GB2628561A

GB2628561A - A resisted pushing and pulling exercise machine

Info

Publication number: GB2628561A
Application number: GB2304531.3A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Morgan Thomas; Mapp Thomas
Original assignee: Tm Prec Watts Ltd
Current assignee: Tm Prec Watts Ltd
Priority date: 2023-03-28
Filing date: 2023-03-28
Publication date: 2024-10-02
Also published as: GB202304531D0

Abstract

An exercise machine 1 for simulating a sled pushing/pulling activity, the exercise machine comprising a force measurement sensor, wherein, in use, the force measurement sensor is configured to measure a force exerted on the exercise machine. The machine may comprise a second force measurement sensor. The machine may comprise a controller configured to receive data from the sensors. The machine may comprise a platform 3, wherein the movable component, e.g. belt 5, may overlie an upper surface of the platform such that it is directly contactable by a user. The machine may comprise a brake 2 that produces a controllable resistance. The brake may be an electromagnet, such as a magnetic particle brake. A method of operating an exercise machine to simulate a bobsleigh pushing/pulling activity is also disclosed. Further, an additional exercise machine for simulating a sleigh pushing/pulling activity is disclosed comprising a brake 2, a user contactable interface, and a movable component 5; wherein the brake applies a controllable resistance the movable component, and wherein the controllable resistance is independent of the force exerted on the movable component.

Description

A Resisted Pushing and Pulling Exercise Machine Technical Field The present invention is in the field of exercise machines that provide a user with a resistance and measure the force output of a user. The exercise machine may be used for sport specific training exercises such as sled pushes, pulls or rugby scrums.

Background

Exercise machines are prevalent in many different forms and can cater for athletes of all abilities. There are many instances of exercises machines being used to facilitate an otherwise difficult movement or to replicate as closely as possible an ideal one.

For example, resistance providing exercise machines are often preferred over traditional free weights by fitness novices as they provide the resistance needed for muscle growth but are much easier to use. On the other end of the ability spectrum, exercise machines, such as rowing machines and treadmills, are sophisticated simulating and feedback devices used by high performance athletes looking to fine-tune their skills-especially during the off-season of their chosen sport.

However, for sports with a strong pushing (and pulling) focus, such as sled pushes and rugby scrums, there is yet to be disclosed an exercise machine suitable for high-level athletes or those looking for tailored and accurate feedback. Currently, there are moveable sleds available, for example comprising wheels, that can be pushed around a gym or other exercise location. However, as these sleds are designed to move the use of these sleds takes up a large amount of space. This is therefore not a suitable solution for many gyms where space can be at a premium (especially in city centre locations). For such sports, an important aspect that needs to be replicated/simulated precisely is the effect of inertia and momentum when first pushing or pulling against a resistance or weight. The initial push performed by an athlete is perhaps his (or her) weakest as this initial movement is has no momentum leading into it. Inertia Law also teaches us that an object will tend to remain at rest if it is in such state. Therefore, the first push of an athlete is perhaps the "hardest" and may need the most training. It is thus very important for machines that intend to simulate such an exercise, that no momentum is carried into this initial push that would make it easier than in real life. After all, the goal for high-level athletes is to train for realistic scenarios. This is an aspect of invention overlooked by current pushing/ pulling machines, wherein there is a slight lag between an athlete initiating a movement and when a resistance against the movement is provided. Moreover such a device must be both accurate and repeatable in order to provide the intended training effect.

Many current machines also measure output of a user in terms of power and speed. These are derivative functions of core measurements and can be less accurate than measuring for force directly.

Finally, since it is common for athletes to have a preferred side, a feedback means that identifies the force exerted by each side of the body is incredibly useful but has so far been overlooked.

Aspects of the present invention are intended to address at least some of the above mentioned problems.

Statements of Invention

Aspects of the invention are set out in the independent claims. Optional features are set out in the dependent claims.

In accordance with a first aspect of the invention there is provided an exercise machine for simulating a sled pushing and pulling activity, the exercise machine comprising a force measurement sensor, wherein, in use, the force measurement sensor is configured to measure a force exerted on the exercise machine.

Advantageously, utilising force measurement sensors to record user force exertion allows for a far more accurate indication of user performance as compared to other indicators such as power and speed. This because force is directly exerted by the user and power and speed are derived.

Optionally, in some embodiments the force measurement sensor, or sensors, comprises a direct force measurement. This is more accurate than an inferred force measurement such as those associated with power meters and the like. Such power meters determine the force exerted on the basis of other measured parameters and thus the error associated with the measurement can be larger.

Optionally, the exercise machine comprises a second force measurement sensor, wherein, in use, the first force measurement sensor and the second force measurement sensor each concurrently measure a share of the total force exerted on the exercise machine. Such an arrangement allowing the user to gauge the performance, and compare any difference in force output, from either side of his/her body. Many athletes have a preferred side (of the body) and this dual handle/measuring arrangement may be beneficial in identifying weaker areas to further develop.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine is configured for a user to exert a force onto the first and second force measurement sensors to work against a controllable resistance. This arrangement provides feedback on the performance on each side of the user's body when exerting a maximal force to overcome a challenge (the resistance). It prevents bias in pushing with a particular side as the user's goal is to overcome the resistance and is not to exert force with a particular side/ hand. This arrangement also simulates a sled push effectively.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a controller that is configured to receive data from the first and second force measurement sensors and determine, at any given time, the share of the total force exerted onto each respective force measurement sensor. Further optionally, wherein the total force is the force exerted onto both the force measurement sensors. As already mentioned, this arrangement provides feedback on the performance on each side of the user's body when exerting a maximal force to overcome a challenge. It prevents bias in pushing with a particular side, as the user's goal is to overcome the resistance and is not to exert force with a particular side/ hand. This arrangement also simulates a sled push effectively. The controller can also process the data in many ways to give a wide variety of feedback to the user.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a movable component configured to be moved along a predetermined path. The movable component can effectively mimic the movement of a sled, or any other sport scenario that requires single axis pushing/pulling movement, in a controlled manner.

Optionally, wherein the movable component is configured to be moved forwards and backwards along a single axis, and further optionally wherein the controllable resistance is applied to the movable component. Advantageously, for its purpose, this arrangement of moving the movable component in a single axis suffices all sporting and simulation requirements yet limits complexity by avoiding unnecessary degrees of freedom.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a platform wherein the movable component is configured to overlie an upper surface of the platform such that it is directly contactable by a user. Further optionally, wherein the movable component is a belt, either modular or continuous, configured to revolve within or around the platform such that, in use, the user, when atop the platform, is provided with a continuous surface to apply a force upon. Further, further optionally, wherein the movable component is configured to revolve in a direction driven by the user exerted force. The benefit of this revolving arrangement is that the user is provided with a surface that can be moved for a prolonged duration without a need to reset the movable component to a starting position.

Optionally, wherein the speed of movement of the movable component is at least partially determined by the force exerted onto it by the user. Advantageously, this arrangement provides immediate feedback to the user of his/her performance without the need to check any values. The movable component is not propelled through any artificial/engineered means just like a sled wouldn't be in real life.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a brake that produces a controllable resistance and further optionally wherein the controllable resistance acts on the movable component.

Optionally, wherein the controllable resistance is independent of the force exerted on the movable component by the user. Advantageously, this allows the controllable resistance applied to the movable resistance to be controlled to a greater extent than other arrangements. It also allows the controllable resistance to act without lag onto the moving component and hence more accurately simulates a real life sled push/pull. It also allows maintains the resistance should direction be changed instantly.

Optionally, wherein the controllable resistance acts instantaneously with a predefined resistance irrespective of the magnitude and/or direction of movement of the movable component. Such an arrangement more accurately simulating the effects of inertia in regards to a stationary mass. Therefore, more accurately simulating a real life sled push/pull.

Optionally, wherein the brake is an electromagnet. Further optionally, wherein the electromagnet is a magnetic particle brake. Such brakes provide an instantaneous acting and easy to control resistance.

Optionally, wherein the magnetic particle brake comprises a cavity, wherein within the cavity contains a shaft and cavity contained particles. Further optionally wherein, upon passing of a current, the cavity contained particles are uniformly suspended within the cavity of the magnetic particle brake such that they provide an instantaneous resistance to the shaft when the shaft is moved within the cavity. Further, further optionally, wherein the shaft of the magnetic particle brake is directly or indirectly forceably connected to the movable component such that said resistance is applied to the movable component. An advantage of this arrangement is that the infrastructure of the brake lends itself well to the application of an exercise machine intended to mimic the pushing of a sled. It is compact, relies on a current from an existing controller and complements/accommodates the shaft of the movable component.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine is configured for a user to exert a force onto the belt to work against the controllable resistance as applied onto the belt by the brake, wherein in doing so, the exercise machine is configured such that the user exerts a force onto the first and second force measurement sensors. Advantageously, this arrangement provides both, a weight to be overcome by a user thus constituting effective exercise and an effective force measurement scenario to accurately determine user performance.

Optionally, wherein the force measurement sensors are configured to measure both a compression and tension force. Further optionally, wherein each force measurement sensor is a load cell, optionally wherein the load cell is an S type load cells. The arrangement advantageously measures force in both pushing and pulling scenarios.

Optionally, wherein the force measurement sensors are positioned in or form part of a user contactable interface such as a handle or pushing/pulling pad. This is a convenient position to measure force from as the user has to push against an apparatus to move the movable component. This also allows having two handles that may measure the force split exerted from either side of the body.

Optionally, wherein the contactable interface or handles are adjustable in height. Advantageously, this accommodates users of a variety of heights.

Optionally, wherein the contactable interface or handles are configured to be used with a plurality of attachments and optionally wherein the attachments comprise shoulder pads, ropes, bands, harnesses and chains. Further optionally wherein the plurality of attachment are configured to be contacted by the user, and to pass the force exerted by the user to the contactable interface. Advantageously, this allows the user to tailor their workout to their needs.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a frame, and optionally wherein the movable component is a portion of the frame of the exercise machine. Further optionally, wherein the brake applies the controllable resistance to the portion of the frame. The avoids the need for a space consuming platform.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine is configured for a user to push the portion of the frame against the controllable resistance provided by the brake, and further optionally wherein in use the user is relatively stationary in respect to the exercise machine. Advantageously, this arrangement still provides the same workout benefits of a resisted platform but perhaps with less parts or less space consuming parts. This may be suited to home based exercise equipment that often needs to have a smaller footprint.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a rail and further optionally wherein the rail is configured to accommodate the portion of the frame and to provide a path for the portion of the frame to be pushed/pulled along.

The above frame and rail pushing/pulling arrangement may better suit environments with limited floor space that may not be able to accommodate a platform. Advantageously, it delivers the same inventive concept of the above embodiments and may feel more 'natural' for a user as they are pushing the ground and not a belt.

This may mimic the feeling of a pushing a car (in neutral) rather than a sled -but will provide a very similar exercise to the first embodiment described above.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a flywheel in operable connection with the moveable component, and further optionally in operable connection with the brake. Advantageously, this may introduce additional momentum into the system for a better user feel.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a secondary resistance application means and optionally wherein the secondary resistance application means is configured to act on the movable component should the controllable resistance abruptly disengage from the movable component during use. Further optionally, wherein the secondary resistance application means gradually decreases the resistance applied to the movable component and optionally wherein the disengagement of the controllable resistance from the movable component is a result of an absence of current within the brake or through a mechanical failure in the linking between the brake and the movable component. Such arrangement advantageously introduces a safety feature that prevents a user from propelling themselves should the resistance be removed abruptly. Further optionally, the secondary resistance application means is an instant jamming of the movable belt through a mechanical means should the controllable resistance abruptly disengage from the movable component during use.

Optionally, wherein the secondary resistance means is functionally connected with the brake and is configured to provide an immediate acting, decreasing resistance without a current source applied to the brake, for example, a capacitor integrated into the circuitry of the brake or an electromagnet that is spring loaded.

Advantageously, this provides a safety means in case of a power cut or mechanical failure. Such arrangement utilising the existing infrastructure of the exercise machine and magnetic particle brake to efficiently reapply a resistance should it be removed. The user would likely sense a decrease in resistance -but not experience a total instantaneous loss at any point.

Optionally, wherein the secondary resistance means is a mechanical dampening means configured to be applied instantaneously to the movable component, or a mechanical feature linked to the movable component, upon the disengagement of the controllable resistance from the movable component.

Advantageously, this is a simple method of applying a mechanical resistance with minimal dependence on electrics and may be more effective in case of a mechanical failure between the link of the movable component and the brake.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a handle or pair of handles in a vertical orientation and a frame at an angled orientation, wherein the angle is in the plane of the force exerted by a user. Advantageously, such arrangement is a structurally robust pushing/pulling arrangement.

In accordance with a second aspect of the invention there is provided an exercise machine for simulating a sled pushing and pulling activity, the exercise machine comprising: a brake, a user contactable interface, and a movable component; optionally wherein the brake applies a controllable resistance to the movable component; and further optionally wherein the controllable resistance is independent of the force exerted on the movable component. Advantageously, this allows the controllable resistance applied to the movable resistance to be controlled to a greater extent than other arrangements. It also allows the controllable resistance to act without lag onto the moving component and hence more accurately simulates a real life sled push/pull. It also allows maintains the resistance should direction be changed instantly.

Optionally, wherein the controllable resistance acts instantaneously with a predefined resistance irrespective of the direction and/or magnitude of movement of the movable component. Such an arrangement more accurately simulating the effects of inertia in regards to a stationary mass. Therefore, more accurately simulating a real life sled push/pull. It is noted that this feature may replace the feature of the controllable resistance being independent of force exerted by the user in an independent claim. These features may be used together, or alone.

Optionally, wherein the magnetic particle brake comprises a cavity, and within the cavity there is a shaft and cavity contained particles and optionally wherein, upon passing of a current, the cavity contained particles are uniformly suspended within a cavity of the magnetic particle brake such that they provide an instantaneous resistance to the shaft when the shaft is moved within the cavity. Further optionally, wherein the shaft of the magnetic particle brake is directly or indirectly connected to the movable component such that said resistance is applied to the movable component. An advantage of this arrangement is that the infrastructure of the brake lends itself well to the application of an exercise machine. It is compact, relies on a current from an existing controller and complements/accommodates the shaft of the movable component.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a platform and optionally wherein the movable component is configured to overlie an upper surface of the platform such that it is directly contactable by a user positioned atop the platform. Further optionally wherein the movable component is a belt, either modular or continuous, configured to revolve within or around the platform such that, in use, the user, when atop the platform, is provided with a continuous surface to apply a force upon. Further, further optionally, wherein the movable component is configured to revolve in a direction driven by the user exerted force. The benefit of this revolving arrangement is that the user is provided with a surface that can be moved for a prolonged duration without a need to reset the movable component to a starting position.

Optionally, wherein the speed of movement of the movable component is at least partially determined by the force exerted onto it by the user against the controllable resistance. Advantageously, this arrangement provides immediate feedback to the user of his/her performance without the need to check any values. The movable component is not propelled through any artificial/engineered means just like a sled wouldn't be in real life.

Optionally, wherein the user contactable interface is a first and second handle, optionally wherein the first and second handles comprise a first and second force measurement sensors. Advantageously, this is an effective location and perhaps a more convenient location to measure user exerted force that yields data from both sides of the body and avoids much more complicated sensor systems placed in the movable component itself.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a flywheel in operable connection with the moveable component, and optionally in operable connection with the brake. Advantageously, this may introduce additional momentum into the system for a better user feel.

Optionally, wherein the exercise machine comprises a secondary resistance application means, optionally wherein the secondary resistance application means is configured to act on the movable component should the controllable resistance abruptly disengages from the movable component during use. Further optionally wherein the secondary resistance application means gradually decreases the resistance applied to the movable component, optionally wherein the disconnection of the controllable resistance is a result of an absence of current within the brake or through a mechanical failure in the linking between the brake and the movable component. Such arrangement advantageously introduces a safety feature that prevents a user from propelling themselves should the resistance be removed abruptly.

Optionally, wherein the secondary resistance means is a means as part of the brake configured to provide an immediate acting, decreasing resistance without a current source applied to the brake, for example, a capacitor integrated into the circuity of the brake or a spring loaded electromagnet. Advantageously, this provides a safety means in case of a power cut or mechanical failure. Such arrangement utilising the existing infrastructure of the exercise machine and magnetic particle brake to efficiently reapply a resistance should it be removed.

In accordance with a third aspect of invention there is provided a method of operating an exercise machine to simulate a sled pushing/pulling activity, the method comprising the steps of: a controller adjusting the resistance of the brake in response to a user input, a brake applying the controllable resistance to the movable component, the controller beginning a measurement period, a first force measurement sensor measuring the total force exerted onto it. This allows the user to conveniently choose a weight they are comfortable with pushing/pulling. This also advantageously allows a force to be directly measured -rather than being determined via other means (such as power measurements).

Optionally, wherein the method further comprises the step of a second force measurement sensor operating alongside the first force measurement sensor to individually and concurrently measure the share of the total force exerted onto both the first and second force measurement sensor. This allows the exercise machine to determine the split of force exerted by either side of a user's body which is an important feedback criteria in determining the user's weaknesses. This second force measurement sensor is optional for this and other method based aspects.

Optionally, the method further comprises the steps of: a movable component or belt moving in response to a user exerted force, the controller measuring the speed of movement of the movable component, and further optionally displaying said measured speed on a display means. Advantageously, this provides the user with immediate and useful feedback of their live performance.

Optionally, wherein the controller measures the time taken for a distance of movement of the moveable component to be achieved. This is a very important measurement for many users interested in their time trials, and aids the controller determining physical quantities such as power and speed.

Optionally, wherein the time taken for the movable component to achieve a predefined distance starts after the movable component has travelled a distance of 15m. This allows a user to gain momentum before having a time reading taken in line with traditional bobsleigh rules which incorporates a 15m push prior to the start timing line.

Optionally, wherein the controller stops the measurement period after a distance of movement of 65m is achieved, optionally wherein 65m is the distance of a typical bobsleigh push. This is the length of a typical bobsleigh push and so allows the initial push of a bobsleigh to be mimicked effectively. In some embodiments the first 15m is entirely discounted as this period is not measured in bobsleigh This may create a 50m measurement after this first discarded portion.

Optionally, wherein during or at the end of a bobsleigh push the apparatus determines and displays at least one of: the acceleration of the user over the duration of the push, the instantaneous force exerted on the first force measurement sensor, the instantaneous force exerted on the second force measurement sensor, the instantaneous power output of the user, the power curve of the user during a workout, the instantaneous total force exerted by the user, the force ratio exerted on the first force measurement sensor and the second force measurement sensor. This a very comprehensive list of user performance indicators.

Optionally, wherein the first and second force measurement sensors record the force exerted onto them for a predefined duration of time and further optionally wherein this time period is begun by the force sensor measuring a force exerted by the user. This is another useful workout mode that tests user's force exertion and endurance. It is important to measure the force instantly, which the force measurement sensors do.

Optionally, wherein the controller records the time duration and stops recording force data from the first and second force measurement sensors at the end of the time duration.

Optionally, wherein the predefined period is 3 seconds, optionally wherein 3 seconds is a popular shove test time duration for a bobsleigh pushing test. This three second period may be from the beginning of the push, or from a point at which the user demonstrably raises the force they are applying (approximating a heavy side step function like change). The user may be able to define a 5 second period rather than three (although three may be more advantageous as it measures the particular peak force exertion very effectively).

Optionally, wherein during this duration of time the force measurement sensors record: the force, power and speed output of the user throughout the duration of the 3 seconds, the peak force, peak power and peak speed output of the user in the duration of the 3 seconds, the force magnitude, power magnitude and speed magnitude drop off in the duration of the 3 seconds, and the sustained force, sustained power and sustained speed of the user in the duration of the 3 seconds.

This is a comprehensive list of performance feedback.

Optionally, wherein the controller is configured to determine that the motion of the user in a first axis has switched from a first direction to a second direction. This is advantageous in determining repetitions of an endurance test, wherein one repetition may be the distance travelled before a change in direction.

Optionally, wherein the controller is configured to determine that the motion of the use in a first axis has switched from the second direction back to the first direction, further optionally wherein this sequence is repeated a plurality of times as part of an endurance test. This is a useful workout option for many users and athletes at a top level and a user may select a duration they would like to do. Advantageously, the controller may accommodate a whole range of distances and repetitions.

Optionally, the method of operating the exercise machine further comprising: determining that the user has pushed/pulled in the first direction for a pre-set distance; displaying to the user that they should switch their direction of motion from the first direction to the second direction. Advantageously, the controller may accommodate a whole range of distances and repetitions and provides useful prompts to the user accordingly so that they do not have to keep track of distances themselves.

Optionally, wherein during or at the end of the endurance test the apparatus determines and displays at least one of: the ratio of the force exerted by the user in the first direction to the force exerted by the user in the second direction, the acceleration of the user over the duration of the test, the instantaneous force exerted on the first force measurement sensor, the instantaneous force exerted on the second force measurement sensor, the instantaneous power output of the user, the power curve of the user during the endurance test, the instantaneous total force exerted by the user throughout the test, the force ratio exerted on the first force measurement sensor and the second force measurement sensor, and/or the time taken to complete the endurance test. This is a comprehensive list of performance feedback.

Optionally, wherein the apparatus determines the modulus of the force output when displaying to the user. This is perhaps a more useful display means to the user as they may not be interested or not possess the knowledge of vector conventions.

Brief Description of Figures

Figure 1 is a perspective view of an exercise machine in a first embodiment.

Figure 2 is an exploded perspective view of the exercise machine of Figure 1.

Figure 3 is a frontal view of the handle assembly of the exercise machine of Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 4 is a cross sectional view of the handle assembly of Figure 3 showing an indent that may be used to house force measurement sensors.

Figure 5 is a side-on cross sectional view of the handle piece of the handle assembly of Figures 3 and 4 showing the depth of the indent of Figure 4.

Figure 6a is a perspective view of an attachment bracket of the exercise machine of Figures 1 and 2 from a first viewpoint.

Figure 6b is a perspective view of the attachment bracket of Figure 6a from a second 15 viewpoint.

Figure 7A is a perspective view of a platform body of the exercise machine of Figures 1 and 2 with a brake mount attached onto it.

Figure 7B is a side on view of the platform body of Figure 7A viewed from the side of the brake mount is attached.

Figure 7C is a close-up side on view of the brake mount of Figures 7A and 7B.

Figure 8 is a schematic cross sectional view of a magnetic particle brake used in the exercise machine of Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 9 is a birds-eye view from atop the exercise machine of Figures 1 and 2. Figure 10 is a side-on view of the exercise machine of Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 11 is a frontal view from the perspective where a user will be exerting a force onto the handles of the exercise machine of Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 12 is a perspective view of an exercises machine in a second embodiment.

Figure 13 is a flowchart outlining the method of use of a first workout mode that is a typical 65m bobsleigh push workout.

Figure 14 is a flowchart outlining the method of use of a second workout mode that is a push of a 3-second duration.

Figure 15 is a flowchart outlining the method of use of a third workout mode that is an endurance test with intermittent changes in direction.

Detailed Description of Figures

Figures 1 and 2 show an exercise machine for simulating a sled pushing/pulling activity, the exercise machine comprising a force measurement sensor, wherein, in use, the force measurement sensor is configured to measure a force exerted on the exercise machine.

Figures 1 and 2 show an exercise machine for simulating a sled pushing and pulling activity, the exercise machine comprising a first force measurement sensor and a second force measurement sensor, wherein, in use, the first force measurement sensor and the second force measurement sensor each concurrently measure a share of the total force exerted on the exercise machine.

Figures 1 and 2 show an exercise machine for simulating a sled pushing/ pulling activity, the exercise machine comprising: a brake, a user contactable interface, and a movable component; wherein the brake applies a controllable resistance to the movable component; and wherein the controllable resistance is independent of the force exerted on the movable component.

More specifically, Figures 1 and 2 show the main structural features of the exercise machine in a first embodiment. These comprise a platform 3, a belt 5, an upright angled frame 7 (as will be referred to as a frame from herein) and a handle assembly 9.

In the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2, the handle assembly 9 is adjustably connected to the frame 7. This attachment allows for the height of the handle assembly 9 to be altered from ground level and therefore accommodates users of a wide range of heights. An important feature of this attachment, more clearly shown in the exploded view of Figure 2, is that the attachment is such that the handle assembly 9 maintains a vertical plane irrespective of its securement point on the frame 7. A benefit of this is that an optimum vertical pushing angle is maintained for all heights of users.

Also seen in Figures 1 and 2 is the rigid connection between the frame 7 and the platform 3. The angled nature of the upright frame 7 allows for a more structurally robust frame structure as compared to a completely vertical frame arrangement. Although the present invention accommodates both frame angles, the angled frame 7 allows for a much more advantageous stress profile at the rigid connection. The overall effect of the angled upright frame and the vertical pushing handles is that an optimum pushing structure is achieved.

In other embodiments of the present invention, modifications may be made to the handle assembly 9 angle, the angle of the frame 7 and the rigid connection. For the ease of manufacturing, the connection between the handle assemble 9 and the frame 7 may be completely rigid and even of unitary construction. Similarly, in other embodiments, the platform may be completely replaced with a rail, as will be described later. These are merely preferable features and not a sole representation of the present invention.

Also seen in Figures 1 and 2 is a belt 5 and a platform 3. The belt 5 is accommodated within the platform 3 such that a portion of the belt 5, the section visible in Figures 1 and 2, overlies an upper surface of the platform 3. This is done to allow the belt 5 to be directly contactable by a user when standing atop the platform 3. Figure 2 only shows the upper overlying section of the belt 5 and not the remainder of the belt 5 hidden and accommodated within the platform 3. In actuality, the belt 5 forms a conveying arrangement wherein the belt 5 is revolvable within, and around, the platform 3 whilst it is held by it. The belt 5 is unconstraint in the longitudinal axis of the platform 3 and is free to revolve in a first (forward) and second (backward) direction along this axis depending on the direction of the user exerted force. The endless nature of the belt 5 when revolving provides a user with a continuous surface onto which to apply a force. The belt 5 is shown as a continuous surface made of a unitary construction. In other embodiments, the belt may be of a modular construction with individual links joining together (not shown). In addition, other embodiments may entirely replacement the belt 5 with another movable component that is to be moved by a user in a forward and backward direction along a single axis.

Not shown in Figures 1 and 2, but may form an important feature of the present embodiment is a display means. Said display means may be mounted atop or between the frame 7 arms or within the handle assembly 9. The display means may interact with the user to obtain important information regarding the setting up of the exercise machine 1, for example, setting a resistance, duration or mode of exercise. The display may also feedback performance back to the user.

An electronics box 11 is shown in both Figures 1 and 2 and houses the circuitry and controller (not shown) needed for the force measurement and resistance application means of the exercise machine 1.

The structural features discussed above are configured such that a user, when atop the platform 3, can contact the duo handles 15 and position himself such that he is able to provide a force onto the handles 15 whilst pushing against the belt 5 (or other movable component 5) on the platform 3. Wherein the belt 5 is provided with a user chosen controllable resistance and each handle 15 is fitted with, or is made of, a force measurement sensor (not shown), each of which accurately measuring the force applied by the user. The controllable resistance is applied through an electromagnetic brake 2 and the force measurement sensors are strain gauges (not shown) measuring both tension and compression forces. Further sensing equipment may include means to measure belt speed, acceleration, and distance. A time keeping device may also be implemented. A controller that processes such measurements is naturally implemented.

Figure 3 shows part of the handle assembly 9 (attachment piece not shown here) seen from a frontal view and Figures 4 and 5 show a cross section of the handle assembly 9 from a front and side view respectively. For convenience, the piece shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5 will be referred to as a handle piece. Each lateral side of the handle piece, seen in Figure 3, has projections 13 used to connect with an attachment means. The handle piece is largely rectangular in this embodiment, but other shapes may be used, and comprises two individual handles 15 (or handle rods) spaced at an ergonomic distance apart. This distance may be similar to a user's shoulder width. Each handle rod 15 is configured to house a force measurement sensor (not shown), or is formed of a force measurement sensor-the arrangement for the latter such that the structure of the sensor forming part of the structure of the handle/ handle rod 15.

Figures 4 and 5 show an exemplary embodiment in the cross section of a handle 15 to accommodate a force measurement sensor Not shown. The force measurement sensor fitting within the cavity 17 shown in both figures. The force measurement sensor (not shown) is one that measures both tension and compression forces, for example, a load cell or more specifically an S type load cell.

The force measurement sensor, or S type load cell, is particular useful as it measures force (in Newtons) instead of power or other derivative functions of force as used in many other exercise machines, such as rowing machines. This provides a much more accurate measurement of user performance.

The arrangement of two force measurement sensors (or handles 15) seen in Figures 3-5 is particular useful. The first force measurement sensor and the second force measurement sensor each concurrently measure a share of the total force exerted on the exercise machine as a user works against a controllable resistance. Here, the total force exerted on the exercise machine 1 is the force exerted on both the force measurement sensors as the user pushes against the controllable resistance of the movable component or belt 5.

In other embodiments only one force measurement sensor may be used. For example a single force measurement sensor may be used in just a single handle, and the result of the force exerted may be doubled in order to infer the total force that the user has delivered/is delivering. In some embodiments, it is possible to use a single sensor to determine the share of force exerted by a users right and left side. For example, the handles pushed by the user may both be connected to a single central force measurement sensor. This may comprise a pivoting sensor. Therefore, the sensor may record the total force exerted, and any pivoting will be associated with an uneven distribution of said force. Therefore, the amount of pivoting will be indicative of the % split of force between the right and left sides by the user. This can be calibrated to give a share of the right and left force. In other embodiments, a central force measurement sensor may be used without the ability to determine the evenness of force distribution. In some embodiments this sensor could be offset from the centre to join the two handles at any point.

Not shown in the Figures is the controller that receives data from the first and second force measurement sensors and determines, at any given moment in time, the share of the total force exerted onto each respective force measurement sensor. Once more, the total force exerted is the force exerted on both the force measurement sensors.

It is an important point of the present exercise machine that a feedback means is provided that allows a user to distinguish between the force exerted by each side of his/her body when pushing against a resistance, such as a sled's weight. Therefore, the current arrangement of the dual force measurement handles 15 is much more than merely introducing two identical force sensors which independently record force output. The arrangement must be viewed in terms of the whole exercise machine's function, i.e. to firstly exert a peak force onto both the handles 15 (to generate the counterforce needed to push against a controllable resistance) and then to interpret the split of the forces exerted from each side of the body when generating ones peak force. This context is important.

In other embodiments, the handles 15 and handle piece 15 may be entirely replaced with another form of a user contactable surface. This may be a shoulder or pushing/pulling pad or other accessory (not shown). Ideally, the two force measurement sensor arrangement will still be present. In further embodiments it is also possible to use a plurality of attachments connected to the handles 15 or pushing/pulling pads. The may include ropes, bands, harnesses and chains, optionally wherein the plurality of attachment are configured to be contacted by the user, and to pass the force exerted by the user to the contactable interface.

Figures 6a and 6b show the attachment bracket 19 used to attach the handle assembly 9 onto the frame 7. This attachment bracket 19 is configured such that it attaches onto the frame 7 by replicating the angled profile of the frame 7 between its two arms-the frame then fitting between the space formed by the two arms 21. The pin 23 of the attachment bracket 19 can then be lined up and deployed into one of the apertures spanning the height of the frame 7 and tightened for securement. To remove or to adjust the height of the bracket 19, the grip-screw 25 of the attachment bracket 19 can be undone to retract the pin 23 from the aperture of the frame 7. On the second surface of the attachment bracket 19, the surface on the reverse side to the projecting arms of the bracket 19, there is an angled face 27. This angled face 27 is used to provide a face to which the handle assembly 9/piece attaches with the attachment bracket 19 and helps maintain the vertical plane of the handle piece 9.

This attachment between the handle assembly 9 and the bracket 19 may comprises additional connecting means, however, these are known standard industry features that do not need to be described in depth here. The important point is that the bracket 19 accommodates the angle of the frame 7 and provides an angled surface 27 in a second direction to allow for a vertical connection with the handle piece 9.

Figures 7a and 7b show the platform of the exercise machine from two different viewpoints. The belt 5, or any another movable component, is not shown in these figures. However, as already outlined the movable component would overlie the main upper surface of the platform 3 and be configured to revolve around or within the platform, such that a user is provided with an endless belt/surface onto which to exert a force. The movable component is configured to be moved along a predetermined path, preferably a singular axial path, and wherein the speed of the movable component is at least partially determined by the force exerted onto it by the user. Should the movable component be applied with a controllable resistance, the displacement, speed or acceleration of the movable component may be determined by the resultant force on the belt 5. The resultant force may be defined as the force exerted onto the movable component by the user taking away the controllable resistance (and other frictional losses) from it. The belt 5 may be linked to a sensor or controller that measures belt speed, displacement and power during use.

Figure 7c shows a brake mount 29 attached onto the platform of Figures 7a and 7b. The brake mount is used to attach with a brake 2, such as an electromagnet brake, or more specifically a magnetic particle brake. The magnetic particle brake attaches onto the brake mounts shown. The screw holes 31 can be seen lining the perimeter of the brake mount 29 along with a notch 33 spanning from the centre radially to the top of the brake mount. This notch may accommodate the shaft that links the magnetic particle brake to the movable component or belt.

Figure 8 shows the magnetic particle brake 2. The magnetic particle brake 2 is used to provide a controllable resistance onto the movable component or belt 5 of the exercise machine 1. The controllable resistance produced by the brake 2 is set by a user through communication between the brake 2 and the controller of the exercise machine 1.

The magnetic particle brake 2 comprises a cavity 35 contains a shaft 37 and numerous particles 39. The shaft 37 may be directly or indirectly connected to the movable component 5 such that the movement of the movable component 5 is translated into the movement (or rotation) of the shaft 37 within the cavity 35 of the brake. The particles may be a metallic powder or other magnetic substance. The brake 2 functions upon passing of a current, the amount of which is determined by the controller from the user input and once it is received by the brake 2, the particles are uniformly suspended within the cavity. This allows the brake to provide an instantaneous and uniform resistance to the shaft 37, and therefore the movable component, when the shaft 37 is moved within the cavity 39.

The functionality of the brake 2 as described above and its rigid link to the movable component via a stiff shaft 37 also provides additional benefits. The controllable resistance acts instantaneously on the movable component with a predefined resistance irrespective of the magnitude or direction of movement of the movable component. The controllable resistance is also independent of the force exerted on the movable component by the user. Therefore, the momentum of the movable component has no effect on the resistance applied to it, this resistance value is entirely controlled by the controller and brake and may be constant if needed for a particular exercise. This allows for a much more controlled exercise environment that cant be said for other exercise machines. In practice, the first push exerted by a user will be met with the predetermined set resistance without any lag or movement of the belt before the resistance is experienced. This substantially enhances training at the top level of athletes as this initial push is vital to train accurately for when pushing a real sled or weight. This feature may also be particularly advantages in workouts where a sudden change in forward and backward direction is required, once again, the resistance acting without delay or lag with respect to belt movement.

Figures 9, 10 and 11 show the exercise machine 1 of a first embodiment from different viewpoints.

Not seen in the Figures above is a visual representation of a fly wheel. A fly wheel, or alternative roller, may be used to connect to the shaft of the brake. This may implement additional momentum into the exercise machine.

Also not shown in the figures above is a secondary resistance application means. This secondary resistance application means may be a secondary function of the magnetic particle brake or may be applied through a mechanical dampening means. The secondary resistance application means is configured to act on the movable component should the controllable resistance abruptly disengage from the movable component during use and gradually decreases the resistance applied to the movable component. This is done to protect to user against his own force exertion resulting in a sudden jerked movement should a resistance be removed instantly. The disengagement of the controllable resistance from the movable component may be a result of a sudden absence of current within the brake 2 (power cut) or through a mechanical failure in the linking between the brake 2 and the movable component.

For a secondary resistance application means applied through the brake, the secondary resistance application may be functionally connected with the brake and be configured to provide an immediate acting, decreasing resistance without a current source applied to the brake. This may be applied via a capacitor integrated into the circuitry of the brake or an electromagnet that is spring loaded to some extent. The capacitor may be charged up during normal use and only engage when needed to provide sufficient charge for a gradually decreasing resistance. A spring loaded electromagnet may comprise a resistance means configured to stay disengaged should an electric field be induced around the electromagnet. Only upon its removal may the spring loaded system deploy to utilise the existing infrastructure of the electromagnet brake to provide the decreasing resistance.

For a secondary resistance application means applied through a mechanical approach, that does not utilise the electromagnet, it may be that a dampening means is configured to be applied instantaneously to the movable component, or a mechanical feature linked to the movable component, upon the disengagement of the controllable resistance from the movable component. Such a means may comprise a brake pad that comes into contact with the shaft of the movable component to slow its movement down. This arrangement will rely on providing a contact friction force onto the shaft or belt of the movable component that is proportional to the force exerted onto it by the user. Such an arrangement will return to its 'normal' retracted state when not needed.

Alternatively, a means of immediately stopping the movement of the movable component may be utilised. This may be through the secondary means as discussed above. It may be the case that the electromagnet may be configured to apply a max resistance when charged by the capacitor (or spring loaded arrangement). Similarly, a jamming means may be implemented to mechanical stop the movable component should the controllable resistance be removed.

Figure 12 shows an alternative embodiment of the exercise machine 100 described thus far. This embodiment shows the platform 3 being replaced with a set of parallel rails 41 onto which the frame 7 attaches. The rails 41 providing a path for the frame 7 to be pushed or pulled along. Unlike the previous embodiment, where the movable component was a belt 5 to be moved against a controllable resistance, the movable component here is the frame 7, or a portion of the frame, itself. The magnetic particle brake 2 described above is still implemented, however, the controllable resistance is applied to the base of the frame 7 and resists its movement along the rails 41. The frame may be moved along the rails 41 via wheels, sliders or rollers (not shown), in which case the controllable resistance of the brake 2 may apply directly or indirectly to these means.

In use, this embodiment requires the user to push a portion of the frame 7 along the rails 41 against the controllable resistance provided by the magnetic particle brake 2.

Hence, as compared to the previous embodiment of Figures 1 and 2, the user is relatively stationary in respect to the exercise machine 100.

Although the embodiment 100 seen in Figure 12 is of a set of parallel rails 41, it is entirely possible to have a singular track/rail 41 that spans the width of the exercise machine 100. Other means may also be implemented that involve pushing a frame 7 along a predefined path. The object of the invention covers all such embodiments as the focus is on providing a single axial path for a frame 7 to pushed or pulled along.

Figures 13, 14 and 15 show flowcharts outlining a method of use of the exercise machine for three different workout options.

Figure 13 outlines the method 300 for simulating a popular Bobsleigh Push workout that requires a user pushing a bobsleigh for 65m in a time trial, wherein the time starts as the bobsleigh has travelled 15m. Here, the movement of the bobsleigh is represented by the movement of the movable component.

The start sequence 301 is consistent with the 'normal' function of the machine where a user selects a bobsleigh weight and optionally a terrain via the display means of the exercise machine. This input data is then communicated to the controller which accordingly adjusts the current in the electromagnetic brake to set its controllable resistance.

In use 302, a user configures themselves such that they exert a force onto the movable component to work against its resistance and move it in a first direction whilst pushing against the one or both the force measurement sensors located in the handles. At this stage 303, the movable component travels in a first direction and both the force measurement sensors concurrently record live force data and communicate these with the controller. The controller may store this data or display it live during the workout as instant feedback. The controller also has means to record the speed, displacement and acceleration of the movable component and to record time.

The controller starts to record displacement upon first movement of the movable component by the user exerted force 304. The time is then preferably recorded from the point the movable component reaches a displacement of 15m and is recorded until the displacement of the movable component reaches 65m 305-307. This is in line with a popular bobsleigh workout that allows a push distance of 15m in which momentum is to be accumulated before recording the time as part of a time trial for the 50m push. In a bobsleigh run 50m is the point at which the crew enter the bobsleigh and therefore stop pushing.

During this time trial, the controller may measure additional performance indicators such as speed and acceleration of the movable component.

After the 65m push is achieved, the controller may stop recording time 308. The controller may process any raw data of force, displacement and time into power, acceleration and speed during the course of the time trail to present this feedback live or it may present at the end. For peak values, it may be advantageous to process data at the end of the trial.

Performance feedback provided back to the user 309 will include the time taken to 35 complete the 65 m push (with time measured from 15m) and may include any one of; the acceleration of the user over the duration of the push, the instantaneous force exerted on the first force measurement sensor, the instantaneous force exerted on the second force measurement sensor, the instantaneous power output of the user, the power curve of the user during a workout, the instantaneous total force exerted by the user, the force ratio exerted on the first force measurement sensor and the second force measurement sensor.

Figure 14 outlines the method 400 for simulating a 3 second push workout. This workout simply requires a user to exert a maximum effort force for a duration of 3 seconds.

The start of the method 401 is identical to the bobsleigh push workout where the user selects a weight via the display and the controller communicates this to the brake's resistance. The user then configures themselves 402 such that they exert a force onto the movable component to work against its resistance and move it in a first direction whilst pushing against the one or both the force measurement sensors located in the handles.

The force measurement sensors instantly (and concurrently) record the force data from the applied user force 403 and communicate it to the controller which immediately begins to record time 404. This data may be stored to calculate performance factors at the end of the workout.

As the time reaches 3 seconds 405 the controller stops recording the time and the readings from the force measurement sensors 406. The controller can then display the relevant performance feedback on the display means 407.

The performance factors may be processed live by the controller or after the 3 second duration.

Performance factors of note regarding this workout may include: the force, power and speed output of the user, the peak force, peak power and peak speed output of the user, the force magnitude, power magnitude and speed magnitude drop off, and the sustained force, sustained power and sustained speed of the user.

Such an arrangement is once again particularly useful in identifying a difference between force exerted by either side of a users body when overcoming a resistance.

Figure 15 outlines a method 500 for an endurance workout that requires a user to change directions (forward or back) after travelling a set distance. The set distance may be set by the user at the start of the workout and so can the number of repetitions (changes in directions). The start of the method 501 is identical to that discussed for Figures 13 and 14 where a weight is selected via a display means and then communicated to the brake by the controller.

The user then configures themselves 502 such that they exert a force onto the movable component to work against its resistance and move it in a first direction whilst pushing against the one or both the force measurement sensors located in the handles. At this stage 503, the movable component travels in a first direction and both the force measurement sensors concurrently record live force data and communicate these with the controller. The controller may store this data or display it live during the workout as instant feedback. The controller also has means to record the speed, displacement and acceleration of the movable component and to record time. The controller starts to record displacement and time upon first movement of the movable component by the user exerted force 504.

Once the movable component has travelled a predefined distance in a first direction, a user then exerts a force in the opposition direction to switch the direction of motion of the movable component to a second direction 505.

The controller recognises this change of direction for vector based performance indicators or to calculate a different between a pushing and pulling force of a user 506. It also stores this change as a "set" or "repetition" to aid in the determining of the end of the endurance after a predefined number of sets or directional changes Once the movable component has travelled a predefined distance in this second direction, a user then exerts a force in the opposition direction to switch the direction of motion of the movable component back to the first direction 507.

The controller once again recognises this direction changes and stores a record of it 508. After a predefined number of sets 509 the controller may display the time taken 25 to complete the endurance and other performance data 510.

The performance data of particular relevance to this workout may be: the ratio of the force exerted by the user in the first direction to the force exerted by the user in the second direction, the acceleration of the user over the duration of the test, the instantaneous force exerted on the first force measurement sensor, the instantaneous force exerted on the second force measurement sensor, the instantaneous power output of the user, the power curve of the user during the endurance test, the instantaneous total force exerted by the user throughout the test, the force ratio exerted on the first force measurement sensor and the second force measurement sensor, and/or the time taken to complete the endurance test.

Once again, these may be recorded, processed and displayed live during the workout or at the end.

The above embodiments are to be understood as illustrative examples. Further embodiments are also envisaged. It is to be understood that any feature described in relation to any one embodiment may be used alone, or in combination with other features described and may also be used in combination with one or more features of any other of the embodiments, or any combination of any other of the embodiments.

Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not described above may also be employed without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined in the accompanying claims.

In some examples, one or more memory elements can store data and/or program instructions used to implement the methods described herein. Embodiments of the disclosure provide tangible, non-transitory storage media comprising program instructions operable to program a processor to said method and/or claimed herein.

The processor/controller of such apparatus (and any of the methods, activities or instructions outlined herein) may be implemented with fixed logic such as assemblies of logic gates or programmable logic such as software and/or computer program instructions executed by a processor. Other kinds of programmable logic include programmable processors, programmable digital logic (e.g. a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or any other kind of digital logic, software, code, electronic instructions, flash memory, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD ROMs, magnetic or optical cards, other types of machine-readable mediums suitable for storing electronic instructions, or any suitable combination thereof. Such data storage media may also provide the data storage of the manufacturing device.

Claims

Claims 1. An exercise machine for simulating a sled pushing/pulling activity, the exercise machine comprising a force measurement sensor, wherein, in use, the force measurement sensor is configured to measure a force exerted on the exercise machine.
2. The exercise machine of claim 1 or 17, wherein the exercise machine comprises a second force measurement sensor, wherein, in use, the first force measurement sensor and the second force measurement sensor each concurrently measure a share of the total force exerted on the exercise machine.
3. The exercise machine of any preceding claim or claim 17, when dependant on claim 2, wherein the exercise machine is configured for a user to exert a force onto the first and second force measurement sensors to work against a controllable resistance.
4. The exercise machine of any claims 1 to 3 or claim 17, when dependant on 2, wherein the exercise machine comprises a controller that is configured to receive data from the first and second force measurement sensors and determine, at any given time, the share of the total force exerted onto each respective force measurement sensor, wherein the total force is the force exerted onto both the force measurement sensors.
5. The exercise machine of any preceding claim or claim 17, wherein the exercise machine comprises a movable component configured to be moved along a predetermined path, optionally wherein the movable component is configured to be moved forwards and backwards along a single axis, and wherein the controllable resistance is applied to the movable component.
6. The exercise machine of claim 5, wherein the exercise machine comprises a platform; wherein the movable component is configured to overlie an upper surface of the platform such that it is directly contactable by a user, wherein the movable component is a belt, either modular or continuous, configured to revolve within or around the platform such that, in use, the user, when atop the platform, is provided with a continuous surface to apply a force upon; and wherein, the movable component is configured to revolve in a direction driven by the user exerted force.
7. The exercise machine of any claims 5 to 6, wherein the speed of movement of the movable component is at least partially determined by the force exerted onto it by the user.
8. The exercise machine of any preceding claim, when dependant on claim 5, wherein the exercise machine comprises a brake that produces a controllable resistance, wherein the controllable resistance acts on the movable component, optionally wherein the controllable resistance is independent of the force exerted on the movable component by the user.
9. The exercise machine of claim 8, wherein the controllable resistance acts instantaneously with a predefined resistance irrespective of the magnitude and/or direction of movement of the movable component.
10. The exercise machine of any claims 8 or 9, wherein the brake is an electromagnet, optionally wherein the electromagnet is a magnetic particle brake, optionally wherein the magnetic particle brake comprises a cavity, wherein within the cavity contains a shaft and cavity contained particles; wherein, upon passing of a current, the cavity contained particles are uniformly suspended within the cavity of the magnetic particle brake such that they provide an instantaneous resistance to the shaft when the shaft is moved within the cavity, wherein the shaft of the magnetic particle brake is directly or indirectly forceably connected to the movable component such that said resistance is applied to the movable component.
11. The exercise machine of claim 6, when dependant on claims 2 and 8, wherein the exercise machine is configured for a user to exert a force onto the belt to work against the controllable resistance as applied onto the belt by the brake, wherein in doing so, the exercise machine is configured such that the user exerts a force onto the first and second force measurement sensors.
12. The exercise machine of any preceding claim, wherein the force measurement sensors are configured to measure both a compression and tension force.
13. The exercise machine of any preceding claim, wherein the force measurement sensor is a load cell, optionally wherein the load cell is an S type load cells.
14. The exercise machine of any preceding claim, when dependant on claim 2, wherein the force measurement sensors are positioned in or form part of a user contactable interface such as a handle or pushing/pulling pad, optionally wherein the contactable interface or handles are adjustable in height.
15. The exercise machine of claim 14, wherein the contactable interface or handles are configured to be used with a plurality of attachments, wherein the attachments comprise shoulder pads, ropes, bands, harnesses and chains, optionally wherein the plurality of attachment are configured to be contacted by the user, and to pass the force exerted by the user to the contactable interface, optionally wherein the brake of claims 8 to 10, applies the controllable resistance to the portion of the frame, optionally wherein the exercise machine is configured for a user to push the portion of the frame against the controllable resistance provided by the brake, wherein in use the user is relatively stationary in respect to the exercise machine, optionally wherein the exercise machine comprises a rail, wherein the rail is configured to accommodate the portion of the frame and to provide a path for the portion of the frame to be pushed/pulled along; and/or wherein the exercise machine comprises a handle or pair of handles in a vertical orientation and a frame at an angled orientation, wherein the angle is in the plane of the force exerted by a user.
16. The exercise machine of any preceding claims or claim 17, wherein the exercise machine comprises a flywheel in operable connection with the moveable component, and optionally in operable connection with the brake; and/or wherein the exercise machine comprises a frame, wherein the movable component is a portion of the frame of the exercise machine; and/or wherein the exercise machine comprises a secondary resistance application means, wherein the secondary resistance application means is configured to act on the movable component should the controllable resistance abruptly disengage from the movable component during use, wherein the secondary resistance application means gradually decreases the resistance applied to the movable component, optionally wherein the disengagement of the controllable resistance from the movable component is a result of an absence of current within the brake or through a mechanical failure in the linking between the brake and the movable component, optionally wherein the secondary resistance means is functionally connected with the brake and is configured to provide an immediate acting, decreasing resistance without a current source applied to the brake, for example, a capacitor integrated into the circuitry of the brake or an electromagnet that is spring loaded, optionally wherein the secondary resistance means is a mechanical dampening means configured to be applied instantaneously to the movable component, or a mechanical feature linked to the movable component, upon the disengagement of the controllable resistance from the movable component.
17. An exercise machine for simulating a sled pushing/ pulling activity, the exercise machine comprising: a brake, a user contactable interface, and a movable component; wherein the brake applies a controllable resistance to the movable component; and wherein the controllable resistance is independent of the force exerted on the movable component.
18. The exercise machine of claim 17, wherein the controllable resistance acts instantaneously with a predefined resistance irrespective of the direction and/or 25 magnitude of movement of the movable component.
19. The exercise machine of any claims 17 or 18, wherein the brake is an electromagnet.
20. The exercise machine of claim 19, wherein the electromagnet is a magnetic particle brake, optionally wherein the magnetic particle brake comprises a cavity, and within the cavity there is a shaft and cavity contained particles; wherein, upon passing of a current, the cavity contained particles are uniformly suspended within a cavity of the magnetic particle brake such that they provide an instantaneous resistance to the shaft when the shaft is moved within the cavity, wherein the shaft of the magnetic particle brake is directly or indirectly connected to the movable component such that said resistance is applied to the movable component.
21. A method of operating an exercise machine to simulate a sled pushing/pulling activity, the method comprising the steps of: a controller adjusting the resistance of the brake in response to a user input, a brake applying the controllable resistance to the movable component, the controller beginning a measurement period, a first force measurement sensor measuring the total force exerted onto it.
22. The method of operating the exercise machine of claim 21, wherein the method further comprises the step of a second force measurement sensor operating alongside the first force measurement sensor to individually and concurrently measure the share of the total force exerted onto both the first and second force measurement sensor.
23. The method of operating the exercise machine of any claims 21 or 22, wherein the method further comprises the steps of: a movable component or belt moving in response to a user exerted force, the controller measuring the speed of movement of the movable component, and optionally displaying said measured speed on a display means, optionally wherein the controller measures the time taken for a distance of movement of the moveable component to be achieved.
24. The method of operating the exercise machine of any claims 21 to 23, wherein the time taken for the movable component to achieve a predefined distance starts after the movable component has travelled a distance of 15m, optionally wherein the controller stops the measurement period after a distance of movement of 65m is achieved, optionally wherein 65m is the distance of a typical bobsleigh push, optionally wherein during or at the end of a bobsleigh push the apparatus determines and displays at least one of: the acceleration of the user over the duration of the push, the instantaneous force exerted on the first force measurement sensor, the instantaneous force exerted on the second force measurement sensor, the instantaneous power output of the user, the power curve of the user during a workout, the instantaneous total force exerted by the user, the force ratio exerted on the first force measurement sensor and the second 35 force measurement sensor.
25. The exercise machine of any claims 21 to 23, wherein the first and second force measurement sensors record the force exerted onto them for a predefined duration of time, optionally wherein this time period is begun by the force sensor measuring a force exerted by the user, optionally wherein the controller records the time duration and stops recording force data from the first and second force measurement sensors at the end of the time duration, optionally wherein the predefined period is 3 seconds, optionally wherein 3 seconds is a popular shove test time duration for a bobsleigh pushing test, optionally wherein during this duration of time the force measurement sensors record: the force, power and speed output of the user throughout the duration of the 3 seconds, the peak force, peak power and peak speed output of the user in the duration of the 3 seconds, the force magnitude, power magnitude and speed magnitude drop off in the duration of the 3 seconds, and the sustained force, sustained power and sustained speed of the user in the duration of the 3 seconds.
26. The method of operating the exercise machine of claim 23,wherein the controller is configured to determine that the motion of the user in a first axis has switched from a first direction to a second direction, optionally wherein the controller is configured to determine that the motion of the use in a first axis has switched from the second direction back to the first direction, optionally wherein this sequence is repeated a plurality of times as part of an endurance test, optionally further comprising: determining that the user has pushed/pulled in the first direction for a pre-set distance; displaying to the user that they should switch their direction of motion from the first direction to the second direction, optionally wherein during or at the end of the endurance test the apparatus determines and displays at least one of: the ratio of the force exerted by the user in the first direction to the force exerted by the user in the second direction, the acceleration of the user over the duration of the test, the instantaneous force exerted on the first force measurement sensor, the instantaneous force exerted on the second force measurement sensor, the instantaneous power output of the user, the power curve of the user during the endurance test, the instantaneous total force exerted by the user throughout the test, the force ratio exerted on the first force measurement sensor and the second force measurement sensor, and/or the time taken to complete the endurance test; optionally wherein the apparatus determines the modulus of the force output when displaying to the user.
27. The method of any of claims 21 to 26, wherein the exercise machine is the exercise machine of any of claims 1-20.