3'-position via a blocking moiety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the present invention, a nucleoside or nucleotide molecule is linked to a detectable label via a cleavable linker group attached to the base, rendering the molecule useful in techniques using labelled nucleosides or nucleotides, e.g., sequencing reactions, polynucleotide synthesis, nucleic acid amplification, nucleic acid hybridization assays, single nucleotide polymorphism studies, and other techniques using enzymes such as polymerases, reverse transcriptases, terminal transferases, or other DNA modifying enzymes. The invention is especially useful in techniques that use labelled dNTPs, such as nick translation, random primer labeling, end-labeling (e.g., with terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase), reverse transcription, or nucleic acid amplification. The molecules of the present invention are in contrast to the prior art, where the label is attached to the ribose or deoxyribose sugar, or where the label is attached via a non-cleavable linker.

According to a first aspect of the invention, a nucleotide or nucleoside molecule, or an analog thereof, has a base that is linked to a detectable label via a cleavable linker.

The invention features a nucleotide or nucleoside molecule, having a base that is linked to a detectable label via a cleavable linker. The base can be a purine, or a pyrimidine. The base can be a deazapurine. The molecule can have a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety. The ribose or deoxyribose sugar can include a protecting group attached via the 2' or 3' oxygen atom. The protecting group can be removed to expose a 3'-OH. The molecule can be a deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate. The detectable label can be a fluorophore. The linker can contain a disulphide linkage.

The invention also features a method of labeling a nucleic acid molecule, where the method includes incorporating into the nucleic acid molecule a nucleotide or nucleoside molecule, where the nucleotide or nucleoside molecule has a base that is linked to a detectable label via a cleavable linker. The incorporating step can be accomplished via a terminal transferase, a polymerase or a reverse transcriptase. The base can be a purine, or a pyrimidine. The base can be a deazapurine. The nucleotide or nucleoside molecule can have a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety. The ribose or deoxyribose sugar can include a protecting group attached via the 2' or 3' oxygen atom. The protecting group can be removed to expose a 3'-OH group. The molecule can be a deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate. The detectable label can be a fluorophore. The linker can contain a disulphide linkage. The detectable label and/or the cleavable linker can be of a size sufficient to prevent the incorporation of a second nucleotide or nucleoside into the nucleic acid molecule.

In another aspect, the invention features a method for determining the sequence of a target single-stranded polynucleotide, where the method includes monitoring the sequential incorporation of complementary nucleotides, where the nucleotides each have a base that is linked to a detectable label via a cleavable linker, and where the identity of each nucleotide incorporated is determined by detection of the label linked to the base, and subsequent removal of the label.

The invention also features a method for determining the sequence of a target single-stranded polynucleotide, where the method includes: (a) providing nucleotides, where the nucleotides have a base that is linked to a detectable label via a cleavable linker, and where the detectable label linked to each type of nucleotide can be distinguished upon detection from the detectable label used for other types of nucleotides; (b) incorporating a nucleotide into the complement of the target single stranded polynucleotide; (c)detecting the label of the nucleotide of (b), thereby determining the type of nucleotide incorporated; (d) removing the label of the nucleotide of (b); and (e) optionally repeating steps (b) - (d) one or more times; thereby determining the sequence of a target single-stranded polynucleotide.

In the methods described herein, each of the nucleotides can be brought into contact with the target sequentially, with removal of non-incorporated nucleotides prior to addition of the next nucleotide, where detection and removal of the label is carried out either after addition of each nucleotide, or after addition of all four nucleotides.

In the methods, all of the nucleotides can be brought into contact with the target simultaneously, i.e., a composition comprising all of the different nucleotides is brought into contact with the target, and non-incorporated nucleotides are removed prior to detection and subsequent to removal of the label(s).

The methods can comprise a first step and a second step, where in the first steep, a first composition comprising two of the four nucleotides is brought into contact with the target, and non-incorporated nucleotides are removed prior to detection and subsequent to removal of the label, and where in the second step, a second composition comprising the two nucleotides not included in the first composition is brought into contact with the target, and non-incorporated nucleotides are removed prior to detection and subsequent to removal of the label, and where the first steps and the second step can be optionally repeated one or more times.

The methods described herein can also comprise a first step and a second step, where in the first step, a composition comprising one of the four nucleotides is brought into contact with the target, and non-incorporated nucleotides are removed prior to detection and subsequent to removal of the label, and where in the second step, a second composition comprising the three nucleotides not included in the first composition is brought into contact with the target, and non-incorporated nucleotides are removed prior to detection and subsequent to removal of the label, and where the first steps and the second step can be optionally repeated one or more times.

The methods described herein can also comprise a first step and a second step, where in the first step, a first composition comprising three of the four nucleotides is brought into contact with the target, and non-incorporated nucleotides are removed prior to detection and subsequent to removal of the label, and where in the second step, a composition comprising the nucleotide not included in the first composition is brought into contact with the target, and non-incorporated nucleotides are removed prior to detection and subsequent to removal of the label, and where the first steps and the second step can be optionally repeated one or more times.

In a further aspect, the invention features a kit, where the kit includes: (a) individual the nucleotides, where each nucleotide has a base that is linked to a detectable label via a cleavable linker, and where the detectable label linked to each nucleotide can be distinguished upon detection from the detectable label used for other three nucleotides; and (b) packaging materials therefor. The kit can further include an enzyme and buffers appropriate for the action of the enzyme.

The nucleotides/nucleosides are suitable for use in many different DNA-based methodologies, including DNA synthesis and DNA sequencing protocols.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method for determining the sequence of a target polynucleotide comprises monitoring the sequential incorporation of complementary nucleotides, wherein the nucleotides comprise a detectable label linked to the base portion of the nucleotide via a cleavable linker, incorporation is detected by monitoring the label, and the label is removed to permit further nucleotide incorporation to occur.

DECRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

• Fig. 1 shows examplary nucleotide structures useful in the invention. For each structure, X can be H, phosphate, diphosphate or triphosphate. R1 and R2 can be the same or different, and can be selected from H, OH, or any group which can be transformed into an OH.
• Fig. 2 shows structures of linkers useful in the invention , including (1) disulfide linkers in addition to a general definition of the linkers that may be used.
• Fig. 3 shows some functional molecules useful in the invention, including some cleavable linkers. In these structures, R1 and R2 may be the same of different, and can be H, OH, or any group which can be transformed into an OH group, including a carbonyl. R3 represents one or more substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkoxyl, amino or halogen groups.
• Fig. 4 shows a denaturing gel showing the incorporation of the triphosphate of Example 1 using Klenow polymerase.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to nucleotides and nucleosides that are modified by attachment of a label via a cleavable linker, thereby rendering the molecule useful in techniques where the labelled molecule is to interact with an enzyme, such as sequencing reactions, polynucleotide synthesis, nucleic acid amplification, nucleic acid hybridization assays, single nucleotide polymorphism studies, techniques using enzymes such as polymerase, reverse transcriptase, terminal transferase, techniques that use labelled dNTPs (e.g., nick translation, random primer labeling, end-labeling (e.g., with terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase), reverse transcription, or nucleic acid amplification).

As is known in the art, a "nucleotide" consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. In RNA, the sugar is a ribose, and in DNA is a deoxyribose, i.e., a sugar lacking a hydroxyl group that is present in ribose. The nitrogenous base is a derivative of purine or pyrimidine. The purines are adenosine (A) and guanidine (G), and the pyrimidines are cytidine (C) and thymidine (T) (or in the context of RNA, uracil (U)). The C-1 atom of deoxyribose is bonded to N-1 of a pyrimidine or N-9 of a purine. A nucleotide is also a phosphate ester of a nucleoside, with esterification occurring on the hydroxyl group attached to C-5 of the sugar. Nucleotides are usually mono, di- or triphosphates.

A "nucleoside" is structurally similar to a nucleotide, but is missing the phosphate moieties. An example of a nucleoside analog would be one in which the label is linked to the base and there is no phosphate group attached to the sugar molecule.

Although the base is usually referred to as a purine or pyrimidine, the skilled person will appreciate that derivatives and analogs are available which do not alter the capability of the nucleotide or nucleoside to undergo Watson-Crick base pairing. "Derivative" or "analog" means a compound or molecule whose core structure is the same as, or closely resembles that of, a parent compound, but which has a chemical or physical modification, such as a different or additional side groups, which allows the derivative nucleotide or nucleoside to be linked to another molecule. For example, the base can be a deazapurine. The derivatives should be capable of undergoing Watson-Crick pairing. "Derivative" and "analog" also mean a synthetic nucleotide or nucleoside derivative having modified base moieties and/or modified sugar moieties. Such derivatives and analogs are discussed in, e.g., Scheit, Nucleotide Analogs (John Wiley & Son, 1980) and Uhlman et al., Chemical Reviews 90:543-584, 1990. Nucleotide analogs can also comprise modified phosphodiester linkages, including phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonate, phosphoranilidate and phosphoramidate linkages. The analogs should be capable of undergoing Watson-Crick base pairing. "Derivative" and "analog", as used herein, may be used interchangeably, and are encompassed by the terms "nucleotide" and "nucleoside" as defined herein.

The present invention can make use of conventional detectable labels. Detection can be carried out by any suitable method, including fluorescence spectroscopy or by other optical means. The preferred label is a fluorophore, which, after absorption of energy, emits radiation at a defined wavelength. Many suitable fluorescent labels are known. For example, Welch et al. (Chem. Eur. J. 5(3):951-960, 1999) discloses dansyl-functionalised fluorescent moieties that can be used in the present invention. Zhu et al. (Cytometry 28:206-211, 1997) describes the use of the fluorescent labels Cy3 and Cy5, which can also be used in the present invention. Labels suitable for use are also disclosed in Prober et al. (Science 238: 336-341, 1987); Connell et al. (BioTechniques 5(4):342-384, 1987), Ansorge et al. (Nucl. Acids Res. 15(11);4593-4602, 1987) and Smith et al. (Nature 321:674, 1986). Other commercially available fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescein, rhodamine (including TMR, texas red and Rox), alexa, bodipy, acridine, coumarin, pyrene, benzanthracene and the cyanins.

Multiple labels can also be used in the invention. For example, bi-fluorophore FRET cassettes (Tet. Letts. 46:8867-8871, 2000) are well known in the art and can be utilised in the present invention. Multi-fluor dendrimeric systems (J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 123:8101-8108, 2001) can also be used.

Although fluorescent labels are preferred, other forms of detectable labels will be apparent as useful to those of ordinary skill. For example, microparticles, including quantum dots (Empodocles, et al., Nature 399:126-130, 1999), gold nanoparticles (Reichert et al., Anal. Chem. 72:6025-6029, 2000), microbeads (Lacoste et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 97(17):9461-9466, 2000), and tags detectable by mass spectrometry can all be used.

Multi-component labels can also be used in the invention. A multi-component label is one which is dependent on the interaction with a further compound for detection. The most common multi-component label used in biology is the biotin-streptavidin system. Biotin is used as the label attached to the nucleotide base. Streptavidin is then added separately to enable detection to occur. Other multi-component systems are available. For example, dinitrophenol has a commercially available fluorescent antibody that can be used for detection.

The label (or label and linker construct) can be of a size or structure sufficient to act as a block to the incorporation of a further nucleotide onto the nucleotide of the invention. This permits controlled polymerization to be carried out. The block can be due to steric hindrance, or can be due to a combination of size, charge and structure.

The invention will be further described with reference to nucleotides. However, unless indicated otherwise, the reference to nucleotides is also intended to be applicable to nucleosides. The invention will also be further described with reference to DNA, although the description will also be applicable to RNA, PNA, and other nucleic acids, unless otherwise indicated.

The modified nucleotides of the invention use a cleavable linker to attach the label to the nucleotide. The use of a cleavable linker ensures that the label can, if required, be removed after detection, avoiding any interfering signal with any labelled nucleotide incorporated subsequently.

Cleavable linkers are known in the art, and conventional chemistry can be applied to attach a linker to a nucleotide base and a label. The linker can be cleaved by exposure to, radicals, mentals, reducing or oxidizing agents. Suitable linkers can be adapted from standard chemical blocking groups, as disclosed in Greene & Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons. Further suitable cleavable linkers used in solid-phase synthesis are disclosed in Guillier et al. (Chem. Rev. 100:2092-2157, 2000).

The use of the term "cleavable linker" is not meant to imply that the whole linker is required to be removed from the nucleotide base. The cleavage site can be located at a position on the linker that ensures that part of the linker remains attached to the nucleotide base after cleavage.

The linker can be attached at any position on the nucleotide base provided that Watson-Crick base pairing can still be carried out. In the context of purine bases, it is preferred if the linker is attached via the 7 position of the purine or the preferred deazapurine analogue, via an 8-modified purine, via an N-6 modified adenosine or an N-2 modified guanine. For pyrimidines, attachment is preferably via the 5 position on cytidine, thymidine or uracil and the N-4 position on cytosine. Suitable nucleotide structures are shown in Fig. 1. For each structure in Fig. 1, X can be H, phosphate, diphosphate or triphosphate. R₁ and R₂ can be the same or different, and can be selected from H, OH, or any group which can be transformed into an OH, including, but not limited to, a carbonyl.

Suitable linkers are shown generally in Fig. 2 and include, but are not limited to, disulfide linkers (1), cleavage under reductive conditions, oxidative conditions, cleavage via use of safety-catch linkers, and cleavage by elimination mechanisms.

D. Cleavage under reductive conditions

There are many linkers known that are susceptible to reductive cleavage. Catalytic hydrogenation using palladium-based catalysts has been used to cleave benzyl and benzyloxycarbonyl groups. Disulphide bond reduction is also known in the art.

E. Cleavage under oxidative conditions

Oxidation-based approaches are well known in the art. These include oxidation of p-alkoxybenzyl groups and the oxidation of sulphur and selenium linkers. The use of aqueous iodine to cleave disulphides and other sulphur or selenium-based linkers is also within the scope of the invention.

F. Safety-catch linkers

Safety-catch linkers are those that cleave in two steps. In a preferred system the first step is the generation of a reactive nucleophilic center followed by a second step involving an intra-molecular cyclization that results in cleavage. For example, levulinic ester linkages can be treated with hydrazine or photochemistry to release an active amine, which can then be cyclised to cleave an ester elsewhere in the molecule (Burgess et al., J. Org. Chem. 62:5165-5168, 1997).

G. Cleavage by elimination mechanisms

Elimination reactions can also be used. For example, the base-catalysed elimination of groups such as Fmoc and cyanoethyl, and palladium-catalysed reductive elimination of allylic systems, can be used.

As well as the cleavage site, the linker can comprise a spacer unit. The spacer distances the nucleotide base from the cleavage site or label. The length of the linker is unimportant provided that the label is held a sufficient distance from the nucleotide so as not to interfere with any interaction between the nucleotide and an enzyme.

The modified nucleotides can also comprise additional groups or modifications to the sugar group. For example, a dideoxyribose derivative, lacking two oxygens on the ribose ring structure (at the 2' and 3' positions), can be prepared and used as a block to further nucleotide incorporation on a growing oligonucleotide strand. The protecting group is intended to prevent nucleotide incorporation onto a nascent polynucleotide strand, and can be removed under defined conditions to allow polymerisation to occur. In contrast to the prior art, there is no detectable label attached at the ribose 3' position. This ensures that steric hindrance with the polymerase enzyme is reduced, while still allowing control of incorporation using the protecting group.

The skilled person will appreciate how to attach a suitable protecting group to the ribose ring to block interactions with the 3'-OH. The protecting group can be attached directly at the 3' position, or can be attached at the 2' position (the protecting group being of sufficient size or charge to block interactions at the 3' position). Alternatively, the protecting group can be attached at both the 3' and 2' positions, and can be cleaved to expose the 3'OH group.

Suitable protecting groups will be apparent to the skilled person, and can be formed from any suitable protecting group disclosed in Green and Wuts, supra. The protecting group should be removable (or modifiable) to produce a 3' OH group. The process used to obtain the 3' OH group can be any suitable chemical or enzymic reaction.

The labile linker may consist of functionality cleavable under identical conditions to the block. This will make the deprotection process more efficient as only a single treatment will be required to cleave both the label and the block. Thus the linker may contain functional groups as described in Fig. 3, which could be cleaved with the hydroxyl functionality on either the residual nucleoside or the removed label. The linker may also consist of entirely different chemical functionality that happens to be labile to the conditions used to cleave the block.

The term "alkyl" covers both straight chain and branched chain alkyl groups. Unless the context indicates otherwise, the term "alkyl" refers to groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and typically from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, for example from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl butyl, 3-methyl butyl, and n-hexyl and its isomers.

Examples of cycloalkyl groups are those having from 3 to 10 ring atoms, particular examples including those derived from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane and cycloheptane, bicycloheptane and decalin.

Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (vinyl), 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), isopropenyl, butenyl, buta-1,4-dienyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.

Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl and cyclohexenyl.

The term alkoxy refers to C_1-6 alkoxy unless otherwise indicated: -OR, wherein R is a C_1-6alkyl group. Examples of C_1-6 alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, -OMe (methoxy), -OEt (ethoxy), -O(nPr) (n-propoxy), -O(iPr) (isopropoxy), -O(nBu) (n-butoxy), - O(sBu) (sec-butoxy), -O(iBu) (isobutoxy), and -O(tBu) (tert-butoxy).

The term amino refers to groups of type NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, a C_1-6 alkyl group (also referred to as C_1-6 alkylamino or di-C_1-6 alkylamino).

The term "halogen" as used herein includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The nucleotide molecules of the present invention are suitable for use in many different methods where the detection of nucleotides is required.

DNA sequencing methods, such as those outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,509 can be carried out using the nucleotides.

A method for determining the sequence of a target polynucleotide can be carried out by contacting the target polynucleotide separately with the different nucleotides, to form the complement to that of the target polynucleotide, and detecting the incorporation of the nucleotides. Such a method makes use of polymerisation, whereby a polymerase enzyme extends the complementary strand by incorporating the correct nucleotide complementary to that on the target. The polymerisation reaction also requires a specific primer to initiate polymerisation.

For each cycle, the incorporation of the labelled nucleotide is carried out by the polymerase enzyme, and the incorporation event is then determined. Many different polymerase enzymes exist, and it will be evident to the person of ordinary skill which is most appropriate to use. Preferred enzymes include DNA polymerase I, the Klenow fragment, DNA polymerase III, T4 or T7 DNA polymerase, Taq polymerase or vent polymerase. A polymerase engineered to have specific properties can also be used.

The sequencing methods are preferably carried out with the target polynucleotide arrayed on a solid support. Multiple target polynucleotides can be immobilised on the solid support through linker molecules, or can be attached to particles, e.g., microspheres, which can also be attached to a solid support material.

The polynucleotides can be attached to the solid support by a number of means, including the use of biotin-avidin interactions. Methods for immobilizing polynucleotides on a solid support are well known in the art, and include lithographic techniques and "spotting" individual polynucleotides in defined positions on a solid support. Suitable solid supports are known in the art, and include glass slides and beads, ceramic and silicon surfaces and plastic materials. The support is usually a flat surface although microscopic beads (microspheres) can also be used and can in turn be attached to another solid support by known means. The microspheres can be of any suitable size, typically in the range of from 10 nm to 100 nm in diameter. In a preferred embodiment, the polynucleotides are attached directly onto a planar surface, preferably a planar glass surface. Attachment will preferably be by means of a covalent linkage. Preferably, the arrays that are used are single molecule arrays that comprise polynucleotides in distinct optically resolvable areas, e.g., as disclosed in International App. No. WO 00/06770 .

The sequencing method can be carried out on both single polynucleotide molecule and multi-polynucleotide molecule arrays, i.e., arrays of distinct individual polynucleotide molecules and arrays of distinct regions comprising multiple copies of one individual polynucleotide molecule. Single molecule arrays allow each individual polynucleotide to be resolved separately. The use of single molecule arrays is preferred. Sequencing single molecule arrays non-destructively allows a spatially addressable array to be formed.

The method makes use of the polymerisation reaction to generate the complementary sequence of the target. The conditions necessary for polymerisation to occur will be apparent to the skilled person.

To carry out the polymerase reaction it will usually be necessary to first anneal a primer sequence to the target polynucleotide, the primer sequence being recognised by the polymerase enzyme and acting as an initiation site for the subsequent extension of the complementary strand. The primer sequence may be added as a separate component with respect to the target polynucleotide. Alternatively, the primer and the target polynucleotide may each be part of one single stranded molecule, with the primer portion forming an intramolecular duplex with a part of the target, i.e., a hairpin loop structure. This structure may be immobilised to the solid support at any point on the molecule. Other conditions necessary for carrying out the polymerase reaction, including temperature, pH, buffer compositions etc., will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

The modified nucleotides of the invention are then brought into contact with the target polynucleotide, to allow polymerisation to occur. The nucleotides may be added sequentially, i.e., separate addition of each nucleotide type (A, T, G or C), or added together. If they are added together, it is preferable for each nucleotide type to be labelled with a different label.

This polymerisation step is allowed to proceed for a time sufficient to allow incorporation of a nucleotide.

Nucleotides that are not incorporated are then removed, for example, by subjecting the array to a washing step, and detection of the incorporated labels may then be carried out.

Detection may be by conventional means, for example if the label is a fluorescent moiety, detection of an incorporated base may be carried out by using a confocal scanning microscope to scan the surface of the array with a laser, to image a fluorophore bound directly to the incorporated base. Alternatively, a sensitive 2-D detector, such as a charge-coupled detector (CCD), can be used to visualise the individual signals generated. However, other techniques such as scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) are available and may be used when imaging dense arrays. For example, using SNOM, individual polynucleotides may be distinguished when separated by a distance of less than 100 nm, e.g., 10 nm to 10 µm. For a description of scanning near-field optical microscopy, see Moyer et al., Laser Focus World 29:10, 1993. Suitable apparatus' used for imaging polynucleotide arrays are known and the technical set-up will be apparent to the skilled person.

After detection, the label may be removed using suitable conditions that cleave the linker.

The use of the modified nucleotides is not limited to DNA sequencing techniques, and other techniques, including polynucleotide synthesis, DNA hybridisation assays and single nucleotide polymorphism studies, may also be carried out using nucleotides of the invention. Any technique that involves the interaction between a nucleotide and an enzyme may make use of the molecules of the invention. For example, the molecule may be used as a substrate for a reverse transcriptase or terminal transferase enzyme.

Suitable structures are described in the following Examples and are shown in the accompanying drawings.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Synthesis of Disulfide Linker.

tButyl-N-(2-mercaptoethyl) carbamate (3 mmol, 0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 1.32g (6.0 mmol) aldrithiol in 15 mL MeOH. After 1.5 h the reaction had gone to completion and the solvent was evaporated. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica with ethyl acetate:petroleum ether (1:4). Product 1a was obtained as a slightly yellow oil (0.76 g, 2.67 mmol, 89 %). ¹H NMR (500 Mhz, D₆-DMSO) : d=1.38 (s, 9 H, tBu), 2.88 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2 H, SCH₂) 3.20 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 2 H, CH ₂NH), 7.02 (bs, 1 H, NH), 7.24 (ddd, J = 7.3 Hz, J = 4. 9 Hz, J = 1.0 Hz, 1 H, H-5), 7.77 (dt, J = 8.1 Hz, J = 1.0 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 7.82 (ddd, J = 8.1 Hz, J = 7.4 Hz, J = 1.8 Hz, 1 H, H-4), 8.46 (ddd, J = 4.9 Hz, J = 1.8 Hz, J = 1.0 Hz, 1 H, H-6).

To deprotect the amine of 1a, 17 mg of 1a (60 µmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 0.5 mL DCM and 0.5 mL trifluoracetic acid. This mixture was stirred for 2.5h at room temperature and then the solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was three times redissolved in 2 mL DCM and evaporated to dryness. The deprotected product was dried under high vacuum for 3 h and then dissolved in 1 mL dry DMF. It was assumed that the deprotection had gone to completion.

To a solution of 15 mg 5-carboxy tetra methyl rhodamine (35 µmol) in 2 mL DMF were added 8.0 mg N-hydroxy succinimide (70 µmol) and 7.8 mg DCC (38 µmol). The mixture was stirred for 6 h in the dark. Then 22 µl DIPEA (126 µmol) and the solution of deprotected 1a in 1 mL DMF were added. After stirring the reaction mixture overnight in the dark, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DCM and washed with saturated NaCl solution. After drying over MgSO₄ the crude mixture was purified on silica with CHCl₃:MeOH (3:1) as solvent. 1b was isolated as a dark red solid in 90 % yield (19.2 mg, 31.4 µmol). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₆-DMSO): δ = 3.09 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2 H, SCH₂), 3.63 (q, J = 6.2 Hz, 2 H, CH ₂NH), 6.48 - 6.53 (m, 6 H, H-Anthracene), 7.23-7.26 [m, 1 H, H-5 (pyridine)], 7.32 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 Hz, H-3), 7.81 - 7.82 [m, 2 H, H-3 +H-4 (pyridine)], 8.21 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H, H-4), 8.43 (s, 1 H, H-6), 8.47 [dt, J = 4.7 Hz, J = 1.3 Hz, 1 H, H-6 (pyridine)], 9.03 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 1 H, NH).

Mercaptopropionic acid (20.6µmol, 1.8ml) was added to a solution of 19.6 mg. 1b (32.7 µmol) in 2 mL MeOH. The mixture was stirred for 2.5 h in the dark. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica with CHCl₃:MeOH:AcOH 15:1:0.5 as the solvent mixture. 15.5 mg (26 µmol, 80 %) dark red crystals 1c could be isolated. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O) : δ = 2.53 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2 H, CH ₂COOH), 2.88 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2 H, CH ₂CH_2COOH), 2.96 - 2.99 (m, 2 H, CH ₂CH₂NH), 3.73 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2 H, CH ₂NH), 6.53 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2 H, H-Anthracene), 6.81 (dd, J = 9.5 Hz, J = 4.5, Hz, 2 H, H-Anthracene), 7.12 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 2 H, H-Anthracene), 7.48 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 7.95 (dd, J = 8.1 Hz, J = 1.9 Hz, 1 H, H-2) 8.13 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1 H, H-1). +ve electro spray (C₃₀H₃₁N₃O₆S₂): expected 593.17; found 594.3 [M+H], 616.2 [M+Na].

To a solution of 25.8 mg 1c (43.4 µmol) in 3 mL DMF (dry) were added 9.9 mg N-hydroxy succinimide (86.8 µmol) and 9.7 mg DCC (47.1 µmol). The mixture was stirred in the dark for 5 h at room temperature and then put in the fridge overnight. The mixture was filtered through a plug of cotton wool in a new flask and to this was added a solution of 865 µl propargylamino dUTP (14.7 µmol, 17 µmol in 1 mL H₂O) and 3 mL sodium borate buffer (0.1 M solution, pH 9). The mixture was stirred overnight. After removal of solvents the residue was dissolved in as little water as possible and purified by HPLC. A Zorbax C18 column was used with 0.1 M triethyl ammonium bicarbonate (TEAB) and acetonitrile as buffers. ³¹P NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) : δ = -4.73 (d), -9.93 (d), 19.03 (t). -ve electro spray (C₄₂H₄₇N₆O₁₉P₃S₂ assuming 4 H⁺ counter ions): expected 1096.16; found 1092.9. UV in Water: λ_(max) = 555 nm A₍₅₅₅₎ = 0.885 (c = 0.036 µmol).

Triphosphate (1) was successfully incorporated using Klenow DNA polymerase. The reaction was performed in the following conditions: 50 mM Tris. HCl (pH 7.5), 10 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT, 0.1 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl₂, 2µM compound 3, 100 nM DNA template (previously labelled with P32 and T4 polynucleotide kinase) and 10 units of commercial exo-Klenow (Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, Illinois, USA). The DNA templates were self-complementary hairpins (5'-TACCgTCgACgTCgACgCTggCg-AgCgTgCTgCggTTTTT (C6-amino) TTACCgCAgCACgCTCgCCAgCg; SEQ ID NO:1). The reaction was performed in 100 µL volume at 37 °C with timepoints taken at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 min. The reaction products were electrophoresed down a denaturing (8 M urea) 20 % polyacrylamide gel and imaged on a typhoon phosphorimager. Complete single base extension was seen in 1 minute indicating efficient polymerase incorporation (disulfide linker gel, Fig. 4). A second set of lanes is shown in which the material is exposed to DTT after the incorporation. A different band shift can be seen which shows removal of the dye from the DNA construct, thus a cycle of polymerase incorporation and cleavage has been shown using this disulfide compound.

Claims (12)

1. A method for detecting the extension of a primer annealed to a target polynucleotide, comprising:

   (a) providing at least one nucleotide comprising

   (1) a fluorescent label attached via a linker to the nucleotide base, and

   (2) a protecting group attached to the 2' or 3' oxygen of the nucleotide sugar,

   wherein the linker can be cleaved by exposure to radicals, metals, reducing agents or oxidising agents;

   (b) extending the annealed primer with the nucleotide only if the nucleotide base is complementary to the base at the corresponding position of the target polynucleotide; and

   (c) detecting the presence of the label on the extended primer; thereby detecting the extension of the primer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) provides four different nucleotides.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising:

   (d) exposing the extended primer to radicals, metals, reducing agents or oxidising agents to cleave the fluorescent label.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the linker and protecting group are cleavable under identical conditions.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:

   (d) exposing the extended primer to a single set of cleavage conditions to remove the linker and protecting group.
6. The method of claims 1-5 wherein the base is a purine, pyrimidine or deazapurine.
7. The method of claims 1-6 wherein the cleavable linker comprises a protected hydroxyl functionality.
8. The method of claims 1-7 wherein the linker comprises a cleavable allylic system.
9. The method of claims 1-8 wherein the polynucleotide is attached to a solid support.
10. An extended primer comprising a nucleotide having a base that is linked to a fluorescent label via a cleavable linker, wherein the molecule has a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety comprising a protecting group attached via the 2' or 3' oxygen atom wherein the linker comprises a cleavable allylic system.
11. An array of extended primers each comprising a nucleotide having a base that is linked to a fluorescent label via a cleavable linker, wherein the molecule has a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety comprising a protecting group attached via the 2' or 3' oxygen atom wherein the linker comprises a cleavable allylic system, the array containing four different nucleotides.
12. The extend primer of claim 10 or the array of claim 11 wherein the linker and protecting group are cleavable under identical conditions.