HK1145608B - Compositions intended to increase piglet appetite - Google Patents
Compositions intended to increase piglet appetite Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- HK1145608B HK1145608B HK10112036.9A HK10112036A HK1145608B HK 1145608 B HK1145608 B HK 1145608B HK 10112036 A HK10112036 A HK 10112036A HK 1145608 B HK1145608 B HK 1145608B
- Authority
- HK
- Hong Kong
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- feed
- composition comprises
- alkyl ester
- butyrate
- Prior art date
Links
Description
The present invention relates to a composition comprising aromatic substances contained in pig milk.
At present, after several studies on piglets, we know that voluntary feed intake levels are affected by different factors such as ingredients and their digestibility, palatability, presentation form (type of processing), system and mode for dosing, water availability, etc. Under the currently intensive production conditions, piglets must adapt rapidly to the change from breast milk to compound feed, which affects their voluntary feed intake and thus their nutritional intake; this change leads to common consequences in terms of growth and digestive pathological manifestations. In the past, digestive pathologies were prevented by using growth-promoting antibiotics and metallic trace elements (Zn, Cu). The european union banned the use of antibiotic growth promoters and limited the use of Zn and Cu in 1 month 2006, which made the search for alternative solutions essential. Of most interest are the prebiotics, beneficial bacteria, enzymes, acidifiers and plant extracts. A complementary strategy to the above alternatives is to use flavouring substances to increase the voluntary feed intake appeal and appetite.
It is known that it is possible to increase voluntary intake by incorporating sensory additives into appetite-increasing feeds. Thus, patent US4125629 describes a flavouring composition to be mixed with piglet feed, consisting of aldehydes, alcohols, esters and terpenoids. Patent US5906842 describes a composition for stimulating the appetite of cows comprising a preparation of corn, lysine and methionine. Patent US6592924 describes a flavouring combination comprising alkylphenol type compounds and cyclohexane carboxylic acid type compounds or alkyl substituted derivatives thereof, which can be added to pet food. Patent application EP174821 describes a flavouring composition for improving acceptability in livestock comprising n-hexanal, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol and β -ionone, among other ingredients. Patent application EP951840 describes a flavouring composition for feeds comprising 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline and its precursors, as well as other ingredients such as alkylated thiazolidines, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol and mercaptopentanone.
JP 10146156 describes the addition of peach flavour to pellet feed for pigs. Peach flavoring agent comprises ethyl n-butyrate, gamma-nonalactone, 2-methylbutene-3, gamma-undecanoate lactone, benzaldehyde, maltitol and isocratic acid.
WO 2004/091307 describes an animal feed additive which claims to protect animals against diseases.
The compositions of the prior art may lead to intolerance in animals as they contain ingredients which are foreign to the animal. This aspect is extremely important when the animals to be fed have a short lifespan, making them more vulnerable to the intake of new substances.
In contrast, the composition of the invention has the great advantage that all its constituents, except the liquid base (propylene glycol), are already present in the breast milk, thus ensuring the tolerability.
On the other hand, the ingredients of the present invention are readily prepared or commercially available to those skilled in the art, which represents an additional advantage of the present invention.
The composition of the invention can stimulate voluntary feed intake and thereby improve stress experienced by piglets during the transition from breast milk to solid feed in the form of complete feed. These compositions have been produced by the following steps: the incorporation of some of the flavouring substances found in colostrum and breast milk by extraction and gas chromatography makes it possible to incorporate them in certain proportions, unlike those they have in natural products, unexpectedly increasing the feed consumption of piglets when they are added to the feed.
In a first embodiment, the present invention relates to a flavouring composition comprising 70-90% propylene glycol, 6-10% vanillin, 6-12% gamma-nonalactone, 0.5% -1% acetic acid (C)4-C5) Linear or branched alkyl ester, 0.05-0.25% of orange essential oil, 0.05-0.25% of benzoic acid (C)1-C5) Straight or branched chain alkyl ester, 0.05-0.25% cinnamic acid (C)1-C3) Linear or branched alkyl esters, 0.25-1% benzyl butyrate and 0.2-2% total of one or two butyric acids (C)1-C6) Straight-chain or branched alkyl ester compounds.
C1-C6Alkyl is a straight or branched chain alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples include methyl, C2-C4Alkyl radicals such as ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, i-butyl or t-butyl, and also pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2, 2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, 1, 1-dimethylpropyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1, 1-dimethylbutyl, 1, 2-dimethylbutyl, 1, 3-dimethylbutyl, 2, 2-dimethylbutyl, 2, 3-dimethylbutyl, 3, 3-dimethylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1, 1, 2-trimethylpropyl, 1, 2, 2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl and isomeric alkyl mixtures thereof.
In another embodiment of the present invention, acetic acid (C)4-C5) The linear or branched alkyl ester is isoamyl acetate.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the essential oil of citrus is brazil orange essential oil.
In another embodiment of the present invention, benzoic acid (C)1-C5) The linear or branched alkyl ester is ethyl benzoate.
In another embodiment of the present invention, cinnamic acid (C)1-C3) The linear or branched alkyl ester is methyl cinnamate.
In another embodiment of the invention, butyric acid (C)1-C6) The linear or branched alkyl ester compound is selected from isoamyl butyrate and ethyl butyrate. In a particular embodiment, the composition of the invention comprises a mixture of isoamyl butyrate and ethyl butyrate.
In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 0.1-1% of a first butyric acid (C)1-C6) Straight or branched chain alkyl ester, especially isoamyl butyrate and 0.1-1% of a second butyric acid (C)1-C6) Linear or branched alkyl esters, in particular ethyl butyrate.
In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 71.55-87.45% propylene glycol.
In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 7.20-8.80% vanillin.
In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 8.94-10.92% gamma-nonalactone.
In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 0.73-0.89% acetic acid (C)4-C5) Straight or branched chain alkyl esters, especially isoamyl acetate.
In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 0.09-0.11% of an orange essential oil, in particular brazil orange essential oil.
In another embodiment of the inventionIn one embodiment, the composition comprises 0.09-0.11% benzoic acid (C)1-C5) Linear or branched alkyl esters, in particular ethyl benzoate.
In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 0.09 to 0.11% cinnamic acid (C)1-C3) Straight or branched chain alkyl esters, in particular methyl cinnamate.
In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises from 0.41 to 0.50% benzyl butyrate.
In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 0.65 to 0.79% of a first butyric acid (C)1-C6) Straight or branched chain alkyl ester, especially isoamyl butyrate and 0.26-0.32% of a second butyric acid (C)1-C6) Linear or branched alkyl esters, in particular ethyl butyrate.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, the composition consists essentially of propylene glycol, vanillin, gamma-nonalactone, acetic acid (C)4-C5) Linear or branched alkyl ester, essential oil of orange, benzoic acid (C)1-C5) Straight-chain or branched alkyl esters, cinnamic acid (C)1-C3) Straight or branched chain alkyl esters, benzyl butyrate and one or two butyric acids (C)1-C6) Linear or branched alkyl ester compounds, and the proportion of components other than those mentioned above is 0% or less than 0.1%. In these compositions, the preferred condition is to reach an equilibrium of up to 100% with propylene glycol. As the vanillin, the gamma-nonalactone and the acetic acid (C) in the proportion are given4-C5) Linear or branched alkyl ester, essential oil of orange, benzoic acid (C)1-C5) Straight-chain or branched alkyl esters, cinnamic acid (C)1-C3) Straight or branched chain alkyl esters, benzyl butyrate and butyric acid (C)1-C6) Linear or branched alkyl ester(s), so these compositions comprise up to 86.9% or up to 81.8% propylene glycol.
In another particular embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises 0.1% -10%, 0.1% -5%, 0.1% -2.5%, 0.1% -1% or 0.1% -0.5% of one or more other components. In these compositions, it is also preferred if the equilibrium is to be 100% with propylene glycol. As the vanillin, the gamma-nonalactone and the acetic acid (C) in the proportion are given4-C5) Linear or branched alkyl ester, essential oil of orange, benzoic acid (C)1-C5) Straight-chain or branched alkyl esters, cinnamic acid (C)1-C3) Straight or branched chain alkyl ester, benzyl butyrate, and butyric acid (C)1-C6) Linear or branched alkyl ester(s), so these compositions comprise up to 86.8% or up to 81.7% propylene glycol.
The proportions (in%) as indicated above are meant to refer to the total weight of the composition.
Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of the above composition for increasing piglet appetite.
In another embodiment of the invention, the compositions are used by adding them to the feed at a concentration of 0.005-0.050%.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the composition is preferably used in a concentration of 0.015 to 0.035%.
The composition may be prepared by mixing the ingredients according to formulation methods well known to those skilled in the art.
The composition of the invention, when incorporated into feed in liquid or solid (based on solid matrix absorption) form, increases the attractiveness and appetite of the feed, thereby familiarizing piglets with the feed, improving their digestive system adaptability and meeting their nutritional needs.
The compositions of the invention are advantageous for the transition from liquid feed (sow milk) to solid feed (food) in improved breeding of pigs, as they improve voluntary feed intake by the animals.
The following examples are provided as examples to better understand the present invention.
Abbreviations
CU liberation of 0.128 micromoles of reducing sugars (glucose equivalents) of enzyme from barley beta-glucan per minute at pH 4.5 and 30 deg.C
Dif weight difference in daily consumption
EPU Release from oat spelt wheat xylan at pH 4.7 and 30 ℃ an amount of enzyme that releases 0.0083 micromoles of reducing sugars (xylose equivalents) per minute
FYT amount of enzyme that releases 1 micromole inorganic orthophosphate from sodium phytate per minute at pH 5.5 and 37 ℃
degree of freedom for introducing df into student's t-test statistical table
Average percent consumption of pB-pA feed B minus average percent consumption of feed A
Difference of Porc as a proportion based on total weight
Sig. (Bi-directional). 000 significance test
t is of the Tes scale
Tm metric ton
Number of CFU colony Forming units
Description of the drawings
The average listed consumption per piglet and per day is shown in grams on the y-axis of figure 1 (figure 1) such that the bold lines represent total consumption, the thin lines marked with triangles represent average consumption of feed a, and the thin lines marked with squares represent average consumption of feed B. The x-axis represents the number of days of piglet life.
Example (b): piglet feed consumption test
The trial was carried out on a farm with 280 breeding sows, 400 piglets weaned each month. One of the delivery rooms with 10 sow delivery pens was used. The sow delivery pens are the same; the sow is positioned in the center of a sow delivery fence in a piglet protection cage with a drinking trough and two feed conveying troughs, and one drinking trough and two feed conveying troughs are arranged on one side of the piglet.
10 multiparous long-producing white pigs x large white sows were used for this experiment.
The trial started with 76 piglets 10 days old and terminated with 73 piglets at 28 days.
Two-process design:
A. flour-based feed with standard composition consisting of little biscuit aroma (milk, butter, vanilla) (A, batch number: 66569)
B. Flour feed (B) with the composition of the invention, batch No.: 66044. the composition is described in detail in table 1.
Table 1. composition (B) of the invention, batch No.: 66044
| Composition (I) | Ratio of |
| Propylene glycol | 79.50％ |
| Vanillin | 8.00％ |
| Gamma-nonanolide | 9.92％ |
| Acetic acid isoamyl ester | 0.80％ |
| Orange essential oil (Brazil) | 0.10％ |
| Benzoic acid ethyl ester | 0.10％ |
| Cinnamic acid methyl ester | 0.10％ |
| Butyric acid benzyl ester | 0.45％ |
| Butyric acid isoamyl ester | 0.73％ |
| Butyric acid ethyl ester | 0.30％ |
Both feeds contained the same ingredients in the same proportions, except for the flavouring composition, which was different at each preparation, at an addition rate of 350mg/kg feed.
The feed was first given when piglets were 10 days old and they were maintained until 28 days old weaning (weaning). Two feed trough approaches are used. Each sow delivery pen has 2 feed bunks designed for piglets. Piglet feeders were located on each side of the sow guard cage and these positions were interchanged daily to prevent right or left side preference effects. Table 2 shows the feed ingredients and table 3 shows their nutritional values.
TABLE 2 feed ingredients
| Composition (I) | Ratio of |
| Pressed corn | 25.00％ |
| Pressed wheat | 17.50％ |
| Self-made corn | 15.00％ |
| Concentrated soy protein | 15.00％ |
| Lactose-free whey powder | 12.50％ |
| Coconut and soybean vegetable oils | 2.60％ |
| Sucrose | 2.50％ |
| Potato protein | 2.50％ |
| Egg powder | 1.00％ |
| Dicalcium phosphate | 0.60％ |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 0.30％ |
| Sodium chloride | 0.10％ |
| Colistin sulfate | 0.0075％ |
| Zinc oxide | 0.30％ |
| Amoxicillin trihydrate | 0.03％ |
| Vitamin A | 18000IU/Kg |
| Vitamin D3 | 2000IU/Kg |
| Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) | 0.004％ |
| Copper (copper sulfate pentahydrate) | 0.0150％ |
| E1614-phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) | 750FYT |
| E16-endo-1, 4-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) | 500CU |
| E17-endo-1, 4-beta-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) | 1500EPU |
| E1702 Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC Sc47 | 10X109CFU |
| Calcium sodium salt of fatty acid, lactic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, orthophosphoric acid, Ethoxiquin, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan | Proper amount is 100% |
| Flavouring composition | 0.0350％ |
TABLE 3 nutritional value of feed containing compositions A and B
| Analysis of components | ％ |
| Water content | 8.40 |
| Net protein | 19.20 |
| LysineAcid(s) | 1.45 |
| Clean cellulose | 2.80 |
| Clean fat | 7.00 |
| Clean ash content | 5.40 |
Piglet consumption control was performed daily from day 10 to day 28 of life, per sow farrowing pen. Consumption was obtained from the disappearance of feed due to the difference in weight between the initial and final amount in the feed trough after 24 hours. It must be taken into account that the total amount of feed in an hour is not equal to the consumption, because a portion thereof is wasted, which is considered equal on each side of the feed on both sides.
Data were analyzed by multiple comparisons of mean values, comparing the presumptions that the mean values of the two samples were different. The samples were paired so that for each sample a, sample B was present under the same conditions, thereby eliminating the random effects that also affect both treatments and reducing unexplained differences in the data. Percent difference in consumption was defined as the variance in the effect of the different amounts of piglets in each yard or the different consumption of each piglet during the trial. The consumption results were analyzed daily and per yard and daily intact.
Table 4 shows the results of the total consumption of the respective feed in each of the 10 yards per day. The results show a greater preference for feeds containing flavouring composition B.
TABLE 4 results Total daily consumption of individual feeds in 10 yards
| Days of Life | Total consumption feed A (Kg) | Total consumption feed B (Kg) | Consumption of A + B (Kg) | Consumption B-A (Kg) | Difference (%) |
| 10 | 2.845 | 2.891 | 5.736 | 0.046 | 0.80 |
| 11 | 2.344 | 2.803 | 5.147 | 0.459 | 8.92 |
| 12 | 2.456 | 2.809 | 5.265 | 0.353 | 6.70 |
| 13 | 2.103 | 3.003 | 5.106 | 0.900 | 17.63 |
| 14 | 2.400 | 3.083 | 5.483 | 0.683 | 12.46 |
| 15 | 2.758 | 3.386 | 6.144 | 0.628 | 10.22 |
| 16 | 2.183 | 2.811 | 4.994 | 0.628 | 12.58 |
| 17 | 2.652 | 3.750 | 6.402 | 1.098 | 17.15 |
| 18 | 2.264 | 2.720 | 4.984 | 0.456 | 9.15 |
| 19 | 2.829 | 3.624 | 6.453 | 0.795 | 12.32 |
| 20 | 2.906 | 4.470 | 7.376 | 1.564 | 21.20 |
| 21 | 3.153 | 4.853 | 8.006 | 1.700 | 21.23 |
| 22 | 2.647 | 3.974 | 6.621 | 1.327 | 20.04 |
| 23 | 2.843 | 3.953 | 6.796 | 1.110 | 16.33 |
| 24 | 2.999 | 3.401 | 6.400 | 0.402 | 6.28 |
| 25 | 2.390 | 3.158 | 5.548 | 0.768 | 13.84 |
| 26 | 2.774 | 3.968 | 6.742 | 1.194 | 17.71 |
| 27 | 3.004 | 3.510 | 6.514 | 0.506 | 7.77 |
| 28 | 2.231 | 2.546 | 4.777 | 0.315 | 6.59 |
Tables 5 and 6 show the statistical studies. The daily difference, expressed as weight consumed or as a percentage based on total weight, is significantly greater than 0; we can hereby assert a preference for one feed over another. The average daily difference was 12.58% with a confidence interval of 95%.
TABLE 5 statistical Studies
| N | Mean value of | Standard deviation of | Standard error of mean | |
| DifPorc | 1919 | 0.785890.12575 | 0.4456390.057544 | 0.1022370.013202 |
TABLE 6 statistical Studies
Table 7 shows the percentage results of daily consumption for each yard. The variable studied was the percentage consumption of each feed relative to the total amount. Statistical studies (table 8) were significant.
TABLE 7 results percentage of daily consumption in each yard
| Days of Life | Average consumption feed A (%) | Average consumption feed B (%) | Total feed consumption B-A (%) |
| 10 | 53.346 | 46.654 | -6.692 |
| 11 | 48.765 | 51.235 | 2.471 |
| 12 | 46.504 | 53.496 | 6.992 |
| 13 | 39.726 | 60.274 | 20.549 |
| 14 | 43.411 | 56.589 | 13.178 |
| 15 | 44.671 | 55.329 | 10.659 |
| 16 | 44.335 | 55.665 | 11.329 |
| 17 | 41.704 | 58.296 | 16.593 |
| Days of Life | Average consumption feed A (%) | Average consumption feed B (%) | Total feed consumption B-A (%) |
| 18 | 43.449 | 56.551 | 13.102 |
| 19 | 43.751 | 56.249 | 12.499 |
| 20 | 41.018 | 58.982 | 17.964 |
| 21 | 38.599 | 61.401 | 22.802 |
| 22 | 42.223 | 57.777 | 15.554 |
| 23 | 41.470 | 58,530 | 17.060 |
| 24 | 46.583 | 53,417 | 6.833 |
| 25 | 45.215 | 54.785 | 9.569 |
| 26 | 46.263 | 53.737 | 7.474 |
| 27 | 40.642 | 59.358 | 18.716 |
| 28 | 46.989 | 53.011 | 6.021 |
TABLE 8 statistical Studies, related sample testing
[1]pB-pA
Figure 1 (figure 1) shows feed consumption as a function of animal days of life.
The test results and corresponding statistical studies showed a significant difference in piglet consumption in preference to feed B (feed containing the composition of the invention) and feed a (feed containing the standard composition), with a confidence interval of 95%.
More feed consumption indicates faster development of the gastrointestinal mucosa and thus faster absorption of nutrients.
Claims (22)
1. Flavoring composition comprises 70-90% propylene glycol, 6-10% vanillin, 6-12% gamma-nonalactone, and 0.5% -1% acetic acid C4-C5Straight chain or branched chain alkyl ester, 0.05-0.25% of orange essential oil, 0.05-0.25% of benzoic acid C1-C5Straight or branched chain alkyl ester, 0.05-0.25% cinnamic acid C1-C3Linear or branched alkyl esters, 0.25 to 1% benzyl butyrate and a total of 0.2 to 2% of one or two butyric acids C1-C6Straight-chain or branched alkyl ester compounds.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the acetic acid C4-C5The linear or branched alkyl ester is isoamyl acetate.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the orange essential oil is brazil orange essential oil.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said benzoic acid C1-C5The linear or branched alkyl ester is ethyl benzoate.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cinnamic acid C is1-C3The linear or branched alkyl ester is methyl cinnamate.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein said butyric acid C1-C6The linear or branched alkyl ester compound is selected from isoamyl butyrate and ethyl butyrate.
7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the composition comprises 0.1-1% isoamyl butyrate and 0.1-1% ethyl butyrate.
8. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 70-86.9% propylene glycol.
9. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 71.55-87.45% propylene glycol.
10. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 71.55-81.8% propylene glycol.
11. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 7.20-8.80% vanillin.
12. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 8.94-10.92% γ -nonalactone.
13. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 0.73-0.89% isoamyl acetate.
14. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 0.09-0.11% brazil orange essential oil.
15. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 0.09-0.11% ethyl benzoate.
16. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the composition comprises 0.09 to 0.11% methyl cinnamate.
17. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 0.41-0.50% benzyl butyrate.
18. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the composition comprises 0.65-0.79% isoamyl butyrate and 0.26-0.32% ethyl butyrate.
19. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 18 for increasing appetite in piglets.
20. Use according to claim 19, wherein the composition is added to the feed at a concentration of 0.005-0.050%.
21. The use of claim 20, wherein the concentration is 0.015-0.035%.
22. A method of increasing piglet appetite comprising adding to the feed a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 18.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP07121806.9 | 2007-11-28 | ||
| EP07121806A EP2067408A1 (en) | 2007-11-28 | 2007-11-28 | Compositions intended to increase piglet appetite |
| PCT/EP2008/066358 WO2009068622A1 (en) | 2007-11-28 | 2008-11-27 | Compositions intended to increase piglet appetite |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| HK1145608A1 HK1145608A1 (en) | 2011-04-29 |
| HK1145608B true HK1145608B (en) | 2013-12-13 |
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| AU2008328776B2 (en) | Compositions intended to increase piglet appetite | |
| EP2214481B1 (en) | Method for increasing performance of offspring | |
| ES2691406T3 (en) | I think for ruminants that activates the energy metabolism in milk production | |
| Zhang et al. | Comparison of genetically engineered microbial and plant phytase for young broilers | |
| KR20010042395A (en) | Application of phytase in feed having low content of phytate | |
| US10609938B2 (en) | Feed composition for reducing ammonia produced in animal agriculture and methods for making and using the feed composition | |
| EP1800546A1 (en) | Method of producing calcium, sodium or magnesium soaps from fatty acids or oleins from animal or vegetable fats and use thereof as nutrients in monogastric animal feed | |
| Hernández-Ortega et al. | Effect of total mixed ration composition and daily grazing pattern on milk production, composition and fatty acids profile of dairy cows | |
| US20170157081A1 (en) | Silage compositions and methods of making and using the same | |
| TWI698182B (en) | Flavouring composition for animal feed | |
| JP2965440B2 (en) | Ruminant feed and breeding method using it | |
| HK1145608B (en) | Compositions intended to increase piglet appetite | |
| Sharifi et al. | Effects of fat supplementation and chop length on milk composition and ruminal fermentation of cows fed diets containing Alfalfa silage | |
| Thamaraikannan et al. | Influence of enzyme mixture supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal score in growing pigs | |
| CN110012964A (en) | A kind of semi-fermented concentrate feed of piglet and preparation method thereof | |
| KR100317947B1 (en) | Feed additives and compositions for enriching fats in expressed milk of dairy cow | |
| Tamminga | Protein metabolism in ruminants with special reference to forage protein utilisation | |
| Lee et al. | Effects of whole grain barley cracked feed on the eating behavior of Hanwoo steers during finish fattening period | |
| Memiši et al. | The influence of presence of zinc in diet on production traits of goats. | |
| Gaudré | Nutritional zinc requirements in growing-finishing pigs are there options for reducing mineral-form dietary zinc? | |
| Lallo et al. | The implications for use of a commercial phytase enzyme in the diets of broilers grown to 42 days in |