HK1143861A - Multi-region and potential test sensors, mothods, and systems - Google Patents

Description

Multi-zone and potential test sensors, methods and systems

Cross-referencing of related files

Priority of united states provisional application No. 60/974,823 entitled "multi-potential biosensor, system and method", filed 24.9.2007, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Background

Biosensors provide for the analysis of biological fluids, such as whole blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, interstitial or intracellular fluids, and the like. Typically, biosensors have a measuring device that analyzes a sample present in a test sensor. The sample is typically in liquid form and may be not only a biological fluid but also a derivative of a biological fluid such as an extract, dilution, filtrate or reconstituted sediment. The analysis performed by the biosensor determines the presence and/or concentration of one or more analytes, such as alcohol, glucose, uric acid, lactate, cholesterol, bilirubin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, proteins, ketones, phenylalanine, or enzymes, etc., in the biological fluid. The analysis can be used for diagnosis and treatment of physiological dysfunction. For example, a diabetic patient may use a biosensor to determine blood glucose levels in whole blood in order to adjust diet and/or medication.

Many biosensors analyze a single analyte and use various techniques to improve the accuracy and/or precision of the analysis. Accuracy may be represented by a deviation of an analyte reading of the sensor system from a reference analyte reading, a larger deviation value representing a lower accuracy, and accuracy may be represented by a distribution or difference between multiple measurements. The calibration information may be used to improve the accuracy and/or precision of the analysis and may be read from the test sensor to a measurement device prior to analysis. The measurement device uses the calibration information to adjust the analysis of the biological fluid based on one or more parameters, such as the type of biological fluid, the particular analyte, and manufacturing errors of the test sensor. Biosensors may be implemented using desktop, portable, and similar measurement devices. The portable measuring device may be hand-held and capable of identifying and/or quantifying an analyte in a sample. Examples of portable measurement systems include Ascensia Breeze, Inc. of Bayer HealthCare, Inc. (Bayer HealthCare Care), township, N.Y.Type and EliteType meters, and examples of bench-top measurement systems include electrochemical workstations from CH Instruments of Austin, Texas.

The electrical signal input to the test sensor by the measurement device may be a potential or current and may be constant, variable, or a combination thereof, for example, having a DC signal bias when an AC signal is applied. The input signal may be applied in a single pulse or in multiple pulses, sequences or cycles. When an input signal is applied to a sample, the analyte or measurable species undergoes a redox reaction. The redox reaction produces an output signal that can be measured continuously or periodically during transient and/or steady state output. Unlike a varying transient output signal, a steady state output may be observed when the variation of the signal is approximately constant with respect to its independent input variables (time, etc.), such as within ± 10% or ± 5%.

Various electrochemical processes may be used, such as using coulometry, amperometry, voltammetry, and the like. Unlike coulometry, amperometry and voltammetry typically measure the rate at which an analyte is oxidized or reduced to determine the concentration of the analyte in a sample. In amperometry, an electrical signal of constant potential (voltage) is applied to the electrical conductor of the test sensor, and the measured output signal is a current. In voltammetry, a varying potential is applied to a sample of biological fluid. Gated amperometry and gated voltammetry methods including alternating excitation and relaxation cycles may also be used.

The "hematocrit effect" is a factor that can reduce the accuracy and/or precision of an analysis performed in a whole blood sample. Whole blood samples include not only water, glucose, proteins, ketones and other biomolecules, but also red blood cells. Hematocrit is the volume of a whole blood sample occupied by red blood cells relative to the total volume of the whole blood sample and is typically expressed as a percentage. The greater the deviation in percent hematocrit from the percent hematocrit system calibration for the whole blood sample, the greater the deviation (error) in the analyte readings obtained from the biosensor. For example, a conventional biosensor system with a set of calibration constants (e.g., slope and intercept for a 40% hematocrit containing whole blood sample) would report three different glucose concentrations for a whole blood sample with the same glucose concentration, but with 20%, 40%, and 60% percent hematocrit. Thus, even though the whole blood glucose concentration is the same, the system will report that a 20% hematocrit whole blood sample contains more glucose than a 40% hematocrit whole blood sample, and a 60% hematocrit whole blood sample contains less glucose than a 40% hematocrit whole blood sample. Since conventional biosensors are typically configured to report the glucose concentration of a whole blood sample that is assumed to have a content of 40% hematocrit, any glucose measurement made on a blood sample containing less than or more than 40% hematocrit includes some offset error caused by the hematocrit effect.

The hematocrit bias can be represented by the following equation:

％Hct-bias＝100％×(G_m-G_ref)/G_ref，

wherein G is_mAnd G_refMeasured glucose and reference glucose readings for any hematocrit level, respectively. The greater the absolute value of% Hct-bias, the greater the hematocrit effect.

When the measurable substance concentration is not correlated with the analyte concentration, not only the hematocrit effect, but also measurement errors may occur. For example, when a biosensor determines the concentration of a reducing agent produced in response to oxidation of an analyte, any reducing agent not produced by oxidation of the analyte may result in an indication that more analyte is present in the sample than the correct value due to the background of the agent.

By knowing the output signal caused by factors insensitive to the concentration of the analyte, spurious portions of the output signal can be subtracted out. Conventional systems attempt to isolate the non-sensitive portion of the output signal by placing pairs of working and counter electrodes in a common sample cell. By modifying the reagents used to form the electrodes, these systems attempt to separate the sensitive and non-sensitive portions of the analyte by subtracting the two output signals.

For example, a conventional sensor system may have multiple detection zones in an undivided sample chamber, with each working electrode facing a reference electrode. In another aspect, these systems may have a single reference electrode. These types of systems may provide two known standards for the sensor calibration system being tested, or may provide separate electrode systems for the determination of, for example, analyte, interference, and hematocrit. A common disadvantage of these systems is the single sample chamber, where adjacent electrode systems/detection areas may chemically contaminate each other due to diffusion and/or liquid movement. This disadvantage is particularly troublesome when one reagent system requires longer assay times than another and/or when the test sensor is mechanically disturbed after filling with the sample.

As more and more information about the analytes present in biological samples is needed in diagnostics, there is an increasing need for routine monitoring of a variety of biological substances of medical value. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for improved biosensors, particularly those capable of providing increasingly accurate and/or precise concentration measurements for a variety of analytes. The systems, devices, and methods of the present invention avoid or ameliorate at least one of the disadvantages associated with conventional biosensors.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention discloses an analyte test sensor, comprising: at least two substrates for forming a sample cell having at least two secondary analysis regions that are substantially chemically isolated; at least one first working electrode comprising a first conductor and a reagent composition disposed in the sample cell; at least one first counter electrode comprising a second conductor disposed in the first secondary analysis region and at least one first redox species; and at least one second counter electrode comprising a third conductor disposed in the second secondary analysis region and at least one second redox species, wherein the working electrode, the first counter electrode, and the second counter electrode are independently addressable.

An analyte test sensor is disclosed that includes at least two substrates forming a sample cell that includes at least three independently addressable secondary analysis regions, wherein each secondary analysis region is substantially chemically isolated.

In one aspect, the test sensor may be configured such that a line cannot be drawn from the working electrode through the first secondary analysis region and through the primary region, through the second secondary analysis region to the counter electrode. The test sensor may also be configured such that a conductor is disposed between the two substrates, and at least a portion of the sample cell including the sample port is defined by at least the two substrates and an edge of the conductor. In this example, the edge of the conductor defines at least the first electrode.

In another aspect, the test sensor may be configured such that a fluid sample entering at least one sample port does not flow through more than one of the first, second, and third electrodes to another electrode. The test sensor may also be configured such that, by an analytical technique selected from the group consisting of cyclic voltammetry and chemical amperometry, no mixing of the first redox species and the second redox species is observed within 12 minutes if the test sensor is not mechanically perturbed, or no mixing of the first redox species and the second redox species is observed within 1.4 minutes if the test sensor is mechanically perturbed.

A method of measuring at least one analyte in a sample is disclosed, the method comprising: chemically or biochemically oxidizing or reducing at least one analyte in the sample; applying a first input signal to the sample through at least the first working electrode and the first counter electrode; applying a second input signal at a different potential than the first input signal to the sample through at least the first working electrode and the second counter electrode; analyzing the output signals from the first and second input signals to determine a concentration of a first measurable species in the sample at the potential of the first counter electrode and a concentration of a second measurable species in the sample at the potential of the second counter electrode; and converting at least one of the first and second measurable species concentrations to a concentration of at least one analyte in the sample.

A method of measuring at least one analyte in a sample is disclosed, the method comprising: introducing a sample to a test sensor comprising at least two pairs of electrodes, the at least two pairs of electrodes comprising at least four electrodes that are independently addressable and substantially chemically isolated, wherein at least two electrodes are working electrodes and at least two electrodes are counter electrodes; chemically or biochemically oxidizing or reducing an analyte in a sample; applying a gating input signal to the sample through at least two pairs of electrodes to produce at least two output signals; synthesizing at least two output signals; and measuring the concentration of the analyte in the sample from the synthesized output signal. Systems using the disclosed test sensors in the disclosed methods are also disclosed.

Other apparatuses, systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.

Drawings

The invention can be better understood with reference to the following drawings and description. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.

FIG. 1A shows a test sensor arrangement in which sample is introduced through a sample port to the top of a primary region and flows in a substantially symmetrical manner to fill four secondary analysis regions.

FIG. 1B shows the test sensor of FIG. 1A with the addition of a reference electrode.

FIG. 1C shows the test sensor of FIG. 1A with a separate counter electrode.

FIG. 1D shows the test sensor of FIG. 1C with the addition of a reference electrode.

FIG. 2A shows a test sensor arrangement in which sample is introduced into a primary area from a sample port on one side of the test sensor and then flows in an asymmetric manner to fill two secondary analysis regions.

FIG. 2B shows a test sensor having the electrode arrangement of FIG. 2A but with a different arrangement of secondary analysis regions.

FIG. 3A shows a straight channel test sensor design with sample flowing from the main area through a first potential electrode location to a second potential electrode location.

Fig. 3B-3G show alternative designs for the secondary analysis zone where the sample does not flow through more than one potential electrode location.

FIG. 4A shows a cyclic voltammogram of a straight channel test sensor design such as that shown in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4B shows a cyclic voltammogram of a Y-channel design such as that shown in FIG. 3E.

Fig. 5A is a graph showing current versus time in a chemoamperometry process for a straight channel test sensor of the type used in fig. 4A, with a peak of ferrocyanide observed at the working electrode within approximately 5 seconds of sample introduction.

Fig. 5B is a graph showing current versus time in a chemoamperometry analysis of a Y-channel test sensor of the type used in fig. 4B, with substantially no ferrocyanide reaching the working electrode 30 seconds after introduction of the sample.

FIG. 5C is a graph showing current versus time in a chemical amperometric assay of a Y-channel design providing better chemical isolation between potential electrode locations than a T-channel design.

Fig. 5D shows that the three Y-channel design can prevent this mixing from mechanical disturbances.

FIG. 6A shows a test sensor having a staggered arrangement of secondary analysis regions, wherein a sample enters a primary region in the form of a channel that splits two secondary analysis regions through a sample port.

FIG. 6B shows a test sensor arrangement with sample entering a primary region in the form of a channel that divides three secondary analysis regions through a sample port.

Fig. 7A and 7B illustrate a test sensor with a staggered sub-analysis zone design.

FIG. 8A shows a variation of the test sensor of FIG. 7A having multiple working electrodes electrically connected.

FIG. 8B shows a variation of the test sensor of FIG. 7A having a plurality of counter electrodes electrically connected.

Fig. 9A shows a single electron transporting medium that transports a single electron.

Fig. 9B shows a multiple electron transfer medium that transfers two electrons.

FIG. 10A shows a system having three independently addressable counter electrodes, each operating at a different potential, and three electrically connected working electrodes, each having a dielectric system operating at a different potential.

FIG. 10B shows cyclic voltammograms of ruthenium (III) hexaammine, ferricyanide, and an electroactive organic molecule.

Fig. 10C is a graph relating the counter electrode working potential to the redox conjugate contrast ratio.

Fig. 10D shows a charge transfer system with multiple independently addressable counter electrodes.

FIG. 10E is a cyclic voltammogram representing different working potentials that can be provided to more than one working electrode by multiple independently addressable counter electrodes.

Fig. 11A shows that the charge transport system of fig. 10E can be replaced with multiple redox conjugate contrast ratios to provide multiple potentials to the system.

FIG. 11B shows the resulting current profile when the potential of one substantially chemically isolated working electrode is repeatedly controlled sequentially by three substantially chemically isolated and independently addressable counter electrodes, each having a different potential provided by a different charge transport system.

Fig. 12A shows a schematic representation of a biosensor system for determining an analyte concentration of a sample in a biological fluid.

Fig. 12B to 12F show a plurality of voltage regulator variations that can be used in common with the signal generator of fig. 12A.

Fig. 13 represents an electrochemical assay for determining the presence and/or concentration of at least one analyte in a sample.

FIG. 14A shows an input signal from an ordered gated amperometric pulse sequence used in conjunction with a test sensor having independently addressable counter and working electrodes.

FIG. 14B shows an input signal from a synchronized gated amperometric pulse sequence used in conjunction with a test sensor having independently addressable counter and working electrodes.

Figure 15 shows the results of averaging the results of up to four separate analyses of the same analyte to determine the concentration of the analyte in the sample.

Fig. 16 shows the current decay obtained from the signal averaging experiment.

Detailed Description

A biosensor system includes a test sensor having at least three independently addressable analysis regions. Each analysis region includes a conductor or electrode and may be substantially chemically isolated. Thus, the working electrode and the counter electrode of the electrode pair may be present in a substantially chemically isolated environment. The working electrode may be combined with more than two counter electrodes, wherein each counter electrode is present in a substantially chemically isolated environment. Thus, the system may comprise at least two counter electrodes operating at different potentials. The independently addressable ability of the substantially chemically isolated analysis regions provides for multi-potential electrochemical analysis.

By operating at more than one potential, samples comprising multiple analytes may be analyzed. Multiple independent analyses of the same analyte may be performed to increase the accuracy and/or precision of the analysis. Not only is multi-analyte and multi-analysis achieved, but the configurability of the system may enable greater accuracy and/or precision since the portion of the output signal caused by sample interferences, hematocrit, media background, temperature, manufacturing errors, reagent inactivation (reagent inactivation), etc. may be determined. An analyte interferent is a chemical, electrochemical, physiological, or biological substance that causes a positive or negative bias in the determined analyte concentration. Once known, these effects can be used to alter or can be removed from a determined analyte concentration. Calibration information may also be provided by an analysis region that is insensitive to the analyte.

FIG. 1A shows an arrangement of test sensors 100 in which sample is introduced through sample port 115 to the top of primary region 110 and flows in a substantially symmetrical manner to fill four secondary analysis regions 150. Each secondary analysis zone 150 includes a vent 120 to allow the sample to vent air from the secondary analysis zone 150 during filling. The vent 120 may be any shape that is compatible with the shape of the secondary analysis area 150, such as a circle or polygon. The maximum diameter or width of the vent 120 can be any size that allows the desired sample to flow into the secondary analysis zone 150, preferably a value from about 0.02mm to about 1.5 mm.

A single counter electrode 130 occupies the main area while working electrodes 141-144 are in each secondary analysis area 150. Although described with respect to counter electrode 130 in main region 110 and working electrodes 141-144 in secondary analysis region 150, the arrangement of the working and counter electrodes may be reversed such that multiple counter electrodes surround a single working electrode (not shown). In other aspects, the electrodes may not occupy the same plane. For example, some electrodes may be arranged horizontally, while other electrodes may be arranged vertically. In another example, some electrodes may be arranged higher than others, so that the biological fluid reaches the electrode below first. Other electrode configurations may be used. For example, FIG. 1B shows the test sensor of FIG. 1A with the addition of a reference electrode 170 to provide a constant potential.

FIG. 1C shows a test sensor 100 having four separate counter electrodes 131-134 in place of a single counter electrode 130 in the central main region 110. Although described with counter electrodes in the primary region and working electrodes in the secondary analysis region, the arrangement of any working electrode and any counter electrode may be reversed (not shown). Other electrode configurations may be used.

FIG. 1D shows the test sensor with the addition of a reference electrode 170 to each of the secondary analysis zones of FIG. 1C to provide a constant potential. One or more reference electrodes 170 may be operated at one or more potentials to provide a constant potential for each analysis. Since the working potentials of the counter electrodes may be different, one or more reference electrodes may be used, so that not only the potential at the working electrode but also the potential at the counter electrode may be used as a reference, as is common in conventional systems.

Although not illustrated in the figures, for a test sensor implemented in a continuous monitoring application, such as for an electrode implanted in a living body or having continuous contact with a biological fluid, multiple reference electrodes may be used to improve the accuracy and/or precision of the determined analyte concentration. The improvement results from a reduction in problems associated with varying potentials of working electrodes implanted in a living body or having continuous contact with biological fluids.

In FIGS. 1A and 1B, conductors 160 are drawn from each electrode to the rear of the test sensor 100, where each conductor 160 is connectable to a measurement device such that each working electrode 141-144 can be independently addressed. Thus, when conductor 160 is connected to a single electrode, the electrodes are independently addressable. The conductors 160 may remain independently addressable, or any two or more conductors 160 may be electrically connected (not shown). Thus, when more than one electrode is electrically connected to the same conductor, the electrodes are not independently addressable because they are commonly electrically addressable. For example, by electrically connecting two of the working electrodes 141-144, such as 141 and 144, the final test sensor 100 will have three independently addressable working electrodes and one counter electrode 130.

When configured with a single counter electrode 130 and four independently addressable working electrodes 141-144, the test sensor 100 of FIGS. 1A and 1B can potentially perform different analyses at each working electrode 141-144. By using a charge transfer system operating at a single potential, a single counter electrode 130 can provide a single potential to the system. Depending on the measurement device, a single counter electrode 130 may provide more than one potential to the system.

If the electrode types of the test sensor 100 of fig. 1A and 1B are reversed, there are four independently addressable counter electrodes and a single working electrode, the electrochemical reaction at the working electrode potentially being measurable at four different potentials. The independent addressability of the counter electrodes allows each counter electrode to be formed from a different charge transport system, thereby changing the potential provided to the working electrode during analysis. If the working electrode comprises a reagent capable of interacting with one or more analytes at four different potentials, the interaction of each analyte can be measured independently by electrically addressing the appropriate counter electrode. Preferably, each independently addressable counter electrode operates at a single potential or potential range.

In fig. 1C and 1D, a conductor 160 is drawn from each electrode to the rear of the test sensor 100, and each conductor 160 may be connected to a measurement device at the rear of the test sensor 100. This arrangement allows each working electrode 141-144 and each counter electrode 131-134 to be addressed independently. The conductors 160 may be kept electrically isolated, or any two or more conductors 160 may be electrically connected (not shown). For example, by electrically connecting two counter electrodes, such as connections 132 and 133, the final test sensor would have four independently addressable working electrodes and three independently addressable counter electrodes. Any combination of electrodes may be electrically connected.

The independently addressable working electrodes potentially allow for different chemical reactions to be measured at each working electrode 141-144. Having independently addressable counter electrodes 131-134 at different working potentials allows the working electrodes to work with more than one counter electrode potential. Thus, two charge transport chemical reactions present at the same working electrode can be measured independently by two independently addressable counter electrodes, wherein the first counter electrode is operated at the potential of the first charge transport chemical reaction and the second counter electrode is operated at the potential of the second charge transport chemical reaction.

The test sensor 100 of FIG. 1C provides independent addressability for the four working electrodes 141-144 and the four counter electrodes 131-134. Since each counter electrode 131-134 can provide a different potential, sixteen different analyses can potentially be performed. Thus, the electrochemical reaction of a single working electrode can be measured at four different potentials, and the potential of a single counter electrode can be applied to the chemical reaction of four different working electrodes. The test sensor of FIG. 1D has four independently addressable reference electrodes 170, which can provide up to four different constant potentials to the system. The measurement device can use more than one constant potential to control or determine the working potential at the working electrodes 141-144 and the counter electrodes 131-134.

For the test sensor 100 of FIGS. 1A-1D, the secondary analysis zone 150 may have a width of about 0.5mm²And a height of about 0.125mm, such that each secondary analysis zone has an internal volume of about 62 nL. The secondary analysis zone preferably has an internal volume of 100nL or less, more preferably 70nL or less. Larger or smaller secondary analysis regions may be used.

FIG. 2A shows an arrangement of the test sensor 200 in which sample is introduced into the primary region 210 from a sample port 215 at the front edge 214 of the test sensor 200 and then flows in an asymmetric manner to fill the first secondary analysis zone 251 and the second secondary analysis zone 252. Because the second secondary analysis zone 252 is longer than the first secondary analysis zone 251, the sample flow is asymmetric. The secondary analysis regions 251, 252 may include a vent 220 to allow the sample to vent air from the analysis region during filling.

At the entrance, the sample passes through a first electrode pair defined by the working electrode 241 and the counter electrode 231. While continuing to pass through the first electrode pair, the sample flows to a second electrode pair defined by working electrode 242 and counter electrode 232 (second pair) and a third electrode pair defined by working electrode 243 and counter electrode 233 (third pair). The sample flows through the first and third electrode pairs and then continues to flow until it passes through the fourth electrode pair defined by working electrode 244 and counter electrode 234. The sample then passes through the first and third electrode pairs before passing through the fourth electrode pair. Reagent composition 280 provides conductivity between these pairs of working and counter electrodes as the sample passes through. The ability of the electrode pairs to be independently addressable allows monitoring of the filling of the secondary analysis zones 251, 252. Other electrode configurations may be used, for example the arrangement of any working electrode and any counter electrode may be reversed (not shown).

By monitoring the filling of the secondary analysis regions 251, 252, the test sensor 200 provides an underfill detection system to avoid or screen out analyses associated with sample sizes that are not sufficiently voluminous. Because concentration values obtained from an underfilled test sensor may be inaccurate, the ability to avoid or screen out these inaccurate analyses may improve the accuracy of the obtained concentration values. Conventional underfill detection systems have one or more indicators, such as electrodes or conductors, that are used to detect partial and/or complete filling of a sample cell in a test sensor. With the ability to monitor the fill between multiple secondary analysis regions, the fill status of test sensor 200 can be more accurately determined. Electrical signals may be used to indicate whether a sample is present and whether the sample partially or completely fills a particular analysis region.

FIG. 2B shows a test sensor 200 having the electrode arrangement of FIG. 2A but with a different arrangement of secondary analysis regions. The primary region 210 comprising the first electrode pair is provided with three symmetrically filled secondary analysis regions 253, 254, 255. At the inlet, the sample passes through the first electrode pair and then independently moves to pass through the second electrode pair, the third electrode pair, and the fourth electrode pair. In general, fluid flow remains asymmetric because the first electrode pair occupies the primary region and fills in front of the secondary analysis region. Each secondary analysis zone 253, 254, 255 can include a vent 220 to allow air to escape from the sample during filling of the test sensor 200.

As shown, a single reagent composition 280 may extend between each of the four pairs of working and counter electrode pairs. Conductors 260 are drawn from each electrode to the rear of the test sensor 200, and the conductors 260 may be connected to a measurement device at the rear of the test sensor 200 to allow each electrode to be addressed independently. Although each electrode is independently addressable, each electrode pair shares the same chemical environment because the working and counter electrodes of each electrode pair are both in contact with the same reagent layer. The electrodes may be kept electrically isolated, or any two or more electrodes may be electrically connected (not shown). More than one reference electrode may be added to provide a constant potential (not shown).

Although described with the counter electrode centered on the center and the working electrode around the edge, any arrangement of the working electrode and the counter electrode may be reversed. Four separate working electrodes can be used for four different reagent compositions to potentially perform four different analyses. Although each of the four independent counter electrodes may be operated at different potentials to provide 16 possible analyses, the 90 ° spacing between each electrode pair makes this impractical.

Figure 3A shows a straight channel test sensor design in which sample flows from the primary region 310 through a first potential electrode site 320 to a second potential electrode site 330. Fig. 3B-3G illustrate alternative test sensor designs for secondary analysis regions in which sample does not flow past more than one potential electrode location. Fig. 3B shows a T-channel design used in some conventional sensors. Figure 3C shows a multi-T channel design in which additional potential electrode locations 340 and 350 are present. Additional "T" sections may be added if additional potential electrode locations are desired.

Fig. 3H shows a multi-T-channel test sensor 300 having independently addressable working electrodes 331 and independently addressable counter electrodes 332 in each of four secondary analysis zones 333. Thus, each working and counter electrode pair shares the same chemical environment, but each pair is substantially chemically isolated from the other pairs. A synthetic reagent composition charge transfer system 336 is deposited over each electrode pair. Each working electrode 331 and each counter electrode 332 are formed of a conductor 334, the conductor 334 terminating in a contact 335. The contact portion 335a and the contact portion 335b correspond to the working electrode and the counter electrode of the sub-analysis region 333a, respectively. The width of each secondary analysis region 333 is 1.2mm, while the width of the primary region 310 is 1.5 mm. The linear distance between the electrode pairs in the opposing secondary analysis zone was 3.46 mm. The width of the working electrode of each electrode pair is designated 0.50mm, spaced from the counter electrode by about 0.05mm to about 0.25 mm. The circle drawn on each working electrode 331 is the projected coverage area of the reagent composition. Other secondary analysis zone widths, electrode widths and spacings, and reagent composition coverage areas may be used.

Fig. 3I shows a multi-T-channel test sensor 300 having independently addressable working electrodes 331 in each of four substantially chemically isolated secondary analysis zones and independently addressable counter electrodes 332 in each of four opposing secondary analysis zones 333. Thus, each electrode is substantially chemically isolated from each of the other electrodes. Each electrode is formed by a conductor 334 terminating in a contact 335.

Figure 3D shows the evolution from the T-channel design, because the secondary analysis regions are staggered, no straight line 370 can be drawn between any two potential electrode locations through the secondary analysis region and the primary region. A potential advantage of this staggered design is that if the test sensor is mechanically disturbed while filling the sample, the design prevents mixing between the opposing secondary analysis regions. Mechanically perturbed means that sufficient force is applied to the test sensor to move the fluid sample.

The Y-channel designs of fig. 3E-3G not only do not allow for straight line testing, but also prevent mixing between potential electrode locations because the separation of the secondary analysis regions does not depend solely on the distance between potential electrode locations for substantial chemical isolation, which potential electrode locations of fig. 3E-3G are closer together than the designs of fig. 3B and 3C. Chemical separation in the Y channel also benefits from the sample having to flow around the "v" portion of the "Y" to mix. Since the electrodes may be spaced closer to each other, but still prevent sample mixing, the total volume of the sample cell for the Y-channel design may be less than the T-channel design with similar chemical separation.

As shown in fig. 3F, the cuvette is preferably designed with a secondary analysis zone that diverges from the primary zone 310 at an angle 390 of less than 90 °. In this way, fluid can enter the test sensor and reach the potential electrode location without having to make a 90 turn. This allows the sample to enter the test sensor quickly while reducing the likelihood of reagent mixing due to sample convection caused by vibration. A more preferred design lacks a line 370 between the electrodes that passes through the secondary analysis region and the primary region as shown in fig. 3B and 3C, and has the secondary analysis region diverging from the primary region at an angle of less than 90 °. Other designs may also be used, such as designs having more than one bend in the primary region and/or secondary analysis region, and designs using secondary analysis regions that diverge from the primary region at an angle greater than 90 °; however, increasing sample size requirements and slower sample fill speeds can become limiting factors.

FIG. 3J shows a Y-channel test sensor 300 having independently addressable working electrodes 331 and independently addressable counter electrodes 332 in each of two secondary analysis areas 333. Thus, each working and counter electrode pair of electrodes share the same chemical environment, but each electrode pair is substantially chemically isolated from the opposing electrode pair. Although working electrode 331 passes through sub-analysis region 333, counter electrode 332 is defined by the edge of sub-analysis region 333, and sub-analysis region 333 is formed by conductor 334. Secondary analysis region 333 branches off from primary region 310 at an angle of approximately 45 deg.. Each conductor 334 terminates in a contact region 335. Other electrode designs may be used, such as designs having a single electrode formed in more than one secondary analysis region. Other separation angles may be used for the secondary analysis zone.

The substrate of the test sensor 300 has a width of 11.8mm and a length of 30 mm. The width of the main region 310 is 1.2 mm. The distance between the projected outer edges of the two reagent combination deposits was 0.8 mm. Each contact area 355 has a width of 2.9mm and the diameter of the combined deposit of reagent in each of the two secondary analysis regions 333 is 1.8 mm. Other substrate size specifications, main and contact region widths, and reagent combination deposit diameters may be used.

Not only the number and type of electrodes, but also the degree of independent electrical addressability of the electrodes, the degree of chemical isolation of the sample cell provided by the secondary analysis zone, can affect the number of analyses that can be performed by the test sensor. Substantially chemically isolated means that substantially no diffusive or convective mixing of reagents between the secondary analysis regions occurs during one or more analyses.

If a working electrode and counter electrode pair is substantially chemically isolated from other working and counter electrode pairs, but the working and counter electrodes are not chemically isolated from each other, then the electrode pair may undergo an analysis that is compatible with the chemical characteristics present at the electrode pair. The configuration may allow rapid diffusive mixing of reagents present at the working and counter electrodes of an electrode pair. Conversely, if the working and counter electrodes are substantially chemically isolated from the other working and counter electrodes, and the working and counter electrodes are substantially chemically isolated from each other, each electrode can potentially participate in an analysis with any other electrode if independently addressable. Thus, if substantially chemically isolated, different reagent compositions may be used to provide the electrode with a different chemical analysis environment than the other electrodes. In combination, the substantial chemical isolation between the analysis zones allows the use of different reagents for each working and/or counter electrode, while the independent electrical addressability allows measurements to be taken independently for each working electrode.

The secondary analysis regions may be substantially chemically isolated depending on the cross-sectional area of the entrance to the secondary analysis region, the distance between any two electrodes within the secondary analysis region, the physical arrangement of the secondary analysis regions relative to each other and relative to the primary region, and the like. Including these factors, substantial chemical isolation may also be initially lost due to mixing of the reagents as the sample flows across the counter electrode (fig. 1A-1D) or at the test sensor (fig. 2A and 2B) inlet and electrode pairs on both sides. In this way, the reagent composition can be delivered to multiple electrode pairs through the sample. Conversely, when the sample does not flow through more than one electrode (fig. 3B-3J), the flow mixing can be substantially eliminated.

FIG. 4A shows a cyclic voltammogram of the straight channel design as shown in FIG. 3A. The first electrode pair closest to the sample port uses a reagent composition comprising 0.5M potassium ferrocyanide, while the second electrode pair closest to the end of the channel uses a reagent composition comprising an electroactive organic molecule represented below by structure I. Within about seven seconds or less, two peaks are observed, the left peak representing oxidation of the reduced state of the structure I molecule, and the right peak representing oxidation of ferrocyanide initially disposed at the first electrode pair. Within about 20 complete cycles, the peak of the structure I molecule disappeared, indicating that ferricyanide oxidized the structure I molecule.

During analysis, it is believed that ferrocyanide from the first electrode pair is oxidized at the second electrode to form ferricyanide at the second electrode pair. The ferricyanide formed then chemically oxidizes the reduced species of the structure I molecule at the second electrode pair. These results indicate that chemical contamination occurs rapidly between the electrode pairs in the straight channel design. Experiments have shown that stronger oxidants such as ferricyanide in this example can displace mediation from other mediators such as the structure I molecules if the electrodes are not substantially chemically isolated. It is considered that this contamination is attributable to the combination of the passage of the sample through the counter electrode, diffusion and convection before reaching the working electrode in the straight-channel sample cell.

In contrast, FIG. 4B shows a cyclic voltammogram of the Y-channel design as shown in FIG. 3E. Electrodes are placed near the ends of each secondary analysis zone. After 20 complete cycles (more than 20 minutes), only oxidation of the structure I molecules was observed, indicating that substantial chemical isolation was achieved with the Y-channel secondary analysis zone design for at least 10 minutes. These experiments were performed using a CH instruments electrochemical workstation running software version 2.05 in CHI660A mode at about 22 ℃ and about 45% relative humidity. The sample was phosphate buffer ph7.0 containing 0.1M sodium phosphate and about 16% (w/w) PVP polymer having a weight average molecular weight of about 2000.

Similar effects were observed in chemical amperometric tests, in which the current was measured as a function of time. In fig. 5A, the graph of current versus time shows that for a straight channel sensor of the type used in fig. 4A, a second peak with a 400mV working potential is observed at the working electrode within about 5 seconds of introduction of the sample. Sample introduction produces the first peak in the graph. The second peak is associated with the second volt ampere wave of ferrocyanide in figure 4A. In fig. 5B, it is shown that substantially no ferrocyanide reaches the working electrode after 30 seconds, indicating that testing the sensor with the Y-channel secondary analysis zone achieves substantial chemical isolation. In these experiments, the initial spike indicates that the sample first establishes electrical communication between the electrodes. Amperometric tests were performed at about 22 ℃ and about 45% relative humidity using a CH instrument electrochemical workstation. The sample was phosphate buffer ph7.0 containing 0.1M sodium phosphate and about 16% (w/w) PVP polymer having a weight average molecular weight of about 2000.

Fig. 5C is a amperometric plot showing that the Y-channel design provides better chemical isolation between potential electrode locations than the T-channel design. As shown by Y-channel line 501, substantial chemical isolation of up to 1000 seconds was observed between potential electrode locations as shown by locations 320 and 330 of fig. 3E. In contrast, as shown by the T-channel peaks 502, 503, chemical isolation failure and oxidation of the structure I molecule were observed after about 84 seconds or after about 650 seconds for two T-channel test sensors such as that shown in fig. 3B. The large variability between the 84 and 650 second time variables can be attributed to the sensitivity of the T-channel design to mixing caused by convection from mechanical perturbations during analysis. Fig. 5D shows that the three Y-channel design can prevent this mixing from mechanical disturbances. The observation of a slow current rise after about 800 seconds may indicate slow mixing due to diffusion.

Fig. 6A shows a test sensor 600 having a staggered arrangement of secondary analysis regions 651, 652, wherein a sample enters a primary region 610 in the form of a channel via a sample port 615, and two secondary analysis regions 651, 652 diverge from the primary region 610. Conductor 690 may extend into main region 610 to provide test sensor 600 with underfill detection capability. Similarly, FIG. 6B shows a test sensor arrangement in which a sample enters a primary region 610 in the form of a channel via a sample port 615, separating three secondary analysis regions 651-653 from the primary region 610. Each of the secondary analysis regions 651-653 includes independently addressable electrodes or conductors.

In fig. 6A, the sample fills the first secondary analysis region 651 on the right, followed by the second secondary analysis region 652 on the left. In fig. 6B, the sample fills the third secondary analysis zone 653 on the left, then fills the first secondary analysis zone 651 on the right, and then fills the second secondary analysis zone 652 on the left.

The total sample volume retained by a test sensor 600 having at least two or three secondary analysis regions can be 210nL or less. Each secondary analysis region, as well as the end of primary region 610 opposite sample port 615, may include a vent 620 to allow the sample to vent air during filling. Due to surface tension driven capillary action, by splitting the sample cell defined by the primary zone 610 and secondary analysis zones 651-653 into more than one primary zone for filling a plurality of secondary analysis zones, the test sensor 600 can fill faster than a substantially undivided sample cell having the same or similar volume, such as the straight channel design shown in FIG. 3A. Accordingly, subdividing the sample cell into smaller sub-analysis regions, each of which may include an electrode, a pair of electrodes, more than one conductor, or a combination thereof, may increase the fill rate of the test sensor 600. By filling the secondary analysis regions from the primary region in this way, during filling and during analysis, substantial chemical isolation between the secondary analysis regions can be achieved.

Secondary analysis regions 651-653 are filled in a substantially orderly manner from primary region 610 as the sample flows primarily to the nearest vent 620. Due to the ordered filling of the secondary analysis zones 651-653, the measurement device can monitor the rate and flow of sample as the secondary analysis zones 651-653 are filled. The flow of sample may also be monitored by providing the test sensor 600 with electrodes or conductors near the sample port 615 and/or near the vent 620 of the main region 610. The fill of the test sensor 600 can then be determined by monitoring more than one conductor and/or electrode with a measuring device. The filling of non-ordered fill designs can also be monitored in this way; however, the system may or may not have the ability to independently monitor the filling of each secondary analysis region.

Although not shown in the figures, the main region 610 may be provided with a plurality of sample ports 615 to enable samples to be introduced from more than one location, such as at edge and top locations. Similarly, the test sensor 600 may be provided with more than two separate cuvettes, each cuvette having a primary area and more than two secondary analysis areas, to allow analysis of multiple samples. By altering the vent structure of the sample cell, different samples can be introduced to the same sample cell through multiple sample ports, but remain substantially chemically isolated during analysis. There may be other relationships between one or more primary regions and the secondary analysis region.

The primary zone 610 and/or one or more secondary analysis zones 651-653 can include a flow-altering material that alters the flow of the sample as it is distributed through the sample cell. For example, hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic treatments, coatings, or materials may be used to advantageously direct the flow path and/or fill rate of the aqueous sample. In other aspects, the primary region 610 and/or secondary analysis regions 651-653 can include structural features such as walls, grooves, or channels that can advantageously direct the flow path and/or fill rate of the sample. In other aspects, materials that can chemically or physically alter the composition of the sample can be placed in the primary zone 610 and/or the secondary analysis zones 651-653. For example, material for filtering red blood cells from the sample may be placed in a portion of the primary region to remove the cells before the sample reaches the secondary analysis region.

Fig. 7A and 7B illustrate a test sensor 700 having a staggered sub-analysis zone design as previously described. The design of fig. 7A includes eight secondary analysis regions having an angle of about 90 ° with respect to the primary region 710, while fig. 7B is a similar Y-channel design. Including the area at the end of the primary region 710, the test sensor 700 includes a total of nine secondary analysis regions, each occupied by an electrode or conductor. The figure illustrates four independently addressable counter electrodes 731-734 and four working electrodes 741-744, each present in one of eight sub-analysis zones. Although the counter electrodes 731 to 734 are located on one side of the main region 710 and the working electrodes 741 to 744 are located on the other side, a hybrid arrangement is possible. For example, the first two secondary analysis regions filled with sample may be working electrodes, while the next two secondary analysis regions filled with sample may be counter electrodes.

An optional electrode, such as reference electrode 770, is located at the end of the main region 710 opposite the sample port 715. For example, reference electrode 770 may also be placed in the last secondary analysis zone relative to the sample introduction location or near sample port 715. Thus, more than one reference electrode may be arranged in the primary region 710 and/or the secondary analysis region to provide a constant potential to the system. The optional electrodes may provide fill information or information about the sample by being in a substantially chemically isolated environment from the secondary analysis zone.

A conductor 790 electrically connected to the counter electrode 731 extends into the main region 710 near the sample port 715. Although the conductors 790 are not independently addressable, they may provide fill information for the measurement device. Other electrode and/or conductor configurations are possible. The ends of each secondary analysis region and primary region 710 may include vents (not shown).

The eight electrodes 731-734 and 741-744 are independently addressable by the measurement device. Since the secondary analysis zones are substantially chemically isolated, each secondary analysis zone may include a reagent composition that can be provided with different chemical properties to interact with components of the sample. Because the reagent composition of each working electrode 741-744 can be different, the charge transport system of each counter electrode 731-734 can be different, and each electrode can be independently addressable, allowing four different analyses to be performed when a single reagent composition is present at each working electrode 741-744. In this way, each working electrode reagent composition can be used with a dedicated counter electrode. Similarly, if two reagent compositions having different redox potentials are provided for each working electrode 741-744, a total of eight different assays are possible. Finally, if each working electrode is provided with four reagent compositions having different redox potentials, as many as sixteen different assays can be provided since each working electrode can be independently addressed by each of the four counter electrodes. Practical considerations, such as undesirable interactions between more than one reagent composition at the working electrode, may limit the actual number of analyses that can be performed by the system. Other cell configurations and electrode configurations may be used.

FIG. 8A shows a variation of the test sensor of FIG. 7A in which a plurality of working electrodes 841-844 are electrically connected. The counter electrodes are still independently addressable. In this way, each counter electrode can provide a different potential to the electrically connected working electrode. By electrically connecting more than one working electrode, the working electrode having the oxidation-reduction potential closest to the potential of the counter electrode that has been selected can be operated. In this mode of operation, each working electrode may have a different mediator system, each having a different redox potential. Different dielectric systems of the working electrode can be addressed step by using different potentials of the counter electrode to step the working potential of the system from low to high. Other cell configurations and electrode configurations may be used.

FIG. 8B shows a variation of FIG. 7A, in which a plurality of counter electrodes 831 to 834 are electrically connected. The working electrodes are still independently addressable. By electrically connecting more than one counter electrode, the counter electrode having the highest potential charge transfer system can supply a potential to the system. In this way, electrochemical properties sensitive to the analyte at each working electrode can be measured. Other cell configurations and electrode configurations may be used.

With respect to the aforementioned test sensors, the working electrode and counter electrode present in the secondary analysis zone may be separated by more than 1,000 microns. Electrodes spaced less than 1,000 microns apart may also be used. The pattern of electrodes is not limited to that shown in the figures, but may be any pattern that is compatible with the primary and secondary analysis regions of the test sensor. Preferably, the electrodes are formed from rectangular deposits of the reagent composition and/or the charge transport system. The deposit may be formed by screen printing, ink-jet (int-firing), micropipetting, pin-position, or other methods.

The reagent layer is formed when the reagent composition is applied to the conductor. For example, the reagent layer forming the working electrode may include an enzyme, a mediator, and a binder, and the reagent layer forming the counter electrode may include a mediator and a binder. The analyte undergoes an electrochemical reaction at the working electrode while an opposite electrochemical reaction occurs at the counter electrode to allow current to flow between the electrodes. For example, if the analyte undergoes oxidation at the working electrode, reduction occurs at the counter electrode.

The test sensor includes not only the working electrode and the counter electrode, but also a reference electrode that provides a constant reference potential to the system. Although a number of reference electrode materials are known, mixing of silver (Ag) and silver chloride (AgCl) typically occurs due to the insolubility of the metal and its corresponding salt in the aqueous environment of the sample. Due to Ag metal in the sample to Cl^-Does not change significantly, so the potential of the electrode does not change significantly. If the conductive metal is increased and/or modified in size, the reference electrode can also serve as a counter electrode by allowing current to pass. However, the device is not suitable for use in a kitchenHowever, the counter electrode cannot be used as a reference electrode because it lacks the ability to isolate the half cell (halfcell) for providing a reference potential from the sample solution.

Depending on the arrangement of the electrodes, the conductors forming the electrodes may be located on one or more substrates. The substrate may be made of any material compatible with the formation and operation of the biosensor. Preferred materials for the substrate include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC), Polyimide (PI), Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyoxymethylene (POM), monomer-cast nylon (MC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polymethacrylic resin (PMMA), ABS resin (ABS), and glass. More preferred materials for forming the one or more substrates include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC) and Polyimide (PI), preferably with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) present. To form a test sensor, two substrates in the form of a base and a cover may be combined to form a sample cell having at least one sample port and at least one vent hole. Conductors, spacers, and other elements may be present between the substrates.

The one or more materials used to form the conductors on the one or more substrates may include any electrical conductor. Preferred electrical conductors are non-ionizing, so that the material does not undergo net oxidation or net reduction during analysis of the sample. The conductors may be made of materials such as solid metals, metal pastes (metal pastes), conductive carbon pastes (conductive carbon pastes), conductive polymers, and the like. The conductor preferably comprises a metal paste or a thin layer of a metal such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper or tungsten. The surface conductor may be deposited on all or a portion of the conductor. The surface conductor material preferably comprises carbon, gold, platinum, palladium or a combination thereof. If no surface conductor is present on the conductor, the conductor is preferably made of a non-ionizing material.

The conductor and optional surface conductor material may be deposited on the substrate by any means compatible with the operation of the test sensor, including foil deposition (foil deposition), chemical vapor deposition (cvd), slurry deposition (plating), metallization (metallization), and the like. In other aspects, the conductors can be formed by processing the conductive layer into a pattern using a laser and/or masking techniques.

The one or more reagent compositions used to form the electrodes may be deposited as a solid, semi-solid, liquid, gel, colloid (gelular), gum, or other form, and may include a reagent, and optionally a binder. The reagent composition may have a viscosity ranging from about 1cp to about 100 cp. More preferred reagent compositions have viscosity ranges from about 1cp to about 20cp or from about 4cp to about 10 cp. Reagent compositions having other viscosities may be used. The viscosity was determined by a Brookfield Model DV3 type viscometer equipped with a ULA module for measuring reagent compositions having a viscosity of less than 300 cp. The viscosity measurements were performed at room temperature with the instrument temperature set to 25 ℃. Measurements were made at shear rates of 50, 100, 200, and 300cps (cycles per second) to provide an indication of whether the composition was shear thinning or thickening. As a control, a 100mM phosphate buffer solution was used, which buffer typically gave viscosity readings ranging from about 1cp to about 1.3cp at different shear rates.

The binder is preferably an at least partially water soluble polymeric material. When combined with water, the adhesive may form a gel or gel-like material. Suitable partially water-soluble polymeric materials for use as binders may include polyethylene oxide (PEO), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyamino acids such as polylysine, polystyrene sulfonate, gelatin and derivatives, polyacrylic acid and derivatives and salts thereof, polymethacrylic acid and derivatives and salts thereof, starch and derivatives thereof, maleic anhydride and salts thereof, agarose-based gels and derivatives thereof. The adhesive may comprise a combination of one or more of these materials. Currently, PEO, PVA, CMC, and HEC among the above binder materials are preferred for biosensors, with CMC being more preferred. Other adhesives may be used.

The binder has a molecular weight of from 10,000 to 900,000, and preferably from 30,000 to 300,000 (weight average molecular weight). Binders having other molecular weights may be used. Molecular weight can be determined by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and is usually expressed as a weight average or a number average.

The reagent composition used to form the working electrode preferably includes a biomolecule that is sensitive to the analyte of interest. Biomolecules may include active enzyme systems such as oxidoreductases. Biomolecules may also include biopolymers such as nucleic acids, proteins, and peptides. Other biomolecules may be used.

The redox enzyme promotes the migration of electrons and promotes the oxidation or reduction of an analyte, and comprises: an "oxidase" that promotes an oxidation reaction in which molecular oxygen is an electron acceptor; a "reductase" that facilitates a reduction reaction in which an analyte is reduced and molecular oxygen is not the analyte; and a "dehydrogenase" that promotes an oxidation reaction in which molecular oxygen is not an electron acceptor. For example, reference is made to Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, reviewed Edition, a.d. smith, ed., New York: oxford University Press (1997) pp.161, 476, 477, and 560. For example, table I below provides the oxidoreductases for the analysis of the listed analytes.

Oxidoreductases	Analyte
		Glucose dehydrogenase	Beta-glucose
Glucose oxidase	Beta-glucose
		Cholesterol esterase; cholesterol oxidase	Cholesterol
A lipoprotein lipase; a glycerol kinase; glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase	Triglycerides
		Lactate oxidase; a lactate dehydrogenase; diaphorase	Lactate salt
Pyruvate oxidase	Pyruvate salt
		Alcohol oxidizing enzymes	Alcohol(s)
Bilirubin oxidase	Bilirubin
		Uricase	Uric acid
Glutathione reductase	NAD(P)H
		Carbon monoxide oxidation reductase	Carbon monoxide

TABLE I

Biomolecules may include amine functional groups capable of hydrogen bonding interactions. Preferably a biomolecule having a weight average molecular weight of from 10,000 to 500,000 and preferably from 100,000 to 400,000, which biomolecule retains biological activity after deposition. In the case of an oxidoreductase, from 0.01 to 100 units (U), preferably from 0.05 to 10U, and more preferably from 0.1 to 5U of oxidoreductase per test sensor or assay may be used. In other aspects, up to 1.3U of oxidoreductase is used.

The reagent layer formed by depositing the reagent composition on the conductor may include an analyte-specific enzyme system that facilitates the reaction of the analyte while enhancing the specificity of the sensor system for the analyte, particularly in complex biological samples. The enzyme system may include one or more enzymes, cofactors (cofactors), and/or other components that participate in a redox reaction with the analyte. For example, alcohol oxidases may be used to provide biosensors that are sensitive to the presence of alcohol in a sample. The system may be used to measure blood alcohol concentration. In another example, glucose dehydrogenase or glucose oxidase can be used to provide a biosensor that is sensitive to the presence of glucose in a sample. The system may be used to measure blood glucose concentration, for example, in a patient known or suspected to have diabetes.

Preferably, the enzyme system is oxygen independent and thus substantially not oxidized by oxygen. One such family of oxygen independent enzymes is Glucose Dehydrogenase (GDH). GDH can be mediated by different mediators in different ways using different coenzymes or cofactors. Depending on the association with GDH, such as in the case of FAD-GDH, a cofactor such as Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) can be firmly held by the main enzyme (host enzyme); or a co-factor such as pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) may be covalently bound to the main enzyme, such as in the case of PQQ-GDH. The cofactors in each of these enzyme systems may be permanently retained by the main enzyme, or the coenzyme and apo-enzyme protein (apo-enzyme) may be presentThe enzyme system is reconstituted prior to addition to the reagent composition. Such as in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD/NADH⁺Or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP/NADPH⁺In the case of (3), the coenzyme may also be added independently to the constituent part of the main enzyme in the reagent composition to assist the catalytic function of the main enzyme. Other useful dehydrogenase enzyme systems include alcohol dehydrogenases (alcohol dehydrogenases), lactate dehydrogenases, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases, glucose dehydrogenases, formaldehyde dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenases and 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.

The reagent layer may also include a medium to convey the results of the analyte reaction to the conductor. The mediator may be oxidized or reduced and may transfer more than one electron. The medium is a reagent in an electrochemical assay and is not the analyte of interest, but can be used for indirect measurement of the analyte. In a simple system, the mediator undergoes a redox reaction in response to the oxidation or reduction of the analyte. The oxidized or reduced mediator then undergoes an opposite reaction at the working electrode of the test sensor and can regenerate to its original oxidation number. Thus, the mediator may facilitate the migration of electrons from the analyte to the working electrode.

The media can be divided into two groups based on their electrochemical activity. A single electron transport medium is a chemical moiety that is capable of taking on one extra electron during an electrochemical reaction environment. A multiple electron transport medium is a chemical moiety that is capable of assuming more than one electron during a reaction environment. As shown in fig. 9A, the single electron transport medium can transport one electron from the enzyme to the working electrode, while as shown in fig. 9B, the multiple electron transport medium can transport two electrons.

Examples of the single electron transport medium include compounds such as 1, 1' -dimethylferrocene, ferrocyanide and ferricyanide, and ruthenium (III) hexaammine and ruthenium (II) hexaammine. Two electron mediators include organic quinones such as phenanthroline quinone and hydroquinones; phenothiazine and phenoxazine derivatives; 3- (phenylamino) -3H-phenoxazine; phenothiazine; and 7-hydroxy-9, 9-dimethyl-9H-acridin-2-one and its derivatives. Examples of additional two-electron media include electroactive organic molecules such as those described in U.S. patent nos. 5,393,615, 5,498,542, and 5,520,786, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Preferably, the two electron transport media comprise 3-phenylimino-3H-phenothiazine (PIPT) and 3-phenylimino-3H-phenoxazine (PIPO). More preferred two electron mediators include carboxylic acids of phenothiazine derivatives or salts such as ammonium salts. Presently, it is particularly preferred that the two electron mediator include (E) -2- (3H-phenothiazin-3-ylideneamino) benzene-1, 4-disulfonic acid (structure I), (E) -5- (3H-phenothiazin-3-ylideneamino) isophthalic acid (structure II), (E) -3- (3H-phenothiazin-3-ylideneamino) -5-carboxybenzoic acid ammonium salt (structure III), and combinations thereof. The structural formulae of these media are described below. Although only the dibasic acid form of the medium of structure I is shown, mono-and di-alkali metal salts of the acid are also included. Currently, for the media of structure I, the sodium salt of the acid is preferred. Alkali metal salts of the media of structure II may also be used.

In another aspect, preferably, the two-electron mediator has a redox potential at least 100mV lower, more preferably at least 150mV lower than ferricyanide.

The charge transport system is any one or combination of electrochemically active materials that can transport one or more electrons from or to the counter electrode. For example, if the working electrode of the system migrates electrons to the counter electrode via the measurement device, the charge transfer system of the counter electrode accepts electrons from the counter electrode to allow measurement of the current flowing through the system. The charge transport system affects the potential at which the working electrode transports electrons for measurement by accepting electrons at a particular potential or range of potentials. The charge transport system may or may not include a mediator present at the working electrode; but if included, at least a portion of the dielectric at the counter electrode preferably has a different oxidation state than the dielectric at the working electrode.

Because the electrochemical reaction with the lowest potential occurs first, the electrochemical properties of multiple working electrodes can be analyzed in order from lowest to highest working potential by providing the working electrodes with one or more analyte-sensitive biomolecules, such as oxidoreductases, and/or mediators that transport charge at an increased potential. A working electrode having a particular redox potential with respect to the analyte can be selectively paired with a counter electrode having a desired potential if the working and counter electrodes are independently addressable. If the redox potentials of the analyte, analyte sensitive biomolecule and/or mediator at the independently addressable working electrodes are different, then separate output signals for a single assay can be measured when using electrically connected counter electrodes. Conversely, if the redox potentials of the charge transport species at the independently addressable counter electrodes are different, then a separate output signal for an individual assay can be measured when using electrically connected working electrodes. When a plurality of counter electrodes have different charge transport substances but are electrically connected, the counter electrode having the highest potential supplies the working potential to the working electrode until the system potential drops to the potential of the next counter electrode having the highest potential.

FIG. 10A shows a system with three independently addressable Counter Electrodes (CE)₁～CE₃) And three electrically connected working electrodes, each counter electrode operating at a different potential, each working electrode having a dielectric system operating at a different potential. Due to the operating potential of the system at the counter electrode CE₁～CE₃Can be independently measured for the medium at the electrically connected working electrode (Med)₁～Med₃) Redox characteristics of (a). For example, when CE₁When coupled to the working electrode, Med at the electrode₁And (4) reacting. When CE is present₂When coupled to the working electrode, Med at the electrode₁And Med₂And (4) reacting. Finally, when CE₃When coupled to the working electrode, all three mediator systems may be reactive at the working electrode.

By altering the charge transport system deposited on different conductors to form the counter electrode, multiple operating potentials can be provided to the system. The potential provided by a particular counter electrode may be varied by a charge transport system comprising different redox species (components may be oxidised and/or reduced) and/or different ratios of redox conjugate pairs of redox species such as ferrocyanide/ferricyanide (reduced and oxidised components of the same redox species). Examples of different redox species for use in the charge transport system include soluble or insoluble redox species, wherein soluble redox species are soluble at a level of at least 1.0 g/l in water (pH7, 25 ℃) and do not include elemental metals and monometallic ions that are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water. Useful redox species include electroactive organic molecules, organic transition metal complexes, and transition metal coordination complexes. Unlike metals comprising organic transition metal complexes and coordination complexes, electroactive organic molecules lack a metal capable of undergoing oxidation or reduction. Preferred redox species for use in the charge transport system include ruthenium (III) hexaammine, ferricyanide and electroactive organic molecules such as PIPT and PIPO. FIG. 10B shows cyclic voltammograms of ruthenium (III) hexaammine, ferricyanide and the electroactive organic molecule represented by structures I/II/III above. It can be seen from the figure that the relative potential locations of each redox species are separated by approximately 200 mV.

An example of a different ratio of redox conjugated pairs is the ratio of ferrocyanide to ferricyanide in the charge transport system. For example, a ratio of 9.5: 0.5 may be used for the lowest potential counter electrode, while ratios of 8: 2, 5: 5, 2: 8 and 0.5: 9.5 may be used to provide progressively increasing operating potentials for the counter electrodes. Pure ferricyanide may be used to provide the counter electrode with the highest working potential for the six counter electrodes. Thus, using different ratios of redox conjugate pairs, six independently addressable counter electrodes can be formed, each providing a different potential to the system. Thus, using different ratios of conjugated pairs of redox species, a potential difference of, for example, at least 50mV or at least 100mV less than the potential difference obtained with different redox species may be obtained.

The relationship between the counter electrode operating potential and the ratio of the redox conjugate pair is described by the Nernst equation and is shown in FIG. 10C. By selecting a suitable ratio of redox conjugate pairs for the deposited charge transport system, a desired potential can be provided to the counter electrode, depending on whether oxidation or reduction occurs at the counter electrode during analysis. By selecting different ratios of redox conjugate pairs for the charge transport system, the potential of the charge transport system can vary by about ± 150mV for different ferrocyanide/ferricyanide ratios. Thus, not only different redox species, but also different ratios of conjugates of the redox species may be used to provide different operating potentials to the plurality of counter electrodes. The substantial chemical isolation, as may be provided by the physical separation between the secondary analysis regions, allows the different charge transport systems of each counter electrode to provide different operating potentials to the systems during analysis.

FIG. 10D shows an environment in which multiple independently addressable Counter Electrodes (CE)₁～CE₃) The charge transport system of (a) provides different absolute working potentials, such as-200 mV, 0mV and +200mV, while substantially maintaining the same relative working potential of 0.4V between the counter electrode and the working electrode. The central redox couple (redox couple) may be arbitrarily assigned a fixed potential of zero relative to a standard hydrogen electrode, a saturated calomel electrode, or the like. Thus, ruthenium hexammine has a redox potential of about 200mV below the structure I/II/III molecule, and ferricyanide has a redox potential of about 200mV above the structure I/II/III molecule. By operating the counter-electrode at an absolute working potential which is different with respect to the known potentialThe system can independently analyze the electrically connected working electrode WE₁～WE₃Different media systems of (Med)₁～Med₃)。

FIG. 10E is a cyclic voltammogram showing that different working potentials can be provided to more than one working electrode by multiple independently addressable counter electrodes. Test sensors were made with a multi-T design, such as the one shown in fig. 3I above, having eight secondary analysis zones. The four sub-analysis regions are provided with independently addressable working electrodes, and the four sub-analysis regions are provided with independently addressable counter electrodes. Each working electrode was formed from a reagent composition comprising 0.5% weight/weight (w/w) HEC binder, 50mM of a molecule of structure I, and 2U/. mu.L of a PQQ-GDH enzyme system in phosphate buffer at pH7. The first counter electrode was formed from a charge transport system comprising 0.5% (w/w) HEC binder and 100mM ruthenium hexammine in phosphate buffer at pH7. The second counter electrode was formed from a charge transport system comprising 0.5% (w/w) HEC binder and 100mM of structure I molecules in phosphate buffer at pH7. The third counter electrode and the fourth counter electrode were formed from a charge transport system comprising 0.5% (w/w) HEC binder and 100mM ferricyanide in phosphate buffer at pH7.

After introduction of the sample comprising 300mg/dL of glucose, one working electrode and each of the first counter electrode, the second counter electrode, and the third counter electrode were scanned at a rate of 25 mV/sec for the CH instrument. As shown in FIG. 10E, the potential of the ruthenium hexaammine counter electrode (i.e., line 1010) peaked at a potential of about 400mV higher than the ferricyanide (i.e., line 1030), and the structure I molecule (i.e., line 1020) peaked about midway. In this way, the results observed in the cyclic voltammogram of FIG. 10E are reproduced in a multi-T test sensor design with multiple secondary analysis zones. Thus, the ability of the test sensor to operate at multiple potentials formed using multiple counter electrodes with different charge transfer systems was verified.

Fig. 11A demonstrates that the charge transport system of fig. 10E can be replaced by multiple ratios of redox conjugate pairs to provide multiple potentials to the system. The test sensor was prepared as in FIG. 10E, but the first counter electrode was formed from a charge transfer system comprising 0.5% (w/w) HEC binder and 200mM of ferricyanide: ferrocyanide in a 1: 9 ratio in phosphate buffer at pH7, the second counter electrode was formed from a charge transfer system comprising 0.5% (w/w) HEC binder and 200mM of ferricyanide: ferrocyanide in a 1: 1 ratio in phosphate buffer at pH7, the third counter electrode was formed from a charge transfer system comprising 0.5% (w/w) HEC binder and 200mM of ferricyanide: ferrocyanide in a 9: 1 ratio in phosphate buffer at pH7, and the fourth counter electrode was formed from a charge transport system comprising 0.5% (w/w) HEC binder and 200mM of substantially pure ferricyanide in phosphate buffer at pH7.

After introduction of the sample comprising 300mg/dL of glucose, the instrument was scanned at a rate of 25 mV/sec for one working electrode and each of the first counter electrode, the second counter electrode, the third counter electrode, and the fourth counter electrode. FIG. 11A shows that the first counter electrode has a peak potential of about 0.149V (W1-C1), the second counter electrode has a peak potential of about 0.060V (W2-C2), the third counter electrode has a peak potential of about-0.007V (W3-C3), and the fourth counter electrode has a peak potential of about-0.047V (W4-C4). Thus, the ability of the test sensor to operate at multiple potentials formed using multiple counter electrodes of a charge transfer system with different ratios of redox conjugate pairs was verified.

FIG. 11B shows a current diagram resulting when the potential at one substantially chemically isolated working electrode is repeatedly controlled in turn by three substantially chemically isolated and independently addressable counter electrodes, each having a different potential provided by a different charge transport system. The test sensor was prepared as in fig. 10E, but the multiple working electrodes were replaced by a single working electrode. A first peak 1110 of three peaks in each of the six sequences is obtained from the first counter electrode, a second peak 1120 of three peaks in each of the six sequences is obtained from the second counter electrode, and a third peak 1130 of three peaks in each of the six sequences is obtained from the third counter electrode. The first peak 1110 represents the current value obtained using ruthenium hexaammine as the charge transport system at the first counter electrode. The second peak 1120 represents the current value obtained using the structure I molecule as a charge transport system at the second counter electrode. The third peak 1130 represents the current value obtained using ferricyanide as the charge transport system at the third counter electrode. Thus, for the same potential, different counter electrode potentials address different oxidation points of the same oxidation wave. Thus, not only was the ability of multiple counter electrodes to control the working potential at the working electrode verified, but the ability of the system to perform three separate analyses at the working electrode with a gated input signal.

Fig. 12A is a schematic representation of a biosensor system 1200 that uses an input signal to determine an analyte concentration in a sample of a biological fluid. The biosensor system 1200 includes a measurement device 1202 and a test sensor 1204, which may be implemented in an analytical instrument including a desktop device, a portable or handheld device, and the like. The biosensor system 1200 may be used to determine the concentration of analytes including glucose, uric acid, lactate, cholesterol, bilirubin, and the like.

Although a particular configuration is shown, the biosensor system 1200 may have other configurations, including configurations with additional elements. For example, the test sensor 1204 may be adapted for use outside, inside, or partially inside living tissue. When used outside of living tissue, a sample of biological fluid is introduced into a sample cell in the test sensor 1204. The test sensor 1204 may be placed in the measurement device before, after, or during introduction of the sample for analysis. When inside or partially inside living tissue, the test sensor may be continuously immersed in the sample or the sample may be intermittently introduced to the sensor.

The test sensor 1204 has a base 1206, the base 1206 forming a sample cell 1208 having a sample port 1212. The cuvette 1208 may be formed by a lid having a vent. The sample cell 1208 defines a partially enclosed volume, but may be open to the sample (not shown). The sample may then flow continuously through the test sensor or be interrupted for analysis.

The sample cell 1208 may contain a composition that helps retain the liquid sample, such as a water-swellable polymer or porous polymer matrix. Reagents may be deposited in the sample cell 1208. The reagent may include one or more enzymes, enzyme systems, mediators, binders, and the like. The binder may comprise various types and molecular weight polymers such as HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose), CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) and/or PEO (polyoxyethylene). The adhesive not only binds the reagents together, but also helps filter red blood cells, preventing the red blood cells from coating the electrode surface 1211. The test sensor 1204 may also have a sample interface 1214 disposed adjacent to the sample cell 1208. The sample interface 1214 may partially or completely surround the sample cell 1208. The test sensors 1204 may have other configurations. For example, the test sensor 1204 may be adapted for patch use by forming the sample reservoir 1208 from a porous material or forming the sample reservoir 1208 behind a porous material that holds the sample.

Sample interface 1214 has conductors 1290 connected to at least one working electrode and at least two counter electrodes. The electrodes may be in substantially the same plane, or in more than one plane, such as when facing each other. The electrodes may be disposed on the surface of base 1206 forming a sample cell 1208. The electrodes may extend or protrude into the sample cell 1208. More than one conductor 1290 may also extend into the sample cell 1208 to provide functionality not provided by the electrodes. The dielectric layer may partially cover the conductor and/or the electrode. The counter electrode can be used to balance the potential at more than one working electrode during analysis. The equilibrium potential may be provided by forming the counter electrode from an inert material such as carbon and including a soluble redox species such as ferricyanide within sample cell 1208. Alternatively, the equilibrium potential may be a reference potential achieved by forming the counter electrode with a reference redox couple, such as Ag/AgCl, to provide a combined reference electrode-counter electrode. The sample interface 1214 may have other electrodes and conductors.

The measurement device 1202 includes circuitry 1216 coupled to a sensor interface 1218 and a display 1220. Circuitry 1216 includes a processor 1222 coupled to a signal generator 1224, an optional temperature sensor 1226, and a storage medium 1228.

Signal generator 1224 provides an electrical input signal to sensor interface 1218 responsive to processor 1222. The electrical input signal may be communicated by the sensor interface 1218 to the sample interface 1214 to apply the electrical input signal to a sample of the biological fluid. The electrical input signal may be conveyed over all or a portion of conductor 1290 at sample interface 1214. The electrical input signal may be a potential or current and may be constant, variable, or a combination thereof, such as applying an AC signal biased with a DC signal. The electrical input signal may be applied in a single pulse or in multiple pulses, sequences or cycles. The signal generator 1224 may also act as a generator-recorder to record the output signal from the sensor interface.

Signal generator 1224 may include the voltage regulator of fig. 12B, which may switch between multiple independently addressable working and counter electrodes, or may include the multi-regulator system of fig. 12C. FIG. 12D shows a potentiostat that may be implemented in the signal generator to switch between four counter electrodes and an electrically connected working electrode. Fig. 12E shows a potentiostat implemented to switch between four working electrodes and electrically connected counter electrodes. FIG. 12F shows a potentiostat implemented to switch between four reference electrodes and electrically connected working electrodes. The one or more voltage regulators may provide different operating potentials to the sample interface 1214. Signal generator 1224 may be configured such that the function generator triggers a gated wave input to the voltage regulator. The signal generator 1224 may have other configurations.

An optional temperature sensor 1226 determines the temperature of the sample in the sample cell of the test sensor 1204. The temperature of the sample may be measured, calculated from the output signal, or assumed to be the same or similar to the ambient temperature or measurement of the temperature of the device implementing the biosensor system. The temperature may be measured using a thermistor, thermometer, or other temperature sensing device. Other techniques may be used to determine the sample temperature.

The storage medium 1228 may be a magnetic, optical, or semiconductor memory, other storage device, or the like. The storage medium 1228 may be a fixed storage device, a removable storage device such as a memory card, or a storage device that can be accessed remotely, or the like.

The processor 1222 uses computer readable software code and data stored in the storage medium 1228 to perform analyte analysis and data processing. The processor 1222 can initiate analyte analysis in response to the presence of the test sensor 1204 at the sensor interface 1218, application of a sample to the test sensor 1204, in response to user input, and the like. Processor 1222 instructs signal generator 1224 to provide an electrical input signal to sensor interface 1218. The processor 1222 may receive the sample temperature from an optional temperature sensor 1226.

The processor 1222 receives output signals from the sensor interface 1218. The output signal is generated in response to a redox reaction of a measurable species in the sample. The electrical output signal from the test sensor can be a current (e.g., generated by amperometry or voltammetry), a potential (e.g., generated by potentiometry/amperometry), or an accumulated charge (e.g., generated by coulometry). In processor 1222, the output signal is correlated with the concentration of the one or more analytes in the sample using one or more correlation equations. The results of the analyte analysis may be output to display 1220 and may be stored in storage medium 1228.

The correlation equation between analyte concentration and output signal can be expressed graphically, mathematically, by combinations thereof, and the like. The correlation equation may be represented by a Program Number (PNA) table, another look-up table, or the like, stored in the storage medium 1228. Instructions for implementation of analyte analysis may be provided by computer-readable software code stored in storage medium 1228. The code may be object code or any other code that describes or controls the functions described herein. In processor 1222, data from the analyte analysis may be subjected to one or more data processing, including determining decay rates, K constants, ratios, and the like.

The sensor interface 1218 has a contact 1295 in connection or electrical communication with a conductor 1290 in the sample interface 1214 of the test sensor 1204. The sensor interface 1218 transmits the electrical input signal from the signal generator 1224 to the contacts 1295 in the sample interface 1214 through the connections in the sensor interface 1218. The sensor interface 1218 also communicates output signals from the sample to the processor 1222 and/or the signal generator 1224 via the contacts 1295.

Display 1220 may be analog or digital. The display may be an LCD display capable of displaying digital readings.

In use, a liquid sample for analysis is transferred into sample cell 1208 by introducing liquid into sample port 1212. The liquid sample flows through sample port 1212, filling sample cell 1208, while venting previously contained air. The liquid sample chemically reacts with the reagents deposited in the secondary analysis zone of the sample cell 1208.

The test sensor 1204 is disposed in proximity to the measurement device 1202. The vicinity includes a location where the sample interface 1214 is in electrical communication with the sensor interface 1218. Electrical communication includes the transmission of input and/or output signals between contacts in the sensor interface 1218 and conductors 1290 in the sample interface 1214.

Fig. 13 illustrates an electrochemical analysis 1300 for determining the presence and/or concentration of at least one analyte in a sample. In a sample introduction step 1310, a sample is introduced into the test sensor. In a redox reaction step 1320, a portion of the analyte in the sample undergoes a redox reaction. In an electron transfer step 1330, electrons optionally transfer from the analyte to the medium. In a first input signal applying step 1340, an input signal is applied between the working electrode and the first counter electrode. In a second input signal application step 1350, input signals of different potentials are applied between the working electrode and the second counter electrode. In a sample determining step 1360, the presence and/or concentration of one or more measurable species in the sample is determined from the one or more output signals, and in a sample concentration sending step 1370, the determined measurable species concentration may be displayed, stored, further processed, and the like.

In a sample introduction step 1310, a sample is introduced into a sensor portion of the system, such as a test sensor. The test sensor includes at least one working electrode and at least two counter electrodes. The electrode may comprise more than one layer of the reagent composition. The working electrode may include a diffusion barrier layer integral with the reagent composition layer or completely separate from the reagent composition layer. The diffusion barrier provides a porous space having an interior volume in which a measurable species may be placed. The porosity of the diffusion barrier may be selected such that the measurable species may diffuse into the diffusion barrier while substantially excluding bulky sample components such as red blood cells. When the working electrode includes a fully separated diffusion barrier layer, a reagent layer may or may not be disposed on the diffusion barrier layer. Depending on the nature of the analysis step 1300, the conductor may function as an electrode. In this regard, the reagent may be present in the sample, for example deposited near the electrodes.

In the redox reaction step 1320 of fig. 13, a portion of the analyte present in the sample is chemically or biochemically oxidized or reduced, for example, by an oxidoreductase or similar substance. The redox reaction is manifested as hydration of the sample with the reagent. In an electron transfer step 1330, once oxidized or reduced, electrons optionally transfer between the analyte and the medium. Thus, for example, ionized measurable species formed from the analyte or medium have a sample concentration that is sensitive to the analyte. It is advantageous to provide an initial time delay or "latency" for the reaction of the reagent with the analyte.

In a first input signal applying step 1340 of fig. 13, the system applies an input signal to the sample using the first counter electrode. The input signal is an electrical signal such as a current or a potential and may be a sequence of excitation pulses spaced apart by relaxation time. The system may apply more than one input signal to the sample, including signals for determining the presence and/or concentration of the analyte and signals for determining other factors, such as the hematocrit content of the sample or the fill state of the test sensor.

The initial polling potential may be input to determine the presence of a sample not only in the first input signal applying step 1340, but also prior to the first input signal applying step 1340. An electrical potential may also be applied between any pair of electrodes and/or conductors to remove material from the electrode and/or conductor surfaces, to alter the chemical properties of the electrodes, or to oxidize or reduce a portion of the charge transport system. The potential may be applied prior to analysis.

In a second input signal applying step 1350 of fig. 13, the system applies a second input signal at a different potential to the sample using a second counter electrode. The ability to select the operating potentials of multiple working electrodes and/or the ability to select the operating potentials of multiple counter electrodes provides the biosensor system with the ability to perform multiple types of analyses. During analysis, the potential between any pair of the plurality of working, counter and/or reference electrodes may be measured to provide useful information. By providing the sample cell with a plurality of sequentially filled secondary analysis regions, the progress of filling the sample cell with sample can be monitored using the two or more input signal application steps 1340, 1350.

In a sample determination step 1360, the measurement device analyzes the output signals responsive to the two input signals to determine the presence and/or concentration of at least one measurable species in the sample at each potential. If the oxidoreductase enzyme or similar species used in the redox reaction step 1320 reacts with a single analyte, specificity may be provided for a portion of the electrical signal generated. Since more than one measurable species may be ionized by different portions of the input signal, the presence and/or concentration of multiple analytes, media, interferents, etc. may be determined. Additional currents, times, and/or other values may also be analyzed. For example, the current determined for one analyte, mediator or interferent may be used to improve the current determined for another analyte, mediator or interferent to improve the measurement performance of the system.

A gating input signal, such as a gated amperometric analysis, a gated voltage analysis, and/or a combination thereof, may be used to address the potential of a particular medium and solve a system of linear equations. When using a test sensor with electrically independent counter electrodes and electrically connected working electrodes, the concentration of three different measurable species can be determined, for example, by solving equations (1) - (3):

i_low＝A₁*S₁+Int₁， (1)

i_medium＝i_low+i₂＝k₁*(A₁*S₁+Int₁)+k₂*(A₂*S₂+Int₂)， (2)

i_high＝i_medium+i₃＝k₁*(A₁*S₁+Int₁)+k₂*(A₂*S₂+Int₂)+k₃*(A₃*S₃+Int₃)，(3)

wherein i_low、i_mediumAnd i_highIs a current from the counter electrode connection to low, medium and high potential; a. the₁、A₂And A₃Is the concentration of three different measurable species; k is a radical of₁、k₂And k₃Is a proportionality constant representing the current difference between the two operating potentials; and S and Int are the slope and intercept, respectively, for each analyte calibration system.

FIG. 14A shows a device having independently addressable counter and Working Electrodes (WE)₁～WE₄) The test sensor of (1) in combination with the use of an ordered gated amperometric pulse sequence. In this example, one working electrode is operated at a time, and an input signal is sequentially input to each electrode pair. In this way, there is no need for a multi-potential regulator to determine the output signals from the pairs of electrodes. FIG. 14B shows a device having independently addressable counter and Working Electrodes (WE)₁～WE₄) The test sensor of (3) in combination with the use of a synchronized gated amperometric pulse sequence. In the present example, all four electrode pairs are operated simultaneously for eachThe same potential of excitation. Although not shown in the figures, the input signal may be applied to two or more electrodes simultaneously, while being sequentially applied to other electrodes.

By connecting a plurality of independently addressable counter electrodes to the current/voltage converter, the output current resulting from the analysis can be measured individually. This operation can be combined with a gated input signal, wherein one counter electrode is off and a second counter electrode is on. The resulting series of measured currents from separate counter electrodes provides a means of analysing multiple analytes and other components of a sample. The concentration and/or other parameters of each analyte may be determined by solving a linear combination of equations.

The applied input signal may have a voltage of from 0.05 to 1.0V, preferably from 0.1 to 0.8V and more preferably from 0.2 to 0.5V. The input signal may have a duration of from 0.01 seconds to 3 minutes, depending on the analyte or analytes of interest. For example, glucose analysis may be completed in less than 5 seconds, while other analytes may benefit from longer input signal durations. If the input signal comprises a plurality of excitations and relaxations, the duration of each excitation may be from 0.01 to 7 seconds, preferably from 0.5 to 3 seconds and more preferably from 0.1 to 2 seconds, for example for glucose. Other input signals and activation durations may be used.

In the sample concentration sending step 1370 of fig. 13, the measurement device converts the at least one measurable species concentration to a sample analyte concentration, and may display, store for future reference, further processing, and/or make additional calculations using more than one determined measurable species concentration. For example, a value determined for one analyte, agent or interferent may be used to change to a value determined for another analyte, agent or interferent to improve the measurement performance of the system.

The counter electrode with the oxidizable substance present in the charge transport system can also be used as a working electrode lacking the oxidoreductase, thus providing the ability to analyze the hematocrit and determine the background component of the output signal. This information, as well as other information, can be used to modify the analyte concentration to improve accuracy and/or precision. The counter electrode may be used as a working electrode during an open circuit to measure one or more hematocrit parameters. In other aspects, more than one output signal may be correlated with a calibration curve or look-up table to determine hematocrit bias or bias due to interferents.

Depending on the nature of the analytes, the concentration of one analyte may be used to alter the reading of another analyte. For example, when the concentration of the first analyte causes a positive interference with the concentration of the second analyte, the concentration of the first analyte may be subtracted from the concentration of the second analyte to increase the accuracy and/or precision of the concentration value determined for the second analyte.

Figure 15 shows the results of averaging the results of up to four separate analyses for the same analyte to determine the concentration of the analyte in the sample. As shown, by increasing the number of individual analyses performed from one to three, the resulting concentration values were 98% within the ± 15% deviation limit when compared to the reference YSI instrument. Although the data forming the basis of the map is obtained from a single test sensor, test sensors having more than two secondary analysis regions can be used not only for analysis of different analytes, but also for performing the same analysis in more than one secondary analysis region. Thus, a plurality of substantially chemically isolated secondary analysis zones may have the advantage of averaging the signals from a single test sensor.

The ability to perform multiple identical analyses on a single test sensor can significantly improve the accuracy and/or precision of the determined analyte concentration. Averaging the signals is then achieved by performing multiple identical analyses on the same test sensor, by reducing random noise (as characterized by the standard deviation sd value) to that of conventional sensor systemsCan enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the test sensor.

Figure 16 represents the resulting current decay when a gated amperometric input signal is applied simultaneously to eight individually addressable and substantially chemically isolated electrodes. Such as previously shown in fig. 3I, the electrodes are configured in a multiple T design with four working electrodes opposing four counter electrodes across the main channel. Each working electrode was formed from a reagent composition comprising 0.5% (w/w) HEC binder, 50mL of a molecule of structure I, and 2U/. mu.L of a PQQ-GDH enzyme system in phosphate buffer at pH7. Each counter electrode was formed from a charge transport system comprising 0.5% (w/w) HEC binder and 100mM of substantially pure ferricyanide in phosphate buffer at pH7.

To perform the experiment, a sample comprising 100mg/dL glucose in phosphate buffer at pH7 was introduced to the test sensor and a gated amperometric input signal was applied simultaneously between each of four opposing electrode pairs. The gating input signal comprises two initial excitations with varying pulse widths followed by seven excitations with a pulse width of 0.375 seconds. The later seven excitations are separated by a relaxation period of one second. Four current values corresponding to each electrode pair (W1-C1, W2-C2, W3-C3, and W4-C4) will be averaged, for example, to the end of the excitation applied at the two second time point. Using more than one correlation equation or similar method, the analyte concentration of the sample can be determined from the average of the four current values. In this way, the aforementioned accuracy and/or precision advantages resulting from averaging over multiple analyses may be obtained from a single test sensor.

While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents.

Claims (60)

1. An analyte test sensor, comprising:

at least two substrates for forming a sample cell having at least two substantially chemically isolated secondary analysis regions;

at least one first working electrode comprising a first conductor and a reagent composition disposed in the sample cell;

at least one first counter electrode comprising a second conductor disposed in the first secondary analysis region and at least one first redox species; and

at least one second counter electrode comprising a third conductor disposed in the second secondary analysis region and at least one second redox species,

wherein the working electrode, the first counter electrode, and the second counter electrode are independently addressable.

2. The test sensor of claim 1, wherein the first secondary analysis region is opposite the second secondary analysis region across a primary area.

3. The test sensor of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first and second secondary analysis regions are staggered on opposite sides of the primary region.

4. The test sensor of claim 2 or 3, wherein at least one of the secondary analysis regions diverges from the primary region at an angle other than 90 °.

5. The test sensor of claim 2 or 3, wherein at least one of the secondary analysis regions diverges from the primary region at an angle of less than 90 °.

6. The test sensor of any one of the preceding claims, comprising a third secondary analysis region substantially chemically isolated, the first working electrode being disposed in the third secondary analysis region and substantially chemically isolated from at least one of the first counter electrode and the second counter electrode.

7. The test sensor of claim 6, wherein the sample cell is a multi-T channel design.

8. The test sensor of claim 6, wherein the sample cell is a multi-Y channel design.

9. The test sensor of claim 6, the first working electrode being substantially chemically isolated from the first counter electrode and the second counter electrode.

10. The test sensor of claim 6, each of the secondary analysis regions having an electrode.

11. The test sensor of any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least four substantially chemically isolated secondary analysis regions, each having one electrode.

12. The test sensor of claim 11, wherein two of the electrodes are working electrodes and two of the electrodes are counter electrodes.

13. The test sensor of claim 11, wherein one of the electrodes is a working electrode and three of the electrodes are counter electrodes.

14. The test sensor of claim 11, further comprising a substantially chemically isolated fourth analysis zone comprising a second working electrode, wherein the first working electrode and the second working electrode are electrically commonly addressed.

15. The test sensor of any one of the preceding claims, by configuring the substantially chemically isolated secondary analysis region such that when a biological fluid enters the sample cell and flows to the secondary analysis region, the biological fluid does not flow past more than one electrode to another electrode.

16. The test sensor of any one of the preceding claims, wherein no straight line can be drawn between any two electrodes through the substantially chemically isolated secondary analysis region.

17. The test sensor of any one of the preceding claims, the first counter electrode and the second counter electrode configured to operate at different potentials.

18. The test sensor of claim 17, where the different potentials are separated by at least 50 mV.

19. The test sensor of claim 17, wherein the first and second redox species are different, the different selected from a group consisting of a difference in metal relative to electroactive organic molecules and a difference in elemental characteristics of the metal.

20. The test sensor of claim 17, where the different potential configurations are provided by different ratios of the first redox species and the second redox species with the combination of redox pairs.

21. The test sensor of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising at least one reference electrode.

22. An analyte test sensor, comprising:

at least two substrates for forming a sample cell comprising at least three independently addressable secondary analysis regions, wherein each of said secondary analysis regions is substantially chemically isolated.

23. The test sensor of claim 22, each of the secondary analysis regions comprising at least one electrode.

24. The test sensor of claim 22 or 23, a first of the secondary analysis regions having a working electrode, a second of the secondary analysis regions having a first counter electrode, and a third of the secondary analysis regions having a second counter electrode.

25. The test sensor of any one of claims 22 to 24, comprising at least two working electrodes and at least two counter electrodes that are electrically independently addressable.

26. The test sensor of claim 22 or 25, the first counter electrode and the second counter electrode configured to provide different operating potentials to a system.

27. The test sensor of claim 26, where the different operating potentials are separated by at least 50 mV.

28. The test sensor of claim 26, wherein the different operating potentials are provided by different charge transport systems disposed on the first and second counter electrodes, the differences between the charge transport systems being selected from a group consisting of differences in metals relative to electroactive organic molecules and differences in elemental characteristics of metals.

29. The test sensor of claim 26, where the difference between the operating potentials is provided by different ratios of the binding of redox pairs.

30. The test sensor of any one of claims 22 to 29, at least two of the secondary analysis regions being configured to be substantially orderly filled by sample from the primary region.

31. The test sensor of any one of claims 22 to 30, comprising at least one reference electrode.

32. An analyte test sensor, the test sensor comprising:

at least two substrates for forming a cuvette, the cuvette comprising at least one main area, a first secondary analysis area and a second secondary analysis area,

the first secondary analysis zone comprising a working electrode formed from a reagent composition and a first conductor,

the second secondary analysis region includes a counter electrode formed of a charge transfer system and a second conductor;

at least one sample port in fluid communication with the sample cell;

a first vent in fluid communication with the first secondary analysis zone; and

a second vent in fluid communication with the second secondary analysis zone,

wherein a straight line from the working electrode through the first secondary analysis region and through the main region cannot be drawn through the second secondary analysis region to the counter electrode.

33. The test sensor of claim 32, wherein the first secondary analysis region and the second secondary analysis region are substantially chemically isolated.

34. The test sensor of claim 32 or 33, at least one of the secondary analysis regions diverging from the primary region at an angle of less than 90 °.

35. The test sensor of any one of claims 32-34, the first secondary analysis region and the second secondary analysis region diverge from the primary region at an angle of less than 90 °.

36. The test sensor of claim 35, where the sample cell is a Y-channel design.

37. The test sensor of any one of claims 32-35, wherein the sample cell is a multi-Y channel design.

38. The test sensor of any one of claims 32 to 37, comprising more than one sample cell.

39. An analyte test sensor, comprising:

a conductor disposed between the two substrates; and

at least one portion of a sample cell including a sample port defined by at least the two substrates and an edge of the conductor, the edge of the conductor defining at least a first electrode.

40. An analyte test sensor, comprising:

at least two substrates for forming a cuvette comprising at least one primary area, at least one sample port, at least one vent hole, and at least first, second and third substantially chemically isolated analysis zones,

the first secondary analysis zone includes at least one first electrode in electrical communication with a first conductor,

the second secondary analysis region includes at least one second electrode in electrical communication with a second conductor,

the third secondary analysis zone includes at least one third electrode in electrical communication with a third conductor,

wherein a fluid sample entering the at least one sample port does not flow past more than one of the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode to another electrode.

41. An analyte test sensor, comprising:

at least two substrates forming a cuvette, the cuvette comprising at least one primary area and at least one first secondary analysis area and at least one second secondary analysis area being substantially chemically isolated,

the first secondary analysis zone includes at least one first electrode having a first redox species in electrical communication with a first conductor,

the second secondary analysis region includes at least one second electrode having a second redox species different from the first redox species in electrical communication with a second conductor,

wherein, when a sample consisting essentially of phosphate buffer at pH7, 0.1M sodium phosphate, and 16% (w/w) of polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 2000 is introduced into the first and second analysis zones at an atmospheric relative humidity of 45% and a temperature of 22 ℃, if the test sensor is not mechanically disturbed, no mixing of the first and second redox species is observed within 12 minutes by an analytical technique selected from the group consisting of cyclic voltammetry and chemical amperometry.

42. The test sensor of claim 41, wherein, if the test sensor is not mechanically disturbed, no mixing of the first redox species and the second redox species is observed within 16 minutes.

43. The test sensor of claim 41 or 42, wherein, if the test sensor is mechanically perturbed, no mixing of the first and second redox species is observed within 1.4 minutes.

44. A method of measuring at least one analyte in a sample, the method comprising:

chemically or biochemically oxidizing or reducing at least one analyte in the sample;

applying a first input signal to the sample through at least a first working electrode and a first counter electrode;

applying a second input signal having a different potential than the first input signal to the sample through at least the first working electrode and a second counter electrode;

analyzing the output signals from the first and second input signals to determine:

a concentration of a first measurable species in the sample at the potential of the first counter electrode, and

a concentration of a second measurable species in the sample at the potential of the second counter electrode; and

converting at least one of the first and second measurable species concentrations to the concentration of the at least one analyte in the sample.

45. The method of claim 44, further comprising:

applying a third input signal at a different potential than the first input signal and the second input signal to the sample through at least the working electrode and a third counter electrode;

analyzing the output signal from the third input signal to determine a concentration of a third measurable species in the sample; and

converting at least one of the first, second, and third measurable species concentrations to the concentration of the at least one analyte in the sample.

46. The method of claim 44 or 45, the method comprising:

converting the first measurable species concentration to the concentration of the at least one analyte in the sample; and

varying at least one of the following at said concentration of said second measurable species:

the concentration value of the at least one analyte in the sample, and

a correlation equation for determining the concentration value of the at least one analyte in the sample.

47. The method of claim 45, the method comprising:

varying at least one of the following at said concentration of said second measurable species:

the concentration value of the at least one analyte in the sample, and

a correlation equation for determining the concentration value of the at least one analyte in the sample.

48. A method of measuring at least one analyte in a sample, the method comprising:

introducing the sample to a test sensor comprising at least two pairs of electrodes, the at least two pairs of electrodes comprising at least four independently addressable and substantially chemically isolated electrodes, wherein at least two of the electrodes are working electrodes and at least two of the electrodes are counter electrodes;

chemically or biochemically oxidizing or reducing the analyte in the sample;

applying a gating input signal to the sample through the at least two pairs of electrodes to produce at least two output signals;

synthesizing the at least two output signals; and

measuring the concentration of the analyte in the sample from the synthesized output signal.

49. The method of claim 48, comprising applying the gating input signal to the sample simultaneously through the at least two pairs of electrodes.

50. The method of claim 48, comprising sequentially applying the gating input signal to the sample through a first pair of electrodes and then through a second pair of electrodes of the at least two pairs of electrodes.

51. A method according to any one of claims 48 to 50 wherein the combining comprises averaging output values recorded from the output signals.

52. The method of claim 50, wherein the at least two opposing electrodes operate at different potentials; and

the synthesizing includes solving a system of linear equations.

53. An analyte biosensor system, comprising:

at least two substrates for forming a cuvette comprising at least one primary area, at least one sample port, at least two vent holes, and at least a first secondary analysis zone and a second secondary analysis zone that are substantially chemically isolated,

the first secondary analysis zone includes at least one first electrode in electrical communication with a first conductor,

the second secondary analysis region comprises at least one second electrode in electrical communication with a second conductor;

a sample interface in electrical communication with the first, second, and third conductors in the sample cell; and

a sensor interface in electrical communication with the sample interface;

a processor in electrical communication with the sensor interface, the processor operative to determine when a fluid sample entering the sample cell contacts the first electrode and when a fluid sample entering the sample cell contacts the second electrode.

54. The system of claim 53, further comprising a third substantially chemically isolated analysis zone in fluid communication with the sample cell,

the second secondary analysis region includes at least one third electrode in electrical communication with the third conductor.

55. The system of claim 54, wherein the processor is operative to determine when the fluid sample entering the sample cell contacts the third electrode.

56. An analyte biosensor system, comprising:

a test sensor comprising a sample interface disposed on a first substrate, wherein the sample interface is in electrical communication with a sample cell formed by the first substrate and a second substrate,

wherein the sample cell has at least one sample port and at least first and second substantially chemically isolated analysis zones, an

Wherein the test sensor has:

at least one first working electrode disposed in the sample cell, wherein the at least one first working electrode has a third conductor,

at least one first counter electrode having a first conductor and at least one first redox species disposed in the first substantially chemically isolated region,

at least one second counter electrode having a second conductor and at least one second redox species disposed in the second substantially chemically isolated region, wherein the working electrode, the first counter electrode, and the second counter electrode are independently addressable;

a sample interface in electrical communication with the first, second, and third conductors;

a measurement device comprising a computer readable storage medium, a processor, and a signal generator, wherein the signal generator is in electrical communication with the sensor interface, and wherein the sensor interface is in electrical communication with the sample interface;

wherein the processor is operative to process the data to be transmitted to the receiver

A first input signal at a first potential is applied from the signal generator to the at least one working electrode and the at least one first counter electrode,

a second input signal at a second potential is applied from the signal generator to the at least one working electrode and the at least one second counter electrode;

wherein the processor is operative to measure

A first output signal from the at least one working electrode and the at least one first counter electrode, wherein the first output signal is responsive to the first input signal, an

A second output signal from the at least one working electrode and the at least one second counter electrode, wherein the second output signal is responsive to the second input signal;

wherein the processor is operative to analyze the first output signal and the second output signal;

wherein the processor is operative to determine

A first concentration of at least one first measurable species at the potential of the first input signal in a biological sample placed in the sample cell,

a second concentration of at least one second measurable species at the potential of the second input signal in the biological sample disposed in the sample cell; and

wherein the processor is operative to convert at least one of the first concentration and the second concentration to a concentration of the analyte in the biological sample disposed in the sample cell.

57. The system of claim 56, the cuvette further comprising a third substantially chemically-isolated secondary analysis region and at least a third counter electrode comprising a fourth conductor and a third redox species, wherein the third counter electrode is independently addressable and the fourth conductor is in electrical communication with the sample interface;

wherein the processor is operative to process the data to be transmitted to the receiver

A third input signal at a third potential is applied from the signal generator to the at least one working electrode and the third counter electrode;

wherein the processor is operative to measure

A third output signal from the at least one working electrode and the third counter electrode, wherein the third output signal is responsive to the third input signal;

wherein the processor is operative to analyze the third output signal to determine a concentration of at least a third measurable species in the sample;

wherein the processor is operative to determine a third concentration of at least one third measurable species in the biological sample disposed in the sample cell at the electrical potential of the third input signal; and

wherein the processor is operative to convert at least one of the first, second, and third concentrations to the concentration of the analyte in the biological sample disposed in the sample cell.

58. The system of claim 56 or 57, wherein said processor is operative to convert said first concentration of at least one first measurable substance to said concentration of said analyte in said biological sample disposed in said sample cell; and

wherein the processor is operative to vary at least one of the following by the second concentration of the at least one second measurable species:

the concentration value of the at least one analyte in the biological sample, and

the processor thereby determines a correlation equation for the concentration value of the at least one analyte in the biological sample.

59. The system of claim 57, wherein said processor is operative to convert said first concentration of said first measurable substance to said concentration of said analyte in said biological sample disposed in said sample cell; and

wherein the processor is operative to vary at least one of the following by the third concentration of the at least one third measurable species:

the concentration value of the at least one analyte in the biological sample, and

the processor thereby determines a correlation equation for the concentration value of the at least one analyte in the biological sample.

60. Each new feature disclosed herein.