HK1003383A - Panels in particular for floor, wall, ceiling or furniture coverings or components, a method of manufacturing such panels or components, and a retaining element for such panels - Google Patents

Description

Panel or building element, especially for floor, wall, ceiling or furniture cladding, method for producing such panels or building elements, and fastening elements therefor

no marking

The subject of the present patent application is a new panel-shaped covering or article, precisely made of hydraulic cementitious material, preferably magnesite cement material, for the production of a raw material proportioning and pre-treatment capable of being prefabricated for thin panels (about 1cm) and panels for floors, walls, furniture coverings. It should be easy to process and be capable of being lapped and polished to final quality. It should exhibit a spotless, compact and as wear-resistant as possible, highly aesthetic, elegant covering when in use.

The connection between magnesite cement and the production of flat panels is well known. Firstly it is used to produce building panels, however, it is not suitable for use on floors because of its unsatisfactory strength. An example of such a building panel is described in AT-B-358454. Furthermore, a series of known processes known from the prior art can be found in this case, which are already known for the present application (page 2, lines 5 to 46).

AT-B-317074 describes a kapok lightweight building panel. While DE-C-3340949 discloses mineral fibre ceilings, US-A-4419133 and US-A-5049197 relate to magnesium-bonded panel structures which, although theoretically also usable as floors, are not ideal in the residential and kitchen sector in respect of the properties achieved by the various mixes, in particular their durability.

Furthermore, not only the durability that is to be expected in the residential sector, but also the aesthetic effect that should be achieved by suitable technical measures, is to be taken into account.

It has been known for over 100 years to make magnesite cement concrete with or without organic fillers, such as wood shavings (wood chips magnesium cement), and with or without inorganic fillers, such as stone dust, mineral powders and granules. The base is a cementing material composed of active magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium bromate, etc., preferably magnesium chloride. Because magnesium reacts with 12, 7, 6 and 1H₂O is very different salt, and in addition, the salt has 2, 4 and 6H₂O, so that these salts cannot in most cases be dry-mixed but are formulated as solutions, so-called lye solutions. Mainly used with 7H₂Magnesium chloride, magnesium O sulfate (epsom salt), is always easily weathered, so the density of the solution is considered as a measure of the additive, which is marked by BE (baume) or g/l classification.

It is well known that the setting hardening process involves the dissolution of the oxides in alkaline solution and the subsequent dissolution of the formula 3 MgO. MgCl₂·11H₂Crystallizing hydrated magnesium oxychloride of O. This may of course be a poor, imitation overlay due to the constraints of impurities, dissolved organisms etc. If such oxychlorination is assumedMagnesium is the main product of the setting and hardening process, and the stoichiometric composition of the magnesite cement is about 33.9% MgO and MgCl₂16.7 percent and 52.3 percent of water. This is therefore equivalent to MgO and MgCl₂Is approximately 1: 2. This ratio is somewhat excessive based on experience. Thus remaining Mg which is strongly hygroscopic²⁺Rather, a small amount of MgO remains. MgO itself does not actually dissolve in water, during which it is converted into magnesium hydroxide, which in turn reacts with carbon dioxide in the air (which has an effect) with carbonization and forms magnesium carbonate. Hydrated magnesium oxychloride is slightly soluble in water, so with this well known mixture, magnesite cements are not water-resistant. The patent recommends the addition of ethyl silicate, according to AT-B-374133, for tests to improve water resistance. Although this mixture has improved water resistance compared to previous mixtures, it is not optimal. Moreover, it is not negligible that the curing process of the magnesite cement, which brings about the originally desired aesthetic effect, may be adversely affected by the disilicate as an additive.

Hydrated magnesium oxychloride has a structure and similar properties to calcium sulphate dihydrate, but is significantly harder than the latter. When water reacts with the magnesite cement, dissolution occurs first at the edges and interfaces of the individual grains, so that the initially solid solidification mass may be dissolved into a granular aggregate.

The crystallization process and the dissolution of MgO in alkaline solution are exothermic processes, and there are many unforeseeable factors that affect both the dissolution and the crystallization, so there are a number of patent documents and different proposals for stabilizing the hardening process.

As previously mentioned, a number of patents and publications aim to minimize the undesirable phenomenon of low water resistance of magnesite cements.

It is well known that magnesite cements have excellent adhesion properties to all non-fat, non-wax materials, such as silicates or silicate rocks, but also carbonates and carbonate rocks, glass, metals, and often also organic substances, such as wood. However, all the methods known so far have not allowed the manufacture of slabs with magnesite cement so far. It has, for example, such good water resistance that it can be used for paving floors or the like. The invention is therefore based on the object of finding a suitable method for increasing the stability of conventional magnesite cements and for achieving an optimum volume filling. The aim is to find an optimum combination of ingredients and reaction regime which produces a plate-shaped covering which has good practical and aesthetic properties and can be produced satisfactorily.

The inventors have found that it is necessary to optimise the water-resistance of conventional magnesite cements, i.e. to have as little free pore space as possible, and precisely as small as possible the pore space into which water can freely enter. Since absolute porosity is rarely achieved, while the remaining pore space is simultaneously filled with the substance, the filled substance has a maximum degree of hydrophobicity or, to be precise, no further penetration of water is permitted by the swelling process of the surface.

The product produced according to the invention should therefore be such that: under standard conditions in living spaces, moisture cannot penetrate into the interior in practice, so that moisture can only cause dissolution along the magnesite cement grains on the surface of the object according to the invention, but cannot penetrate into the interior. Thus preventing the particles from disintegrating.

The inventors have realized that the smaller the fraction of magnesite cement that sets on the surface of a slab, the less such surface dissolves. This can be achieved according to the invention by increasing the proportion of inert additive on the surface of the plate.

In particular, since, for the purpose of obtaining various physical properties (weight, thermal insulation) and aesthetic reasons, such magnesia cement concretes are generally produced with components of wood cement or partially wood cement or saw dust magnesia cement, which accordingly take into account that the wood particles will reach the surface of the panel, which eventually, due to grinding and polishing, has uncovered capillaries, which are prefabricated in such a way that water does not penetrate along these substances into the interior of the panel.

According to the invention, optimum performance of the floor is obtained by means of the following method, preferably in conjunction with each other, and each of the individual methods constitutes an inventive improvement. In order to achieve this goal, both the formulation according to the invention is followed and some process for preparing the formulation is provided to bring the starting materials to a solidification. These ranges are:

MgO and MgCl₂In a ratio of 1: 2.2 to 1: 2.8, preferably 1: 2.55.

A lye of 26 to 30BE (Baume degrees) is used, preferably 28BE (preferably (density) 1.24, corresponding to 3.11 g/l).

Fillers and gelling materials (MgO + MgCl)₂) In a ratio of 1: 0.8 to 1: 2.5, preferably 1: 1.2 to 1: 1.8.

The formula of the filler is as follows:

0 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 30% by weight, wood chips or other organic material having a length of about 0.1 to 3mm and/or

Inorganic fillers such as stone powder, sand, mineral powder, and the like: the weight percentage is about 10% to 60%, preferably about 30% to 60%. The particle size follows the fullerene curve, where it is permissible to ignore individual particle sizes (particle sizes omitted from the fullerene curve) and/or

Pigment: 0 to 18% by weight.

And/or swelling material: preferably acid-activated bentonite, from about 2 to about 40% by weight, preferably from about 10 to about 30% by weight.

And

finely ground casein, such as lab casein and/or acid casein: the weight percentage is about 0.01% to 1%.

And/or

Phosphate ester: about 0.01 to 1% by weight

And/or

Linseed oil: blending with about 30% calcium hydroxide: the weight percentage is about 0.01% to 3%.

Although not essential, the addition of ethyl silicate to further improve water resistance may be considered a variation of the invention.

It should be noted that in the prior art, it is usual to provide as homogeneous a mixture as possible, as is known, for example, from DE-C-3031086, in an effort to prevent or at least retard the precipitation of the hardening filler.

As will be explained later, the inventors have realized that this practice is disadvantageous when using plates according to a few specific embodiments of the invention.

Only by combining the substances according to the invention is the properties of the magnesite cement and the slabs produced therefrom improved impressively. The aesthetic properties required by the user are not exceeded here.

The preparation of the starting materials according to the invention is carried out as follows:

1. the wood chips were impregnated with about 0.2% by weight of lime-doped hot flax oil.

2. Firstly, 10 percent of alkali liquor is needed to be used for taking the mixture, and the mixture is stirred with polyphosphate until the mixture is dissolved.

3. The pigments are preferably mixed by means of a fast-running stirrer.

4. All lye is injected.

5. Casein, which had been dissolved in ammonia to be clear and transparent, was carefully injected.

6. Adding inorganic filler.

7. A swelling material is added.

8. An organic filler is added.

9. The entire batch is mixed and evacuated, preferably by means of a vacuum pump, preferably a vacuum oil pump.

These materials can now be injected immediately into the mold or poured onto a flow conveyor or extruded at a dry, hard consistency. For all pourable or just pourable materials, simply shaking against preferably inorganic insoluble inert solids may be preferred, for example, high frequency shaking, with the result that a part of the heavier components sink to the bottom and a concentration of inert insoluble solids is produced on the bottom, which is finally used as a use surface and/or wear surface. Such normally also harder materials permanently improve the finished product by their properties.

Therefore, in summary, the present invention relates to a formulation. And a process for preparing the slurries of the formulations, in particular by reducing the pressure and using, for example, high-frequency vibration after the use of the material.

In a further development, the material can also be applied to a cold or likewise preheated substrate after heating. According to another particular embodiment, the plate can also be erected immediately after it has become rigid, as will be explained in more detail later, with a drying process on both sides without delay. The drying should here be carried out at the beginning of the first stage at room humidity of about 95% to 100% relative humidity and then preferably slowly down to about 60% relative humidity.

The initial temperature of the environment during solidification and drying may be about 30 c, and then reduced to a final temperature of about 25 c. This results in a very good setting cure. It is apparent that the disclosed magnesite cement mixture and method can also be used to make seamless floor-type floor coverings that do not have to be prefabricated. It is the same as the traditional seamless ground made of magnesite cement, and can be shaped and divided equally well. As a variant on the above mixtures, MgCl is defined according to the invention₂Is MgSO (MgSO)₄Instead, reference may be made to what is described in AT-B-345149 for determining MgSO₄The amount of doping is considered to be public.

The invention also relates to a panel, in particular a flat building element, such as a floor panel, a panelling element, a building facade element or the like, which does not necessarily have to be produced from the aforementioned mixture.

The known building elements of this type have the disadvantage that they are very easily damaged at their edges, as a result of which they break off at these locations. Another disadvantage of these known building elements is that the choice of raw materials suitable for production is limited, because some raw materials are severely deformed in their mould during such production of planar building elements, for example because of its warping.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a building element for which edge damage cannot easily occur and for which a large number of raw materials can be used for production, in particular those which are normally not suitable for production due to a lack of edge strength. It would also be desirable to provide a building element that can be prefabricated simply by grinding to eliminate surface scratches and holes.

The object is achieved according to the invention with a planar building element of the kind mentioned at the outset in that it consists of a frame and a filling material, which are not detachable and form-locking, and which are prefabricated and connected to form a single component, in particular in the factory.

In this way the filling material is protected against damage by the frame at the edges and retains its shape, so that filling materials which usually form a warp during the solidification process can also be used. The peel and scratches on the surface can be removed by simple grinding of the building element, in which case the frame and the filling material can be ground flat simultaneously.

In a further form of the invention, it may be provided that a colour pigment is incorporated in the filler material.

This achieves continuous dyeing of the filling material, so that the color of the surface of the filling material remains when the surface is scratched or peeled off and when the building component is flat-ground.

Another feature of the invention is that the frame has a regular geometric shape, such as a square.

The building element can thus be produced simply and used in a figure eight-door manner.

In a further variant of the invention, the frame has, viewed in cross section, on the side facing the filling material, a groove in the form of a tongue and groove.

Such grooves increase the contact area between the frame and the filling material, resulting in a strong load-bearing connection, and the filling material is less likely to break off at the edges.

In another form of the invention, it is provided that the groove is semi-circular.

A particularly tight connection between the frame and the filling material can thus be achieved, so that a separation between the two caused by the application load is reliably avoided.

Another form of the invention comprises the following: i.e. the grooves may be triangular.

In this way, a tight connection between the filling material and the frame can likewise be formed.

It is also provided that, on the side of the frame facing the filling material, a fastening element is inserted which projects towards the filling material.

In this way, a particularly advantageous increase in the contact area between the filling material and the carrier frame is achieved. The load at the connection of the frame and the filling material can thus be absorbed.

In another form of the invention, the fixing element is formed by a corrugated steel strip which is mounted around the side facing the filling material.

Additional strengthening of the connection between the frame and the filling material can thus be achieved in a simple manner.

One feature of the invention is that the fixing elements consist of metal or other suitable material pins arranged at a distance from one another and inserted into the side of the frame facing the filling material.

In this way the fixing can be mounted in a simple manner, which has an enhancing effect on the coupling between the frame and the filling material. The pin may be cylindrical or may have a structured surface, for example by hinging, to create good contact between the filler material and the steel pin.

Another feature of the invention may be that a fine mesh is embedded on the side of the frame facing the filling material, which fine mesh extends over the entire interior region of the frame within the filling material.

In this way a strong coupling between the frame and the filling material is obtained, as well as a self-reinforcement of the filling material, so that an increase in the load-bearing capacity can be achieved. The mesh or net-like fibers or the like are preferentially laid on the tension side of the flat plate, for example in the lower third of the total thickness of the flat plate.

According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the frame and the filling material may be composed of different materials, so that it is possible to obtain compensated or desired expansion properties in the face of humidity changes.

The firm bonding between the filling material and the frame can be achieved by casting the filling material into the frame or by bonding the frame to a prefabricated filling material, to be precise by bonding or casting a thin plate of filling material or a filling material into the frame on the base plate or into a prefabricated plate. Suitable binding materials for wood and for example wood chips magnesia cement may be: magnesite cement, water glass-casein binder, zinc cement PU binder and the like.

According to another form of the invention, the filling material consists of concrete, for example lightweight concrete.

The building element according to the invention can thus be produced in a cost-effective manner.

It is further provided that the filling material consists of plastic.

The building elements are thus particularly easy to finish and, with a corresponding material selection, are distinguished by very good wear resistance.

According to a further variant of the invention, the filling material consists of wood chip concrete.

This results in a particularly good insulating lightweight building element. This material, which is particularly vulnerable to damage at the edges, is well protected by the frame and ensures protection against warping.

In another form of the invention, the filler material is comprised of sawdust magnesium cement.

Thus the properties of the material, such as high thermal insulation and high strength, can be put to use well. The warping of the building element, which is usually present, is prevented by the frame around the filling material. The saw dust magnesia cement filler can furthermore be ground down well in order to remove surface scratches or holes of the building element. In addition, the edge is prevented from breaking.

In another form of the invention, it is provided that the frame and the filler material are constructed of wood.

This firstly creates a good, biologically compatible prerequisite for the building component according to the invention, which is caused by the insulating and moisture-regulating properties of the wood.

Another feature is that the frame is constructed of metal or stone.

By this means, a very strong building element can be produced, the frame of which, especially in the case of metal, can also be easily produced in one piece.

Finally, another variant of the invention provides for the frame to be made of plastic.

The frame according to the invention is thus very wear-resistant and can be manufactured in a simple and cost-effective manner.

The patent is explained in detail below with the aid of examples and figures. Shown in the figure are:

FIG. 17 is a plan view of an embodiment of a building element according to the invention;

FIG. 18 shows another cross section according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 19 shows another cross section according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 20 shows another cross section according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 21 shows another cross section according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 22 is a plan view of another embodiment according to the invention.

Fig. 17 shows an exemplary embodiment of a planar building component 1 according to the invention, which can be used as a floor panel, a panel component, a furniture component, a door component, a building facade component or the like. The frame 2 surrounds the filling material 3, where the frame 2 and the filling material 3 are inseparably connected as one integral component. A building element made in this way can be laid in the usual way over a wide range of surfaces, depending on the properties of the filling material and the frame. The building elements here in the form of squares may, within the scope of the invention, take various other shapes, for example rectangular, n-angular, in the form of circles, ovals or other various planar shapes.

The invention also includes tessellations of different materials within a fill material surrounded by a frame. The connection on the inner edge of the outer surrounding frame is comparably well maintained by means of a reliable rigid connection of the inlay material and the shape.

The raw materials for the frame and the filling material are first of all selected differently, but may still be similar, in which case the function of the frame usually requires a tougher, resistant material, which is also used as edge protection.

The material for the frame may be wood, metal, plastic, stone or other various raw materials suitable for it. The frame itself may be made in one piece, depending on the material used, or consist of several parts assembled together, for example using wood.

The filling material can be a prefabricated plate, but can also consist of a series of pourable substances which have solidified in the frame. Such as concrete, gypsum, plastic, wood concrete or saw dust magnesium cement may be used as filling material.

Particularly advantageous for this application are wood-concrete materials and sawdust magnesium cement slabs as mentioned at the outset, which, as building materials, also meet high architectural structural requirements on account of their wood-like thermal insulation properties. In addition, these materials are excellent in strength and hardness, so that they can be put to use under severe conditions. Particularly suitable for sawdust magnesium cement and sawdust concrete, which are easily broken without edge protection and easily warped when produced in flat form, and which are therefore not suitable for the production of ordinary panels or building facade elements, according to the expert's opinion. The edge is protected by the surrounding frame being prevented from warping. Furthermore, the material of the frame can be chosen such that it is easier to work with than a filler material (e.g. tenons and mortises for lateral interconnection between adjacent building elements, which can be compared to conventional parquet floors). Wood is a material which is particularly well suited for this purpose.

According to one variant of the invention, pigments can be incorporated into the filler material, so that the latter can have a colour and therefore its colour is not lost on smoothing. This is particularly advantageous if surface scratches and holes should be removed, since the colour of the surface of the filling material remains the same after grinding. Substances commonly used for this purpose can be used as pigments.

In order to achieve a non-detachable coupling of the filling material to the frame, a method can be provided which helps to produce as close a bond as possible between the two. One possibility of the invention is to provide a groove on the side of the frame cross-section facing the filling material, so that the filling material has a greater contact area with the frame and is thus reliably coupled to the frame.

In fig. 18, a cross-section of another embodiment of the building element according to the invention is shown, where the cross-section of the frame 20 has a triangular recess 40, which is preferably arranged in all frame parts, preferably in a continuous manner. The filling material 3 completely fills the groove 40.

In another form, a semicircular groove 41 may be provided on the side of the frame 21 facing the filler material 3, so that the filler material fits into the groove and enhances the contact with the rigid connection of the frame 21 (fig. 19).

In the rectangular frame 2 in fig. 20, a fixing is provided in the form of a corrugated metal strip 5, which projects into the filling material 3 from the side of the frame 2 facing the filling material 3 and serves there to reinforce the connection of the frame 2 to the filling material 3. The sheet metal strip may of course also be of other construction or flat, it being possible to replace the strip with other materials, such as plastic or fibre mesh or the like.

Also shown in fig. 21 are metal pins 50 which are inserted into the frame 2 at spaced intervals and project into the filler material 3, likewise for the tight connection of the filler material 3 to the frame 2. The metal pins 50 may be cylindrical or have a ribbed surface, for example by twisting, which results in a very good contact between the filler material and the steel pins. Other pins having a certain strength may be used instead of the metal pins.

Other possibilities for supporting and connecting the frame with the filling material can be seen from fig. 22. The fine mesh 7 is embedded in the side of the frame 2 facing the filling material 3, and extends within the filling material 3 and over the entire frame interior region. This additionally achieves a greater robustness of the filling material 3 itself. So that for example concrete or saw dust magnesia cement filling material is reinforced in this way by steel or glass fibres or plastic pins. A variant results if the frame is assembled as a sandwich and the fine mesh or the like is clamped or fixed between the frame parts.

Another form of the invention results in a new and useful method of laying where the fine mesh or similar structure projects outwardly beyond the sandwich type frame structure so that the spaced and arranged sandwich assemblies together are interconnected by filling the space and surrounding the outwardly exposed fine mesh, possibly also with the bottom plate. Suitable filling or adhesive materials are familiar to the person skilled in the art. According to the invention, the magnesite component is preferably used.

The invention further relates to a new process technology which is used with substantial success for producing flat building elements from flowable to viscous, in particular hydraulically setting, cementitious materials, such as magnesium binders, in particular saw-dust magnesium cements using magnesite cements, white cements, concrete or the like, so that it is not specified for the mixtures and slabs mentioned at the outset, but also other substances and slabs. Floor coverings made of magnesite cement are well known. It is laid directly on the construction site, similarly to a seamless ground, and hardened there over time. Only unsatisfactory proposals have been made to prepare such floor coverings. The above described frame protected tablet inventive concept provides a better starting point.

The new panel according to the invention consists of a frame, which, as mentioned above, is firmly and rigidly connected to a filling material consisting of magnesite cement or magnesia-cemented sawdust magnesium cement. The production and transport of such components, in particular if the filling material has not completely dried out, poses a problem, in particular because, for example, sawdust magnesium cement is added as a pasty moist mass and must first harden over time until it can be transported and further processed. This entails several problems, since moisture may be drained from the material and penetrate in the joints between, for example, wooden frames and lying planes of the flat frames. This is disadvantageous in that on the one hand the pigments may be washed out and on the other hand the wood used for the frame may be damaged, for example by staining. But also the material of the thus-flowing water and possibly dissolved mixture in water is lost, so that defective setting solidification, non-homogeneity or other defects may be generated for the filling material.

Furthermore, the slab is required to be both flat and homogeneous and to be solidified on both sides. This is not possible with the known floor coverings which are produced by conventional methods, since the water evaporates more rapidly from the surface of the pasty mixture than from the floor which is substantially isolated from the space.

The object of the invention is to create a method with which it is possible to produce flat panels from the above-mentioned materials as economically as possible. At the same time, a possibility should be found with which one can produce homogeneous, planar building elements, in which an optimum and deformation-free setting of the filling material can be achieved.

In another form of the method, the relief pattern should also be imparted to the building element, preferably by a simple method.

Furthermore, a solution for transporting semi-finished slabs from one work station to the next in a manufacturing plant should be found in an inventive step that is not related to this.

This object is achieved by the following method steps: when producing planar building elements, the filling material is poured into a horizontally arranged frame. Optimal setting and curing is achieved if the material is prevented to a limited extent from warping by the different chemical setting reactions and different setting speeds which take place on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate. This is achieved by the fact that the frame with the filling material is erected from its horizontal lying surface to an at least approximately vertical position as early as possible. This optimum point occurs according to the invention after the first (chemical) solidification process, when the flat material for the first time achieves sufficient self-stability so that it is no longer deformed when standing vertically. According to the invention, the adhesion of the filling material to the support plane is avoided by means of a separating plate, in particular a thin separating plate made of an elastic material, which is located between the frame and the filling material and the support plane. The elasticity of the separating plate then results in a sealing of the inner edge of the frame and of the support surface by the pasty filling material or by the liquid contained in the pasty filling material, since the frame is slightly embedded in the separating plate by means of a suitable holding pressure. The above-mentioned disadvantages are avoided by the loss of liquid beyond the frame edges.

After vertical erection, the partition is removed so that the air reaches both sides of the filling material uniformly, so that they can be dried uniformly. After the second solidification process (drying) in the vertical position, the slab is ground flat and then impregnated with varnish, oil, synthetic resin or the like, preferably in an oil bath or in a high-pressure impregnation apparatus, possibly using the VP1 process (vacuum pressure impregnation process).

The means for carrying out the above-mentioned process, that is to say for controlling the frame during filling, come first from a set of vacuum suction plate devices which suck the frame and press it against the lying plane, so that a sealing effect occurs between the partition plate and the internal frame edge, as described above. The suction plate device consists of a hard, load-bearing material, such as metal and GFK or carbon reinforcement, a vacuumed void object and a plate with uniformly distributed suction holes on its upper surface. This upper surface may also be replaced by, for example, a coated resilient layer, for example rubber, where the hard surface of the suction plate means comprises a coating, perforated with holes. During operation, before the frame is placed on the perforated plate of the first variant, a rubber plate is placed which, on the one hand, assumes the function of the partition and, on the other hand, is cut only within the area of the placed frame, so that if a corresponding frame (frame trim strip) is placed, all of its bottom side lies flat on the rubber partition, the frame is sucked up and pressed onto the rubber plate by means of the evacuation from the holes through the remaining cavity in the rubber plate. The cut-out point, which is not absolutely necessary, although advantageous, is geometrically precisely aligned with the projection of the frame and is allowed to just not extend beyond the edge of the frame. For example, it is also conceivable to punch only relatively large holes in the rubber sheet in the region of the frame. Of course any other elastic material may be chosen instead of rubber. Soft plastics and soft plastic films may also be selected for use as disposable films. The rubber sheet should be recycled for cost reasons.

In the case of the second variant of rubber film, a second elastic film is provided and is cut there either as described above or to a greater extent. So that the frame can be completely placed on the cut-out portion. Placing rubber on the rubber results in a good sealing effect. For this variant, it is sufficient to place the frame on a rubber membrane, and then to place a thin membrane corresponding to the internal dimensions of the frame as a separating or separating membrane from above in the frame.

In order to improve the seal between the partition and the frame, it is also possible for the latter to be impregnated or painted, according to another idea of the invention, with varnish or the like, for example shellac, in order to have a flat surface which can be well sucked by vacuum. Impregnation furthermore prevents the penetration of moisture and water-soluble pigments from the filler into the wood of the frame.

The rubber sheet or separating sheet, which is placed on the top layer, may be slightly recessed in the frame area. Or preferably has such an elasticity that the frame is pressed deep into the space and the filling material springs back slightly against the frame. If the filling material is so slightly recessed relative to the frame, the coating and material spillage occurring between the separating panel and the frame are preferably avoided. This also creates a reference plane necessary for accurate smoothing. A critical transition zone is formed between the filling material and the frame during the subsequent smoothing. Liquid loss along the frame is thus likewise avoided.

The separating plate can have a relief pattern or the like in the region of the filling material, in order to obtain a plate surface in relief. Of course, embossed patterns are also to be understood as meaning fabric nodules, grooves and perforations.

Using the vacuum suction plate device described, a flat frame or a plate which has already been cast can be transported without problems from one station to the next. This has the advantage that if the vacuumable cavity can be isolated to the outside by means of the closing valve, it remains vacuumable even when it is removed from the vacuum-connected state for transport purposes.

When making flat panels, it is advantageous to carefully remove the separator plates at a point where the filler material has not yet cured the cement, that is to say moisture and humidity. This moment is reached after the first chemical solidification.

Silicone or natural rubber films with a thickness of about 0.7 to 1mm may be well suited. Generally the use of membranes for the production of magnesite cement slabs is generally known, however membranes are used there for the manufacture of composite slabs, where the membrane is left on the cement. These are described in DE-B-2522515.

However, the flat sheet fabrication of the present invention is not limited to the use of a rigid, frame that remains on the flat sheet. It can also provide a replaceable frame for making a homogenous flat sheet.

FIG. 23 shows a fixing device part of the frame, the vacuum suction plate device with the casting plate placed on the top layer;

figures 24a and 24b show two variants of a rubber sheet laid flat on the vacuum suction plate device according to figure 23;

FIG. 25 shows a diagram of the work steps from filling a pasty filling still pasty to dipping;

FIG. 26a shows an example of an alternative bezel, and FIGS. 26b and c show details thereof;

fig. 27 shows a preferred variant of a suction plate device with sieve-shaped holes, which can also be arranged substantially according to smaller hole diameters and greater frequency, with only one elastic dividing plate for clamping the frame and with different planar hole-shaped recesses.

Fig. 28 shows a different construction of the independent invention, the continuous wooden frame 6a (possibly sandwiched) is filled with a filler 7 made of sawdust magnesium cement or the like for a clamping plate or building plate with good sound damping and non-combustible properties, which can be installed well in the building construction, and which can also be manufactured without the above-mentioned method, since it only has to be ground flat on one side.

Fig. 23 shows the upper part of the vacuum suction plate apparatus with a hollow member or hollow plate on which a frame is placed in which the raw material has been poured. On the underside of the plate 1, the not shown cavity-enclosed space consists of vacuum channels and closing valves, the plate 1 being covered with an elastic layer 2, for example a rubber sheet. The coated plates 1, 2 possess scattered boreholes 3 in the entire plane. This creates a vacuum 4 on the underside of the plate and inside the hollow object. Objects such as glass plates, rubber plates, and partition plates or frames 6 are thus sucked. By moving the entire clamping device, such a component can be transported without problems.

For casting the plate element, only the frame 6 is allowed to be sucked. For this purpose, a further rubber sheet 5 (fig. 24) is laid on the elastic layer 2, which only has boreholes 8 in the region of the frame 6 or is cut out there in a similar manner to the frame. The rubber sheet and also the sheet 5, which also serves as a separating sheet, and also the frame 6, which is placed uppermost, are tightly sucked from the interior of the fixture and provide a seal. The filling material 7 can be poured.

Fig. 24 shows two different variants (5a, b) of the rubber sheet 5, on which the frame 6 lies. The variety of variants is immeasurable, since the rubber sheet 5 in the filling area 10 can be made with or without a pattern 11. There may be many patterns for the relief pattern. The shape of the frame 6 can likewise be varied as desired, so too can the shape of the recess 9 for accommodating the frame 6. The rubber sheet vulcanized or glued to hold the frame 6 has bores 8 in its surface 9, which correspond to the bores 3 of the fastening device.

In fig. 27, a modified embodiment is shown, in which the metal sheet has no rubber coating, so that a single rubber sheet is sufficient, the frame parts rest on the rubber sheet without play because it is recessed in the region of the frame, and the region lying immediately below the frame is in vacuum connection with the perforations of the metal sheet, so that they are sucked in.

Fig. 25 shows the flow according to the necessary working steps until the completion of the planar building element.

I a material 7 still in paste form, such as sawdust magnesium cement or the like, is poured onto the frame 6 fixed to the fixing means.

II after the material has been smoothed or/and vibrated, a first (chemical) coagulation process is carried out in a horizontal position (symbolized by the time representation 12).

After the first setting process III, the building element is erected from the horizontal, for example brought into a vertical position, and the partition 5 is peeled off (14).

IV second coagulation process in vertical position (symbolized time representation 13).

The building element that has undergone V-curing is smoothed (without damaging any relief pattern that may be present) on at least one side and sometimes on both sides.

VI the impregnation of the building material with varnish, synthetic resin or the like is preferably carried out in an oil bath or in a high-pressure impregnation apparatus, possibly using the VP1 process.

The working steps V and VI can sometimes also be interchanged.

Fig. 26 shows an example of a homogenous plate made of a replaceable wooden frame, i.e. the replaceable frame is removed after the first setting of the filling material. The interchangeable frame consists of two almost identical mould frames 15, 16, differing only in that the mortises for the moulding of the filling material are directed towards the inside of 15 and towards the outside of 16, in order to guarantee the assembly capacity of the single plate. The installation of the four mould frames 15, 16 is not constrained. The frames 15, 16 are secured at the corners by a small metal sheet 17 and two screws 18, a clip-type latch or the like to provide temporary stability to the frame. The frame members may also be chamfered. Within the scope of the invention are also metal or plastic frames which are jointly tightened along their periphery, for example also by means of metal or plastic bands with quick locks.

Other frame shapes are also possible, as well as the possibility of fixing them, for example an elastic, coated exchangeable frame, so that a sealing effect is produced by the frame itself.

Fig. 27 shows a preferred variant of fig. 23, which is sufficient with only one elastic dividing plate. The upper perforated part of the vacuum suction plate device is provided with a rubber plate 19 which may also serve as a separating plate, and a set of frames 6 indicated by dash-dot lines. A hollow, sealed space, not shown, on the underside of the hollow plate 1, which space has sieve openings 3, only symbolically indicated, distributed uniformly over the entire surface, is formed by vacuum channels and closing valves, so that the space, to be precise the plate with the closed vacuum, can be transported over a distance independently of the vacuum source. This creates a vacuum 4 on the underside of the plate. An object, such as a glass plate or a frame 6, can thus be sucked in.

For casting the plate element, only the frame 6 is allowed to be sucked. For this purpose, the rubber sheet 19 is laid flat on the metal sheet 1, and the metal sheet 1 may also be made of other materials that do not deform in size. The rubber sheet has a continuous series of depressions (shown at the top and bottom) or holes, both of which are made slightly narrower than the frame 6, which also expose the holes located below. The frame 6 is thus surrounded by a resting surface against the periphery without recesses. The rubber sheet 19, and also the frame 6 placed uppermost, is tightly sucked from the inside of the fixing device. The filler material 7 may be poured. Sometimes an additional separating plate may be laid between the rubber sheet 19 and the filling material 7, which is the best way when laying many frames at the same time. The separating plate is preferably only a thin, inexpensive plastic film.

The illustrated panel 19 may possess a relief pattern in the region of the fill material. In the case of the building panel according to fig. 6, the relief pattern can be brought onto its upper surface by means of a die punch or the like while the filling material 7 is still in the dough state.

Reference numerals of fig. 23 to 28

1 flat sheet, e.g. metal sheet

2 resilient layer, e.g. rubber

3 holes

4 generating a vacuum

5 rubber plates or sheets, separating plates

6 frame

7 filling material

8 drilling

9 standing surface of frame

10 filling plane (filling area)

11 relief pattern

12 first coagulation process

13 second condensation Process

14 peeling rubber plate (5)

15 mould frame

16 mould frame

17 foil

18 screw

19 is used for covering the single piece of rubber of the bore hole 8 with a sealing function against the frame 6.

As an alternative to the hitherto described method of making flat panels from saw-dust magnesiA cement, as described in US-A-4312674, also occurs in A series of product processes known per se. To avoid unnecessary repetition of information, the publicly available portions of the US patents are deemed to be entirely within the scope of the present application. This is particularly relevant to the figures and the accompanying figures, which illustrate that a vibrating device may also be used according to the invention at about position 38 during the conversion of these well-known processes, as previously described, in order to achieve a certain degree of deposition of the filling material, thus separating the hard, dense, surface-improving filling material from other materials such as wood or the like. For flooring, the hard side is preferably ground flat and its face up. For wall and ceiling applications, flat panels in contrast thereto may be welcomed in order to take advantage of the properties of light-weight, cellular materials like, for example, wood, in particular the sound-damping properties.

The invention also relates to a preferred fastening element, in particular for two adjacent panels or multi-sided building elements according to the above, and to a floor system consisting of panels according to the invention, which has a fastening element according to the invention.

When laying flat building elements, this type of fixing element is required for fixing.

A further object of the invention is to create a fastening element of the type mentioned at the outset which ensures a defined spacing between the building elements. The object of this aspect of the invention is to provide a possibility to fix planar structural elements in a non-visible manner by means of adhesive joints, for example at least several building elements which are not bonded to a substrate or are otherwise controlled. The object is, in particular, to create a fastening element for an equal horizontal laying of a flat area, no matter whether it is wet or dry, which fastening element can remain very concealed for the observer, even for the visible surface of the flat building element. Furthermore, the fixing elements should also be able to perform the task of firmly supporting or fixing the building elements, which generally have free play in their expansion deformation, without damaging adjacent building elements. The sinking of the building element, which occurs during the wet laying of the building element in the bonding or mortar layer, should likewise be prevented by such a securing element. Firstly, the possibility of using new panels made of saw dust magnesia cement, with or without a frame, creates a useful application possibility for new floor solutions. The invention can of course also be used independently of this, suitably for other plate-shaped building elements.

The object of the invention is achieved in that the fastening element, viewed in cross-section, has a central portion from the two ends of which legs are directed in different directions and are separated substantially perpendicularly thereto. By the recommended measures, a very stable spacing of the planar building elements can be achieved. The fixing can then extend over the entire length of the flat building element or be used only partially. The fixing elements can be embodied as continuous beams or as individual parts, the length of which is significantly less than the lateral length of the planar building element. By means of the special shape of the fixing according to the invention, sinking (falling horizontally) of the building element during the laying thereof is prevented. Furthermore, a building element can be detached from an adjacent building element by means of fasteners in connection with its expansion, so that occurring stresses are not transmitted to the adjacent element.

The invention further relates to a structure using the flat building element according to the invention, which according to the invention has fastening elements, such as floor coverings, wall panels, building facade panels or the like, wherein the building elements are each composed of identical or different materials.

For such structures, planar building elements are laid in a plane with a free joint between adjacent building elements to avoid stresses caused by expansion due to wet and hot conditions which might otherwise lead to structural failure. Another often unavoidable situation is that building elements made of different materials not only separate from each other, but also keep a distance from the substrate in order to counteract the effect of the building elements of the expansion forces. The measures known hitherto are either unsatisfactory or too expensive.

The object of the invention is to provide a construction of the type mentioned above which can be laid simply without the risk of damaging the building elements even with a high coefficient of expansion of the building elements and where the mutual spacing of the building elements is not changed during the laying operation. In particular, the fastening means should be made invisible on a visible horizontal surface of the building in a simple manner.

This is achieved according to the invention if the intermediate portion is located between the end faces of the building element and one leg of all the fixing elements is mounted at a smaller distance from the common surface, e.g. the mounting surface, of the other leg and the building element.

By these measures, one building element can be successively caught by another, so that sinking of the individual building elements can be avoided. It also makes it possible to determine the joints of the building element feet in a simple manner and to ensure that movement is prevented without the fixing being visible from the surface. Furthermore, it is feasible that the building element is kept at a distance from the base layer.

In a further form of the invention it can be provided that at least the feet located closer to the common covering surface are inserted into the end surfaces of the building element, preferably into recesses, such as blind holes, mortises or the like.

A particularly simple and rapid connection between the fixing element and the flat building element is thus possible.

Another feature of the invention is that the legs, which are located away from the common covering surface, are fixed to the substrate.

The fixing is fixed to the substrate by means of one leg, so that the other leg of the fixing can assume a separating function from the adjacent building component.

Finally, another embodiment of the invention provides that the end face of the building element in the region of the foot support has a concave shape.

In this way, a dilatation joint can be obtained in a particularly simple manner. In addition, an improved guidance of the fastening elements and greater stability of the building element against sinking are achieved. Also with a fastening element of this type, part of its cross-section is covered by the building elements, so that even small gaps between the building elements can be seen.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the legs located away from the common covering surface have passages.

Thus, when the floor is laid, mortar can be inserted into the channels, so that the one leg of the fixing element is in close connection with the mortar layer.

In a further form of the invention it may be provided that one end face of the planar building element is provided with a recess into which the leg of one fixing element is inserted, and the leg of another fixing element mounted on the end face of an adjacent building element can also be inserted into this recess so that the fixing elements are mounted overlapping.

Thus, when using different building elements, different joint widths between the building elements can be achieved, even with generally identical fixing elements.

A further fastening element of the type mentioned at the outset, which fulfills the object of the invention, can be realized in that the fastening element has, in cross section, a central region from one end of which, proceeding in different directions, a first and a second leg are separated approximately perpendicularly thereto, and from the other end of which, proceeding approximately parallel to one of the other two legs, a further leg is separated.

In this way the stability of the connection of two adjacent building elements is improved. In particular, the two building elements are thus kept level in a more planar manner.

Another construction of a planar building element with such fixing elements according to the invention is achieved in that the intermediate portion is arranged between the end faces of the building element and that the first and second legs of all fixing elements are arranged at a smaller distance from a common outer surface of the building element, for example the visible surface of the construction, than the other legs of all fixing elements.

The planar building element can thus be prevented from sinking in the mortar or cement layer during the laying process, and the individual building elements can thus be leveled. Furthermore, a uniform distance can be created for the joints between the building elements. After the pointing, the fixture is no longer visible.

In this case, it can be provided that at least the first and second legs, which are located closer to the common covering surface, are inserted into the end faces of adjacent building elements and finally into a recess, for example a blind hole, a tongue-and-groove or the like.

A very rapid laying technique can thus be achieved, in which the first legs of the fixing elements have to be introduced only into the recesses of the building elements, in order then for the following building elements to be inserted into the second legs.

In a further variant of the invention, the feet, which are located away from the common covering surface, are fastened to the base layer of the structure.

A more reliable fixing of the building element is thus possible.

It may furthermore be provided that the end face of the building element is concave in the contact area of the foot. This also enables a dilatation joint to be produced in a simple manner.

In this way, the foot does not project outside the building element, which necessarily does not result in further height adjustment.

Finally, a preferred embodiment of the invention provides that the legs located away from the common covering surface have passages.

A better fixation of the fixture in the mortar layer or the adhesive layer can thus be obtained.

The invention will now be explained in detail by means of embodiments represented in the drawings.

Shown is that:

FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a fastener of the invention for a flat panel of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the inventive structure;

FIG. 3 is a cross-section of the structure of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a detail of FIG. 3 on an enlarged scale;

FIG. 5 is a plan view of the anchor of the present invention of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a cross-section of another embodiment of the inventive structure;

FIG. 7A is a plan view of another structure according to the present invention;

FIG. 7B A Cross section of the FIG. 7A Structure

FIG. 7C is a cross-section of another structure according to the present invention;

FIG. 8 details of another embodiment of a structure according to the present invention;

FIGS. 9-14 are cross-sections of another embodiment of a structure according to the present invention;

figure 14 shows another fixing according to the invention;

fig. 15 and 16 employ the structure of fig. 14 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 1, a fastening element 4 according to the invention is represented in cross section, in particular for two adjacent flat building components, such as floor covering panels, wall panels, building facade shells or the like according to the invention. The fixing element has a central portion 5 which, starting from its two ends, separates legs 6 and 7 in different directions, even perpendicular thereto. Thus, very different embodiments of such a fixing are possible within the scope of the patent. A continuous strip-shaped fastening element 4 with the cross-section shown in fig. 1 can be achieved, wherein also with regard to the material used, it can be produced from metal, plastic or wood, depending on the strength required. However, it is also possible to bend the fixing elements 4 from flat, for example metal wires, to form them in the shape that is apparent from fig. 1, and to use several such fixing elements along the end faces of the planar building elements.

The fastening element can also be formed in the direction of its longitudinal extent in such a way that it extends only over a partial end face of the building component.

In the embodiment of the structure according to the invention shown in fig. 2, a planar building component 1, for example a floor covering panel, a retaining wall panel, a building facade or the like, is laid in a plane. Between the individual building elements, a free joint 11 is provided, the width of which is determined by the thickness of the central region 5 of the fastening element 4. However, this seam can also be omitted when the panels are laid next to one another, so that the end faces of the planar building elements 1 are connected directly to one another.

As can be seen in fig. 3, in cross section to fig. 2, the building element 1 is fixed in a mortar bed, cement or the like. In this mortar bed 3 there are also fixed fixing elements 4, the middle part of each fixing element 5 being mounted between the end faces of the building element 1. The resulting false seam therefore permits only limited expansion deformations in the structural plane. One leg 7 of the fixing 4 is mounted at a smaller distance from a visible surface 10, which represents the common outer surface of the building element, than the other leg 6 of the fixing 4. In this way a further variant of the invention is achieved in this embodiment, in which the foot 7 located closer to the common surface is inserted into an end face of the building element 1, preferably into a recess, for example a tongue-and-groove 9 (fig. 4) here. In this case, blind holes or other recesses can be provided exactly the same as the shape of the fastening element 4. Fig. 3 also shows a variant of the invention, in which the legs 6 located at a distance from the common covering surface are fastened to the substrate for installation, in this case in the mortar bed 3. The fixing element 4 is thus well fixed in its position. This has the consequence that the drop in height caused by the sinking of the building element during the laying is limited. The legs 6 of the fixing elements 4 can also be fixed to the substrate by screws, nails or other attachments so that the respective other leg 7 of the fixing compartment 4 can hold the adjacent building elements 1 at the same level.

As can be seen from fig. 4 and 5, the feet 6 can be additionally provided with openings 8 for this purpose, so that, when inserted into the still moist mortar bed 3, mortar can pass through the openings 8 in order to create a particularly tight and firm connection between the mortar bed 3, the floor and the fixing elements.

According to another form of the invention, the end face of the component 1 is recessed in the contact area with the foot, which results in an improved guidance of the fixing compartment 4 (fig. 4). To the extent that the central region 5 of the fixing element 4 now projects into the upper position of the end face of the building element 4, the requirements for determining the desired width of the joint between adjacent panels 1 are adapted. In this case, a dilatation joint can also be created between the building elements 1 when the central region 5 of the fastening element 4 is inserted far enough into the end face, so that the dilatation of the building elements can be counteracted here.

Fig. 6 shows another embodiment of the structure according to the invention, where one leg 6 of a fixing 4 is always mounted in the end face of an adjacent building element 1, while its other leg is mounted in the end face of another adjacent building element 1, the middle portion 5 leaving a free joint 11 between the building elements, which of course obviously only acts as a joint.

Fig. 7A shows a construction according to the invention, in which an elongated planar building element 2 and 2' is arranged between every two planar building elements 1.

The elongated strips 2 and 2' each enclose a building element 1, which results in an aesthetically pleasing surface structure. The two building elements are made of different materials, so that the planar face building element 1 can be made of stone, such as marble, granite or the like, and the building elements 2 and 2' surrounding it can be made of other materials, such as wood. In this way, a plurality of combinations can be created from different materials, which can be used, for example, for wall or floor molding. A problem with this construction is that the building elements 1 and 2, 2' have very different material properties, for example when expanding hot or humid. Such a matter may occur. That is, in the case of this type of laying construction, the wooden building elements 2 and 2 'burst the stone building element 1 under high humidity due to wet expansion in the event of an insufficiently large expansion joint between the building elements 1 and 2, 2'. To prevent this, between the building elements there is installed a fixing 4, the leg 7 of which is inserted into the building element 2, 2' and the other leg 6 of which is placed on the underside of the building element 1. Another problem is that the wood is fixed to the floor in a concealed manner without gluing, and the problem is solved in this way as well.

A cross-section of the structure of fig. 7A can be seen in fig. 7B. The planar building element 1 is bonded to the substrate, for example in a mortar layer or a bonding layer, in such a way that it receives the legs 6 of the fastening element 4 with the passages 8 between the substrate and the bonding layer and is simultaneously firmly bonded to the substrate. The other leg 7 of the fixing 4 is always inserted into a recess, for example a tongue and groove, in the building element 2, 2 ' so that the building element 2, 2 ' is held in its position by the fixing 4, but the building element 2, 2 ' lies directly on the substrate without an adhesive or mortar layer lying between them. The joint between the building elements 1 and 2 or 2' is adjusted by means of the middle section 5 of the fixing 4 in the form of an external connection.

In fig. 7C, the intermediate region 5 is made so slender, in a slightly modified embodiment, that it does not extend beyond the end face of the building element 2, so that a through-going joint is obtained between the building elements 1 and 2. It is possible to provide such a sunken groove exactly the same in the building element 1. By means of this seam 11 and the lack of joining of the building element 2 and the substrate, an expansion deformation, for example caused by heat and moisture, occurs unrestrictedly, so that the destructive effect of this deformation will not be able to be effective. The shear deformation between the substrate and the building element, which is first caused by the expansion, is broken, so that the adjacent building elements have a detrimental resistance, which is not possible.

In fig. 8, furthermore, an enlarged detail of a further embodiment according to the invention can be seen, in which the building element 1 is recessed on the side of the foot 6 with the fastening 4 in order to receive the foot 6 of the fastening 4, so that the foot 6 remains flush with the underlying covering surface. This is particularly advantageous when only a thin layer of adhesive mortar is used. In this case, in turn, openings 8 are provided in the legs 6, through which the adhesive mortar can be squeezed out.

Fig. 9 shows an embodiment in which expansion joints are used in the construction according to fig. 2, in which case a free joint 11 is provided between the building elements 1, which also allows an expansion deformation. It is achieved in a similar way to fig. 7 in that the middle section 5 of the fixing element 4 disappears in the recess of the building element 1, thus providing a free joint for the expansion deformation. In addition, the legs 7 of the fastening elements 4 engage in a further recess in the end face of the building element 1. The sinking of the building element 1 in the mortar bed 3 is also counteracted here by means of the fixing elements 4, so that irregularities in the ground do not have an effect on the same level of paving.

In fig. 10, a slightly modified construction is shown, which has expansion joints 11 and at the same time a space in the fixing element 4, so that a joint 12 is left between the central region 5 and the building element 1 accommodating it. Thus creating better possibilities for cancellation of the expansion deformation.

In contrast, the construction shown in fig. 11 is a so-called seamless laying, in which the end faces of the planar building elements 1 are directly adjacent to one another and therefore absolutely no joints are present. The fixing elements 4 for horizontal laying are, as shown, concealed in a single-sided recess of each adjacent building element 1, or may be placed in recesses provided for both sides of the adjacent building element.

Fig. 12 shows another embodiment according to the invention, when one leg 46 of each fixing element 40 is fixed to the substrate, here screwed down, while the other leg 47 engages in a recess 50 of the building element 1. The adjacent building elements 1 to be laid are arranged with the building elements 1 by means of the fixing elements 41 fixed thereto, such that the legs 46 and 42, 45 and 43 and 47 and 44 are placed one above the other. At the same time the foot 44 engages the recess 50 so that the building element 1 is brought to the same horizontal position as its adjacent building element 1. The correspondingly produced seam 11 appears as an open seam.

Fig. 13 shows a variant of the embodiment shown in fig. 12, in which the legs 41 of the fixing are received by the rear milled surface, so that a narrower seam 11 is formed.

In fig. 14, a fastening element 30 according to the invention is shown, which has, in cross-section, a central region 34, from one of its ends, a first and a second leg 31, 33 running essentially perpendicularly thereto in different directions, and from its other end, a further leg 33 running essentially parallel to one of the other two legs. This results in an improved connection stability, so that even a heavy, flat planar building element 1 can be kept level.

Fig. 15 and 16 show a sectional view of a construction according to the invention using the fastening element 30 according to fig. 14 in cross section, in which the intermediate region 34 is arranged between the end faces of the building component 1, while the first and second limbs 31 and 32 of all fastening elements 30 are arranged at a smaller distance from the installation surface than the other limbs 33 of all fastening elements 30. This produces an open seam in the exemplary embodiment according to fig. 15 and 16, the distance of which is determined by the thickness of the central region 34. After the pointing, the fixing 30 is no longer visible from the visible surface of the building element 1.

According to a variant of the invention, the legs 31 and 32 are inserted into recesses in the end faces of the adjacent building elements 1. These recesses may be mortises, blind holes or the like. This also depends on the shape of the fixing element 30, which fixing element 30 may be made, for example, as a strip of slightly elongated, or curved wire unit. The criteria for the materials mentioned above for the fastening element according to fig. 1 apply here. Each foot 33 supports the building element 1 on the substrate, while the feet 31 and 32 engage the end faces of the adjacent building elements 1, thus ensuring the same level and preventing subsidence in the mortar bed 3 as shown in fig. 16. By means of this support on the substrate, a mixed form of substrate can be present in all embodiments of the invention, for example using a strip of mortar and a strip of binder side by side in alternation, or a strip of mortar and a hard substrate, etc. By means of the fastening element according to the invention, the same level is achieved irrespective of the substrate used.

One fixing of the fixing element selected in fig. 15 and 16 is that the foot 33 is held on a substrate for the structure, where it is screwed or anchored in the mortar bed, for example. The seam 11, which is a dilatation joint, can here be set in a particularly simple manner from one side, for instance 50 as indicated with broken lines, or from both sides, so that it is not visible from the surface of the building element. Furthermore, according to the variant shown in fig. 16, there is the possibility of embedding the feet 33, in which case channels are provided in the feet 33, which channels, in the embedded state of the fixing element 30, are filled with mortar and thus can be better connected to the mortar bed.

In the embodiment according to fig. 15, the end face of the building element 1 is furthermore concave in the contact area of the legs 33, so that the legs 33 do not protrude.

In other forms of the invention, the construction element represented on the right-hand side of the figures, for example the construction element 2 in fig. 7B and 7C, can be laid on the substrate without the use of a bed 3 or at a distance from the substrate, that is to say flowingly, with the previously described embodiments, which makes possible a fastening solution according to the invention.

The invention in its many aspects already mentioned is not limited to the materials mentioned at the beginning. Within the scope of the inventive idea of using a frame and a filling material, therefore, there are also variants which use plug-in panels or stone panels which are securely connected by wood or glued together with wood. It goes without saying, furthermore, that claims 8, 15, 23, 24 only particularly trace back to the preceding claims, and that the objects and methods concerned can be applied independently of the measures mentioned above.

Claims

Modification according to article 19 of the treaty

28. Fastener for two adjacent planar building components, such as floor covering panels, retaining panels, facade cladding panels, as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fastener (30) has, viewed in cross-section, a central portion (34) from one of its ends from which first and second legs (31, 32) diverge in different directions substantially perpendicularly thereto and from the other end from which the other leg (33) diverges parallel to one of the other two legs (31, 32).

29. A structure consisting of planar building elements, such as floor coverings, wall panels, building facades or the like, according to one of claims 1, 2, 8 to 14 or 23, installed using a fixing according to claim 28, characterized in that the intermediate portion (34) is installed between the end faces of the building element (1) and that the first (31) and the second leg (32) of all the fixing (30) are installed at a smaller distance from a common outer surface, such as a mounting surface, of the building element than the other leg (33) of all the fixing (30).

30. Structure according to claim 29, characterized in that at least the first and second legs (31, 32) closer to the common surface are inserted into the end surface of the building element (1), preferably into a recess, such as a blind hole, a tongue-and-groove or the like, when the leg (33), which is located especially farther from the common surface, is fixed to the base material of the structure.

31. A structure as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 11, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the end faces of the building element (1) are recessed in the area where the legs (33) meet, and/or that the legs (33) remote from the common covering plane position are provided with openings (38).

32. Floor panel with a flat panel according to one of the preceding claims and at least one fastening element according to one of the preceding claims, the flat panel consisting of a compound according to one of the preceding claims.

Claims (32)

1. The magnesium-containing cement is particularly used for floor, wall and furniture covering surfaces and flat plates made of magnesium cement, and adopts the following mixture ratio: MgO: MgCl₂About 1: 2.2 to about 1: 2.8, preferably about 1: 2.55.

Fillers and gelling materials (MgO + MgCl)₂) In a ratio of about 1: 0.8 to 1: 2.5, preferably 1: 1.2 to 1: 1.8, in particular 1: 1.5.

2. A panel as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a mixture of the following materials is provided as filler: wood chips or other organic natural materials, the chips having a length of about 0.1 to 0.3mm, 0 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 30% by weight;

inorganic fillers, such as stone powder, sand, mineral powder, metal filings or the like, in a weight percentage of about 10 to 60%, preferably in a weight percentage of about 30 to 60%;

pigment: about 0-18% by weight;

swelling material: such as acid-activated bentonite clay, from about 2 to about 40 weight percent, preferably from about 10 to about 30 weight percent;

ground casein or a like material, such as lab casein and/or acid casein, in an amount of about 0.01-1% by weight;

phosphate or the like, in an amount of about 0.01 to 1% by weight;

the oil, preferably linseed oil, is blended with about 30% calcium hydroxide, by weight, about 0.01-3%.

3. Method for producing a mixture according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a basic solution of 26-30BE (baume), preferably 28BE, is used for producing the mixture, preferably at a density of 1.24(═ 3.11 g/l).

4. Mixture, MgO: MgCl, for the production of plates according to claim 1 or 2₂In a ratio of 1: 2.2 to 1: 2.8, preferably 1: 2.55, and the alkaline solution is 26-30BE, preferably 28 BE. A preferred density is 1.24(═ 3.11 g/l); fillers and gelling materials (MgO + MgCl)₂) In a ratio of from 1: 0.8 to 1: 2.5, preferably from 1: 1.2 to 1: 1.8, in particular 1: 1.5.

5. Method for producing a mixture for flat panels according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the following process steps: the wood chips are impregnated with 0.2 percent by weight of lime-doped hot oil, in particular flax oil,

weighing about 10% of alkali liquor required by the whole mixture, mixing with polyphosphate to dissolve,

the pigment is preferably stirred in with a fast-running stirrer,

now the whole of the lye is added,

followed by the addition of casein, which is preferably dissolved to a clear and transparent state in ammonia water before this is added,

simultaneously or subsequently adding an organic or inorganic filler according to claim 2 and a swelling material according to claim 2 and then mixing the mixture, the mixing preferably being carried out under a bell-shaped vacuum hood.

6. Method for producing a plate according to claim 1 or 2, in particular according to claim 5, characterized in that the mixture with incorporated filler is poured into a mould frame or onto a process conveyor belt, after which the compaction of the inorganic or insoluble, in particular inert, solid material is brought about by means of vibration, for example short-term, high-frequency vibration, and subsequently the compacted surface of the plate, which is the use surface, is ground, impregnated and surface-treated and/or polished after setting, drying.

7. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mixture is taken between two film conveyors running in parallel, is vibrated there from time to time, is subjected to a first (chemical) setting between the conveyors, is cut to length, is dried, and is set in some cases under pressure and/or heat, preferably by removing the film.

8. -panel, or planar building element (1), such as a floor panel, a retaining wall panel, a building facade element or the like, according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the planar building element (1) consists of a frame (2, 20, 21) and a filling material (3), which frame (2, 20, 21) and filling material (3) are joined inseparably in the in-use state as an integral part.

9. A plate as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that the filler material (3) is admixed with a pigment.

10. A plate according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the frame (12) is a closed circle or an n-angle, in particular a square.

11. A plate as claimed in claims 8 to 10, characterized in that the frame (20, 21) has, viewed in cross-section, on the side facing the filling material (3) recesses (40, 41) or projections for enlarging the contact area, which are, for example, semicircular, triangular or in the form of fixing elements (5, 50) which project into the filling material (3), where the fixing elements consist, for example, first of all of a corrugated strip (5) which is fitted round on the side facing the filling material, or where the fixing elements consist of pins (5) which are spaced apart and inserted into the side of the frame (2) facing the filling material (3).

12. A plate as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the net (7) is placed in the side of the frame (2) against the padding (3) and extends over the entire shelf inner surface within the padding (3).

13. Panel according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filling material consists of a material which can set, in particular concrete, plastic, wood concrete, saw dust magnesia cement, or wood, and the frame consists of wood metal, plastic or stone.

14. A panel as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the frame and the filler material are comprised of different materials.

15. Method for the production of flat construction elements from hydraulic binder materials (e.g. magnesite cement) according to claim 3, 5 or 6, characterized in that a layer of separating medium, in particular a partition plate (5), is laid on the forming surface, a frame (6) of defined area is laid on top, the material in the fluid to viscous state is poured into the frame and is flattened and/or vibrated, and after sufficient material properties have been achieved, the frame (6) is erected and detached from the separating medium, whereupon the subsequent hardening process takes place.

16. A method according to claim 15, characterised in that the building element is brought to a near horizontal position during the first setting (12), that is to say until the self-stability of the filling material is reached, and to a near vertical position after erection.

17. Method according to claim 16, characterized in that during the hardening process, precisely during the drying, both sides of the filling material (7), which are in a nearly vertical position, are surrounded by air as uniformly as possible.

18. Method according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the building element is ground flat on at least one side after the second setting (13) and/or is impregnated with a surface-modifying medium before or after it and/or the frame (e.g. a replaceable frame) is removed after the first or second setting.

19. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that for fixing the frame (16) and the separating plate (5, 19), which are sucked by the vacuum generated inside the hollow fixing means, by drilling, here preferably an elastic plate is put into use as a medium contributing to the sealing.

20. Holding device for carrying out the method according to claim 19, characterized by a flat porous body which can be evacuated and which has drilled holes (3) on its surface which can be selectively closed by means of a mat (19), and a closable valve for the vacuum connection.

21. Method according to one of claims 15 to 19, characterized in that the frame (6) is waterproof and obtains a better air-tight seal, for example pre-impregnated with shellac.

22. Device for carrying out the method according to one of claims 15 to 19, characterized in that the separating plate (5) is made of soft rubber and/or is slightly recessed in the region of the frame (16) and/or its surface is textured, to be precise provided with a relief, where the separating plate (5) is preferably provided with suction openings and recesses (8) in the region of the frame (6).

23. -furniture or construction panel (6a) made of wood or wood-like material, provided with at least one groove without through-bending, characterized in that the groove is filled with a filling material consisting of a hydraulic binder, in particular a magnesium binder (7), preferably saw-dust magnesium cement, according to claim 1 or 2, in a closed configuration, and ground to the same level as the surface of the panel.

24. Fastening element for abutting or for two adjacent planar building components or panels, such as floor covering panels, wall panels, facade shells or the like, according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the fastening element (4) has, seen in cross-section, a central portion (5) from the two ends of which legs (6, 7) are directed in different directions, substantially perpendicularly thereto.

25. Planar building element according to one of the preceding claims with a fixing according to claim 1. And especially a slab, such as a floor covering, a retaining wall panel, a building facade panel or the like, characterized in that the intermediate portion (5) is arranged between the end faces of the building element (1), and that one leg (7) of all fixing elements (4) is arranged in a closer distance to a common plane of the building element, such as a visible surface of the structure, than the other leg (6) of all fixing elements (4).

26. Structure according to claim 25, characterized in that at least the foot (7) situated closer to the common surface is inserted into the end face of the building element (1), preferably into a recess, such as a blind hole, a tongue-and-groove or the like, when especially the foot (6) situated further from the common surface is held on the substrate for the structure.

27. Structure as claimed in claim 25 or 26, characterized in that the end faces of the building element (1) are designed concavely in the contact area of the legs (6, 7), whereby the leg (6) which is preferably situated further from the common surface is provided with a passage (8) and/or that a recess (50) is provided in one end face of the planar building element (1), into which the leg (47) of the fastening element (40) is inserted, and that the leg 44 of another fastening element (41) which is mounted on the end face of the adjacent building element can also engage in the recess (50), so that the fastening elements (40, 41) lie one above the other.

28. For two adjacent, planar building components, such as floor panels, wall panels, facade panels, in particular the same as in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fixing element (30) has, seen in cross-section, a central portion (34) from one of its ends, which extends in different directions substantially perpendicularly thereto from a first and a second leg (31, 32), and from its other end extends substantially parallel to one of the other two legs (31, 32) from the other end from the other leg (33).

29. Structure consisting of planar building elements, such as floor coverings, wall panels, building facades or the like, with a fixing according to claim 28, in particular according to claim 1, 2, 8 to 14 or 23, characterized in that the intermediate region (34) is mounted between the end faces of the building element (1), and that the first (31) and the second leg (32) of all fixing elements (30) are mounted at a smaller distance from a common surface, such as the visible surface of the structure, than the other leg (33) of all fixing elements (30).

30. Structure according to claim 29, characterized in that at least the first and second legs (31, 32) closer to the common surface are inserted into the end surface of the building element (1), preferably into a recess, such as a blind hole, a tongue-and-groove or the like, when the leg (33), which is located especially farther from the common surface, is fixed to the base material of the structure.

31. A structure as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 11, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the end faces of the building element (1) are recessed in the area where the legs (33) meet, and/or that the legs (33) remote from the common covering plane position are provided with openings (38).

32. Floor panel with a flat panel according to one of the preceding claims and at least one fastening element according to one of the preceding claims, the flat panel consisting of a compound according to one of the preceding claims.