HK1030415B - Antimicrobial quinolones, their compositions and uses - Google Patents

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention relates to novel antimicrobial compounds, their compositions and their uses.

BACKGROUND

The chemical and medical literature describes compounds that are said to be antimicrobial, i.e., capable of destroying or suppressing the growth or reproduction of microorganisms, such as bacteria. For example, such antibacterials and other antimicrobials are described in Antibiotics, Chemotherapeutics, and Antibacterial Agents for Disease Control (M. Grayson, editor, 1982), and E. Gale et al., The Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Action 2d edition (1981).

The mechanism of action of these antibacterials vary. However, they are generally believed to function in one or more of the following ways: by inhibiting cell wall synthesis or repair; by altering cell wall permeability; by inhibiting protein synthesis; or by inhibiting synthesis of nucleic acids. For example, beta-lactam antibacterials act through inhibiting the essential penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) in bacteria, which are responsible for cell wall synthesis. As another example, quinolones act, at least in part, by inhibiting synthesis of DNA, thus preventing the cell from replicating.

The pharmacological characteristics of antimicrobials, and their suitability for any given clinical use, vary. For example, the classes of antimicrobials (and members within a class) may vary in 1) their relative efficacy against different types of microorganisms, 2) their susceptibility to development of microbial resistance and 3) their pharmacological characteristics, such as their bioavailability, and biodistribution. Accordingly, selection of an appropriate antibacterial (or other antimicrobial) in a given clinical situation requires analysis of many factors, including the type of organism involved, the desired method of administration, the location of the infection to be treated and other considerations.

However, many such attempts to produce improved antimicrobials yield equivocal results. Indeed, few antimicrobials are produced that are truly clinically-acceptable in terms of their spectrum of antimicrobial activity, avoidance of microbial resistance, and pharmacology. Thus there is a continuing need for broad spectrum antimicrobials, which are effective against resistant microbes.

Some 1,4-dihydroquinolone, naphthyridine or related heterocyclic moieties are known in the art to have antimicrobial activity and are described in the following references: R. Albrecht, Prog. Drug Research, Vol. 21, p. 9 (1977); J. Wolfson et al., "The Fluoroquinolones: Structures, Mechanisms of Action and Resistance, and Spectra of Activity In Vitro", Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother., Vol. 28, p. 581 (1985); G. Klopman et al., Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother., Vol. 31, p. 1831 (1987); M. P. Wentland et al., Ann. Rep. Med. Chem., /Vol. 20, p. 145 (1986); J. B. Cornett et al., Ann. Rep. Med. Chem., Vol. 21, p. 139 (1986); P. B. Fernandes et al., Ann. Rep. Med. Chem., Vol. 22, p. 117 (1987); A. Koga, et al., "Structure-Activity Relationships of Antibacterial 6,7- and 7,8-Disubstituted 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acids", J. Med. Chem., Vol. 23, pp. 1358-1363 (1980); J.M. Domagala et al., J. Med. Chem., Vol. 31, p. 991 (1988); T. Rosen et al., J. Med. Chem., Vol. 31, p. 1586 (1988); T. Rosen et al., J_. Med. Chem., Vol. 31, p. 1598 (1988); B. Ledoussal et al., "Non 6-Fluoro Substituted Quinolone Antibacterials: Structure and Activity", J. Med Chem., Vol. 35, p. 198-200 (1992); J. M. Domagala et al., "Quinolone Antibacterials Containing the New 7-[3-(1-Aminoethyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl] Side Chain: The Effects of the 1-Aminoethyl Moiety and Its Stereochemical Configurations on Potency and in Vivo Efficacy", J. Med. Chem., Vol. 36, pp. 871-882 (1993); Hagen et al., "Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New Quinolones Containing a 7-[3-(1-Amino-1-methylethyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl] Moiety. Gram Positive Agents with Excellent Oral Activity and Low Side-Effect Potential", J. Med. Chem. Vol. 37, pp. 733-738 (1994); V. Cecchetti et al., "Studies on 6-Aminoquinolines: Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of 6-Amino-8-methylquinolones", J. Med. Chem., Vol. 39, pp. 436-445 (1996); V. Cecchetti et al., "Potent 6-Desfluoro-8-methylquinolones as New Lead Compounds in Antibacterial Chemotherapy", J. Med. Chem., Vol. 39, pp. 4952-4957 (1996); Hong et al., "Novel 5-Amino-6-methylquinolone Antibacterials: a New Class of Non-6-fluoroquinolones", Bioorg. of Med. Chem. Let., Vol. 7, pp. 1875-1878 (1997); U.S. Pat. No. 4,844,902 to Grohe on July 4, 1989 ; U.S. Pat. No. 5,072,001 to Hagen & Suto on Dec. 10, 1991 ; U. S. Pat. No. 5,328,908 to Demuth & White on July 12, 1994 ; U. S. Pat. No. 5,457,104 to Bartel et al. on Oct. 10, 1995 ; U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,979 to Philipps et al. on Sept. 17, 1996 ; European Patent Appl. 572,259 of Ube Ind. pub. Dec. 1, 1993; European Patent Appl. 775,702 of Toyama Chem. Co. pub. May 28, 1997; Japanese Patent Pub. 62/255,482 of Kyorin Pharm. Co. pub. Mar. 1, 1995, EP 0 237 955 and EP 0 235 762 .

Structure activity relationships of the quinolones have been the subject of detailed study for more than a decade. As a result of these studies, it has been determined by those in the art that certain structures, with specific sites on the quinolone ring functionalized, have distinct advantages over others. For example, A. Koga, et al., "Structure-Activity Relationships of Antibacterial 6,7- and 7,8-Disubstituted 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acids", J. Med. Chem, Vol. 23, pp. 1358-1363 (1980) (Koga) discloses the non-equivalence of the 6- and 8-quinolonyl position, and the importance of the substitution at the 6-quinolonyl position. Koga appears to demonstrate by examples that 6-fluoro, 8-hydrogen substitution is superior to 6-hydrogen, 8-fluoro or halo. Perhaps as a result of this early structure activity work in this area, the art has focused on the 6-fluorinated structures to provide the next generation of quinolones. Despite the work in this area, the full promise of the quinolones as antibacterials has not yet been exploited.

Examples of bacterial infections resistant to antibiotic therapy have been reported in the past; they are now a significant threat to public health in the developed world. The development of microbial resistance (perhaps as a result of the intense use of antibacterials over extended periods of time) is of increasing concern in medical science. "Resistance" can be defined as existence of organisms, within a population of a given microbial species, that are less susceptible to the action of a given antimicrobial agent. This resistance is of particular concern in environments such as hospitals and nursing homes, where relatively high rates of infection and intense use of antibacterials are common. See, e.g., W. Sanders, Jr. et al., "Inducible Beta-lactamases: Clinical and Epidemiologic Implications for Use of Newer Cephalosporins", Reviews of Infectious Diseases p. 830 (1988).

Pathogenic bacteria are known to acquire resistance via several distinct mechanisms including inactivation of the antibiotic by bacterial enzymes (e.g., b-lactamases hydrolyzing penicillin and cephalosporins); removal of the antibiotic using efflux pumps; modification of the target of the antibiotic via mutation and genetic recombination (e.g., penicillin-resistance in Neiserria gonorrhoeae); and acquisition of a readily transferable gene from an external source to create a resistant target (e.g., methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus). There are certain Gram positive pathogens, such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, which are resistant to virtually all commercially available antibiotics.

Hence existing antibacterials have limited capacity in overcoming the threat of resistance. Thus it would be advantageous to provide a quinolone with useful properties that can be used commercially against resistant microbes.

Objects of the Invention

It is an object of the subject invention to provide quinolone and quinolonyl antimicrobial compounds that are useful against a broad spectrum of microbes, and especially against bacteria.

It is a further object of the invention to provide such antimicrobials which are effective against quinolone-resistant microbes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have found a novel series of quinolone and quinolonyl compounds that are effective against resistant microbes, and provide significant activity advantages over the art. Furthermore, we have found that these quinolone and quinolonyl compounds defy the art accepted structure/activity relationships.

The invention relates to compounds of formula wherein:

1. (a) X is selected from
2. (b) R1 is cyclopropyl;
3. (c) R3 is hydroxy;
4. (d) R5 is hydrogen ;
5. (e) R6 is hydrogen;
6. (f) R8 is methoxy, methylthio or methyl;
7. (g) R7 is either aminoalkanyl which is attached to any ring carbon of X and is C₁ to C₃ alkanyl substituted with one amino; or, where X comprises the piperidinyl ring, R7 can instead be amino which is attached to a ring carbon of X which is not adjacent to the ring nitrogen; and
8. (h) each R9 is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, dimethyl, spirocyclopropyl and ethyl;

or an optical isomer, diastereomer, enantiomer, pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof.

It has been found that the compounds of this invention, and compositions containing these compounds, are effective antimicrobial agents against a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms with advantages in low susceptibility to microbial resistance, reduced toxicity, and improved pharmacology.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention encompasses certain compounds and compositions . Specific compounds and compositions to be used in the invention must, accordingly, be pharmaceutically acceptable. As used herein, such a "pharmaceutically-acceptable" component is one that is suitable for use with humans and/or animals without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

Glossary of Terms

Unless otherwise specified, the following terms have the indicated meanings when used in this application.

• "Alkanyl" is an unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched, saturated hydrocarbon chain radical having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferred alkanyl groups include (for example) methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl.
• "Alkenyl" is an unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched, hydrocarbon chain radical having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and having at least, preferably only one, one carbon-carbon double bond.
• "Alkynyl" is an unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched, hydrocarbon chain radical having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and having at least, preferably only one, one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• "Alkyl" includes alkanyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl as defined above, unless specifically limited otherwise to only one or two of them or by other restrictions.

A "pharmaceutically-acceptable salt" is a cationic salt formed at any acidic (e.g., carboxyl) group, or an anionic salt formed at any basic (e.g., amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morphylino, and the like) group on the compound of the invention. Since many of the compounds of the invention are zwitterionic, either salt is possible and acceptable. Many such salts are known in the art. Preferred cationic salts include the alkali metal salts (such as sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal salts (such as magnesium and calcium) and organic salts, such as ammonio. Preferred anionic salts include halides, sulfonates, carboxylates, phosphates, and the like. Clearly contemplated in such salts are addition salts that may provide an optical center, where once there was none. For example, a chiral tartrate salt may be prepared from the compounds of the invention, and this definition includes such chiral salts. Salts contemplated are nontoxic in the amounts administered to the patient-animal, mammal or human.

The compounds of the invention are sufficiently basic to form acid-addition salts. The compounds are useful both in the free base form and the form of acid-addition salts, and both forms are within the purview of the invention. The acid-addition salts are in some cases a more convenient form for use. In practice, the use of the salt form inherently amounts to the use of the base form of the active. Acids used to prepare acid-addition salts include preferably those which produce, when combined with the free base, medicinally acceptable salts. These salts have anions that are relatively innocuous to the animal organism, such as a mammal, in medicinal doses of the salts so that the beneficial property inherent in the free base are not vitiated by any side effects ascribable to the acid's anions.

Examples of appropriate acid-addition salts include, but are not limited to hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, nitrate, citrate, fumarate, formate, stearate, succinate, maleate, malonate, adipate, glutarate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, dodecyl sulfate, cyclohexanesulfamate, and the like. However, other appropriate medicinally acceptable salts within the scope of the invention are those derived from other mineral acids and organic acids. The acid-addition salts of the basic compounds are prepared by several methods. For example, the free base can be dissolved in an aqueous alcohol solution containing the appropriate acid and the salt is isolated by evaporation of the solution. Alternatively, they may be prepared by reacting the free base with an acid in an organic solvent so that the salt separates directly. Where separation of the salt is difficult, it can be precipitated with a second organic solvent, or can be obtained by concentration of the solution.

Although medicinally acceptable salts of the basic compounds are preferred, all acid-addition salts are within the scope of the present invention. All acid-addition salts are useful as sources of the free base form, even if the particular salt per se is desired only as an intermediate product. For example, when the salt is formed only for purposes of purification or identification, or when it is used as an intermediate in preparing a medicinally acceptable salt by ion exchange procedures, these salts are clearly contemplated to be a part of this invention.

"Host" is a substrate capable of sustaining a microbe, preferably it is a living organism, more preferably an animal, more preferably a mammal, more preferably still a human.

The application of other useful protecting groups, salt forms, etc. is within the ability of the skilled artisan.

"Optical isomer", "stereoisomer", "diastereomer" as referred to herein have the standard art recognized meanings (Cf., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th Ed.).

The compounds of the invention may have one or more chiral centers. As a result, one may selectively prepare one optical isomer, including diastereomer and enantiomer, over another, for example by use of chiral starting materials, catalysts or solvents, one may prepare both stereoisomers or both optical isomers, including diastereomers and enantiomers at once (a racemic mixture). Since the compounds of the invention may exist as racemic mixtures, mixtures of optical isomers, including diastereomers and enantiomers, or stereoisomers, they may be separated using known methods, such as chiral resolution, chiral chromatography and the like.

In addition, it is recognized that one optical isomer, including diastereomer and enantiomer, or stereoisomer may have favorable properties over the other. Thus when disclosing and claiming the invention, when one racemic mixture is disclosed, it is clearly contemplated that both optical isomers, including diastereomers and enantiomers, or stereoisomers substantially free of the other are disclosed and claimed as well.

In X of Formula 1, R9 represents all the moieties other than R7 on the ring carbons of the piperidinyl and pyrrolidinyl rings of X shown above; such moieties include hydrogen or certain alkyl. Non-hydrogen R9 may be mono- or disubstituents on each ring carbon atom to which R7 is not attached or monosubstitutents on the ring carbon to which R7 is attached (i.e., each ring carbon of X has two hydrogens, one hydrogen and R7, one hydrogen and one alkyl, one alkyl and R7, or two alkyls bonded to it). Preferably no more than two ring carbons have alkyl R9 substituents; more preferably only one ring carbon has alkyl R9 substituents; also preferably all R9 are hydrogen.

Alkyl R9, especially dialkyl R9, are preferably attached to a carbon of the ring of X which is adjacent to the ring nitrogen, especially when X comprises the pyrrolidinyl ring.

Two alkyl R9 can be attached together forming a ring with the N-containing ring of X, the fused or spirocycle ring having from about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms. Such fused or spirocycle alkyl ring is preferably saturated or spirocyclopropyl ring.

R9 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, dimethyl, spirocyclopropyl, and ethyl; more preferred are ethyl, dimethyl, and spirocyclopropyl; and especially hydrogen.

As used herein, any radical is independently selected each time it is used (e.g., R9 need not be the same in all occurrences in defining a given compound of this invention).

The compounds of the invention may contain chiral center(s), thus any such compound includes and contemplates each optical isomer, diastereomer or enantiomer thereof, in purified or substantially purified form, and mixtures thereof, including racemic mixtures.

The following exemplary compounds are made using the procedures described herein and variations thereof which are within the purview of the skilled artisan's practice. The examples below do not limit the invention, but rather serve to illustrate some of the embodiments of the invention.

Preferred examples of the quinolones of the subject invention with structures of Formula 2 are provided in the table below: In the following examples, R₁ is cyclopropyl, R₃ is hydroxy, and z represents the preferred chirality of the R7 radical's attachment on the pyrrolidine ring, although other chirality is also envisioned. In compounds where R7 is -CH(CH₃)NH₂, it is preferred that the configuration of this radical be R.

Example	R5	R6	R7	R8	z
1	H	H	S
2	H	H	R
3	H	H	S
4	H	H	R
5	H	H	R
6	H	H	R
7	H	H	R
8	H	H	R
9	H	H	R
10	H	H	R
11	H	H	R

Preferred examples of the quinolones of the subject invention with structures of Formula 1 are provided in the table below. In the following examples, R3 is hydroxy, R5 and R6 are both hydrogen, and z represents the preferred chirality, if any, of attachment of the R7 radical to the respective pyrrolidine or piperidine ring, although other chirality is also envisioned.

12				-
				-
13				S
				S
14				S
15				S
				S
16				-
				-
17				-
				-
18				-
				-
19				S
				S
20				S
				S
21				-
				-
22				R
23				R
				R
24	-OCH3			S
				S
25				S
				S
26				R
				R
27				R
				R
28				R
				R

* Structures depicted in this column pertain to the two different Examples with which they are grouped, where relevant.

In addition, it is recognized that for purification, administration and the like, salts and other derivatives of the above compounds are often used.

Biological activities of the invention compounds can be compared to ciprofloxacin and the other known antimicrobial quinolone compounds. Compounds of the subject invention provide better antibacterial properties against certain quinolone resistant bacteria compared to ciprofloxacin and certain other prior art compounds. When tested against quinolone-resistant bacteria such as S. aureus, S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. viridans, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, certain compounds of the subject invention have been found to have MIC values (µg/ml) that are up to about 500 times lower than ciprofloxacin.

Methods of Making the Compounds

In making the compounds of the invention, the order of synthetic steps may be varied to increase yield of desired product. In addition, the skilled artisan will also recognize the judicious choice of reactants, solvents, and temperatures is an important component in successful synthesis. While the determination of optimal conditions, etc. is routine, it will be understood that a variety of compounds can be generated in a similar fashion, using the guidance of the scheme below.

The starting materials used in preparing the compounds of the invention are known, made by known methods, or are commercially available as a starting material.

It is recognized that the skilled artisan in the art of organic chemistry can readily carry out standard manipulations of organic compounds without further direction; that is, it is well within the scope and practice of the skilled artisan to carry out such manipulations. These include, but are not limited to, reduction of carbonyl compounds to their corresponding alcohols, oxidations, acylations, aromatic substitutions, both electrophilic and nucleophilic, etherifications, esterification and saponification and the like. Examples of these manipulations are discussed in standard texts such as March, Advanced Organic Chemistry (Wiley), Carey and Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemise (Vol. 2), Fieser & Feiser, Reagents for Organic Synthesis (16 volumes), L. Paquette, Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (8 volumes), Frost & Fleming, Comprehensive Organic Synthesis (9 volumes) and the like.

The skilled artisan will readily appreciate that certain reactions are best carried out when other functionality is masked or protected in the molecule, thus avoiding any undesirable side reactions and/or increasing the yield of the reaction. Often the skilled artisan utilizes protecting groups to accomplish such increased yields or to avoid the undesired reactions. These reactions are found in the literature and are also well within the scope of the skilled artisan. Examples of many of these manipulations can be found for example in T. Greene, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis. Of course, amino acids used as starting materials with reactive side chains are preferably blocked to prevent undesired side reactions.

General procedures for preparing quinolone moieties useful in making the compounds of the subject invention are described in the following references; Progress in Drug Research, Vol. 21, pp. 9-104 (1977); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 23, pp. 1358-1363 (1980); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 29, pp. 2363-2369 (1986); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 31, p. 503 (1988); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 31, pp. 503-506 (1988); J. Med. Chem,. Vol. 31, pp. 983-991 (1988); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 31, pp. 991-1001 (1988); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 31, pp. 1586-1590 (1988); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 31, pp. 1598-1611 (1988); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 32, pp. 537-542 (1989); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 32, p. 1313 (1989); J. Med. Chem., Vol. 32, pp. 1313-1318 (1989); Drugs Exptl. Clin. Res., Vol. 14, pp. 379-383 (1988); J Pharm. Sci., Vol. 78, pp. 585-588 (1989); J. Het. Chem., Vol. 24, pp. 181-185 (1987); J. Het. Chem., Vol. 25, pp. 479-485 (1988); Chem. Pharm. Bull., Vol. 35, pp. 2281-2285 (1987); Chem. Pharm. Bull., Vol. 36, pp. 1223-1228 (1988); U.S. Patent No. 4,594,347, June 10, 1986 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,599,334, July 8, 1986 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,687,770, Aug. 1, 1987 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,689,325, Aug. 25, 1987 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,767,762, Aug. 30, 1988 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,771,055, Sept. 13, 1988 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,795,751, Jan. 3, 1989 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,822,801, Apr. 18, 1989 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,839,355, June 13, 1989 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,851,418, July 25, 1989 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,886,810, Dec. 12, 1989 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,920,120, Apr. 24 1990 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,923,879, May 8, 1990 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,954,507, Sept. 4, 1990 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,956,465, Sept. 11, 1990 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,977,154, Dec. 11, 1990 ; U.S. Patent No. 4,980,470, Dec. 25, 1990 ; U.S. Patent No. 5,013,841, May 7, 1991 ; U.S. Patent No. 5,045,549, Sept. 3, 1991 ; U.S. Patent No. 5,290,934, Mar. 1, 1994 ; U.S. Patent No. 5,328,908, July 12, 1994 ; U.S. Patent No. 5,430,152, July 4, 1995 ; European Patent Publication 172,651, Feb. 26, 1986 ; European Patent Publication 230,053, July 29, 1987 ; European Patent Publication 230,946, Aug. 5, 1987 ; European Patent Publication 247,464, Dec. 2, 1987 ; European Patent Publication 284,935, Oct. 5, 1988 ; European Patent Publication 309,789, Apr. 5, 1989 ; European Patent Publication 332,033, Sept. 13, 1989 ; European Patent Publication 342,649, Nov. 23, 1989 ; and Japanese Patent Publication 09/67,304 (1997 ).

The compounds are generally made by methods which include those disclosed in the references above. A preferred method is to prepare the quinolone moiety with a suitable leaving group at the 7 position and have that leaving group displaced by the heterocycle - X as a last step. Examples of these methods follow.

The quinolone compounds of the subject invention may be prepared several ways. Versatile methodologies for providing the compounds of the invention are shown in Scheme I below: In Scheme I, Y can be bromo, iodo, nitro, amino, acetyl, or like moieties known to the skilled chemist; preferred Y is bromo or nitro.

Alternatively, the general methodology of Scheme II can be used to make certain subject compounds. B1 = Blocking group.

A preferred process for preparing the benzoic acid precursors of Schemes I and II is described and exemplified herein below. These benzoic acid derivatives have the formula:

In this process, 2,4-difluoro-bromobenzene: is treated with a strong, non-nucleophilic base. This base may be any base useful in permutational hydrogen-metal exchange. Preferred bases include lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP), lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LTSA), t-butoxide, or other known bases for this purpose. Suitable bases are known in the literature, and can be found in common reference texts as non-nucleophilic bases. Most preferred is LDA, which produces intermediates that are reasonably stable over a range of times and temperatures. It is preferred that the temperature of this reaction is from about -80°C up to about 40°C, more preferably up to about room temperature, most preferably to about -40°C. Temperature may vary with the base used, for example the most preferred reaction temperature is about -65°C with LDA. Reaction times may be up to about 24 hours, preferably about 2 hours, most preferably the process is carried on as soon as it is apparent that the resulting benzene derivative may proceed to the next step in the process. It is also preferred that this reaction take place under an inert atmosphere.

After the base has reacted with the 1-bromo-2,4-fluorobenzene, an electrophilic reagent provides the desired R8 substituent or a functional group which can be transformed into the desired R8 substituent, thus producing a compound of formula: Solvents suitable for this reaction are typically aprotic. Preferably these solvents are compatible with the bases used in the step above. More preferred solvents include the ethers and glymes, most preferably tetrahydrofuran (THF). Such solvents are known in the art, and suitable substitutions are made depending on the base, electrophile, and the polarity and solubility characteristics of the reactants and resulting compound.

This 3-R8-2,4-difluoro-bromobenzene compound is useful in making the corresponding benzoic acid and related intermediates for the eventual synthesis of the quinolone or quinolone derivatives of the subject invention. This benzoic acid is prepared by treating the above R8-benzene compound with an equivalent of a reagent useful in permutational halogen-metal exchange. Preferred reagents include n-butyllithium, magnesium, lithium or other known reagents for this purpose. Suitable reagents are known in the literature, and can be found in common reference texts. The most preferred base is n-butyllithium, which produces intermediates that are reasonably stable over a range of times and temperatures. It is preferred that the temperature for this reaction is at least -80°C up to about 40°C, more preferably up to about room temperature, most preferably to about -40°C. Temperature may vary with the base used, for example the most preferred reaction temperature is about -70°C with n-butyllithium. Reaction times may be up to about 24 hours, preferably about 15 min, most preferably the process is carried on as soon as it is apparent that the resulting intermediate derivative may proceed to the next step in the process. It is also preferred that this reaction take place in an inert atmosphere.

The intermediate resulting from the last reaction above is treated with carbon dioxide or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), most preferably carbon dioxide. Often these reactions are exothermic, so it is preferred that the temperature be maintained by cooling the reaction to prevent side reactions, and the like. If carbon dioxide is used, the resulting benzoic acid compound is useful without further purification after a typical work up: If DMF or a similar formylating compound is used, the resulting benzaldehyde compound is oxidized to the corresponding benzoic acid via oxidation. This reaction may occur in the presence of air, or by using any other known oxidizing reagents. The same resulting benzoic acid compound is useful without further purification after a typical work up.

For illustration, the following examples of making the benzoic acid precursors are provided.

Precursor Example A 3-Methyl-2,4-difluoro-bromobenzene

Diisoproplylamine (11.9 ml, 85 mmol) is dissolved in 50 ml of anhydrous THF and cooled in a dry ice/acetone bath. n-Butyllithium (34 ml of a 2.5 M solution in hexanes, 85 mmol) is added dropwise. After 15 minutes, a solution of l-bromo-2,4-difluorobenzene (16 g, 83 mmol) in 8 ml of THF is added at a rate to keep the temperature below -65°C. The reaction is stirred for 2.5 hours then a solution of iodomethane (10.3 ml, 166 mmol) in 8 ml of THF is added to the reaction. The ice bath is removed and the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction is quenched with water and 1N HCl. The aqueous layer is extracted twice with ether. The combined organics are washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Removal of the solvent affords the desired product.

3-Methyl-2,4-difluorobenzoic acid

3-Methyl-2,4-difluoro-bromobenzene (16.07 g 77.6 mmol) is dissolved in 120 ml anhydrous ether and cooled in a dry ice/acetone bath. A solution of butyllithium (20.5 ml of a 2.5 M solution in hexanes, 76.2 mmol) in 15 ml of ether is added dropwise at a rate to keep the temperature below -65°C. After 45 minutes, CO₂ is bubbled through the solution keeping the temperature below -65°C. After the temperature stabilized, CO₂ bubbling is continued as the reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture is quenched with 30 ml of water and acidified to pH 2 with 1N HCl. The layers are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with ether. The combined organics are washed with brine and saturated sodium bicarbonate. The bicarbonate layer is then acidified with 1N HCl to pH 3. The resulting solid is filtered, washed with water, and dried under vacuum.

Precursor Example B 3-Hydroxy-2.4-difluoro-bromobenzene

A quantity of 40.2 ml of 2.0 M lithium diisopropylamine (LDA) is dissolved in 80 ml of THF at -78°C and 15.4 g of 2,4-difluorobromobenzene is added keeping the temperature below -65°C. The reaction is stirred at -65°C for 2 hours and 6.6 ml of 6 M anhydrous t-butyl hydroperoxide is added. After warming to room temperature, 100 ml of water is added and the mixture acidified. The solvent is removed by evaporation and the aqueous layer extracted with ether. The extracts are dried and then concentrated to give the desired product.

3-Methoxy-2,4-difluoro-bromobenzene

A quantity of 3.7 g of 3-hydroxy-2,4-difluoro-bromobenzene is dissolved in 25 ml of acetone and 2.5 g of potassium carbonate is added followed by 2.2 ml of methyl iodide. The mixture is stirred at 20°C for 6 hours and the solvent evaporated. After addition of dichloromethane, the suspension is filtered. Evaporation of the solvent affords the desired product.

3-Methoxy-2,4-difluorobenzoic acid

A procedure analogous to the 3-chloro-2,4-difluorobenzoic acid preparation is used starting from 3-methoxy-2,4-difluoro-bromobenzene.

The following are examples of typical synthesis of an 8-methoxy quinolone of the subject invention as depicted in Scheme II. The last two steps allow variation at R7 by using a different amine.

Example C Preparation of:

3-Methoxy-2-4-difluorobenzoyl chloride

A quantity of 43.9 g of 3-methoxy-2-4-difluorobenzoic acid is suspended in 300 mL of dichloromethane and 25 mL of oxalyl chloride are added followed by 4 drops of dry DMF. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 6 hours and the solvent removed by evaporation to afford the desired product.

Ethyl 2.4-difluoro-3-methoxy-benzoyl acetate

A quantity of 26.4 g of monoethyl malonate is dissolved in 700 mL of THF. The solution is cooled at -50°C and 160 mL of 2.5 M n-butyllithium is added keeping the temperature below -50°C. The temperature is initially raised to 0°C and cooled back to -50°C. An amount of 20.6 g of 3-methoxy-2-4-difluorobenzoyl chloride is added keeping the temperature at -50°C, then the reaction mixture is warmed to room temperature. Hydrochloric acid is added until the pH becomes acidic. The organic phase is washed with sodium bicarbonate and dried, evaporation of the solvent affords the desired product.

Ethyl 3-cyclopropylamino-2-(2,4-difluoro-3-methoxy-benzoyl) acrylate

To a mixture of 50 mL of acetic anhydride and 50 mL of triethyl orthoformate is added 52.94 g of ethyl 2,4-difluoro-3-methoxy-benzoyl acetate. The mixture is refluxed for 2 hours, then cooled to room temperature. The excess reagent is removed by evaporation to provide a thick oil which is dissolved in 150 mL of ethanol. A quantity of 17.1 g of cyclopropylamine is then added while keeping the temperature about 20°C. The desired product is isolated by filtration and air dried.

Ethyl 1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylate

A quantity of 30.3 g of ethyl 3-cyclopropylamino-2-(2,4-difluoro-3-methoxybenzoyl) acrylate is added to 230 mL of dry THF. An amount of 4.1 g of 60% sodium hydride in oil is added portionwise keeping the temperature below 40°C. The solution is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then poured into 1.5 L of water. The desired product is isolated by filtration and air dried.

1-Cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid

A quantity of 28.6 g of ethyl-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylate and 300 mL of a mixture of acetic acid, water, sulfuric acid (8/6/1) are refluxed for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled at 0°C and the desired product collected by filtration.

1-Cyclopropyl-1.4-dihydro-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid boron difluoride complex

A quantity of 1.0 g of 1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid is dissolved in 10 mL of THF and 1.76 mL of boron trifluoride etherate is added. The mixture is stirred at 60°C for 2 hours then cooled to room temperature. The desired product is collected by filtration and air dried.

7-[(3R)-(1S-tert.-Butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-8-methox-1.4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid

A quantity of 0.1 g of 1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid boron difluoride complex is dissolved in 2 mL of acetonitrile; then, 0.16 mL of diisopropylethylamine and 0.08 g of 3R-(1S-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)pyrrolidine are added. The mixture is stirred at 60°C for 24 hours, and then the solvent is removed by evaporation. The residue is dissolved in 5 mL of ethanol and 2 mL of triethylamine. The solution is stirred at 80°C for 4 hours, then evaporated to dryness. The desired compound is isolated by column chromatography.

7-[(3R)-(1S-Aminoethyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride

A quantity of 54 mg of 7-[(3R)-(1S-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid is dissolved in 2 mL of ethanol and 0.5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. After half an hour at room temperature the desired compound is collected by filtration after cooling the mixture in an ice bath.

Example D Preparation of:

1-Benzyl-4R-(1S-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone

Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.06 g. 26.4 mmol) is suspended in DMF. 4R-(1S-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone (5.04 g, 22.0 mmol) is added as a solution in DMF over the course of five minutes. The solution is allowed to stir for one hour after which benzyl bromide (3.76 g, 22.0 mmol) is added, and the solution is allowed to stir overnight. The DMF is removed under reduced pressure and the remaining solid partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer is removed and the water layer is extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers are washed once with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to yield a white solid.

1-Benzyl-4R-(1S-aminoethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone

1-Benzyl-4R-(1S-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone (6.57 g, 20.6 mmol) is dissolved in 40 ml of absolute ethanol and 10 ml of 12N HCl is added with stirring. The solution is stirred for two hours, at which time the solution is brought to greater than pH 12 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The solution is extracted three times with 300 ml of dichloromethane. The organic portions are dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to yield an amber oil

1-Benzy-4-(2',2',5',5'-tetramethyl-2',5'-disila-1'-azacyclopentyl)ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone

1-Benzyl-4R-(1S-aminoethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone (2.47 g, 11.3 mmol) is dissolved in 25 ml of dichloromethane and 12 ml of diisopropylethylamine. Bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane (4.88 g, 22.6 mmol) is added, and the reaction is stirred under argon for three hours. The reaction is quenched by addition of saturated ammonium chloride and washed twice with water. The dichloromethane is removed and the residue redissolved in ether and any solid filtered away. The ether is removed in vacuo to yield a reddish oil.

4-Benzyl-6-(2',2',5',5'-tetramethyl-2',5'-disila-1'-azacyclopentyl)ethyl-4-azaspiro[2.4]heptane

A mixture of 160 ml of THF and 38 ml of 1M ethylmagnesium bromide in THF (38.0 mmol) is brought to -70°C. Titanium isopropoxide (4.85 g, 17.1 mmol) is added quickly and the solution turns a light orange. After two minutes, 1-benzyl-4-(2',2',5',5'-tetramethyl-2',5'-disila-1'-azacyclopentyl)ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (3.85 g, 10.7 mmol) in THF is added dropwise. The resulting mixture is stirred for 15 minutes at -70°C and then allowed to warm to room temperature for two hours. The reaction is quenched by addition of 200 ml of half saturated ammonium chloride; the resulting slurry is filtered. The filtrate is extracted three times with 150 ml of ether. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and evaporated to yield a light yellow oil.

4-Benzyl-6R-(1S-t-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-4-azaspiro[2,4]heptane

4-Benzyl-6-(2',2',5',5'-tetramethyl-2',5'-disila-1'-azacyclopentyl)ethyl-4-azaspiro[2.4]heptane (0.89 g, 2.4 mmol) is dissolved in 10 ml of absolute ethanol and 5 ml of glacial acetic acid. After stirring for an hour, the solvent is removed in vacuo, and the sample is redissolved in ethanol and treated with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.05 g, 4.8 mmol) and triethylamine (0.49 g, 4.8 mmol). The mixture is allowed to stir overnight. Solvent and excess triethylamine are evaporated off and the residue is subjected to flash chromatography (3:2 hexane/ethyl acetate v/v) to obtain the desired compound.

3R-(1S-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-5-ethylpyrrolidine

4-Benzyl-6R-(1S-t-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-4-azaspiro[2.4]heptane (0.31 g, 0.9 mmol) is dissolved in 5 ml of methanol is mixed with palladium hydroxide on carbon (0.10 g) and palladium on activated carbon (0.05 g). The mixture is placed under a hydrogen atmosphere at 44 psi and shaken overnight. The solution is then filtered to remove catalyst, and the filtrate is concentrated to yield 3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl-5-ethylpyrrolidine as a clear oil.

7-[3R-(1S-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-5-ethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, boron difluoride ester

3R-(1S-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-5-ethylpyrrolidine (0.17 g, 0.7 mmol) is dissolved in DMF and stirred in the presence of 1-cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, boron difluoride ester (0.13 g, 0.4 mmol) and triethylamine at 40°C for several hours until the reaction is complete. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with water to yield the targeted compound as a solid.

7-[3R-1S-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminoethyl-5-ethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1-4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid

7-[3R-(1S-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-5-ethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, boron difluoride ester (0.20 g, 0.4 mmol) is stirred in a solution of 1:1 ethanol/triethylamine for several hours until the removal of the boronate ester is complete. The solvent is evaporated in vacuo and the residue triturated with water to yield the desired product.

7-[3R-(1S-Aminoethyl)-5-ethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride

7-[3R-(1S-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminoethyl)-5-ethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (0.18 g, 0.4 mmol) is stirred in a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and concentrated HCl until the reaction is complete. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the residue purified by recrystallization from ethanol.

Example E Preparation of:

3-Amino-4-methylpiperidine

A quantity of 5.0 g of 3-nitro-4-methylpyridine, 0.5 g of ruthenium oxide, 0.5 g of rhodium on aluminia, and 0.5 g of platinum oxide are suspended in 20 ml of ammonia solution and 10 ml of methanol. The mixture is subjected to high temperature and high pressure hydrogen gas. The desired product is obtained by an aqueous work up.

7-[3-Amino-4-methylpiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid boron difluoride complex

Quantities of 2.62 g of 1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid boron difluoride complex and 1.38 g of 3-amino-4-methylpiperidine are dissolved in 48.0 mL of dimethylformamide and 4.50 mL of triethylamine. After overnight at room temperature, the solution is evaporated to dryness. The desired product is isolated by recrystallization.

7-[3-Amino-4-methylpiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid

A quantity of 0.263 g of 7-[3-amino-4-methylpiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid boron difluoride complex is dissolved in 6 mL of ethanol, and 1.75 mL of triethylamine is added. The solution is heated to reflux for 2 hours, then cooled to room temperature. The solution is evaporated to dryness, and the desired product is isolated by recrystallization.

7-[3-Amino-4-methylpiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride salt

A quantity of 0.20 g of 7-[3-amino-4-methylpiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid is suspended in 1.0 mL of ethanol. Its pH is adjusted to 2 with hydrogen chloride to obtain the desired product after the evaporation of solvent.

Example F Preparation of:

7-[3-Aminopineridinyl]l-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid boron difluoride complex

Quantities of 2.62 g of 1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-7-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid boron difluoride complex and 2.08 g of 3-aminopiperidine dihydrochloride salt are mixed in 48.0 mL of dimethylformamide and 4.50 mL of triethylamine. After overnight stirring at room temperature, the solution is cooled and filtered to give the desired product.

7-[3-Aminopiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid

A quantity of 0.253 g of 7-[3-aminopiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid boron difluoride complex is dissolved in 6 mL of ethanol, and 1.75 mL of triethylamine is added. The solution is heated to reflux for 2 hours and the mixture is evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The desired product is isolated by recrystallization.

7-[3-Aminopiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid dihydrochloride salt

A quantity of 0.19 g of 7-[3-aminopiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid is suspended in 1.0 mL of ethanol. The pH of the solution is adjusted to 2 with the addition of hydrogen chloride. The desired product is obtained by evaporation of the solvent.

Compositions of the Invention

The compositions of this invention comprise:

1. (a) a safe and effective amount of the compound of the invention
2. (b) a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient.

It may also optionally comprise other antimicrobials or other actives, which may or may not act synergistically with the invention.

A "safe and effective amount" of a quinolone is an amount that is effective, to inhibit microbial growth at the site of an infection to be treated in a host, without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, or allergic response), commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio when used in the manner of this invention. The specific "safe and effective amount" will vary with such factors as the particular condition bering treated, the physical condition of the patient, the duration of treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), the specific dosage form to be used, the excipient employed, the solubility of the quinolone therein, and the dosage regimen desired for the composition.

The compositions of this invention are preferably provided in unit dosage form. As used herein, a "unit dosage form" is a composition of this invention containing an amount of a quinolone that is suitable for administration to a human or lower animal subject, in a single dose, according to good medical practice. These compositions preferably contain from about 30 mg, more preferably from about 50 mg, more preferably still from about 100 mg, preferably to about 20,000 mg, more preferably to about 7,000 mg, more preferably still to about 1,000 mg, most preferably to about 500 mg, of a quinolone.

The compositions of this invention may be in any of a variety of forms, suitable (for example) for oral, rectal, topical or parenteral administration. Depending upon the particular route of administration desired, a variety of pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients well-known in the art may be used. These include solid or liquid fillers, diluents, hydrotropes, surface-active agents, and encapsulating substances. Optional pharmaceutically-active materials may be included, which do not substantially interfere with the antimicrobial activity of the quinolone. The amount of excipient employed in conjunction with the quinolone is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of material for administration per unit dose of the quinolone. Techniques and compositions for making dosage forms useful in this invention are described in the following references : Modern Pharmaceutics, Vol. 7, Chapters 9 and 10 (Banker & Rhodes, editors, 1979); Lieberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (1981); and Ansel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 2d Edition (1976).

In particular, pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients for systemic administration include sugars, starches, cellulose and its derivatives, malt, gelatin, talc, calcium sulfate, vegetable oils, synthetic oils, polyols, alginic acid, phosphate buffer solutions, emulsifiers, isotonic saline, and pyrogen-free water. Preferred excipients for parenteral administration include propylene glycol, ethyl oleate, pyrrolidone, ethanol, and sesame oil. Preferably, the pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient, in compositions for parenteral administration, comprises at least about 90% by weight by the total composition.

In addition, dosages for injection may be prepared in dried or lyophilized form. Such forms can be reconstituted with water or saline solution, depending on the preparation of the dosage form. Such forms may be packaged as individual dosages or multiple dosages for easier handling. Where lyophilized or dried dosages are used, the reconstituted dosage form is preferably isotonic, and at a physiologically compatible pH.

Various oral dosage forms can be used, including such solid forms as tablets, capsules, granules and bulk powders. These oral forms comprise a safe and effective amount, usually at least about 5%, and preferably from about 25% to about 50%, of the quinolone. Tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric-coated, sugar-coated, film-coated, or multiple-compressed, containing suitable binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, flow-inducing agents, and melting agents. Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules, containing suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, melting agents, coloring agents and flavoring agents, such are well known to the skilled artisan. Preferred excipients for oral administration include gelatin, propylene glycol, cottonseed oil and sesame oil.

The compositions of this invention can also be administered topically to a subject, i.e., by the direct laying on or spreading of the composition on the epidermal or epithelial tissue of the subject. Such compositions include, for example, lotions, creams, solutions, gels and solids. These topical compositions preferably comprise a safe and effective amount, usually at least about 0.1%, and preferably from about 1% to about 5%, of the quinolone. Suitable excipients for topical administration preferably remain in place on the skin as a continuous film, and resist being removed by perspiration or immersion in water. Generally, the excipient is organic in nature and capable of having dispersed or dissolved therein the quinolone. The excipient may include pharmaceutically-acceptable emolients, emulsifiers, thickening agents, and solvents and the like; these are well known to the skilled artisan.

Methods of Using the Compounds

The compounds of the invention are useful for treating or preventing an infectious disorder in a human or other animal subject, by administering a safe and effective amount of a quinolone to said subject. As used herein, an "infectious disorder" is any disorder characterized by the presence of a microbial infection, especially bacterial infections. Such infectious disorders include (for example) central nervous system infections, external ear infections, infections of the middle ear (such as acute otitis media), infections of the cranial sinuses, eye infections, infections of the oral cavity (such as infections of the teeth, gums and mucosa), upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, genitourinary infections, gastrointestinal infections, gynecological infections, septicemia, sepsis, peritonitis, bone and joint infections, skin and skin structure infections, bacterial endocarditis, burns, antibacterial prophylaxis of surgery, and antibacterial prophylaxis in post-operative patients or in immunosuppressed patients (such as patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, or organ transplant patients).

The quinolone derivatives and compositions of this invention can be administered topically or systemically. Systemic application includes any method of introducing the quinolone into the tissues of the body, e.g., intrathecal, epidural, intramuscular, transdermal, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, sublingual, rectal, and oral administration. The specific dosage of antimicrobial to be administered, as well as the duration of treatment, are mutually dependent. The dosage and treatment regimen will also depend upon such factors as the specific quinolone used, the resistance pattern of the infecting organism to the quinolone used, the ability of the quinolone to reach minimum inhibitory concentrations at the site of the infection, the nature and extent of other infections (if any), the personal attributes of the subject (such as weight), compliance with the treatment regimen, the age and health status of the patient, and the presence and severity of any side effects of the treatment.

Typically, for a human adult (weighing approximately 70 kilograms), from about 75 mg, more preferably from about 200 mg, most preferably from about 500 mg to about 30,000 mg, more preferably to about 10,000 mg, most preferably to about 3,500 mg, of quinolone is administered per day. Treatment regimens preferably extend from about 1, preferably from about 3 to about 56 days, preferably to about 20 days, in duration. Prophylactic regimens (such as avoidance of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients) may extend 6 months, or longer, according to good medical practice.

A preferred method of parenteral administration is through intravenous injection. As is known and practiced in the art, all formulations for parenteral administration must be sterile. For mammals, especially humans, (assuming an approximate body weight of 70 kilograms) individual doses of from about 100 mg, preferably from about 500 mg to about 7,000 mg, more preferably to about 3,500 mg, is acceptable.

In some cases, such as generalized, systemic infections or in immune-compromised patients, the invention may be dosed intravenously. The dosage form is generally isotonic and at physiological pH. The dosage amount will depend on the patient and severity of condition, as well as other commonly considered parameters. Determination of such doses is well within the scope of practice for the skilled practitioner using the guidance given in the specification.

A preferred method of systemic administration is oral administration. Individual doses of from about 20 mg, more preferably from about 100 mg to about 2,500 mg, more preferably to about 500 mg.

Topical administration can be used to deliver the quinolone systemically, or to treat a local infection. The amounts of quinolone to be topically administered depends upon such factors as skin sensitivity, type and location of the tissue to be treated, the composition and excipient (if any) to be administered, the particular quinolone to be administered, as well as the particular disorder to be treated and the extent to which systemic (as distinguished from local) effects are desired.

The following non-limiting examples illustrate the compounds, compositions, processes, and uses of the present invention.

Composition Example G

A tablet composition for oral administration, according to the present invention, is made comprising:

Component	Amount
Compound of Example 3	150 mg
Lactose	120 mg
Maize Starch	70 mg
Talc	4 mg
Magnesium Stearate	1 mg

Other compounds having a structure according to Formula 1 are used with substantially similar results.

Composition Example H

A capsule containing 200 mg of active for oral administration, according to the present invention, is made comprising:

Component	Amount (%w/w)
Compound of Example 4	15%
Hydrous Lactose	43%
Microcrystalline Cellulose	33%
Crosspovidone	3.3%
Magnesium Stearate	5.7%

Other compounds having a structure according to Formula 1 are used with substantially similar results.

Composition Example J

A saline-based composition for ocular administration, according to the present invention, is made comprising:

Component	Amount (%w/w)
Compound of Example 13	10%
Saline	90%

Other compounds having a structure according to Formula 1 are used with substantially similar results.

Composition Example K

A intranasal composition for local administration, according to the present invention, is made comprising:

Component	Composition (% w/v)
Compound of Example 4	0.20
Benzalkonium chloride	0.02
EDTA	0.05
Glycerin	2.0
PEG 1450	2.0
Aromatics	0.075
Purified water	q.s.

Other compounds having a structure according to Formula 1 are used with substantially similar results.

Composition Example L

A inhalation aerosol composition, according to the present invention, is made comprising:

Component	Composition (% w/v)
Compound of Example 22	5.0
Ascorbic acid	0.1
Menthol	0.1
Sodium Saccharin	0.2
Propellant (F12, F114)	q.s.

Other compounds having a structure according to Formula 1 are used with substantially similar results.

Composition Example M

A topical opthalmic composition, according to the present invention, is made comprising:

Component	Composition (% w/v)
Compound of Example 8	0.10
Benzalkonium chloride	0.01
EDTA	0.05
Hydroxyethylcellulose	0.5
Acetic acid	0.20
Sodium metabisulfite	0.10
Sodium chloride (0.9%)	q.s.

Other compounds having a structure according to Formula 1 are used with substantially similar results.

Composition Example N

An antimicrobial composition for parenteral administration, according to this invention, is made comprising:

Component	Amount
Compound of Example 24	30 mg/ml excipient

Excipient:
50 mm phosphate buffer pH 5 buffer with lecithin	0.48%
carboxymethylcellulose	0.53
povidone	0.50
methyl paraben	0.11
propyl paraben	0.011

The above ingredients are mixed, forming a suspension. Approximately 2.0 ml of the suspension is systemically administered, via intramuscular injection, to a human subject suffering from a lower respiratory tract infection, with Streptococcus pneumoniae present. This dosage is repeated twice daily, for approximately 14 days. After 4 days, symptoms of the disease subside, indicating that the pathogen has been substantially eradicated. Other compounds having a structure according to Formula 1 are used with substantially similar results.

Composition Example P

An enteric coated antimicrobial composition for oral administration, according to this invention, is made comprising the following core tablet:

Component	Amount (mg)
Compound of Example 3	350.0
Maltodextrine	30.0
Magnesium Stearate	5.0
Microcrystalline Cellulose	100.0
Colloidal Silicon Dioxide	2.5
Povidone	12.5

The components are admixed into a bulk mixture. Compressed tablets are formed, using tabletting methods known in the art. The tablet is then coated with a suspension of methacrylic acid/methacrylic acid ester polymer in isopropanol/acetone. A human subject, having a urinary tract infection with Escherichia coli present, is orally administered two of the tablets, every 8 hours, for 4 days. Symptoms of the disease then subside, indicating substantial eradication of the pathogen. Other compounds having a structure according to Formula 1 are used with substantially similar results.

Claims (7)

1. A compound having the following formula: wherein:

   a) X is selected from

   b) R1 is cyclopropyl;

   c) R3 is hydroxy;

   d) R5 is hydrogen;

   e) R6 is hydrogen;

   f) R8 is methoxy, methylthio or methyl;

   g) R7 is either an aminoalkyl group which is C₁ to C₃ alkyl substituted with one amino and is attached to any ring carbon of X; or, where X comprises the piperidinyl ring, R7 can instead be amino which is attached to a ring carbon of X which is not adjacent to the ring nitrogen; and

   h) each R9 is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, dimethyl, spirocyclopropyl, and ethyl;

   or an optical isomer, diastereomer, enantiomer, pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
2. The compound of Claim 1 wherein:

   a) X is

   b) R7 is amino which is attached to a ring carbon of X which is not adjacent to the ring nitrogen; and

   c) no more than two ring carbons of X have non-hydrogen R9's attached thereto.
3. The compound of any one of the preceding claims wherein:

   a) R8 is methoxy or methylthio; and

   b) only one ring carbon of X has non-hydrogen R9.
4. The compound of any one of the preceding claims wherein R8 is methoxy.
5. A compound selected from:

   7-[3R-(1S-aminoethylpyrrolidinyl)]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3R-(1-aminomethylethylpyrrolidinyl)]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3R-(1S-aminoethyl-5-methyl-pyrrolidinyl)]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3R-(1S-aminoethyl-5,5-dimethyl-pyrrolidinyl)]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3R-(1-aminomethylethyl-5,5-dimethyl-pyrrolidinyl)]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3R-(1S-aminoethyl-5-ethyl-pyrrolidinyl)]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3R-(1-aminomethylethyl-5-ethyl-pyrrolidinyl)]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3R-(1-amino-1-cyclopropyl-methylpyrrolidinyl)]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3-aminopiperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3-amino-4-methyl-pipendinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3-amino-4-ethyl-piperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3-amino-6,6-dimethyl-piperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   7-[3-amino-6-methyl-piperidinyl]-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid;

   or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof
6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:

   a) a compound of any of Claims 1 to 5; and

   b) a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient.
7. Use of a compound of any of Claims 1 to 5 for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating microbial infection.