GB925806A - Neutralized phospho-sulphurized hydrocarbons and lubricant compositions containing the same - Google Patents
Neutralized phospho-sulphurized hydrocarbons and lubricant compositions containing the sameInfo
- Publication number
- GB925806A GB925806A GB17849/59A GB1784959A GB925806A GB 925806 A GB925806 A GB 925806A GB 17849/59 A GB17849/59 A GB 17849/59A GB 1784959 A GB1784959 A GB 1784959A GB 925806 A GB925806 A GB 925806A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- alkaline earth
- earth metal
- alkanol
- phosphorus
- reaction product
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title abstract 10
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title abstract 6
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 abstract 9
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract 8
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 abstract 8
- 150000001341 alkaline earth metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 7
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 abstract 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 abstract 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 5
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 5
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- VKCLPVFDVVKEKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N S=[P] Chemical compound S=[P] VKCLPVFDVVKEKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 4
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 4
- 150000001639 boron compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 3
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract 3
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 3
- -1 boric acid ester Chemical class 0.000 abstract 3
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920001083 polybutene Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonylphenol Natural products CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001279 adipic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001536 azelaic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010688 mineral lubricating oil Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000003330 sebacic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010689 synthetic lubricating oil Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M159/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
- C10M159/12—Reaction products
- C10M159/123—Reaction products obtained by phosphorus or phosphorus-containing compounds, e.g. P x S x with organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/04—Reaction products of phosphorus sulfur compounds with hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/282—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/34—Esters having a hydrocarbon substituent of thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. substituted succinic acid derivatives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/02—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds
- C10M2219/022—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds of hydrocarbons, e.g. olefines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/12—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions obtained by phosphorisation of organic compounds, e.g. with PxSy, PxSyHal or PxOy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2225/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2225/04—Organic macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions obtained by phosphorisation of macromolecualr compounds not containing phosphorus in the monomers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2225/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2225/04—Organic macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions obtained by phosphorisation of macromolecualr compounds not containing phosphorus in the monomers
- C10M2225/041—Hydrocarbon polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2227/06—Organic compounds derived from inorganic acids or metal salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
- C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
A lubricant composition comprises a normally liquid oleaginous lubricant and, as an additive, an oil soluble, alkaline earth metal and boron containing complex obtained by reacting the phosphorus and sulphur-containing reaction product of a phosphorus sulphide and a normally non-gaseous hydrocarbon with a basic alkaline earth metal compound in the presence of boric acid, boric anhydride or a boric acid ester. The additives may be used in amounts of from 0,01% to 15% in lubricant base oils, such as mineral lubricating oils, synthetic hydrocarbon lubricating oils, synthetic lubricating oils of the polyalkylene oxide type or of the polycarboxylic acid ester type, such as esters of adipic, sebacic and azelaic acids. The additives can be used in combination with 0,02% to 10% of other additives such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates, and sulphurized terpenes. Concentrates of more than 15% up to 50% or more of the alkaline earth and boron-containing complexes, alone or in combination with other additives, can be used for blending with hydrocarbon oils or other oils to give a product containing 0,01% to 15% of the additive.ALSO:An oil-soluble alkaline earth metal and boron-containing complex is obtained by reacting the phosphorus and sulphur-containing reaction product of a phosphorus sulphide and a mono-olefin polymer or a mixture mono-olefin polymer and iso-mono-olefin polymers having molecular weights ranging from about 150 to about 50,000 or more with a basic alkaline earth metal compound in the presence of boric acid, boric anhydride or a p boric acid ester at elevated temperature. The phospho-sulphurized polymer may be neutralized with a basic alkaline earth metal compound in the presence of the boron compound, water and an alkanol of 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Alternatively, the phosphosulphurized polymer may be hydrolysed at 200 DEG to 500 DEG F., e.g. by introducing steam through the mass, the hydrolysed product neutralized with a basic alkaline earth compound, in the presence of said boron compound, water, an alkanol of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a mixture of such an alkanol and phenol or an alkylated phenol having 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group or groups, at the reflux temperature of the alkanol, e.g. 155 DEG -185 DEG F. The basic alkaline earth metal compound may be the oxide, hydroxide, carbonate or sulphide of calcium, barium, strontium or magnesium, barium oxide being preferred. To facilitate handling, a slurry of the hydrolysed or unhydrolysed phospho-sulphurized reaction product in a lubricating oil, or any normally liquid hydrocarbon or oil may be used. The products have an alkaline earth to phosphorus ratio of from 2:1 to 15:1. Examples describe the reaction of polybutenes having a molecular weight of 750-800 with P2S5 at 450 DEG F. for 5-5 1/2 hours and the neutralization of the product, with or without a step of hydrolysis, with barium or calcium oxide in the presence of boric acid, water and methanol or a mixture of methanol and nonyl phenol at reflux temperature.ALSO:An oil-soluble, alkaline earth metal and boron-containing complex is obtained by reacting the phosphorus and sulphur-containing reaction product of a phosphorus sulphide and a normally non-gaseous hydrocarbon with a basic alkaline earth metal compound in the presence of boric acid, boric anhydride or a boric acid ester at elevated temperature. The phospho-sulphurized reaction product may be hydrolysed after it is prepared or it may be used without being subject to hydrolysis. If the unhydrolysed reaction product is used, the said product and the hydrocarbon are neutralised with a basic alkaline earth metal compound, in the presence of the boron compound, water and an alkanol of 1 to 3 carbon atoms. If a hydrolyzed product is to be used, the said reaction product is hydrolyzed at 200 DEG F.-500 DEG F., e.g. by introducing steam through the mass, and the hydrolyzed product is neutralized with a basic alkaline earth compound, in the presence of said boron compound, water, an alkanol of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a mixture of such an alkanol and phenol or an alkylated phenol having 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group or groups, at the reflux temperature of the alkanol, e.g. 155-185 DEG F. The basic alkaline earth metal compound may be the oxide, hydroxide, carbonate or sulphide of calcium, barium, strontium or magnesium, barium oxide being preferred. To facilitate handling, a slurry of the hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed reaction product in a lubricating oil may be used or any normally liquid hydrocarbon or oil may be used. The products have an alkaline earth to phosphorus ratio of from 2:1 to 15:1. Examples of suitable hydrocarbons for the preparation of the phosphosulphurized products are given, polybutenes of molecular weight 750-800 being preferred. The hydrocarbon is reacted with P2S5 or other phosphorus sulphide at 150 DEG F. to 600 DEG F., using 1 to 50% of the sulphide, for 1 to 10 hours.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US737480A US3002925A (en) | 1958-05-26 | 1958-05-26 | Lubricant additive and composition containing same |
| US737479A US3002924A (en) | 1958-05-26 | 1958-05-26 | Lubricant additive and composition containing same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB925806A true GB925806A (en) | 1963-05-08 |
Family
ID=27113225
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB17849/59A Expired GB925806A (en) | 1958-05-26 | 1959-05-26 | Neutralized phospho-sulphurized hydrocarbons and lubricant compositions containing the same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB925806A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2204844A1 (en) * | 1972-02-02 | 1973-08-09 | Alfred Krueger | Non-inflammable polycondensates contg phosphorus - - as sealants,coatings and fibres |
-
1959
- 1959-05-26 GB GB17849/59A patent/GB925806A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2204844A1 (en) * | 1972-02-02 | 1973-08-09 | Alfred Krueger | Non-inflammable polycondensates contg phosphorus - - as sealants,coatings and fibres |
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