GB2642985A

GB2642985A - Bollards and barriers

Info

Publication number: GB2642985A
Application number: GB2410916.7A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Nicholas Ball Robert
Original assignee: ATG Access Ltd
Current assignee: ATG Access Ltd
Priority date: 2024-07-25
Filing date: 2024-07-25
Publication date: 2026-02-04
Also published as: GB202410916D0

Abstract

A fixed vehicle barrier 1 comprises a bollard 2 with at least two post members having upper 6, 7 and lower length parts 9, 10 joined together. The lower parts are splayed to form a bollard footing assembly. The barrier further comprises a rigid pavement surface layer 3 in which a through-hole 5 is formed, thorough which the upper length parts extend above, from the footing assembly located below. A transverse dimension of the footing assembly is greater than that of the through-hole. The upper length parts may be integrally joined by an inter-post bend 8 to form a multi-post member. The multi-post member may be resiliently flexible to reduce the transverse dimension, to permit passage of the footing assembly through the through-hole. The post member may be formed of spring steel. The bollard apparatus may comprise a sub-surface foundation part formed below the through-hole and extending laterally under the pavement surface layer, the foundation comprises a cement or concrete material. A kit comprises a bollard apparatus insertable into a through-hole. A method for assembling a barrier comprises inserting a bollard footing into a through-hole.

Description

[0001] Bollards and Barriers

[0002] Field of the Invention

[0003] The invention relates to bollards, for use alone or as a plurality, for providing a barrier. In particular, though not exclusively, the invention relates to bollards for use in providing a vehicular impact barrier.

[0004] Background

[0005] Barriers suitable for withstanding impacts from a vehicle typically comprise concrete blocks placed upon the ground, or vertical posts embedded within the ground, such as within concrete. In order to provide sufficient resistance to impacts from moving vehicles moving, the concrete blocks must be heavy and large, or the posts must be deeply embedded in the ground, to enable them to absorb and/or disperse the high energies involved.

[0006] However, the large size required of concrete blocks renders them very difficult to transport to site, to emplace to form the barrier.

[0007] Similarly, the embedding of vertical posts to sufficient depth often requires deep excavation which may be costly in man-hours and time-consuming, or may be impossible if excavation disrupts underground services at the excavation site, such as power/telecommunications cables, or water, gas or sewage pipes etc. The present invention has been devised in light of the above considerations.

[0008] Summary of the Invention

[0009] At its most general, the invention proposes to exploit existing rigid pavement infrastructure in the provision of a bollard apparatus, and vehicle barrier comprising one or more such bollards adapted to extend through, and interface with, a rigid pavement surface layer as an impact load-bearing part of the barrier.

[0010] The use herein of the term "pavement" may include a reference to a durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic. A roadway and a walkway are examples. A pavement may comprise a "surface course" defining the surface layer of the pavement with which pedestrians and/or vehicles are intended to make direct contact. This surface course may optionally rest upon an underlying base course formed of granular aggregate material. The base course may rest upon a natural ground surface, such as soil, known as the "sub-grade" surface. Optionally, the underlying base course may be omitted such that the surface course rests directly upon a ground surface. A pavement is known in the art as a "rigid" pavement if the surface course is formed of a material having a high modulus of elasticity which does not allow the surface course to flex appreciably. An example of a material suitable for use as the surface course of a rigid pavement is a concrete comprising, for example, a Portland cement mixed with an aggregate. By contrast a pavement is known in the art as a "flexible" pavement if the surface course is formed of a material having a lower modulus of elasticity which does allow the surface course to flex appreciably. An example of a material suitable for use as the surface course of a flexible pavement is an asphalt material designed to flex to accommodate vehicle or pedestrian loads.

[0011] In a first aspect, the invention may provide a fixed vehicle barrier comprising: a bollard apparatus comprising at least two post members each comprising an upper length part joined to a lower length part such that the lower length part extends transversely relative to the upper length part; and, the upper length parts of the at least two post members are joined together such that respective lower length parts thereof are splayed thereby collectively providing a bollard footing assembly; wherein the fixed vehicle barrier further comprises: a rigid pavement surface layer (e.g., "surface course") in which a through-hole is formed through which the upper length parts of the bollard apparatus extend above the pavement surface layer from the bollard footing assembly located below the pavement surface layer; wherein a transverse dimension (e.g., transverse to the upper length parts) of the bollard footing assembly exceeds a transverse dimension of the through-hole such that the pavement surface layer obstructs passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole. The upper length parts of the at least two post members of the bollard apparatus may extend above the pavement surface layer in an upstanding direction from the pavement surface layer.

[0012] The upper length parts of two or more of the at least two post members may be joined together (e.g., integrally formed as such) or connected or held together (e.g., at/by a mutual joint structure and/or a fastening mechanism). The upper length parts of two or more of the at least two post members may be joined together to inhibit or prevent relative motion between upper length parts post members. This adds structural strength to the bollard apparatus. The upper length parts of two or more of the at least two post members may be joined, connected or held together at the respective distal ends thereof furthest from the respective lower length parts thereof For example, the distal ends may be the ends of the post members that are uppermost in use (or intended to be so). The lower length parts of two or more of the at least two post members may be located at respective distal ends of the post members that are lowmost in use (or intended to be so). The at least two post members, when configured to be connected or held together, may be substantially identical in shape and structure. Optionally the at least two post members, when configured to be connected or held together, may be of differing lengths configured such that when connected together at their uppermost ends align, e.g., one atop another, in vertical (e.g., stacked) succession, and their lowermost ends are aligned in register (e.g., coplanar, or side-by-side) to define a footing assembly with a common footing base extending in a common plane. The upper length parts of each one of the at least two post members, when configured to be connected or held together, may be comprise a terminal interface part configured to form a contacting interface with a terminal interface part of any other one of the at least two post members. The terminal interface part may provide an interface via which the two or more post members are connected (or connectable) together. The terminal interface part of a given post member may extend transversely (e.g., substantially perpendicularly) relative to the portions of the upper length part located between the terminal interface part and the lower length part of the give post member. The terminal interface part may terminate a given post member and may be uppermost in use. The terminal interface part and the lower length part of a given post member may each extend transversely in different (e.g., opposite) respective directions relative to the portions of the upper length part located between the terminal interface part and the lower length part of the give post member. The terminal interface parts of the two or more post members may converge together at a mutual place of connection of the two or post members. The terminal interface parts of the two or more post members may align, e.g., one atop another, in vertical (e.g., stacked) succession The lower length parts of the two or more post members may diverge from each other (i.e., splay outwardly to form a bollard footing).

[0013] This transverse dimension (e.g., transverse to the upper length parts) of the bollard footing assembly renders the bollard footing assembly unable to pass through the through-hole because the parts of the pavement surface layer around the through-hole obstruct/prevent the bollard footing assembly from through the through-hole. Consequently, if a vehicular impact takes place and imparts impact forces upon the upper length parts of the multi-post member, a torque force results which urges a pivoting motion of the length parts of the multi-post member, upstanding from the rigid pavement surface layer upper, about the through-hole (acting as a fulcrum). A corresponding pivoting motion of the bollard footing assembly is likewise urged below the rigid pavement surface layer upper causing the transversely-extending lower length parts to generate a reactive force upon their immediate surroundings. This reactive force acts to impede, reduce or prevent the pivoting motion of the bollard footing assembly and the bollard part as a whole and, in so doing, absorb and/or disperse impact forces in a more controlled and progressive manner.

[0014] The through-hole formed through the rigid pavement surface layer a borehole that has been formed by cutting the through-hole in the pavement surface layer. For example, the through-hole may be a circular through-hole. For example, a circular through-hole may be formed by a process of core-drilling through the rigid pavement surface layer to remove a cylindrical core of circular cross-section of the rigid material of the pavement surface layer. For example, the through-hole may be a rectangular (e.g., square) through-hole. For example, a rectangular through-hole may be formed by a process of sawing through the rigid pavement surface layer, such as with a circular saw, to remove a rectangular piece of the rigid material of the pavement surface layer. The through-hole passes fully through the rigid pavement surface layer to an underlying base course or a natural ground surface or sub-grade surface.

[0015] A region of a base course, and/or a natural ground surface or sub-grade surface, adjacent to an underside of the rigid pavement surface layer and adjacent to the through-hole, may comprise an excavated region within which the bollard footing assembly resides. The bollard apparatus of the vehicle barrier may comprise a sub-surface foundation part formed below the through-opening and extending laterally under the pavement surface layer, the sub-surface foundation part comprising a cement or concrete material within which the bollard footing assembly is embedded. A foundation part may be about 400mm in depth or less. The sub-surface foundation part may comprise a reinforced concrete, for example, such as a fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) or some other suitable hard-setting foundation material. An FRC contains fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibres that are typically uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The sub-surface foundation part helps in generating and sustaining reactive force to impede, reduce or prevent the pivoting motion of the bollard footing assembly and the bollard part as a whole during a vehicular impact event. In so doing, sub-surface foundation part helps to absorb and/or disperse impact forces in a more controlled and progressive manner.

[0016] In this way, the lower end parts of the bollard apparatus may be embedded in a foundation (e.g., cement or concrete), in use, to position the upper length pads of the plurality of post members to extend in an upward direction above the rigid pavement surface layer and to position the lower length parts of the bollard apparatus (i.e., of the bollard footing assembly) to extend in generally horizontal direction below the rigid pavement surface layer. The invention may comprise a vehicle barrier comprising a plurality of said bollard apparatuses each one of which is embedded in a separate respective foundation part unconnected by foundation material to a foundation part of any other one of the plurality of said bollard apparatuses. An excavated region of each one of the plurality of said bollard apparatuses may be a separate respective excavation region unconnected to an excavation region of any other one of the plurality of said bollard apparatuses. In this way, the excavation region and foundation part of any one bollard apparatus of the plurality of bollard apparatuses, may be provided independently of the excavation region and foundation part of any other bollard apparatus of the plurality of bollard apparatuses, giving greater flexibility in the placement of the bollard apparatuses within the vehicle barrier during construction, and the amount of excavation and foundation material required.

[0017] The horizontal direction of the lower length parts of the plurality of post members greatly reduces the depth or excavation needed to place the bollard apparatus. The bollard apparatus may be placed to position the upper length part of a trailing one of the at least two post members to face away from the expected direction of vehicular impact, and to position the upper length part of a leading one of the at least two post members to face towards the expected direction of vehicular impact. This means that an impact force is likely to be directed against the upper length part of the leading post member to urge an energy-absorbing compression of the bollard apparatus in which the leading post member is pushed towards and/or against the trailing one.

[0018] The upper length part of a post member may be integrally joined to a lower length part such that the lower length part extends transversely relative to the upper length part from a bend in the post member. A post member may comprise single piece, such as a bar or beam bent into a desired shape including the bend joining the lower length part to the upper length part. Each post member may be formed of spring steel.

[0019] Respective upper length parts of each one of two of the post members may be integrally joined together by an inter-post bend to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly. For example, the multi-post member may comprise a single piece. The single piece may comprise a bar or beam bent into a desired shape including the inter-post bend. Each multi-post member may be formed of spring steel.

[0020] The post members are preferably formed of metal, such manganese or steel, preferably spring steel. Each post member may be formed of spring steel. Spring steel provides a resistance to snapping or shattering. Spring steel may be a low-alloy, medium-carbon steel or high-carbon steel with a very high yield strength. This allows the posts, when made of spring steel, to urge to return to their original shape despite significant bending or twisting. The lower length part of at least one (or each) post member may be integrally formed with the upper length part and the bend thereof as a single-piece of continuous material (e.g., without welds for joining the upper and lower length parts). This reduces the number of potential points of failure at the bend, such as would occur at welding joins where forces may otherwise be concentrated. The posts may be machined (e.g. cut) metal, cast metal or forged metal. As the metal is shaped during the forging process, its internal grain deforms to follow the general shape of the part. As a result, the grain is continuous throughout the part, giving rise to a piece with improved strength characteristics.

[0021] The multi-post member may be resiliently flexible by flexure of the inter-post bend to reduce the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to permit passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole. Put in other words, the multi-post member may be structured such that the inter-post bend resides at one end of the multi-post member (uppermost in use) and the bollard footing resides at the opposite end of the multi-post member (lowermost in use). The upper length parts of the two post members of a multi-post member may be substantially coplanar. This means that compressive transverse forces (transverse to the upper length parts) may be applied to the two post members in opposite relative directions in order to draw the respective lower length parts of the two post members closer together in the transverse direction to reduce the transverse dimension of the bollard footing.

[0022] This feature assists in assembly of the vehicle barrier, as is discussed in more detail herein, whereby a bollard footing assembly of a multi-post member is able to be inserted through a through-hole formed in a pre-existing rigid pavement surface layer (e.g., "surface course") when in the compressed state, thereafter to be release from the compressed state to expand the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly when located underneath the rigid pavement surface layer such that the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly exceeds a transverse dimension of the through-hole. The bollard apparatus may comprise a removeable restraining device configured to hold the two post members of the multi-post member in the compressed state such that the lower length parts of the two post members are pressed closer together in the transverse direction to reduce the transverse dimension of the bollard footing. The restraining device may comprise an adjustable clamp that may be 'opened' and removed in a controlled way, or may comprise a closed loop of cable, strap or chain configured to be expanded or cut thereby releasing the two post members of the multi-post member.

[0023] Respective upper length parts of each one of the at least two post members may be mechanically joined together by an inter-post joint to define a multi-post member comprising two or more of the post members and the bollard footing assembly. The inter-post joint may comprise a coupling part mechanically attached to the upper length parts of the at least two post members, and may provide a fastening mechanism.

[0024] The post members may each be rectangular in cross-sectional shape. The coupling part may be arranged to press together the opposing flat surfaces of adjacent upper length parts. This enhances the interface and coupling between post members. The coupling part may be arranged to form an interference fit with and between opposing surfaces of posts thereby to grip and hold the posts together.

[0025] The upper length part of each post member may comprise a respective coupling through-hole through which the coupling part extends via which the coupling part holds together the upper length pads of joined post members. The coupling part may comprise the shaft of a bolt or pin (e.g., steel). The coupling part may comprise the shaft of the bolt or pin and a nut (e.g., steel) threaded upon a threaded distal end of the shaft (e.g., the shaft of a bolt comprising a bolt head) or two nuts each threaded upon a respective threaded terminal end of the shaft. The tightening of the nut(s) upon the shaft serves to press together the upper length parts of the post members of the bollard assembly.

[0026] The inter-post joint may be configured to permit relative movement of the two post members to reduce said transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to permit passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole.

[0027] The orientation of the lower length part of one or more (e.g., each) of the post members of the bollard apparatus may extend transversely from a respective upper length part to form an inner angle, 0, being less than 90 degrees, or exceeding 90 degrees (e.g., 0 > 90 degrees, or 0 > 110 degrees, or 0 > 130 degrees, e.g., 90 degrees < 0< 135 degrees). The inner angle, 0, may be less than 180 degrees. The lower length parts may extend obliquely downwards and horizontally underneath the underside of the rigid pavement surface layer so that the terminal end of a lower length pads is the deepest part of the bollard apparatus within the foundation part. Here, the term "inner angle" may be taken to include a reference to an acute angle, or a right angle, or an obtuse angle where a lower length part joins its associated upper length part.

[0028] The fixed vehicle barrier may comprise a plurality of the multi-post members.

[0029] In a second aspect, the invention may provide a bollard apparatus for use in a fixed vehicle barrier in a rigid pavement surface layer in which a through-hole is formed through which, in use, the bollard apparatus is insertable to extend above the pavement surface layer from below the pavement surface layer, the bollard apparatus comprising: at least two post members each comprising an upper length part integrally joined to a lower length pad by a bend in the post member such that the lower length part extends from the bend transversely relative to the upper length part; and, the upper length parts of the at least two post members are joined together such that respective lower length parts thereof are splayed or splayable thereby to collectively provide a bollard footing assembly; wherein the bollard footing assembly is adjustable from: a first state in which a transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a first value configurable such that the bollard footing assembly is insertable through the through-hole; to, a second state in which the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a second value exceeding the first value, the second value being configurable such that the bollard footing assembly is not insertable through the through-hole and is obstructed by the pavement surface layer.

[0030] The bollard apparatus may be configured such that the upper length parts of two or more of the at least two post members are joined together (e.g., integrally formed as such) or connected or held together (e.g., at/by a mutual joint structure and/or a fastening mechanism). The upper length parts of two or more of the at least two post members may be joined together to inhibit or prevent relative motion between upper length parts post members. The upper length parts of two or more of the at least two post members may be joined, connected or held together at the respective distal ends thereof furthest from the respective lower length part. For example, the distal ends may be the ends of the post members that are uppermost in use (or intended to be so). The lower length parts of two or more of the at least two post members may be located at respective distal ends of the post members that are lowermost in use (or intended to be so). The at least two post members, when configured to be connected or held together, may be substantially identical in shape and structure.

[0031] Respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members may be integrally joined by an inter-post bend to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly.

[0032] The multi-post member may be resiliently flexible by flexure of the inter-post bend to adjust the bollard footing assembly from the first state to the second state.

[0033] Respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members are mechanically joined by an inter-post joint to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly.

[0034] The inter-post joint may be configured to permit relative movement of said two said post members to adjust the bollard footing assembly from the first state to the second state.

[0035] The bollard apparatus may comprise a plurality of the multi-post members.

[0036] Each post member may be formed of spring steel.

[0037] The bollard apparatus may comprise a removeable restraining device (e.g., a clamp part) configured to maintain a resiliently flexure of the inter-post bend to retain the bollard footing assembly in the first state, and removeable to release the bollard footing assembly to the second state. The removeable restraining device may be configured to hold the two post members of the multi-post member in the compressed state such that the lower length parts of the two post members are pressed closer together in the transverse direction to reduce the transverse dimension of the bollard footing. The restraining device may comprise an adjustable clamp that may be 'opened' and removed in a controlled way, or may comprise a closed loop of cable, strap or chain configured to be expanded or cut thereby releasing the two post members of the multi-post member.

[0038] The at least two post members may each comprise an upper length part integrally joined to a lower length part by a bend in the post member such that the lower length part extends from the bend transversely relative to the upper length part.

[0039] Respective upper length parts of each one of the at least two post members may be mechanically joined together by an inter-post joint to define a multi-post member comprising two or more of the post members and the bollard footing assembly. The inter-post joint may comprise a coupling part mechanically attached to the upper length parts of the at least two post members, and may provide a fastening mechanism.

[0040] The post members may each be rectangular in cross-sectional shape. The coupling part may be arranged to press together the opposing flat surfaces of adjacent upper length parts. This enhances the interface and coupling between post members. The coupling part may be arranged to form an interference fit with and between opposing surfaces of posts thereby to grip and hold the posts together.

[0041] The upper length part of each post member of the multi-post member may each comprise a respective coupling through-hole through which the coupling part extends via which the coupling part holds together the upper length parts of joined post members. The coupling part may comprise the shaft of a bolt or pin (e.g., steel). The coupling part may comprise the shaft of the bolt or pin and a nut (e.g., steel) threaded upon a threaded distal end of the shaft (e.g., the shaft of a bolt comprising a bolt head) or two nuts each threaded upon a respective threaded terminal end of the shaft. The tightening of the nut(s) upon the shaft serves to press together the upper length parts of the post members of the bollard assembly.

[0042] The bollard apparatus may be made and sold in unassembled form, such as in a kit of parts. In a third aspect, the invention may provide a kit of parts for a bollard apparatus for use in a fixed vehicle barrier in a rigid pavement surface layer in which a through-hole is formed through which, in use, the bollard apparatus is insertable to extend above the pavement surface layer from below the pavement surface layer, the kit of parts comprising: at least two post members each comprising an upper length part joined to a lower length part such that the lower length part extends transversely relative to the upper length part, a coupling part providing a fastening mechanism for joining together the upper length parts of the at least two post members to form said bollard apparatus such that respective lower length parts thereof are splayable thereby to collectively provide a bollard footing assembly being adjustable from: a first state in which a transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a first value configurable such that the bollard footing assembly is insertable through the through-hole; to, a second state in which the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a second value exceeding the first value, the second value being configurable such that the bollard footing assembly is not insertable through the through-hole and is obstructed by the pavement surface layer.

[0043] The at least two post members may be substantially identical in shape and structure The coupling part may be configured to mechanically attach to the upper length parts of the at least two post members and may provide a fastening mechanism. Thus, the coupling part may provide that respective upper length parts of each one of the at least two post members may be mechanically joined together to define a multi-post bollard comprising two or more of the post members and the bollard footing assembly. The post members may each be rectangular in cross-sectional shape. The coupling part may be arranged to press together the opposing flat surfaces of adjacent upper length parts. The coupling part may be arranged to form an interference fit with and between opposing surfaces of posts thereby to grip and hold the posts together.

[0044] The upper length part of each post member of the multi-post member may each comprise a respective coupling through-hole through which the coupling part extends via which the coupling part holds together the upper length parts of joined post members. The coupling part may comprise the shaft of a bolt or pin (e.g., steel). The coupling part may comprise the shaft of the bolt or pin and a nut (e.g., steel) threaded upon a threaded distal end of the shaft (e.g., the shaft of a bolt comprising a bolt head) or two nuts each threaded upon a respective threaded terminal end of the shaft.

[0045] Two or more post members of the multi-post member comprising at least three post members, may be positioned in a co-planar arrangement to provide a composite post member in which one of the two or more post members is "stacked" upon another one of the Moor more post members, such that the inner angle formation formed between the upper and lower length parts of a lower one of the two or more post members contains the outer angle formation formed between the upper and lower length parts of the upper one of the two or more post members. The inner angle of each of the two or more post members may reciprocate the shape of the outer angle formation of the other one of the two or more post members. The composite post member formed by this "stacking" arrangement permits greater strength and resistance to vehicular impact forces by easy arrangement of modular post members. A "composite" post member may comprise more than two stacked post members, and a bollard apparatus may comprise more than one "composite" post member.

[0046] The coupling through-holes in the upper length parts the two post members may be elongated. The elongated length of the elongated coupling through-holes may be dimensioned to permit the shaft portion of a coupling part to extend through the region of the multiple elongated coupling through-holes of the three or more post members, where those elongated coupling through-holes overlap to provide a passageway for the shaft portion.

[0047] In a fourth aspect, the invention may provide a method for assembling a fixed vehicle barrier in a rigid pavement surface layer, the method comprising: providing a bollard apparatus comprising: at least two post members each comprising an upper length part joined to a lower length part such that the lower length part extends transversely relative to the upper length part, and the upper length parts of the at least two post members are joined together such that respective lower length parts thereof are splayed or splayable thereby to collectively provide a bollard footing assembly; wherein the bollard footing assembly is adjustable from: a first state in which a transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a first value to, a second state in which the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a second value exceeding the first value; forming, through the rigid pavement surface layer, a through-hole comprising a transverse dimension selected such that the bollard footing assembly is insertable through the through-hole when in said first state and is not insertable through the through-hole when in said second state; and, in said first state, inserting the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole such that the bollard apparatus extends above the pavement surface layer from below the pavement surface layer; and, adjusting the bollard footing assembly from the first state to a second state such that the pavement surface layer obstructs passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole.

[0048] In the method, respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members may be integrally joined by an inter-post bend to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly, the method comprising resiliently flexing the inter-post bend to adjust said transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to achieve said first state or said second state.

[0049] According to the method, respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members may be mechanically joined by an inter-post joint to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly, the method comprising moving said two said post members relative to each other to adjust said transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to achieve said first state or said second state.

[0050] The method may comprise embedding the bollard footing assembly within a sub-surface foundation part formed below the through-opening and extending laterally under the pavement surface layer, the subsurface foundation part comprising a cement or concrete material.

[0051] The invention includes the combination of the aspects and preferred features described except where such a combination is clearly impermissible or expressly avoided.

[0052] Summary of the Figures

[0053] Embodiments and experiments illustrating the principles of the invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures in which: Figure 1 shows a perspective view, in partial cross-section, of a vehicle barrier.

[0054] Figures 2A, 2B and 3 show schematically a process of constructing a vehicle barrier of Figure 1.

[0055] Figure 4 shows a plan view of the vehicle barrier of Figure 1.

[0056] Figure 5 shows a plan view of a step on the process of constructing a vehicle barrier of Figure 2.

[0057] Figure 6 shows a plan view of a step in the process of constructing a vehicle barrier of Figure 3.

[0058] Figure 7 shows a plan view of a vehicle barrier.

[0059] Figure 8 shows a perspective view, in partial cross-section, of a vehicle barrier.

[0060] Figure 9 shows a plan view of the vehicle barrier of Figure 8.

[0061] Figure 10 shows a plan view of a step on the process of constructing a vehicle barrier of Figure 9.

[0062] Figure 11 shows a plan view of a step on the process of constructing a vehicle barrier of Figure 9.

[0063] Figure 12 shows a plan view of a step on the process of constructing a vehicle barrier of Figure 9.

[0064] Figure 13 shows a plan view of a step on the process of constructing a vehicle barrier of Figure 9.

[0065] Figure 14 shows a plan view of a vehicle barrier.

[0066] Figure 15A shows a perspective view, in partial cross-section, of a vehicle barrier.

[0067] Figure 15B shows a perspective view, in partial cross-section, of a vehicle barrier.

[0068] Figure 16A shows a side view of a vehicle barrier.

[0069] Figure 16B shows a plan view of a vehicle barrier.

[0070] Figure 17 shows steps in a method for constructing a vehicle barrier.

[0071] Figures 18A to 18E show stages in a method for constructing a vehicle barrier.

[0072] Figures 19A to 19B show stages in a method for constructing a vehicle barrier.

[0073] Detailed Description of the Invention

[0074] Aspects and embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures. Further aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All documents mentioned in this text are incorporated herein by reference.

[0075] Figure 1 shows a perspective view of an example of the invention in the form of a fixed vehicle barrier 1.

[0076] Figure 4 shows a plan view of this barrier. The barrier comprises an upstanding bollard apparatus 2 comprising two post members each comprising an upper length part (6 01 7) integrally joined to (i.e., formed with) a lower length part (9 or 10, respectively) such that the lower length part extends transversely relative to the upper length part. The upper length parts of the at least two post members are joined together by a bridging portion 8 which is integrally formed with, and extends between, the two upper length parts at the uppermost distal end of the bollard. The respective lower length parts (9 or 10, respectively) thereof are splayed by an angle of 180 degrees thereby collectively providing a bollard footing assembly.

[0077] The fixed vehicle barrier further comprises a rigid pavement surface layer 3 in the form of a surface course of a rigid pavement structure in which a through-hole 5 is formed by a process of core-drilling through the surface layer 3. The upper length parts (6 and 7) of the bollard apparatus extend through the through-hole 5 above the pavement surface layer from the bollard footing assembly (9 and 10 collectively) located below the pavement surface layer.

[0078] A transverse dimension, "Y", of the bollard footing assembly (9 and 10 collectively) as measured in a direction perpendicular to the upper length parts (6 and 7), exceeds a corresponding transverse dimension, "X", of the through-hole 5 such that the pavement surface layer obstructs passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole. The upper length parts of the at least two post members of the bollard apparatus thereby extend above the rigid pavement surface layer 3 in an upstanding direction from the pavement surface layer.

[0079] The through-hole 5 formed through the rigid pavement surface layer 3, is a borehole that has been formed by cutting the through-hole in the pavement surface layer, to provide a circular through-hole. For example, the circular through-hole may be formed by a process of core-drilling through the rigid pavement surface layer to remove a cylindrical core of circular cross-section of the rigid material of the pavement surface layer. The through-hole passes fully through the rigid pavement surface layer to an underlying base course 4 of granular material such as aggregate.

[0080] A region 11 of a base course, 4, adjacent to an underside of the rigid pavement surface layer 3 and adjacent to the through-hole 5, comprises an excavated region 11 within which the bollard footing assembly (9 and 10 collectively) resides. The excavated region is a region from which base course material 4 has been removed, via the through-hole 5 after forming the through-hole, to define a cavity which is subsequently filled with a sub-surface foundation part. The bollard apparatus comprises a sub-surface foundation part (not shown) which fills the excavated region to adopt a form and size matching (filling) the volume of the excavation region On the manner of a cast) below the through-opening 5. The sub-surface foundation part extends laterally under the pavement surface layer 3, to the perimeter 24 of the excavated region, and comprises a cement or concrete material within which the bollard footing assembly is embedded. This sub-surface foundation part is not shown in Figure 1 simply to aid clarity, but it is to be understood that it is present in this example, and other examples of a fixed vehicle barrier disclosed with reference to the figures.

[0081] In this way, the lower end parts of the bollard apparatus 2 are embedded in a foundation (e.g., cement or concrete) to position the upper length parts of the two post members (6 and 7) to extend in an upward direction above the rigid pavement surface layer 3 and to position the lower length parts of the bollard apparatus (i.e., of the bollard footing assembly, 9 and 10) to extend in generally horizontal direction below the rigid pavement surface layer.

[0082] The bollard apparatus 2, and the post members provided by it, comprises single piece, such as a bar or beam of string steel bent into a desired shape including three bends. A first two of these three bends, respectively, join the lower length part (9 or 10, respectively) to the upper length part of each respective post member. The third bend (an inter-post bend, 8) joins the upper length part (6 or 7, respectively) of each one of the two post members together. Thus, all lower length parts and all upper length parts and integrally joined together, as are both upper length part integrally joined together. Each lower length part (9 or 10, respectively) extends transversely relative to the upper length part joined to it from a bend in the post member. Because the respective upper length parts of each one of two of the post members are integrally joined together by the inter-post bend, 8, the bollard apparatus provides a multi-post member comprising two post members and the bollard footing assembly.

[0083] The multi-post member is resiliently flexible by flexure of the inter-post bend 8 to reduce the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to permit passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole. The upper length parts of the two post members of a multi-post member are substantially coplanar. This means that compressive transverse forces (transverse to the upper length parts) may be applied to the two post members in opposite relative directions in order to draw the respective lower length parts of the two post members closer together in the transverse direction to reduce the transverse dimension of the bollard footing. This is shown schematically in Figures 2A, 2B (perspective view) and Figure 5 (plan view) which show the multi-post member in the compressed state. Figure 3 and Figure 6 (plan view) show the multi-post member in the un-compressed ("released") state.

[0084] This flexibility permits assembly of the vehicle barrier enabling construction of the barrier whereby a bollard footing assembly (9 and 10, collectively) of a multi-post member is able to be inserted through a through-hole 5 formed in a pre-existing rigid pavement surface layer 3 (surface course) when in the compressed state, as shown in Figures 2A, 2B and 5. Thereafter, the multi-post member is released from the compressed state to expand the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly when located underneath the rigid pavement surface layer 3 such that the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly exceeds a transverse dimension of the through-hole. This is shown schematically in Figure 3 (perspective view) and Figure 6 (plan view) which show the multi-post member in the un-compressed ("released") state.

[0085] Once so positioned, concrete (Figure 3: item 120) is poured into the excavation region 11, through the through-opening 5 of the rigid pavement surface layer 3 to embed the bollard footing assembly within the concrete and thereby provide a foundation part.

[0086] A restraining device 25 may be used to hold the multi-post bollard apparatus in the 'compressed' state shown in Figure 2A so as to reduce the lateral dimension of the bollard footing assembly to be sufficiently small relative to the lateral dimension (diameter) "X" of the through-hole 5 to permit the bollard footing assembly to pass through the through-hole 5 and into the excavation region 11 at the underside of the rigid pavement surface part 3. This insertion is shown in Figure 2B and in Figure 5. This restraining device 25 may be configured to be released and removed from the multi-post bollard apparatus once the bollard footing assembly has been inserted through the through-hole 5 and correctly positioned as indicated in Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 6. Once released from the compressed state, into an un-compressed state, the lower length parts of the bollard apparatus move apart under the spring action provided by the resilient deformability of the inter-post bend 8 to expand the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to a dimension "Y" exceeding the transverse dimension "X" of the through-hole 5, so as to prevent passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole 5. The cement material 120 of the foundation part may then be placed into the excavation region 11 to fill that region to embed the bollard footing assembly within it and thereby provide a foundation part for the bollard apparatus.

[0087] The bollard apparatus may be provided as a prepared separate item (e.g., in a kit of parts) for use in the assembly of the fixed vehicle barrier in the rigid pavement surface layer in which a through-hole is formed. The bollard apparatus as a prepared separate item may be prepared in the compressed state such that the bollard footing assembly (as compressed) is insertable through a through-hole of pre-set lateral dimensions (diameter) and into an excavation region 11 below the pavement surface layer. The bollard apparatus when provided as a separate item for use in the assembly of the vehicle barrier, may comprise the removeable restraining device (e.g., a clamp part) configured to maintain a resiliently flexure of the inter-post bend 8 to retain the bollard footing assembly in the first state, and removeable to release the bollard footing assembly to the second state. The removeable restraining device may be configured to hold the two post members of the multi-post member in the compressed state such that the lower length parts of the two post members are pressed closer together in the transverse direction to reduce the transverse dimension of the bollard footing. The restraining device may comprise an adjustable clamp that may be 'opened' and removed in a controlled way, or may comprise a closed loop of cable, strap or chain configured to be expanded or cut thereby releasing the two post members of the multi-post member.

[0088] In this way, the lower length parts (9, 10) defining the footing assembly are splayed by releasing the bollard apparatus into the "released" state thereby to collectively provide a bollard footing assembly. Put in other words, the bollard footing assembly is adjustable from a first state ("compressed") in which a transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a first value configurable such that the bollard footing assembly is insertable through the through-hole, to a second state ("released") in which the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a second value ("Y") exceeding the first value. The second value ("Y") is configured such that the bollard footing assembly is not insertable through the through-hole Sand is obstructed by the pavement surface layer 3.

[0089] The bollard apparatus is placed to position the upper length part 7 of a trailing one of the two post members to face away from the expected direction of vehicular impact, indicated by impact force vector 'F', and to position the upper length part 6 of a leading one of the two post members to face towards the expected direction of vehicular impact. This means that an impact force, 'F', is likely to be directed against the upper length part of the leading post member to urge an energy-absorbing compression of the bollard apparatus in which the leading post member is pushed towards and/or against the trailing one.

[0090] The fixed vehicle barrier may comprise a plurality of the multi-post members, such as shown in plan view by Figure 7. Here a first multi-post member of the form shown in figures 1 to 6, is co-mounted with a second multi-post member also of the form shown in figures 1 to 6. The upright longitudinal axis of the first multi-post member is arranged collinearly with the upright longitudinal axis of the second multi-post member. Here, the second upstanding multi-post member of the bollard apparatus comprises two post members each comprising an upper length part (60 or 70) joined to a lower length part (92 or 90, respectively) such that the lower length part extends transversely relative to the upper length part. The upper length parts of the two post members are joined together by a bridging portion 80 which is integrally formed with, and extends between, the two upper length parts at the uppermost distal end of the bollard. The respective lower length parts (92 or 90, respectively) thereof are splayed by an angle of 180 degrees thereby collectively providing a part of the bollard footing assembly.

[0091] In another example of the invention, as illustrated in Figure 8 (perspective view) and Figure 9 (plan view), the respective upper length parts of each one of the at least two post members are not integrally joined together, but are, instead mechanically joined together by an inter-post joint (items 22a, 22b and 22c, collectively) to define a multi-post member 20 comprising two of the post members (items 16 and 20) and the bollard footing assembly (items 19 and 21, collectively). The inter-post joint comprises a coupling part (items 22a, 22b and 22c) mechanically attached to the upper length parts (18 and 23) of the two post members, to provide a fastening mechanism.

[0092] The post members are each a spring steel bar of rectangular cross-sectional shape. The coupling part is arranged to be releasably tightened to press together the opposing flat surfaces of adjacent upper length parts. This enhances the interface and coupling between post members. The coupling part, when tightened, is arranged to form an interference fit with and between opposing surfaces of posts thereby to grip and hold the posts together. The upper length part of each post member comprises a respective coupling through-hole through which a shaft portion 22b the coupling part extends and via which the coupling part holds together the upper length parts (18 and 22) of the two joined post members (16 and 20). The coupling part comprises a nut and bolt arrangement. The bolt comprises a bolt head 22a at one end thereof, and a bolt shaft 22b shaft terminating at a threaded distal shaft end upon which a nut 22c is threaded. The tightening of the nut 22c upon the shaft serves to press together the upper length parts of the post members of the bollard assembly.

[0093] This mechanical inter-post joint is thereby configured, before it is tightened, to provide a hinge or pivot joint to permit relative movement of the two post members, 16 and 20, about the vertical longitudinal axis of the post member to reduce the transverse dimension, Y, of the bollard footing assembly (19 and 21, collectively) to permit passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole 5. This is schematically illustrated by the sequence of Figure 10, Figure 11,Figure 12 and Figure 13.

[0094] Starting with Figure 10, the two coupled post member of the multi-post member, are connected together with the mechanical inter-post joint in the un-tightened state and the two multi-post members stacked with one directly over the other. In this state, bollard footing assembly is un-splayed and has a transverse dimension less than that of the through-hole 5. Thus, the bollard footing assembly is inserted fully through the through-opening an into the excavation region 11 to rest upon, or just above, the exposed underlying base course 4. Next, as shown in Figure 11, the multi-post member is laterally displaced (as shown by the arrow) to position a part of the un-splayed bollard footing assembly underneath the underside of the rigid pavement surface layers. Next, as shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13 in succession, the uppermost post member of the multi-post member is rotationally displaced (as shown by the arrow) by pivoting about the hinge or pivot joint provided by the coupling part move the lower post part 21 of the upper post member 16 about the vertical longitudinal axis defined by the coupling part 22a, ad in so doing to splay the bollard footing assembly and position two separate parts (19 and 21) of the bollard footing assembly underneath diametrically opposite portions of the underside of the rigid pavement surface layer 5. Once so positioned, concrete (see Figure 3: item 120) is poured into the excavation region 11, through the through-opening 5 of the rigid pavement surface layer 3 to embed the bollard footing assembly within the concrete and thereby provide a foundation part.

[0095] The fixed vehicle barrier comprises a plurality of the multi-post members coupled together to form a greater multi-post member, such as shown in plan view by Figure 14. Here a first multi-post member of the form shown in figures 8 to 13, is co-mounted with a second multi-post member also of the form shown in figures 8 to 13. The upright longitudinal axis of a first multi-post member comprising two post members, is arranged collinearly with the upright longitudinal axis of the second multi-post member comprising two post members. Here, the second upstanding multi-post member of the bollard apparatus comprises two post members each comprising an upper length part (160 or 170) joined to a lower length part (210 or 190, respectively) such that the lower length pad extends transversely relative to the upper length pad. The uppermost portions (230 and 180) of the upper length parts of the two post members are joined together by a common single coupling part (22a, 22b and 22c collectively) the shaft of which, 22b, extends through the coupling through-holes of the four upper length pads at the uppermost distal end of the bollard of each of the four post members, collectively, of the two multi-post members. The lower length parts (92, 90, 190 and 210, collectively) thereof are splayed by an angle of 90 degrees, as between successive lower length parts, thereby collectively providing a part of the bollard footing assembly.

[0096] Figure 15A shows a perspective view, in partial cross-section, of a further example of a vehicle barrier consistent with the embodiment illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 15B shows a perspective view, in partial cross-section, of a further example of a vehicle barrier consistent with the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8. In both of these further examples, the orientation of the lower length parts of each one of the two post members (Fig.15A: items 9 and 10; Fig.15B: items 19 and 21) of the bollard apparatus in question, extend from a respective upper length part (Fig.15A: items 6 and 7; Fig.15B: items 16 and 17) to form an inner angle, 0, exceeding 90 degrees such that the lower length parts extend obliquely downwards and horizontally underneath the underside of the rigid upper pavement layer 3 so that the terminal end of a lower length parts is the deepest parts of the bollard apparatus within the foundation part 120. The benefit of this arrangement is that vehicular impact forces "F1" imparted to an upper length part of the bollard apparatus are dispersed (see forces "F") into the foundation part 120 of the barrier they are directed partially vertically towards the rigid upper pavement layer 3, and partially horizontally into the underlying course layer of aggregate material. This redistribution of energy helps in reducing the impact load applied to the rigid upper pavement layer 3 allowing greater impact forces to be managed with a reduced risk of fracturing the rigid upper pavement layer 3.

[0097] Figure 16A shows a side view of a bollard apparatus 200 for a vehicle barrier comprising three post members, and Figure 16B shows a plan view of that vehicle barrier. This further example of a vehicle barrier is consistent with the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8. The respective upper length parts of each one of the three post members are not integrally joined together, but are, instead mechanically joined together by an inter-post joint (items 22a, 22b and 22c, collectively) to define a multi-post member 200 comprising three of the post members (items 16, 17 and 170) and the bollard footing assembly (items 19, 21 and 190, collectively). The inter-post joint comprises a coupling part (items 22a, 22b and 22c) mechanically attached to the upper length parts (180, 18 and 23) of the three post members, to provide a fastening mechanism.

[0098] The three post members are each a spring steel bar of rectangular cross-sectional shape. The coupling part is arranged to be releasably tightened to press together the opposing flat surfaces of adjacent upper length parts. The coupling part, when tightened, is arranged to form an interference fit with and between opposing surfaces of posts thereby to grip and hold the posts together.

[0099] The upper length part (180, 18 and 23) of each post member comprises a respective elongated coupling through-hole, 222a and 222b, through which a shaft portion 22b of the coupling part extends and via which the coupling part holds together the upper length parts (180, 18 and 23) of the three joined post members(170, 16 and 17). The coupling part comprises a nut and bolt arrangement. The bolt comprises a bolt head 22a at one end thereof, and a bolt shaft 22b shaft terminating at a threaded distal shaft end upon which a nut 22c is threaded. The tightening of the nut 22c upon the shaft serves to press together the upper length parts of the post members of the bollard assembly.

[0100] This mechanical inter-post joint is thereby configured, before it is tightened, to provide a hinge or pivot joint to permit relative movement of the three post members, 170, 17 and 16, about the vertical longitudinal axis of the post member to reduce the transverse dimension, Y', of the bollard footing assembly (190, 19 and 21, collectively) to permit passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole 5. Once having been passed through the through-hole, one of more of the three post members may be subsequently pivoted about the inter-post joint to splay the bollard footing assembly to increase the transverse dimension, r, of the bollard footing assembly (190, 19 and 21, collectively) to prevent passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole 5.

[0101] Simultaneously, two of the three post members may be subsequently pivoted about the inter-post joint to position the two post member in a co-planar arrangement to provide a "composite" post member in which one of the two post members is "stacked" upon the other one of the two post members, such that the inner angle (i.e., the 'crook' of the elbow shape) formation formed between the upper and lower length parts of a lower one, 19, of the two post members contains the outer angle (i.e., the point of the elbow shape) formation formed between the upper and lower length parts of the upper one, 190, of the two post members. The sum of the inner angle and the outer angle is substantially 360 degrees, and as such the inner angle reciprocates the shape of the outer angle formation. This is shown in Figures 16A and 16B.

[0102] The three post members may be substantially identical in shape and structure. The composite post member formed by this stacking' arrangement permits greater strength and resistance to vehicular impact forces by easy arrangement of modular post members. It is to be understood that a "composite" post member may comprise more than two stacked post members, and a bollard apparatus may comprise more than one "composite" post member.

[0103] The elongated shape of the elongated coupling through-holes, 222a, in the upper length parts of both of the two post members (170, 17) forming the composite post member, and 222b in the upper length part of the third (non-stacked) post member 16 of the bollard apparatus, accommodates the lateral off-setting of the upper one of the two post members of the composite post member relative to the lower one of the two. The elongated length of the elongated coupling through-holes, 222a and 222b, permits the shaft portion 22b of the coupling part to extend through the region of the three elongated coupling through-holes of the three post members, 190, 19 and 21) where those elongated coupling through-holes overlap to provide a passageway for the shaft portion 22b.

[0104] Figure 17 shows a method for constructing the vehicle barrier described herein. The method comprises: Step Si: Providing a bollard apparatus (as disclosed herein) with a bollard footing assembly that is adjustable from: Step 82: a first state in which a transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a first value; to, a second state in which the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a second value exceeding the first value.

[0105] Forming (e.g., cutting or drilling) a through-hole through a rigid pavement surface layer, and forming an excavation region by excavating base course material from underneath and around the through-opening.

[0106] Step S3: In the first state, inserting the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole and into the excavation region.

[0107] Step 84: Adjusting the bollard footing assembly from the first state to a second state such that the pavement surface layer obstructs passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole.

[0108] Step S4 may be followed by poured into the excavation region, through the through-opening of the rigid pavement surface layer to embed the bollard footing assembly within the concrete and thereby provide a foundation part.

[0109] Figures 18A to 18E show stages in a method for constructing a vehicle barrier. As a first stage in the method, a first post member (items 17, 19 and 23) of a bollard apparatus 100 is positioned such that the lower length pad 19 thereof is passed through a through-hole 5 formed in a rigid pavement surface layer 3 and into an excavated region 11 within underlying aggregate material prepared at the underside of the rigid pavement surface layer 3. The excavated region extends from, and surrounds, the through-hole to a lateral boundary 24 which is over-hung by the rigid pavement surface layer. The upper length parts (17 and 23) of the first post member extend from underneath the rigid pavement surface layer, passing through the through-hole 5 so as to extend in an upright orientation above the upper surface of the rigid pavement surface layer. In this orientation, the first post member is subsequently shifted laterally towards the periphery 5 of the through-hole, as shown in Figure 18B, such that the lower length part 19 of the post member is over-hung by the rigid pavement surface layer. A coupling through-hole 22e1 is formed in a horizontally extending uppermost distal end part 23 of the upper length part. This is provided for receiving a shaft 22b of bolt 22a of a coupling assembly, as shown in Figure 8.

[0110] Next, as shown in Figure 18C, a second post member (items 16, 18 and 21) of a bollard apparatus 100 is positioned such that the lower length part 21 thereof is passed through a through-hole 5 formed in a rigid pavement surface layer 3 and into an excavated region 11 within underlying aggregate material prepared at the underside of the rigid pavement surface layer 3. The upper length parts (16 and 18) of the second post member extend from underneath the rigid pavement surface layer, passing through the through-hole 5 so as to extend in an upright orientation above the upper surface of the rigid pavement surface layer. In this orientation, the second post member is subsequently shifted laterally towards the opposite side of the periphery 5 of the through-hole relative to the side adjacent which the first post member was shifted, as shown in Figure 18D, such that the lower length part 19 of the post member is over-hung by the rigid pavement surface layer. By this shifting action, a coupling through-hole 22e2 formed in a horizontally extending uppermost distal end part 18 of the upper length part of the second post member is aligned with the underlying coupling through-hole 22e1 formed in the horizontally extending uppermost distal end part 23 of the upper length part of the first post member A shaft 22b of bolt 22a of a coupling assembly is then passed through the pair of aligned coupling through-holes, 22e1 and 22e2, as shown in Figure 18E and tightened using a coupling nut 22c (see Fig. 8) to couple the first and second post members together to define a bollard assembly.

[0111] The lower length parts, 19 and 21, of the coupled first and second post members collectively define a footing assembly within the excavated region 11, which is subsequently filled with concrete 120 (see Fig. 15B).

[0112] Figures 19A to 198 show stages in a method for constructing a vehicle barrier. In this example, the first and second post members are threaded through the through-hole by negotiating the end tip 200 of the respective lower length parts around the periphery 5 of the through-hole at opposite sides thereof, as shown in Figure 19A. Each post member is inserted tip-first through the through-hole so that the tip is inserted pointing substantially downwards, and the upper length part of the respective post member is significantly inclined away from a vertical orientation, as shown in Figure 19A. Once the end tip 200 of a given post member has entered the excavated region 11, the upper length part of the respective post member is rotated to be oriented in an upright position as shown in Figure 19B so that the inserted end tip of the post member is shifted laterally further away from the periphery of the through-hole Sand further into the excavated region 11 underneath the over-hang provided by the rigid pavement surface layer 3.

[0113] By this rotating action, a coupling through-hole formed in a horizontally extending uppermost distal end part of the upper length part of the second post member is aligned with the underlying coupling through-hole formed in the horizontally extending uppermost distal end part of the upper length part of the first post member. A shaft 22b of bolt 22a of a coupling assembly is then passed through the pair of aligned coupling through-holes, as shown in Figure 19B and tightened using a coupling nut 22c (see Fig. 8) to couple the first and second post members together to define a bollard assembly. The lower length parts, 19 and 21, of the coupled first and second post members collectively define a footing assembly within the excavated region 11, which is subsequently filled with concrete 120 (see Fig. 158).

[0114] This method of threading/negotiating the end tip of a lower length part through the through-opening, has been found to permit laterally longer lower length parts, 19 and 21, to be inserted into an excavated region through a through-hole 5. The lateral extension, Z, of each lower length part may be permitted to exceed the diameter, X, of the through hole, 5, when this technique is used. This allows significant improvements in performance of the bollard assembly, in use, by enhancing its ability to dissipate impact forces.

[0115] The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or in the following claims, or in the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for obtaining the disclosed results, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilised for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.

[0116] While the invention has been described in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments described above, many equivalent modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art when given this disclosure. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention set forth above are considered to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0117] For the avoidance of any doubt, any theoretical explanations provided herein are provided for the purposes of improving the understanding of a reader. The inventors do not wish to be bound by any of these theoretical explanations.

[0118] Any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

[0119] Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" and "include", and variations such as "comprises", "comprising", and "including" will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

[0120] It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. The term "about" in relation to a numerical value is optional and means for example +/-10%.

Claims

1. Claims: 1. A fixed vehicle barrier comprising: a bollard apparatus comprising at least two post members each comprising an upper length part joined to a lower length part such that the lower length part extends transversely relative to the upper length part; and, the upper length pads of the at least two post members are joined together such that respective lower length parts thereof are splayed thereby collectively providing a bollard footing assembly; wherein the fixed vehicle barrier further comprises: a rigid pavement surface layer in which a through-hole is formed through which the upper length parts of the bollard apparatus extend above the pavement surface layer from the bollard footing assembly located below the pavement surface layer; wherein a transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly exceeds a transverse dimension of the through-hole such that the pavement surface layer obstructs passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole.

2. A fixed vehicle barrier according to any preceding claim wherein respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members are integrally joined by an inter-post bend to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly.

3. A fixed vehicle barrier according to claim 2 wherein the multi-post member is resiliently flexible by flexure of the inter-post bend to reduce said transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to permit passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole.

4. A fixed vehicle barrier according to any preceding claim wherein respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members are mechanically joined by a coupling part configured to hold together the upper length parts of the at least two post members to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly.

5. A fixed vehicle barrier according to claim 4 wherein inter-post joint is configured to permit relative movement of said two said post members to reduce said transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to permit passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole.

6. A fixed vehicle barrier according to any preceding claim when dependent upon claim 2 and/or claim 5 comprising a plurality of said multi-post members.

7. A fixed vehicle barrier according to any preceding claim wherein each post member is formed of spring steel.

8. 8 A fixed vehicle barrier according to any preceding claim wherein the at least two post members each comprise an upper length part integrally joined to a lower length part by a bend in the post member such that the lower length part extends from the bend transversely relative to the upper length part.

9. 9 A bollard apparatus according to any preceding claim comprising a sub-surface foundation part formed below the through-opening and extending laterally under the pavement surface layer, the subsurface foundation part comprising a cement or concrete material within which the bollard footing assembly is embedded.

10. A bollard apparatus for use in a fixed vehicle barrier in a rigid pavement surface layer in which a through-hole is formed through which, in use, the bollard apparatus is insertable to extend above the pavement surface layer from below the pavement surface layer, the bollard apparatus comprising: at least two post members each comprising an upper length part integrally joined to a lower length part by a bend in the post member such that the lower length part extends from the bend transversely relative to the upper length part; and, the upper length parts of the at least two post members are joined together such that respective lower length parts thereof are splayed or splayable thereby to collectively provide a bollard footing assembly; wherein the bollard footing assembly is adjustable from: a first state in which a transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a first value configurable such that the bollard footing assembly is insertable through the through-hole; to, a second state in which the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a second value exceeding the first value, the second value being configurable such that the bollard footing assembly is not insertable through the through-hole and is obstructed by the pavement surface layer.

11. A bollard apparatus according claim 10 wherein respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members are integrally joined by an inter-post bend to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly.

12. A bollard apparatus according to claim 11 wherein the multi-post member is resiliently flexible by flexure of the inter-post bend to adjust the bollard footing assembly from the first state to the second state.

13. A bollard apparatus according to any of claims 10 to 12 wherein respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members are mechanically joined by a coupling part configured to hold together the upper length parts of the at least two post members to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly.

14. A bollard apparatus according to claim 13 wherein inter-post joint is configured to permit relative movement of said two said post members to adjust the bollard footing assembly from the first state to the second state.

15. A bollard apparatus according to any preceding claim when dependent upon claim 12 and/or claim 14 comprising a plurality of said multi-post members.

16. A bollard apparatus according to any of claims 10 to 15 wherein each post member is formed of spring steel.

17. A bollard apparatus according to any of claims 10 to 16 when dependent upon claim 12 comprising a clamp pad configured to maintain a resiliently flexure of the inter-post bend to retain the bollard footing assembly in the first state, and removeable to release the bollard footing assembly to the second state.

18. A bollard apparatus according to any of claims 10 to 17 wherein the at least two post members each comprise an upper length part integrally joined to a lower length part by a bend in the post member such that the lower length part extends from the bend transversely relative to the upper length pad. 15

19. A kit of parts for a bollard apparatus for use in a fixed vehicle barrier in a rigid pavement surface layer in which a through-hole is formed through which, in use, the bollard apparatus is insertable to extend above the pavement surface layer from below the pavement surface layer, the kit of parts comprising: at least two post members each comprising an upper length pad joined to a lower length part such that the lower length part extends transversely relative to the upper length part, a coupling part providing a fastening mechanism for joining together the upper length parts of the at least two post members to form said bollard apparatus such that respective lower length parts thereof are splayable thereby to collectively provide a bollard footing assembly being adjustable from: a first state in which a transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a first value configurable such that the bollard footing assembly is insertable through the through-hole; to, a second state in which the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a second value exceeding the first value, the second value being configurable such that the bollard footing assembly is not insertable through the through-hole and is obstructed by the pavement surface layer.

20. A method for assembling a fixed vehicle barrier in a rigid pavement surface layer, the method comprising: providing a bollard apparatus comprising: at least two post members each comprising an upper length part joined to a lower length part such that the lower length pad extends transversely relative to the upper length pad, and the upper length pads of the at least two post members are joined together such that respective lower length parts thereof are splayed or splayable thereby to collectively provide a bollard footing assembly; wherein the bollard footing assembly is adjustable from: a first state in which a transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a first value; to, a second state in which the transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly assumes a second value exceeding the first value; forming, through the rigid pavement surface layer, a through-hole comprising a transverse dimension selected such that the bollard footing assembly is insertable through the through-hole when in said first state and is not insertable through the through-hole when in said second state; and, in said first state, inserting the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole such that the bollard apparatus extends above the pavement surface layer from below the pavement surface layer; and, adjusting the bollard footing assembly from the first state to a second state such that the pavement surface layer obstructs passage of the bollard footing assembly through the through-hole.

21. A method according to claim 19 wherein respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members are integrally joined by an inter-post bend to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly, the method comprising resiliently flexing the inter-post bend to adjust said transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to achieve said first state or said second state.

22. A method according to claim 19 wherein respective upper length parts of each one of two said post members are mechanically joined by a coupling part configured to hold together the upper length parts of the at least two post members to define a multi-post member comprising two said post members and said bollard footing assembly, the method comprising moving said two said post members relative to each other to adjust said transverse dimension of the bollard footing assembly to achieve said first state or said second state.

23. A method according to any of claims 19 to 21 comprising embedding the bollard footing assembly within a sub-surface foundation part formed below the through-opening and extending laterally under the pavement surface layer, the sub-surface foundation part comprising a cement or concrete material