GB2640980A

GB2640980A - Apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms

Info

Publication number: GB2640980A
Application number: GB2500990.3A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Alan Crookes Waveney
Original assignee: Seagrown Ltd
Current assignee: Seagrown Ltd
Priority date: 2024-05-08
Filing date: 2025-01-23
Publication date: 2025-11-12
Also published as: GB2634806A; GB2640980A8; GB202500990D0; GB202406447D0; GB2634806B

Abstract

An apparatus 70 for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms comprises a line configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms; and a support structure 700 having a longitudinal axis, the support structure comprising a plurality of engagement surfaces, the plurality of engagement surfaces extending longitudinally along the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces being spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces forming a periphery of the support structure, wherein the line is wound around the support structure and the line engages with the plurality of engagement surfaces. The support structure may comprise two or more support elements 712 which may be sheet or plate elements. The apparatus may further comprise at least one spacer element 720a,b,c positioned between adjacent support elements. The spacer element may comprise two or more openings 735a,b,c wherein each of the openings is configured to receive a portion of a support element. Also disclosed is a kit of parts for a support structure and a method of preparing an apparatus for cultivation macroalgae or marine organisms.

Description

APPARATUS FOR CULTIVATING MACROALGAE OR MARINE ORGANISMS

The present invention relates to macroalgae or marine organism cultivation. Aspects of the invention relate to an apparatus, a system, a processing system, and a method for macroalgae or marine organism cultivation. In particular, but not exclusively, the present application relates to an apparatus, a system, a processing system, and a method for macroalgae or marine organism cultivation suitable for use in offshore waters which may experience calm or rough sea conditions, or alternatively, for use in restricted areas (such as coral reefs) where accurate positioning of equipment is essential.

Introduction

Macroalgae (seaweed) can be used for a variety of purposes, such as food items, flavourings etc. Extracts of macroalgae are also commonly utilised in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and pet food. Macroalgae may also be used in textiles, biodegradable packaging, water capsules, and more. In order to meet these purposes, macroalgae must be farmed in large quantities. Typically, macroalgae used for farming include the seaweed taxa Eucheuma Spp., Kappaphycus Alvarezii, Gracilaria Spp., Saccharina Japonica, Undaria Pinnatifida, Pyropia Spp., Laminaria Digitata., Laminaria Saccharina., Alaria Esculenta, and Sargassum Fusiforme.

Typically, known methods of growing macroalgae require calmer waters, and for this reason, near-shore locations and, in particular, coastal areas are more favourable.

Macroalgae farms are typically created by submerging cultivation ropes in a body of water (e.g., the sea). These long-line' ropes typically extend to around 200m from end-to-end. The ropes are anchored to the floor of a body of water (e.g., the seabed) at each end to maintain the positioning of the ropes. Normally, at each end of the rope, anchors are used. To provide a growth surface for the macroalgae, the ropes have small diameter fibres wrapped around them. The fibres are impregnated with macroalgae, such as microscopic macroalgae seeds. During use, the rope is spooled out from a laying vessel (e.g., a boat) into the body of water. While the rope is spooled out, the fibres containing macroalgae are wrapped around the rope. In other words, the fibres are added to the cultivation ropes during the laying process. This can be both time consuming and may require careful positioning of the laying vessel. The process is repeated for each length of rope across an area of the body of water such that a macroalgae farm is formed of multiple ropes which are substantially parallel, or in series, to one another. Typically, the ropes are separated by a distance of a few metres. As a result, areas of a body of water which are highly kinetic can cause the ropes to tangle with the adjacent ropes. This can damage the growing macroalgae, and in some cases the ropes themselves. Macroalgae farms are therefore typically confined to the coastal areas, or sheltered inlets with calmer waters. Furthermore, the macroalgae farm requires a large area of a body of water to lay the ropes.

Looking to offshore areas, in addition to the more kinetic water movements, further factors need to be accounted for. Typically, the cultivating ropes should be in line with the tide (i.e., the extension of the rope should lie parallel with the direction of the tide). However, the direction of the tide is commonly not in line with the prevailing wind direction.

Particularly when bringing in the ropes, the vessel retrieving the lines must consider the tides, prevailing winds, and wave movements to avoid tangling with adjacent lines. It is an aim of the present invention to solve, mitigate or obviate, at least partly, at least one of the problems and/or disadvantages associated with the prior art.

It is an aim of the present invention to provide an apparatus, a system, and an overall farm for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, which is easier to deploy and retrieve during use. It is a further aim of the present invention to provide a cultivation apparatus and system which is suited to farmers requiring a turnkey solution whereby all the required elements for macroalgae farming are provided in a modular unit. It is a further aim of the present invention to provide a cultivation apparatus and system that is simple to manufacture, transport, assemble and deploy to ensure adoption of the technology on a large scale.

Summary of the Invention

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the apparatus comprising: a line configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms; and a support structure having a longitudinal axis, the support structure comprising at least one engagement surface, the at least one engagement surface extending longitudinally along the support structure, the at least one engagement surface being spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure, the at least one engagement surface forming a periphery of the support structure, wherein the line is wound around the support structure and the line engages with the at least one engagement surface.

In certain embodiments, the support structure comprises a plurality of engagement surfaces, the plurality of engagement surfaces extending longitudinally along the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces being spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces forming a periphery of the support structure, wherein the line is wound around the support structure and the line engages with the plurality of engagement surfaces.

Advantageously, the arrangement of engagement surfaces around a periphery of the support structure allows a long length of line to be wound around a single, compact, frame structure, significantly increasing the productivity for a given area within a body of water.

The resulting apparatus provides a bobbin-like structure in which macroalgae or marine organisms can grow that is less affected by external environmental factors, such as tides, prevailing winds, and wave movements, as compared to known apparatuses for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms.

In certain embodiments, the line comprises at least one of: rope, cord, fibrous material, or polymer material.

In certain embodiments, the line is infused with macroalgae or marine organisms.

In certain embodiments, the support structure comprises two or more support elements. In certain embodiments, the two or more support elements are elongate members. In certain embodiments the support structure comprises a plurality of elongate members, for example two, three or more elongate members. In certain embodiments, the engagement surfaces are surfaces of the elongate members.

In certain embodiments, the support structure comprises at least one spacer element extending between each elongate member of the plurality of elongate members such that each of the plurality of elongate members are maintained spaced apart. Advantageously, the arrangement of spaced elongate members, or rods, provides a lattice-like frame that allows water to pass through, reducing the force acting on the apparatus.

In certain embodiments, the line is wound around a periphery of the plurality of elongate members. In certain embodiments, the at least one spacer element comprises a first spacer element and a second spacer element, wherein the plurality of elongate members extend between the first spacer element and the second spacer element. In certain embodiments, the at least one spacer element comprises at least one intermediary spacer element disposed between the first spacer element and the second spacer element. Advantageously, the at least one intermediary spacer element limits the flexure and/or improves the rigidity of the plurality of elongate members, thereby improving the durability of the apparatus, in use. In certain embodiments, the at least one intermediary spacer element intersects the plurality of elongate members along the length of the plurality of elongate members.

In certain embodiments, the at least one intermediary spacer element intersects the plurality of elongate members along the length of the plurality of elongate members. In certain embodiments, the at least one spacer element comprises a plurality of openings or recesses configured to receive ends of the plurality of elongate members. In certain embodiments, the plurality of elongate members are disposed along a perimeter of the at least one spacer element. In certain embodiments, the apparatus comprises a support member disposed between the plurality of elongate members and extending between the first spacer element and the second spacer element. Advantageously, the support member limits the flexure and/or improves the rigidity of the apparatus, thereby improving the durability of the apparatus, in use. In certain embodiments, the plurality of elongate members are affixed to the at least one spacer element. In certain embodiments, the plurality of elongate members are affixed to the at least one spacer element.

In certain embodiments, the two or more support elements are planar elements, wherein the plurality of engagement surfaces are edges of the two or more support elements. In certain embodiments, the two or more support elements are sheet elements or plate elements, wherein the plurality of engagement surfaces are edges of the two or more support elements.

Advantageously, planar elements are simple to store, package and transport. For example, the planar elements can be stacked in a compact manner. This allows the possibility of providing the support structure in unassembled form during transit, for assembly in-situ, for example on-board the deployment vessel. The compact packing of the planar elements is such that the deployment vessel can carry multiple systems for deployment during a single deployment run. In addition, the planar elements are lightweight and resistant to in-plane deformation, which ensures the support structure has sufficient rigidity for resisting forces from external environmental factors, such as tides, prevailing winds, and wave movements.

In certain embodiments, the two or more support elements are coplanar with the longitudinal axis of the support structure.

In certain embodiments, the longitudinal axis of one or more of the support elements is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the support structure.

In certain embodiments, each support element of the two or more support elements are angled with respect to each of the remaining support elements of the two or more support elements about the longitudinal axis of the support structure. Advantageously, the angled support elements provide a rigid frame with engagement surfaces distributed around the periphery thereof.

In certain embodiments, each support element of the two or more support elements is angled with respect to each adjacent support element of the two or more support elements by at least 45 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the support structure. In certain embodiments, each support element of the two or more support elements is angled with respect to each adjacent support element of the two or more support elements from about degrees to about 90 degrees.

In certain embodiments, each of the two or more support elements are coupled and/or fastened and/or fixed and/or welded and/or interlocked to one or more of the remaining two or more support elements.

In certain embodiments, at least one of the two or more support elements comprises an elongate slot or groove extending longitudinally along the at least one of the two or more support elements, wherein at least part of another of the two or more support elements is received in the elongate slot or groove.

In certain embodiments, wherein a first support element of the two or more support elements comprises a first elongate slot extending longitudinally along the first support element, the first elongate slot having first longitudinal end, the first longitudinal end comprising a mouth portion, and a second longitudinal end, wherein the first support element comprises a first body portion extending longitudinally from the second longitudinal end of the first elongate slot, wherein a second support element of the two or more support elements comprises a second elongate slot extending longitudinally along the second support element, the second elongate slot having first longitudinal end, the first longitudinal end comprising a mouth portion, and a second longitudinal end, wherein the second support element comprises a second body portion extending longitudinally from the second longitudinal end of the second elongate slot, wherein at least part of the first body portion is received in the second elongate slot and wherein at least part of the second body portion is received in the first elongate slot.

In certain embodiments, the apparatus comprises at least one spacer element or reinforcement element, wherein the at least one spacer element or reinforcement element is positioned between adjacent support elements of the two or more support elements. The at least one spacer element or reinforcement element may act to reinforce the support element. The at least one spacer element or at least one reinforcement element may act to maintain a particular spacing between the engagement surfaces around the periphery of the support structure.

In certain embodiments, one or more support element of the two or more support elements comprises at least one aperture or vent passing through the thickness of the one or more support element. The at least one vent helps the passage of fluid through the support structure to avoid excessive hydrodynamic forces.

In certain embodiments, the apparatus comprises at least one spacer element, wherein the at least one spacer element is positioned between adjacent support elements of the two or more support elements, wherein each support element of the two or more support elements is coupled to the remaining support elements of the two or more support elements via the at least one spacer element.

In certain embodiments, the at least one spacer element comprises two or more openings, wherein each opening of the two or more openings is configured to receive a portion of a support element of the two or more support elements.

In certain embodiments, the at least one spacer element comprises a central aperture aligned with the longitudinal axis of the support structure, wherein the central aperture is configured to receive a coupling element for coupling the apparatus to an anchor or buoyancy element.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit of parts for a support structure for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the kit of parts comprising: two or more support elements, wherein in an assembled configuration of the support structure the two or more support elements are arranged into a support structure having a longitudinal axis, the support structure comprising a plurality of engagement surfaces, the plurality of engagement surfaces extending longitudinally along the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces being spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces forming a periphery of the support structure, wherein the plurality of engagement surfaces are edges of the two or more support elements, wherein the plurality of engagement surfaces are configured to support a line configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms. In certain embodiments, the support structure in the assembled configuration corresponds to the support structure of the apparatus of the first aspect of the invention or any embodiment thereof.

In certain embodiments, the two or more support elements are planar elements, for example sheet elements or plate elements. The use of planar elements for the support elements helps ensure the apparatus is lightweight while still being sufficiently durable. In addition, the planar elements are easy and inexpensive to manufacture, which helps ensure the apparatus is suitable for large scale manufacture. Moreover, the planar elements are simple to store, package and transport. This allows the possibility of providing the support structure in unassembled form, for assembly in-situ, for example onboard the deployment vessel.

In certain embodiments, in the assembled configuration of the support structure the two or more support elements are coplanar with the longitudinal axis of the support structure. In certain embodiments, in the assembled configuration of the support structure each support element of the two or more support elements are angled with respect to each of the remaining support elements of the two or more support elements about the longitudinal axis of the support structure.

In certain embodiments, each support element of the two or more support elements is angled with respect to each adjacent support element of the two or more support elements by at least 45 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the support structure.

In certain embodiments, in the assembled configuration of the support structure each of the two or more support elements are coupled and/or fastened and/or fixed and/or welded and/or interlocked to one or more of the remaining two or more support elements.

In certain embodiments, at least one of the two or more support elements comprises an elongate slot or groove extending longitudinally along the at least one of the two or more support elements, the elongate slot being configured to receive at least part of another of the two or more support elements. In certain embodiments, in the assembled configuration of the support structure at least part of another of the two or more support elements is received in the elongate slot or groove.

In certain embodiments, wherein a first support element of the two or more support elements comprises a first elongate slot extending longitudinally along the first support element, the first elongate slot having first longitudinal end, the first longitudinal end comprising a mouth portion, and a second longitudinal end, wherein the first support element comprises a first body portion extending longitudinally from the second longitudinal end of the first elongate slot, wherein a second support element of the two or more support elements comprises a second elongate slot extending longitudinally along the second support element, the second elongate slot having first longitudinal end, the first longitudinal end comprising a mouth portion, and a second longitudinal end, wherein the second support element comprises a second body portion extending longitudinally from the second longitudinal end of the second elongate slot, wherein the first elongate slot is configured to receive at least part of the second body portion, wherein the second elongate slot is configured to receive at least part of the first body portion.

In certain embodiments, in the assembled configuration of the support structure at least part of the first body portion is received in the second elongate slot and wherein at least part of the second body portion is received in the first elongate slot.

In certain embodiments, the kit of parts comprises at least one spacer element or reinforcement element, the at least one spacer element or reinforcement element being positionable between adjacent support elements of the two or more support elements. In the assembled configuration of the support structure the at least one spacer element or reinforcement element is positioned between adjacent support elements of the two or more support elements.

In certain embodiments, one or more support element of the two or more support elements comprises at least one aperture or vent passing through the thickness of the one or more support element.

In certain embodiments, the kit of parts comprises at least one spacer element, wherein in the assembled configuration of the support structure the at least one spacer element is positioned between adjacent support elements of the two or more support elements, wherein each support element of the two or more support elements is coupled to the remaining support elements of the two or more support elements via the at least one spacer element.

In certain embodiments, the at least one spacer element comprises two or more openings, wherein in the assembled configuration each opening of the two or more openings receives a portion of a support element of the two or more support elements.

In certain embodiments, the at least one spacer element comprises a central aperture aligned with the longitudinal axis of the support structure, wherein the central aperture is configured to receive a coupling element for coupling the apparatus to an or buoyancy element.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit of parts for an apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the kit of parts comprising: a line configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms; and a support structure having a longitudinal axis, the support structure comprising a plurality of engagement surfaces, the plurality of engagement surfaces extending longitudinally along the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces being spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces forming a periphery of the support structure, wherein in an assembled configuration of the apparatus the line is wound around the support structure and the line engages with the plurality of engagement surfaces.

In certain embodiments, the apparatus in the assembled configuration corresponds to the apparatus of the first aspect of the invention or any embodiment thereof In certain embodiments, the support structure is provided as a kit of parts according to the second aspect of the invention.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing a support structure for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the method comprising providing the kit of parts of the second aspect of the invention or any embodiment thereof; and arranging the two or more support elements into a support structure.

In certain embodiments, assembling the two or more support elements into the support structure may include coupling and/or fastening and/or fixing and/or welding and/or interlocking a support element of the two or more support elements to one or more of the remaining two or more support elements.

In certain embodiments, the method includes cutting the two or more support elements from sheet material. Advantageously, cutting the support elements from sheet material allows the support element geometry (for example the profile and/or the vents and/or the elongate slots) to be tailored to the required specification.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing an apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the method comprising: providing the kit of parts of the third aspect of the invention or any embodiment thereof; and winding the line around the support structure so that the line engages with the plurality of engagement surfaces.

In certain embodiments, the apparatus is rotated about a longitudinal axis thereof as the line is wound around the support structure.

In certain embodiments, the spacing between adjacent windings of the line around the support structure is controlled with spooling means.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises infusing the line with seed configured to develop into macroalgae or marine organisms.

In certain embodiments, the support structure is provided as a kit of parts according to the second aspect of the invention, wherein the method comprises assembling the two or more support elements into the support structure.

According to a sixth aspect of the invention, there is provided a system, the system comprising: the apparatus of any previously described aspect of the invention or any embodiment thereof; an anchor coupled to the apparatus; and at least one buoyancy element coupled to the apparatus. Advantageously, the anchor ensures that the apparatus remains submerged in a body of water, in use, and the at least one buoyancy element both prevents the apparatus from sinking in a body of water and improves the ability to locate the apparatus.

In certain embodiments, the anchor is coupled to at least one first attachment point of the apparatus and/or the at least one buoyancy element is coupled to at least one second attachment point of the apparatus, wherein the at least one first attachment point and the at least one second attachment point are disposed at opposite ends of the apparatus.

In certain embodiments, the at least one buoyancy element is substantially cylindrical. Advantageously, the at least one buoyancy element is more visible and thereby easier to recover than buoys of other shapes.

In certain embodiments, the at least one buoyancy element comprises a tracking device. Advantageously, the system can be easily retrieved from a body of water.

In certain embodiments, the at least one buoyancy element comprises attachment means for attachment to recovery means.

In certain embodiments, the anchor and the at least one buoyancy element cooperate to maintain the apparatus at least partially submerged when the system is placed in a body of water, in use.

In certain embodiments, the anchor and the at least one buoyancy element cooperate to maintain the plurality of elongate members of the apparatus in a substantially vertical orientation. Advantageously, ensuring that the apparatus remains in a substantially vertical orientation improves the growth of the macroalgae and marine organisms disposed on the line and reduces the lateral space required for the apparatus.

In certain embodiments, the system further comprises at least one coupling element configured to couple the apparatus to the anchor and/or to couple the apparatus to the at least one buoyancy element.

In certain embodiments, the system further comprises at least one stopper member configured to maintain a predetermined position of the support structure on the coupling element.

In certain embodiments, the system comprises a further apparatus of any previously described aspect of the invention or embodiment thereof, wherein the anchor and the at least one buoyancy element are coupled to the further apparatus. Advantageously, several apparatus can be deployed, in series, as part of a single system (that is, with a common buoyancy element and anchor). As such, the potential yield for a given area of water is significantly increased. Each apparatus may be seeded with a different type of macroalgae or marine organism so that a single system can cultivate multiple varieties during a single deployment.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a farm comprising a plurality of the systems of the invention, wherein the systems are interspaced across an area of a body of water. Advantageously, with the system described herein a large number of systems can be located over a relatively small area of a body of water, thereby yielding a significant amount of macroalgae and/or marine organisms for a given area.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of preparing a system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the method comprising: providing an apparatus according to any previously described aspect of the invention; and winding a line around the support structure, wherein the line is configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises: coupling the apparatus to the anchor; and coupling the apparatus to the least one buoyancy element.

In certain embodiments, the apparatus is rotated about a longitudinal axis thereof as the line is wound around the support structure. Advantageously, using rotation of the apparatus to dispose a line onto the apparatus is more efficient than known methods of loading line, such as an operator manually winding the line onto the apparatus.

In certain embodiments, the spacing between adjacent windings of the line around the support structure is controlled with spooling means. Advantageously, the spooling means allows optimum spacing between successive windings of line to achieved autonomously. In certain embodiments, the method comprises infusing the line with seed configured to develop into macroalgae or marine organisms. Advantageously, the line provides a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms that can be easily deployed and retrieved as part of the system. In certain embodiments the line is infused with seed during the winding or spooling process -that is, the line is infused with seed as the line is wound around the support structure.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises: coupling the apparatus to the anchor; and coupling the apparatus to the least one buoyancy element. Advantageously, the anchor ensures that the apparatus remains submerged in a body of water, in use, and the at least one buoyancy element both prevents the apparatus from sinking in a body of water and improves the ability to locate the apparatus.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of harvesting a system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the method comprising: providing an apparatus according to any previously described aspect of the invention; removing macroalgae or marine organisms from the line.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises removing the line from the support structure. Advantageously, the line can be re-used, reducing waste.

In certain embodiments, removing the line from the support structure comprises unwinding the line from around the support structure.

In certain embodiments, the macroalgae or marine organisms are removed from the line as the line is unwound from around the support structure.

In certain embodiment, the line is pulled through a stripping head as the line is unwound from around the support structure.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises recovering the system from a body of water, wherein the system comprises an anchor, the apparatus, and at least one buoyancy element.

In certain embodiments, the anchor and the at least one buoyancy element are removed prior to removing the line comprising macroalgae or marine organisms from the support structure. Advantageously, the at least one buoyancy element and anchor can be re-used, and re-attached to the apparatus once a line is disposed on the apparatus.

In certain embodiments, the system is recovered from a body of water by connecting recovery means to attachment means of the at least one buoyancy element.

In certain embodiments, the recovery means comprise a winch, a crane, or a lifting rig.

In certain embodiments, the system is recovered from the body of water and onto a deck of a vessel via a ramp of the vessel. That is, the system may be recovered by dragging the system along a ramp onto the deck of the vessel. Advantageously, recovering the system via a ramp of the vessel, rather than by lifting the system from the water with a crane, for example, and depositing directly on the deck of the vessel, improves the efficiency of retrieving the system from a body of water. This allows systems to be more accurately recovered in poor weather conditions (e.g., strong prevailing winds, significant wave movement), where the use of separate lifting means may be less safe and less effective.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of deploying and harvesting a system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the method comprising: preparing a system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms by performing the corresponding method of the invention described above; releasing the system into a body of water; and harvesting the system by performing the corresponding method of the invention described above.

In certain embodiments, the system is released from a deck of a vessel and into a body of water via a ramp of the vessel. Advantageously, deploying the system via a ramp of the vessel improves the simplicity and efficiency of releasing a system into the body of water, as separate lifting means is not necessarily required or at least is not required to work at significant extension. This allows systems to be more accurately released in poor weather conditions (e.g., strong prevailing winds, significant wave movement), where the use of separate lifting means may be less safe and less effective. Advantageously, the same ramp is used for both deployment of the system and recovery of the system.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a processing system for processing an apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the processing system comprising: rotation means configured to rotate the apparatus about a longitudinal axis of the apparatus such that a line configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms can be wound around a support structure of the apparatus.

Advantageously, winding a line onto the apparatus through rotation of the apparatus is a fast and efficient way of preparing the apparatus for deployment, that is easily automated.

The apparatus may be held by, mounted within, or positioned on, the rotation means during spooling of the line and/or seeding of the line and/or harvesting of the cultivated product. Advantageously, a single rotation system may be used to rotatably mount the apparatus during each of spooling, seeding and harvesting so as to maximise vessel space.

In certain embodiments, the processing system comprises spooling means configured to control the spacing between adjacent windings of the line as it is wound around the support structure of the apparatus.

In certain embodiments, the processing system comprises harvesting means configured to remove macroalgae or marine organisms from the line. Providing a processing system in this manner allows the preparation and harvesting of a system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms to be automated, for example, on board the deck of a vessel. This reduces the manual labour associated with known methods of cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms.

In certain embodiments, the harvesting means comprises a stripping head.

In certain embodiments, the harvesting means comprises storage for macroalgae or marine organisms. Advantageously, the macroalgae or marine organisms can be easily processed and stored and the line can be used for further systems.

In certain embodiments, the processing system comprises seeding means configured to infuse the line with macroalgae or marine organisms.

In certain embodiments, the processing system comprises recovery means configured to recover the apparatus or system from a body of water. Advantageously, this allows the cultivation system to be recovered and then subsequently prepared for further deployment -all as part of a single automated process.

In certain embodiments, the system is recovered from a body of water by connecting the recovery means to attachment means of the at least one buoyancy element of the system.

In certain embodiments, the recovery means comprises any of a winch, a crane, or a lifting rig.

In certain embodiments, the processing system comprises a winch. In certain embodiments, the winch is configured to unwind the line from around the support structure. In certain embodiments, a single winch may be used for one or more of: providing initial storage for the line, unwinding the line from the apparatus, recovering the system from the body of water, or deploying the anchors.

In certain embodiments, the processing system comprises a control system configured to control one or more of the features of the processing system, for example one or more of: the spooling means; the harvesting means; the rotation means; the seeding means; the recovery means; and the winch.

In certain embodiments, the processing system comprises an assembly means for coupling the apparatus to an anchor and at least one buoyancy element of the system. Advantageously, this allows the apparatus to be efficiently prepared for release as part of a single automated process.

In certain embodiments, the rotation means comprises a pair of manipulator arms, each arm being configured to engage opposing ends of the apparatus.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a vessel comprising the processing system of any aspects of the invention on a deck thereof. Advantageously, this allows the system to be prepared, deployed, retrieved and processed all aboard a vessel, without returning to land, thereby increasing the efficiency of cultivating macroalgae and marine organisms.

In certain embodiments, the vessel comprises a ramp for releasing the system into a body of water. Advantageously, deploying the system via a ramp of the vessel improves the efficiency of releasing a system into a body of water, and allows systems to be released in poor weather conditions (e.g., strong prevailing winds, significant wave movement).

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of preparing an apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the method comprising: providing an apparatus comprising a support structure; and winding a line around the support structure, wherein the line is configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms, wherein the apparatus is rotated about a longitudinal axis thereof as the line is wound around the support structure.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises: coupling the apparatus to an anchor; and coupling the apparatus to at least one buoyancy element.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of harvesting an apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the method comprising: providing an apparatus comprising a support structure, wherein a line comprising macroalgae or marine organisms is wound around the support structure; removing the line from the support structure by unwinding the line from around the support structure; removing macroalgae or marine organisms from the line as the line is unwound from the around the support structure.

In certain embodiments, the line is pulled through a stripping head as the line is unwound from around the support structure.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of deploying and harvesting a system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the method comprising: preparing a system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms by performing the corresponding method of the invention described above; releasing the system into a body of water, and harvesting the system by performing the corresponding method of the invention described above.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Embodiments of the invention are now described, by way of example only, hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. la illustrates a side view of an example apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms; Fig. lb illustrates a side view of a further example apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms; Fig. 2a illustrates a perspective view of the apparatus of Fig. la; Fig. 2b illustrates a spacer element of the apparatus of Fig. 2a; Fig. 3a illustrates a perspective view of a further example apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms; Fig. 3b illustrates a spacer element of the example apparatus of Fig. 3a; Fig. 4a illustrates a side view of a further example apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms; Figs. 4b and 4c illustrates the example apparatus of Fig. 4a including a line configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms; Fig. 5 illustrates an example system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms; Fig. 6 illustrates the system of Fig. 5 deployed in a body of water; Fig. 7 illustrates another example system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms deployed in a body of water; Figs. 8 and 9 illustrate perspective and top views, respectively, of an example processing system; Figs. 10-11 illustrate an example spooling means of the processing system of Fig. 8; Figs. 12-13 illustrate an example rotation means of the processing system of Fig. 8; Figs. 14-15 illustrate an example manipulating arm of the rotation means of Figs. 12-13; Fig. 16 illustrates an example seeding means of the processing system of Fig. 8; Fig. 17 illustrates an example harvesting means of the processing system of Fig. 8; Fig. 18 illustrates a vessel including the example processing system of Fig. 8; Figs. 19a to 19c illustrate a schematic representation of the processing system of the vessel of Fig. 18 as it processes an apparatus of the invention; Fig. 20 illustrates a method for processing a system of the invention; Fig. 21 illustrates an example macroalgae farm.

Fig. 22 illustrates a perspective view of another example apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms; Fig. 23b illustrates a top view of the apparatus of Fig. 22, Fig. 23a illustrates a top view of a variant of the apparatus of Fig. 22; Fig. 24 illustrates the apparatus of Fig. 22 prior to assembly; Figs. 25 and 26 illustrate perspective and top views, respectively, of another example apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms; Fig. 27 illustrates the apparatus of Fig. 25 prior to assembly; Fig. 28 illustrates the interaction between the apparatus of Fig. 25 and the engagement elements of a manipulator arm; Fig. 29 illustrates a top view of another example apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms; Fig. 30 illustrates a perspective view of another example apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms; Fig. 31 illustrates an exploded view of components of the apparatus of Fig. 30; Figs 32 to 34 illustrate further views of the apparatus of Fig. 30; Fig. 35 illustrates an exploded view of the apparatus of Fig. 30 including stopper members; and Fig. 36 illustrates an example stopper member.

In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts.

Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting. The word 'downward' designates a direction in the drawings to which reference is made and is with respect to the described component when assembled and mounted. The word 'outwardly' refers to a direction toward and away from, respectively, a designated centreline or a geometric centre of an element being described (e.g., central axis), the particular meaning being readily apparent from the context of the description.

Further, as used herein, the terms 'connected', 'attached', 'coupled', and 'mounted' are intended to include direct connections between two members without any other members interposed therebetween, as well as, indirect connections between members in which one or more other members are interposed therebetween. The terminology includes the words specifically mentioned above, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import.

Further, unless otherwise specified, the use of ordinal adjectives, such as, 'first', 'second', 'third' etc. merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking or in any other manner.

As used herein the term 'spacer element' refers to an element for maintaining the spacing between two or more members. That is, a spacer element substantially prevents or restricts relative movement between the two or more members along a particular vector or in a particular plane.

As used herein the term 'means', for example 'rotation means', 'spooling means', harvesting means', 'assembly means' etc, is used to describe a member, element, system or station for performing the function of the means.

As used herein the term 'support structure' refers to a structure that is configured to provide support to a wound line. The 'support structure' may be otherwise termed a 'support frame' or a 'support assembly'.

As used herein the term 'longitudinal direction of the apparatus or support structure' refers to a direction that is coaxial with or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the support structure.

It would be understood that the terms 'longitudinal axis of the apparatus' and 'longitudinal axis of the support structure' may be used interchangeably.

Detailed Description

Looking to Figs. la to 2b, an example apparatus 10 for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms is shown.

The apparatus 10 includes a support structure 100. The support structure 100 includes a longitudinal axis 101 (shown in Figs. la and 2a).

In this example the support structure 100 includes a plurality of support elements. In this example the support elements are elongate members 110. In this example, the plurality of elongate members 110 includes six elongate members, including the first elongate member 110a, the second elongate member 110b and the third elongate member 110c labelled in Figs. la and lb. However it will be appreciated that three, four, five or more elongate members may be used.

In this example, the plurality of elongate members 110 are substantially parallel to one another. That is, the plurality of elongate members 110 each extend along a longitudinal direction of the apparatus 10.

In this example, the plurality of elongate members 110 are each of substantially the same length. The plurality of elongate members 110 may be of any suitable length. In some examples, the length is from 0.5m to 3m, for example 1.5m.

The plurality of elongate members 110 may be substantially tubular, cylindrical, prismatic, or any suitable shape. Advantageously, when the plurality of elongate members 110 are substantially tubular, the plurality of elongate members 110 do not comprise sharp edges which may damage line wound around the plurality of elongate members 110 (as described in reference to Fig. 4a to 4c). The plurality of elongate members 110 may be hollow, or alternatively, substantially solid. In this example, the plurality of elongate members 110 are tubular with a diameter from 50mm to 200mm, for example 100mm. It would be understood that the diameter may be less if the elongate members 110 are substantially solid, for example from 10mm to 25mm, more aptly 20mm.

The plurality of elongate members 110 may be a rigid member or a substantially rigid member. That is, in some examples, the plurality of elongate members 110 may have a small degree of flexibility to account for the movement of water etc. The plurality of elongate members 110 may be formed of any suitable materials, for example a metal, plastic, vulcanized rubber, mild steel (in some examples, coated to resist corrosion), aluminium, glass reinforced plastic, PVC, HDPE, fibreglass, wood, or recycled materials (such as reformed ocean-recovered plastic waste). The plurality of elongate members 110 may be formed of a corrosion resistant material, for improving the longevity of the apparatus 10.

The plurality of elongate members 110 are spaced apart by at least one spacer element 120. The at least one spacer element 120 extends between each elongate member of the plurality of elongate members 110. In this way, the first elongate member 110a is maintained at a distance from the second elongate member 110b, and the third elongate member 110c. Each elongate member of the plurality of elongate members 110 may be separated from an adjacent elongate member by a distance from 100mm to 300mm, for example 200mm.

As shown in Fig. la, the at least one spacer element 120 includes a first spacer element 120a and a second spacer element 120b, wherein the plurality of elongate member 110 extend between the first spacer element 120a and the second spacer element 120b. The first spacer element 120a is disposed at a first end 105a of the apparatus 10, and the second spacer element 120b is disposed at a second end 105b of the apparatus 10. That is, the first spacer element 120a and the second spacer element 120b are longitudinally offset along the length of the apparatus 10. The first spacer element 120a may be substantially identical to the second spacer element 120b.

In this example the at least one spacer element 120 further includes at least one intermediary spacer element 120c disposed between the first spacer element 120a and the second spacer element 120b. In the example of Fig. la the apparatus includes a single intermediary spacer element 120c, however it would be understood that any number of intermediary spacer elements may be used. For example, in the example of Fig. 1 b the apparatus 10 includes a first intermediary spacer element 120c1, a second intermediary spacer element 120c2, and a third intermediary spacer element 120c3. Advantageously, intermediary spacer elements help improve the resistance of the plurality of elongate members 110 to flexure, in use, further improving the longevity of the apparatus 10.

In the example of Fig. la, the intermediary spacer element 120c may be disposed at a midway point along a length of the plurality of elongate members 110. That is, the intermediary spacer element 120c may intersect the plurality of elongate members 110 along the length of the elongate members 110.

In the example of Fig. lb, each intermediary spacer element 120c1, 120c2, 120c3 is arranged at quarter points along the length of the plurality of elongate members 110. The intermediary spacer elements 120c may be arranged uniformly along the length of the plurality of elongate members 110. For example, the intermediary spacer elements 120 may be arranged at equal spacings along the length of plurality of elongate members 110. Each spacer element 120 may be a rigid member or a substantially rigid member. Each spacer element 120 may be formed of any suitable material, for example a metal, plastic, vulcanized rubber, mild steel (in some examples, coated to resist corrosion), aluminium, glass reinforced plastic, fibreglass, wood, or recycled materials (such as reformed ocean-recovered plastic waste). Each spacer element 120 may be formed of a corrosion resistant material, for improving the longevity of the apparatus 10.

In some examples, the at least one spacer element 120 may be a plate element or a planar frame structure. The plate element (and similarly the planar frame structure) extends in a plane, in particular a substantially flat plane. In this manner the plate element can maintain spacing between the plurality of elongate members in this plane.

Each spacer element 120, for example, each plate element, may have a profile that is substantially circular, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or any shape, suitable to extend between each elongate member of the plurality of elongate members 110. In some examples, the spacer elements 120 may comprise different shapes and/or dimensions (e.g., a first spacer element/second spacer element 120a, 120b may be circular in shape, and an intermediary spacer element 120c may be hexagonal in shape). In this example, the at least one spacer element 120 is circular with a diameter from 100mm to 1000mm, for example 500mm (as described in reference to Fig. 2a).

The apparatus 10 may include a reinforcing element 115 disposed on, or integral with, a corresponding spacer element 120 and configured to reinforce the spacer element 120. The apparatus may include a first reinforcing element 115a disposed on the first spacer element 120a, and a second reinforcing element 115b disposed on the second spacer element 120b. Each reinforcing element 115 may limit the flexure of the corresponding spacer element 120, thereby reducing the risk of deformation and damage to the apparatus 10. In this example, each reinforcing element 115 is a member that projects perpendicularly away from the surface of the corresponding spacer element 120. Each reinforcing element 115 may be substantially triangular, trapezoidal, or any suitable shape so as to limit the flexure of the corresponding spacer element 120. Curved reinforcing elements 115, which result in a domed end profile of the apparatus 10, may be advantageous in that the number of sharp edges that may snag or get caught during processing is reduced.

In some embodiments, each spacer element 120 may include two or more reinforcing elements 115. For example, Fig. 2a shows two reinforcing elements 115a on the spacer element 120a, the reinforcing elements 115a being disposed perpendicular to one another.

The apparatus 10 includes a first attachment point 125a at the first end 105a of the apparatus 10, and a second attachment point 125b at the second end 105b of the apparatus 10. The first attachment point 125a is part of, or coupled to, the first spacer element 120a, and the second attachment point 125b is part, or coupled to, the second spacer element 120b. In some embodiments, the first attachment point 125a and the second attachment point 125b are part of the reinforcing elements 115 for each spacer element 120 (as shown in Fig. 2a), in particular as a hole extending through the reinforcing elements. The first attachment point 125a and the second attachment point 125b are described further in reference to Figs. 5 and 6.

As best shown in Fig. 2a and 2b, each spacer element 120 includes a plurality of openings or recesses 135 configured to receive ends of the plurality of elongate members 110. For example, the first spacer element 120a includes a first set of openings or recesses 135a configured to receive first ends of the plurality of elongate members 110, and the second spacer element 120b includes a second set of openings or recesses 135a configured to receive second ends of the plurality of elongate members 110. The intermediary elements 120c includes a further set of openings 135a. The first or second ends of the plurality of elongate members 110 may pass through the further set of openings or recesses 135a during assembly. The plurality of openings or recesses 135a secure the plurality of elongate members 110 in place, thereby maintaining the spacings between the plurality of elongate members 110. The openings or recesses 135a may be disposed around a perimeter of the at least one spacer element 120.

As best shown in Fig. 2b, the plurality of elongate members 110 are disposed around the perimeter of each spacer element 120. The plurality of elongate members 110 may be arranged uniformly along the perimeter of each spacer element 120. For example, the plurality of elongate members 110 may be arranged at equal spacings around the perimeter of each spacer element 120. As an example, for a regularly shaped spacer element 120, the plurality of elongate members 110 may be arranged with an angular separation, taken from the centre of the spacer element 120, of from 45 to 60 degrees, depending on the number of elongate members 110 and the relative sizes of the elongate members 110 and the spacer elements 120.

The plurality of elongate members 110 may be arranged to substantially define, or correspond to, the shape of each spacer element 120. For example, the plurality of elongate members 110 may be arranged to substantially define a circle. In other examples, the plurality of elongate members 110 may be arranged to substantially define an octagon. It would be understood that, even when the plurality of elongate members 110 are disposed around the perimeter of each spacer 120 there may still be a clearance distance or spacing between the outer edge of each spacer 120 and each elongate member 110. This spacing may be such that, when the line 140 is wound around the plurality of elongate members 110, the width or outer diameter of the apparatus 10 corresponds to the width or outer diameter of the spacer elements 120 (or at least the end spacer elements 120a, 120b) rather than the line 140. That is, the spacing may be more than the diameter of the line 140. In this manner, the apparatus 10 wound with line 140 can be moved around, for example along rails 3115 without damaging the line 140.

The plurality of elongate members 110 are affixed to each spacer element 120. For example, the plurality of elongate members 110 may be screwed, bolted, welded, glued, or any combination thereof to each spacer element 120. In some examples, the plurality of elongate members 110 are affixed to the openings or recesses 135a of each spacer element 120. For example, the plurality of elongate members 110 may be screwed, bolted, welded, glued, or any combination thereof to the openings or recesses 135a of the spacer element 120. In other examples, the plurality of elongate members 110 are formed integrally with the at least one spacer element 120. In a further example, the plurality of elongate members 110 are affixed to an intermediate fastener which, in turn, is affixed to the at least one spacer element 120.

In this example, the apparatus 10 includes an optional support member 130. The support member 130 is configured to strengthen the apparatus 10. The support member 130 may been stronger than the plurality of elongate members 110 -that is, the support member 130 may have a higher tensile or flexural strength than each of the plurality of elongate members 110. The length of the support member 130 may be substantially equal to the length of the plurality of elongate members 110. The support member 130 is disposed between the plurality of elongate members 110 and extends between the first spacer element 120a and the second spacer element 120b. The support member 130 is arranged substantially centrally on each spacer element 120. In some examples, the apparatus 10 may include multiple support members 130 extending in parallel between the first spacer element 120a and the second spacer element 120b.

Each spacer element 120 may comprise a further opening or recess 135a configured to receive ends of the support member 130. The support member 130 is affixed to each spacer element 120. For example, the support member 130 may be screwed, bolted, welded, glued, or any combination thereof to each spacer element 120. In some examples, the support member 130 is affixed to the openings or recesses 135a of each spacer element 120. For example, the support member may be screwed, bolted, welded, glued, or any combination thereof to the openings or recesses 135a of the spacer element 120. In other examples, the support member 130 is formed integrally with the at least one spacer element 120. In a further example, the support member 130 is affixed to an intermediate fastener which, in turn, is affixed to the at least one spacer element 120. The intermediary spacer element 120c intersects the support member 130 along a length of the support member 130. The first or second ends of the support member 130 may pass through the openings or recesses 135a of the intermediary spacer element 120c during assembly. The plurality of openings or recesses 135a secure the support member 130 in place.

As shown in Figs. 2a and 2b, the support member 130 is an elongated cuboid. In other examples, the support member 130 is substantially tubular, cylindrical, prismatic, or any suitable shape. For example, in the arrangement shown in Fig. 3a the support member 130 is tubular. The support member 130 may be hollow, or alternatively, substantially solid.

The support member 130 may be a rigid member or a substantially rigid member. The support member 130 may be formed of any suitable materials, for example a metal, plastic, vulcanized rubber, mild steel (in some examples, coated to resist corrosion), aluminium, glass reinforced plastic, fibreglass, wood, or recycled materials (such as reformed ocean-recovered plastic waste). Aptly, the support member 130 may be formed of a corrosion resistant material.

Turning to Figs. 3a and 3b, a further example apparatus 10 for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms is shown. The example is similar to the example apparatus 10 shown in Figs. 2a and 2b, and like reference numerals refer to like parts. In this example, the plurality of elongate members 110 are smaller in diameter compared to those described in Fig. 2a, as to permit the inclusion of further openings or recesses 135b in the spacer elements 120.

The further openings or recesses 135b are configured to allow water and solids (e.g., organic matter) to pass through the each spacer element 120. Advantageously, this helps reduce the forces that the apparatus 10 is subject to during wave movements or currents, thereby preventing damage to the apparatus 10. In addition, this helps reduce or remove the need for reinforcement elements 115 (as described in reference to Fig. 2a).

The described apparatus 10 is configured so as to be compact and durable, ensuring the apparatus 10 is suitable for use over long periods of time in rough waters. For example, the apparatus 10 provides a frame that is relatively streamlined, which helps avoid excessive hydrodynamic forces. The arrangement of spaced elongate members provides a lattice-like structure that allows water to pass through, reducing the force acting on the apparatus. The lack of corner joints helps avoid excessive stress that may result in premature failure of the apparatus 10. Furthermore, the frame allows a long length of line 140 (as described in reference to Figs. 4a to 4c) to be wound with a relatively large bending radius, reducing the risk of damage to the line. The solid construction of the frame, without rope bridles, ensures there is no chance of chafing.

The apparatus 10 further includes a line 140 configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms. Figs. 4a to 4c illustrate the apparatus 10 being sequentially loaded with the line 140.

In this example, the line 140 comprises at least one of: rope, cord, fibrous material, or polymer material. Advantageously, the line 140 can be-reused, once the cultivated macroalgae and marine organisms are removed. The line 140 may be of sufficient length such that the plurality of elongate members 110 of the apparatus 10 are substantially covered by the line 140, once the line 140 has been wound around the plurality of elongate members 110 (as described in reference to Fig. 4c). In some examples, a single line 140 may be wound around the plurality of elongate members 110, and in other examples, multiple lines 140 may be wound around the plurality of elongate members 110 to provide the desired coverage.

The line 140 is infused with macroalgae or marine organisms. The infused macroalgae or marine organisms may be seeds or seedlings (such as sporophytes or gametophytes), and in some instances may not be visible to the naked eye. Where marine organisms are cultivated, the marine organisms may be seeded directly into the line 140. Alternatively, the marine organisms may be disposed into the space defined by the elongate members 110 and the spacer elements 130. This may be done directly (for example, during the grow-out period of the organisms), or with the marine organisms already disposed within a further container.

Where multiple lines 140 are wound around the plurality of elongate members 110, each line 140 may be infused with the same macroalgae or marine organism, and in other examples, each line 140 may be infused with a different type of macroalgae or marine organism. Advantageously, two or more types or macroalgae or marine organism may be grown on a single apparatus 10, improving the efficiency of cultivating macroalgae or marine organism over known systems. The line 140 may be secured to the plurality of elongate members 110 along the length of the plurality of elongate members 110 and/or the line 140 may be secured to the at least one spacer element 120. The line 140 may be secured using attachment points, clamps, or any known fixing methods known in the art. Figs. 4b and 4c show the line 140 wound around the plurality of elongate members 110.

In use the line 140 is wound around the plurality of elongate members 110 in a direction that is substantially normal to the longitudinal axis 101 of the support structure 100. During winding the outwardly facing surfaces of the elongate members 110 that form a periphery of the support structure 100 function as engagement surfaces for the line 140. That is, the line 140 engages with the surfaces of the elongate members that are oriented substantially away from the longitudinal axis 101 of the support structure 100. It would be understood that for tubular or cylindrical elongate members (as per the illustrated examples) the engagement surface is a portion (specifically the portion of the curved surface that forms the periphery of the support structure 100) of the curved surface of the elongate member. The line 140 may be wound around the plurality of elongate members 110 in any suitable manner. The line 140 may be wound around the plurality of elongate members 110 using spooling means (e.g., a spooling system), as described in reference to at least Fig. 7. In this example, the line 140 is wound around a periphery of the plurality of elongate members 110. That is, the line 140 is wound around the outwardly facing surfaces of the elongate members.

The line 140 is wound such that subsequent windings of the line 140 lay substantially parallel to previous windings of the line 140 along the length of the plurality of elongate members 110. The line 140 may be wound from a first end 105a to a second end 105b of the apparatus 10, or from the second end 105b to the first end 105a of the apparatus 10. In other words, the line 140 may be wound from the first spacer element 120a to the second spacer element 120b of the apparatus 10, or the second spacer element 120b to the first spacer element 120a of the apparatus 10. In other examples, further winding methods are considered, for example, winding a first line from a central position along the length of the plurality of elongate members 110 to the first spacer element 120a, and winding a second line from a central position along the length of the plurality of elongate members 110 to the second spacer element 120b.

In Figs. 4b and 4c, successive windings of the line 140 are substantially adjacent to one another. However, in other examples, there may be a gap, or spacing, between adjacent windings of the line 140, such that light and/or nutrients can reach the line 140 and/or so that water can pass between adjacent windings of the line 140. For example the successive windings of the line 140 may be spaced by from 5mm to 100mm, for example 10mm.

The longitudinal position of the line 140 on each elongate member 110 may be fixed with friction alone. That is, the spacing between adjacent windings of the line 140 may be maintained using friction between the line 140 and the plurality of elongate members 110 alone. In other examples, the plurality of elongate member 110 may include a plurality of cavities, notches, ridges, or grooves configured to receive the line 140 such that adjacent windings of the line 140 are maintained spaced apart along the length of each of the plurality of elongate members 110. For example, the apparatus of Fig. 3a is shown with such grooves along the length of each elongate member 110. The plurality of cavities, notches, ridges, or grooves may be separated by a distance of from 5mm to 100mm, for example 10mm, along the plurality of elongate members 110.

Turning to Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, an example system 1000 for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms is illustrated. The system 1000 includes an apparatus 10 for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms (as described in reference to Figs. la to 3c, for example), and like reference numerals refer to like parts. The system 1000 further includes at least one buoyancy element 200, and an anchor 300 (shown only in Fig. 6).

In this example, the at least one buoyancy element 200 is a single buoyancy element or buoy 200 although any number of buoyancy elements 200 may be used. The buoyancy element 200 is substantially cylindrical. In other examples, the buoyancy element 200 may be substantially tubular, cylindrical, prismatic, or any suitable shape. The buoyancy element 200 may be substantially solid. Alternatively, the buoyancy element 200 may be substantially hollow and filled with a gas. The properties (e.g., dimensions, buoyancy) of the buoyancy element 200 may be altered as dependent on the weight the system 1000, and in particular the weight of the apparatus 10. Buoyancy elements 200 of a solid construction -that is, having a solid outer shell rather than being inflatable -are particularly advantageous as these better maintain buoyancy when submerged, and will cope better with the increase of weight during macroalgae cultivation.

The buoyancy element 200 may also include a tracking device. The tracking device may be used to for locating the buoyancy element 200 in a body of water 2000, in use (as described in reference to Fig. 12). The inclusion of a tracking device may be particularly beneficial when the system 1000 is likely to move in the body of water 2000, in use, due to wave movements etc. The buoyancy element 200 is coupled to the apparatus 10. In this example, the buoyancy element 200 is coupled to the first attachment point 125a of the apparatus 10 disposed at the first end 105a of the apparatus 10. The buoyancy element 200 is coupled to the first attachment point 125a of the apparatus 10 using a coupler or coupling element 220. The coupling element 220 may be a chain, metal wiring, rope, or any other material suitable to couple the at least one buoyancy element 200 and the apparatus 10. The coupling element 220 is attached to an attachment point 215b at the first end 205b of the buoyancy element 200.

In other examples, the apparatus 10 may include multiple attachment points 125a at the first end 105a thereof. Alternatively or additionally, the buoyancy element 200 may include multiple attachment points 215b at the first end 205b thereof. In this manner, there may be multiple connections between the apparatus 10 and the buoyancy element 200 to provide redundancy in case of failure of a single point of connection.

At a second end 205a of the buoyancy element 200, the buoyancy element 200 includes an attachment means or attachment point 215a for attachment to recovery means (e.g., a handling system), as described in reference to Fig. 7. The second end 205a of the buoyancy element 200 may be disposed outside of a body of water 2000, in use, such that the attachment means 215a remain visible.

The anchor 300 is coupled to the apparatus 10. The anchor 300 is coupled to a second attachment point 125b of the apparatus 10. In other examples, the apparatus 10 may include multiple attachment points 125b at the second end 105b thereof to provide redundancy in case of failure of a single point of connection. The second point 125b is disposed at the second end 105b of the apparatus, the second end 105b substantially facing the floor 2010 of a body of water 2000 (e.g., a seabed), in use.

The anchor 300, may include a boat anchor, a chain, a weight, or any suitable anchor 300 that tethers the system 1000, and more specifically the apparatus 10, to the floor 2010 of the body of water 2000, in use. The anchor 300 may be a chain anchor.

In other examples the apparatus 10 may not include first attachment points 125a, 125b.

Rather, the spacer elements 120a, 120b, 120c may each include a central aperture aligned with the longitudinal axis of the support structure 100. In use, the central aperture is configured to receive a coupling element for coupling the apparatus 10 to both the anchor or buoyancy element. One or more stopper members (such as those described in relation to the embodiment of Fig. 30) may be used to maintain a predetermined position of the apparatus 10 on the coupling element.

In the example of Fig. 6, the anchor 300 is a weight that remains on the floor 2010 of the body of water 2000 in use. The anchor 300 is coupled to the apparatus 10 with a coupler or coupling element 310. The coupling element 310 may be a chain, metal wiring, rope, or any other material suitable to couple the at least one anchor 300 and the apparatus 10.

However, it would be understood that a separate coupling element may not be required, for example, when a chain anchor is used. The anchor 300 may be of a weight predetermined so as to substantially maintain the position of the system 1000 during movement of the body of water 2000. The weight of the anchor 300 may be selected dependent on the weight of the apparatus 10, so as to keep the apparatus 10 submerged within a body of water 2000, in use.

Fig. 6 illustrates the system 1000 in use in a body of water 2000. Specifically, the system 1000 is shown partially submerged within a body of water 2000. The apparatus 10 is entirely submerged within the body of water 2000, in use, in order to cultivate macroalgae or marine organisms 1005.

In Fig. 6, the anchor 300 and the buoyancy element 200 cooperate to maintain the apparatus 10 at least partially submerged when the system 1000 is placed in the body of water 2000. The buoyancy of the buoyancy element 200 may counteract the downward force of the anchor 300 (and the weight of the apparatus 10 itself). Further, the anchor 300 and the buoyancy element 200 cooperate to maintain the plurality of elongate members 110 of the apparatus 10 in a substantially vertical orientation (i.e., with the first end 105a of the apparatus 10 substantially facing the surface 2005 of the body of water 2000, and the second end 105b of the apparatus 10 substantially facing the floor 2010 of the body of water 2000), in order to maximise growth of the macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 and minimise the space required for the apparatus 10 within the body of water 2000.

The apparatus 10 may be maintained using buoyancy at a depth from 1m to 10m or more, aptly about 2.5m. This depth may be optimised depending on various parameters of the body of water 2000 and the local environment, for example light levels, clarity of water, and penetration of sunlight.

In the illustrated example, the second end 205a of the buoyancy element 200 is disposed outside of a body of water 2000, in use, such that the attachment means 215a remain visible. This helps with retrieval of the system 1000 but also provides buoyancy redundancy for the increased weight from macroalgae cultivation. However, in other examples the first end 205b of the buoyancy element 200 may be substantially submerged within a body of water 2000, in use.

In Fig. 6, macroalgae 1005 has been cultivated on the line 140. As shown in Fig. 6, the macroalgae 1005 drape under their self-weight towards the floor 2010 of the body of water 2000. Once the macroalgae 1005 have been cultivated, the line 140 and in turn, the macroalgae and/or marine organisms 1005 are removed from the apparatus 10 (as described in reference to Fig. 11).

In the example of Fig. 6, the system 1000 includes a single apparatus 10. In other examples, the system 1000 may include a number of apparatus 10, for example two, three or more of the apparatus 10. In such examples, the anchor 300 and the buoyancy element 200 are directly, or indirectly, coupled to each apparatus 10. For example, first and second (and optionally third) apparatus 10 may all be positioned in series. Such an example is shown in Fig. 7, where a first apparatus 101 and a second apparatus 102 are arranged in series. The buoyancy element 200 is coupled to the first attachment point 125a of the first apparatus 101. The second attachment point 125b of the first apparatus 101 is then coupled to the first attachment point 125a of the second apparatus 102, for example with a suitable coupling element (for example, coupling element 220). The second attachment point 125b of the second apparatus 102 is then coupled to the anchor 300. Advantageously with such examples, several apparatus can be deployed as part of a single system (that is, with a common buoyancy element and anchor). As such, the potential yield for a given area of water is significantly increased. Each apparatus may be seeded with a different type of macroalgae or marine organism so that a single system can cultivate multiple varieties during a single deployment.

Turning to Figs. 8 and 9, processing system 3100 for processing a system 1000, such as that described in reference to Fig. 6 or Fig. 7, is shown. In this example, the processing system 3100 is disposed on a deck 3005 of a vessel 3000 (e.g. a boat, a ship). The vessel 3000 may include multiple processing systems 3100 for processing multiple systems.

In this example, the processing system 3100 includes rotation means 3110 configured to rotate the apparatus 10 about a longitudinal axis of the apparatus 10. The rotation means 3110 is configured to rotate the apparatus 10 about its longitudinal axis as the line is wound around the plurality of elongate members.

Any suitable rotation means 3110 may be used. The apparatus 10 may be held by, positioned on, or mounted, within the rotation means 3110 during rotation. Figs. 12 to 15 show an example rotation means 3110. In this example, the rotation means 3110 includes a pair of manipulator arms 3111. Each arm 3111 is configured to clamp, grasp, engage or support opposing ends of the apparatus 10. Each arm 3111 may clamp any suitable part of the apparatus 10. For example, each arm 3111 may clamp onto an edge of the corresponding spacer element 120, openings or recesses 135 in the corresponding spacer element 120, or any member that projects away from the surface of the corresponding spacer element 120.

In this example, the rotation means 3110 includes a platform or support 3112 configured to support the apparatus 10 as the arms 3111 are brought into engagement with the apparatus 10.

In this example, each arm 3111 is traversable along the longitudinal direction of the apparatus 10 when the apparatus is supported by the support 3112. In this example, each arm 3111 is traversable along rails 3113.

The rotation means 3110 includes driving means to drive each arm 3111 along the rails 3113. In this example the driving means includes an actuator, for example a hydraulic cylinder 3114. When the apparatus 10 is positioned on the support 3112, actuation of the cylinder 3114 moves the corresponding arm 3111 towards, or away from, the apparatus 10 along the longitudinal direction of the apparatus 10. As such, the manipulator arms 3111 can be brought into, or moved out of, the required engagement with the apparatus 10.

In this example, the rotation means 3110 includes a motor 3119, for example a hydraulic motor, configured to rotate each manipulator arm 3111. In this example, each arm 3111 includes a plurality of engagement elements 3121 configured to clamp or engage with the apparatus 10. Each engagement element 3121 is rotatable by the motor 3119 around a central axis of the arm 3111 that, in use, corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the apparatus 10.

In this example, the outwardly facing planar surface of each spacer element 120 is divided into segments by outwardly projecting members or splines. In this example, when the arms 3111 are traversed along the rails 3113 into an operational position, each engagement element 3121 occupies, and is locked within, a separate segment. As such, rotation of the engagement elements 3121 rotates the apparatus 10 about its longitudinal axis. In this example, the outwardly projecting members are reinforcing members 115 but it would be understood that these members need to provide no reinforcement in this context, and may simply function to lock the engagement elements 3121 into place.

In this example, the support 3112 is rotatably mounted on the vessel 3000. That is, the support 3112 can rotate in a horizontal plane with respect to the deck 3005 of the vessel 3000. In this way, following spooling, the support 3112 can rotate the apparatus 10 so that its longitudinal axis is aligned with the rail 3115.

In this example the elevation of each arm 3111 is adjustable with respect to the deck 3005 of the vessel 3000. In this manner, when engaged with the apparatus 10, the arms 3111 can lift the apparatus 10 from the support 3112. This ensures that the periphery of the elongate members 110 is unobstructed during the spooling process (described below). This, in turn, ensures that the line 140, or the seed thereon, is not damaged during spooling. In this example to adjust the elevation of the apparatus 10, the rotation means 3110 includes an actuator, for example, a hydraulic cylinder 3117.

In this example, the processing system 3100 includes spooling means 3105, for example a spooling system, configured to control the spacing between adjacent windings of the line as it is wound around the apparatus 10.

An example spooling means 3105 is shown in Figs. 10 and 11, although it would be understood that different spooling means may be used. In this example, the spooling means 3105 includes a moveable line guide 3106. The line guide 3106 is traversable within the spooling means 3105 so that successive windings of the line 140 on the apparatus can be spaced along the length of the apparatus 10. In this example, the line guide 3106 is traversable along rails 3107. The rails 3107 are arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the apparatus 10 during spooling.

The spooling means 3105 may include any suitable driving means for traversing the line guide 3106 along the rails 3107. For example the line guide 3106 may be driven by actuators (hydraulic, pneumatic or the like) or a winch. In this example, the spooling means 3105 includes hydraulic motor 3109 configured to rotate a threaded bar 3099, oriented parallel to the rails 3107. The threaded bar 3099 is threadably engaged with the line guide 3106 so that rotation of the threaded bar 3099 moves the line guide 3106 along the rails 3107.

In this example, the spooling means 3105 includes rollers 3108 between which the line 140 passes. The line 140 may initially be stored on a storage drum, which may be part of, or separate to, the spooling means 3105. In this example, the line 140 is stored on winch 3132. Prior to spooling, the end of the line 140 is transferred from the winch 3132 and connected to the apparatus 10 via the rollers 3108 of the spooling means 3105, for example, by an operator.

During operation, the rotation of the apparatus 10 unwinds the line 140 from the winch 3132 and draws the line 140 to the apparatus 10 from the winch 3132. As the line 140 is wound around the apparatus 10 movement of line guide 3106 along the rails spaces adjacent windings of the line 140 by a predetermined distance.

In this example the winch 3132 provides some back-resistance to the line 140 as it is unwound therefrom by rotation of the apparatus 10. This helps ensure the line 140 is taught during winding and prevents tangles.

The spacing between successive windings of the line 140 may be determined by the rotation speed of the apparatus 10, the rotation speed of the winch 3132 (i.e. the back-tension provided by the winch) and the lateral speed of the line guide 3106. Each of these may be controlled by a common controller. Alternatively, or in addition, the respective motors for each of the rotation means 3110, the winch 3132 and/or the spooling means 3105 may be geared together to ensure the intended relative output. The spooling means 3105 may wind a line 140 in the manner described in reference to Figs. 4a to 4c.

In this example, the processing system 3100 includes seeding means, for example, a seeding system configured to infuse the line 140 with macroalgae or marine organisms 1005. In this example, the seeding means infuse the line 140 with macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 after the line 140 has been unwound from a storage drum, for example, winch 3132, but prior to the line 140 being wound onto the apparatus 10. In this way, handling of the line 140 once infused is minimised and the risk of the seed being dislodged from the line 140 is lowered. In other examples, the line 140 may be infused once wound onto the apparatus 10.

The infused macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 may be seeds or seedlings (such as sporophytes or gametophytes), and in some instances, may not be visible to the naked eye.

The seeding means may be integrated within the spooling means 3105, may be integrated within the rotation means 3110, or may be a separate station or module positioned between the spooling means 3105 and the rotation means 3110 through which the line 140 must pass. The seeding means may include a spraying device for spraying the seed or seedlings. Other suitable seeding means may include a vacuum seed infusion system. Alternatively, other suitable seeding means may include a tank of seed solution, through which the line 140 is pulled prior to being wound around the apparatus 10. The line 140 may be coated with a glue or binder to set the seed in position. The seeding means may apply the glue or binder to the line 140.

Fig. 16 illustrates an example seeding means 3020, although it would be appreciated that other seeding systems may be used. For figure clarity, the seeding means 3020 is not shown in Figs. 8 or 9.

In this example, the seeding means 3020 includes a spray head or spray nozzle 3022 mounted on a supporting frame 3024. The supporting frame 3024 is positioned over the rotation means 3110 (the manipulator arms 3111 are not shown in Fig. 16). The spray head 3022 is traversable along rails 3026 in the longitudinal direction of the apparatus 10. In this example, the spray head 3022 and rails 3026 are positioned above the apparatus 10 so as not to interfere with the spooling process.

In certain embodiments, the seeding means 3020 is configured so as to work cooperatively, or in tandem, with the spooling means 3105. That is, the spray head 3022 of the seeding means 3020 and the line guide 3106 of the spooling means 3105 are configured, or controllable, so as to traverse along the longitudinal direction of the apparatus 10 at the same rate. In this manner, the spray head 3022 can move with the line 140 as it is wound onto the apparatus 10. This allows the spray head 3022 to better target the line 140 and reduce wastage. As described below, the seeding means 3020 and the spooling means 3105 may each be controlled by a common controller.

The processing system 3100 may further include an assembly means, for example, an assembly system for coupling the apparatus 10 comprising the seeded line 140 to the anchor 300 and the buoyancy element 200. The apparatus 10 may be passed to the assembly means from the rotation means 3110 following spooling and seeding. The rotation means 3110 may pass the apparatus 10 to the assembly means (and also retrieve the apparatus 10 from the assembly means) in any suitable manner. For example, the processing system 3100 may include articulated arms configured to clamp and move the apparatus 10 between stations.

In some examples, assembly means may include an automated system for coupling the apparatus 10 to the anchor 300 and the buoyancy element 200. In other examples, the assembly means is an assembly station. The assembly station may include a remotely operated system for coupling the apparatus 10 to the anchor 300 and the buoyancy element 200, or a workstation for an operator to manually couple the apparatus 10 to the anchor 300 and the buoyancy element 200.

As best shown in Fig. 18, in this example the processing system 3100 assembly means includes a rail 3115 configured to support the apparatus 10, the buoyancy element 200, and in some examples, the anchor 300 during the assembly process and/or the deployment process. That is, the rail 3115 may form part of either or both of an assembly means and deployment means. The rail 3115 may be disposed on the deck 3005 of the vessel 3000. In this example, the rail 3115 extends longitudinally along the length of the vessel 3000, directed towards a ramp 3120 at a first end 3019a of the vessel 3000. The rail 3115 is configured to orient the apparatus 10 so that the longitudinal axis of the apparatus 10 is directed toward the ramp 3120. It would be understood that a chute or the like may be used instead of a rail 3115.

The rail 3115 may be inclined such that the apparatus 10 or system 1000 moves along the rail 3115 towards the ramp 3120 at the first end 3019a of the vessel 3000. Alternatively, or in addition, the rail 3115 may include an automated system, for example, a conveyer belt. In some examples, the system 1000 remains stationary on the rail 3115 as the apparatus 10 is coupled to the buoyancy element 200 and the anchor 300. In other examples, as the apparatus 10 of the system 1000 moves along the rail 3115, the apparatus 10 is coupled to the buoyancy element 200 and the anchor 300. The apparatus 10 may be coupled to the buoyancy element 200 and anchor 300 when at different positions along the rail 3115. The assembly means 3115 may be of sufficient size for processing multiple systems concurrently.

During assembly, the anchor 300 is coupled to an end of the apparatus 10 that is substantially facing the first end 3019a of the vessel 3000. In some examples the anchor 300 may be pre-deployed prior to deployment of the system 1000. In such examples, the anchor 300 may be at least partially recovered from the body of water 2000, connected to apparatus 10 and then the fully assembled system 1000 is deployed. This is advantageous in that the deployment capacity of the vessel 3000 is not limited by the number of heavy anchors it is required to carry. As such, the number of system installations the vessel 3000 can perform at sea is increased.

The anchors 300 may be pre-deployed by a separate vessel. However, in this example, the same vessel 3000 is used for both initial deployment of the anchors 300 and the subsequent deployment of the corresponding systems 1000. In this example, the vessel 3000 includes handling means 3125 disposed at the second end 3019b of the vessel 3000. The handling means 3125 attach to and lift each anchor 300 from the vessel 3000 and deploy into the body of water 2000. The handling means 3125 may comprise any of a winch, a crane, or a lifting rig. Each anchor 300 may first be coupled to a buoyancy element to ease recovery of the anchors 300.

For deployment, the processing system 100 may include a separate deployment system for deploying the system 1000 from the vessel 3000. In such examples, the deployment system is disposed at a first end 3019a of the vessel 3000. The deployment system deploys the system 1000 from the vessel 3000 and into a body of water 2000. The system 1000 may be deployed such that the end of the system 1000 comprising the anchor 300 is submerged into the body of water 2000 first. Advantageously, deploying the system 1000 in this manner may ensure that the system 1000 remains in a substantially vertical orientation.

In the illustrated example, the rail 3115 also functions as a deployment system, directing the system 1000 towards ramp 3120. That is, following assembly, the system 1000 moves along the rail 3115 towards the second end 3019b of the vessel 3000 where it is released into the body of water 2000. In some examples, the ramp 3120 may be a bow ramp. However, it would be understand that the ramp could be positioned at any side of the vessel 3000. In some examples the inclination of the ramp 3120 may be adjustable, allowing the ramp 3120 to be brought substantially level with the deck of the vessel 3000 when not in use.

In some examples, a barrier, for example a locking bar, may be present to control deployment along the ramp 3120. The barrier is removeable or retractable to allow deployment of the system.

In some examples, the movement of the vessel 3000 may be used to aid deployment of the system. For example, once the apparatus 10 has been coupled to the anchor 300, the vessel 3000 may be backed away so that the anchored system 1000 is deployed along the ramp 3120.

The processing system 3100 may further include recovery means, for example a recovery system, configured to recover the system 1000 from a body of water 2000. The recovery means attach to and lift or pull the system 1000 from the body of water 2000 onto the deck 3005 of the vessel 3000. The recovery means may comprise any of a winch, a crane, or a lifting rig. In this example the winch 3132 is used to recover the system 1000. The recovery means may further comprise a coupling element, for example, a rope, cable, chain, or the like, extending from, or part of, the winch, crane, or lifting rig. During recovery, the recovery means may be connected to the attachment means 215a of the buoyancy element 200 of the system 1000. The system 1000 may be recovered along the ramp 3120.

Once recovered, the system 1000 or apparatus 10 is passed to another station within the processing system 1000. For example the apparatus 10 may be passed directly to the rotation means 3110 or may be deposited on the rail 3115, for movement to the rotation means 3110. The processing system may include disconnection means, configured to remove the buoyancy element 200 and the anchor 300 from the apparatus 10 of the system 1000, prior to harvesting. Alternatively, an operator may manually disconnect the buoyancy element 200 and the anchor 300 from the apparatus 10, for example, while the system 1000 is positioned on the rail 3115. It would be understood that the anchor 300 may not be fully recovered onto the deck 3005 of the vessel 3000 prior to disconnection. Instead, the anchor 300 may be left largely in-situ for future use.

The processing system 3100 further includes harvesting means 3130 configured to strip the cultivated macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 from the line 140. An example harvesting means 3130 is shown in Fig. 17, although it would be appreciated that other harvesting means may be used.

In this example, the harvesting means 3130 includes a stripping head 3135. The stripping head 3135 includes a rotatable blade 3134 configured to cut product from the line 140 as the line 140 passes adjacent thereto.

Prior to harvesting, the end of the line 140 may be transferred from the assembly 100 and connected to the winch 3132, for example, by an operator. The line 140 passes via the stripping head 3135. During harvesting, the line 140 is pulled through the stripping head 3135 by the winch 3132, to strip the cultivated product from the line 140. The cultivated product may be fully stripped from the line 140. Alternatively, the cultivated product may only be partially stripped from the line 140 (i.e., coppiced), with a portion of the cultivated macroalgae 1005 left to regrow. This may remove or reduce the need for the line 140 to be re-seeded. The stripping head 3135 may be a variable stripping head, allowing the amount of product cut from the line 140 to be varied according to user preference.

In this example the rotatable blade 3134 includes a hole for the line 140 to pass therethrough. The diameter of the hole may dictate the amount of product stripped from the line 140 as it passes therethrough.

In this example, the harvesting means 3130 includes an input guide 3133. In use, the line 140 passes through the input guide 3133 so as to ensure that the line 140 is aligned with the rotatable blade 3134.

The harvested macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 may be disposed in a suitable storage container 3131 for further processing. In this example, storage containers 3131 are positioned beneath the stripping head 3135 so as to capture the harvested product during the stripping process.

In this example, the harvesting means 3130 is configured to remove the line 140 from the apparatus 10 by unwinding the line 140, for example, using the winch 3132. The apparatus 10 may be rotatable about its longitudinal axis during harvesting. In this example, the apparatus 10 is supported by the rotation means 3110 during unwinding, so that, as the winch 3132 pulls the line 140 the apparatus 10 is able to rotate. The rotation means 3110 may allow free rotation of the apparatus during unwinding of the line 140, similarly to the winding process discussed above, the rotation means 3110 may provide some back-tension in the line 140 during unwinding of the line 140 to ensure the line 140 remains taught. Advantageously, by using the rotation means 3110 for supporting the apparatus 10, during unwinding, the apparatus 10 is in position for spooling another line 140 onto the apparatus 10, immediately following harvesting. In some examples, it may be the same line 140 that is unwound from the apparatus 10 and onto the winch 3132 and then subsequently rewound back onto the apparatus 10.

Each station of the processing system 3100 may be mounted directly onto the deck 3005 of the vessel 3000. Alternatively one of the stations of the processing system 3100 may be mounted to the deck 3005 of the vessel 3000 via an intermediate skid or frame. Mounting multiple stations of the processing system 3100 to the deck 3005 of the vessel 3000 via an intermediate skid or frame, for example, the winch 3132, the harvesting means 3130, the spooling means 3105 or the rotation means 3110, allows for more efficient installation of the processing system 3100 onto a vessel 3000.

The processing system 3100 may include a deck mounted crane 3600. The crane 3600 may be configured to assist with moving storage containers 3131, or unloading the storage containers 3131 from the vessel 3000 when full. Alternatively, or in addition, the crane 3600 may be configured to assist with moving the anchors 300. Alternatively, or in addition, the crane 3600 may be configured to assist with any number of moving or loading operations, as required during processing of the apparatus 10.

Fig. 20 describes a method 4000 of recovering, harvesting, preparing, and deploying a system 1000 for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms 1005. Figs. 19a to 19c illustrate the apparatus 10 and/or system 1000 at the different stages of the method 4000.

For clarity, some features of the processing system 3100 are omitted in each, or all, of Figs. 19a to 19c.

Method step 4005 represents the recovery of the system 1000 for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms 1005. Fig. 19a shows the system 1000 initially deployed in the body of water 2000 (shown as system 10001) and then recovered onto the deck 3005 of the vessel 3000 (shown as systems 10002 and 10003).

In this example, the system 1000 is recovered from the body of water 2000 by connecting recovery means to attachment means 215a of the buoyancy element 200. The system 1000 is then hauled from the body of water 2000 and onto the deck 3005 of vessel 3000. In some examples, the system 1000 is recovered via a ramp of the vessel 3000. On recovering the system 1000, the anchor 300 and the at least one buoyancy element 200 are removed from the apparatus 10. In this example, during recovery the system 1000, or separated apparatus 10, is moved from the bow ramp 3120, along the rail 3115, and to the rotation means 3110.

Method step 4010 represents the harvesting of the macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 from the system 1000. This includes removing the macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 from the line 140. In this example, this includes removing the line 140 comprising macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 from the plurality of elongate members 110 of the apparatus 10. The method 4010 may utilise the harvesting means 3130 of the processing system 3100. Fig. 19a shows the line 140 being removed from the apparatus 10 with winch 3132. The apparatus 10 may be rotatable within the rotation means 3110 as the line 140 is pulled by the winch 3132 (the rotation means 3110 are not shown in any of Figs. 19a to 19c for image clarity).

Fig. 19b shows the product 1005 having been stripped from the line 140 during unwinding. Method step 4015 represents winding a line 140 around the plurality of elongate members 110 of the apparatus 10. In some examples, the line 140 is wound around the plurality of elongate members 110 by rotating the apparatus using the rotation means 3110.

Successive windings of the line 140 are guided by the spooling means 3105 of the processing system 3100, as shown in Fig. 19c. The method step 4015 may further include infusing the line 140 with seed configured to develop into macroalgae or marine organisms 1005. In some examples, the line 140 is seeded with seeding means of the processing system 3100.

Method step 4020 represents coupling the apparatus 10 to the anchor 300, and coupling the apparatus 10 to the least one buoyancy element 200. The method 4020 may utilise the assembly line layout of the processing system 3100.

Method step 4025 represents releasing the system 1000 from a deck 3005 of a vessel 3000 and into a body of water 2000. In some examples, the system 1000 is released via the ramp 3120 of the vessel 3000. Fig. 19c shows the system 1000 being deployed down the ramp 3120 once the line 140 has been wound on the apparatus 10.

The method 4000 of harvesting, preparing, and deploying a system 1000 for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 may be repeated as many times is required.

The production line arrangement allows the method 4000 to be performed by passing the apparatus 10/system 1000 from station to station. In the illustrated example, the system 1000 is retrieved at the first end 3019a of the vessel 3000, the cultivated crop is harvested, and the apparatus 10 is prepared for a further cultivation operation, before, again, being deployed at the first end 3019a of the vessel 3000. The disclosed production system and method provide a considerable improvement in processing efficiency over known production systems and methods. For example, the process can be performed almost entirely autonomously, reducing the time taken and the workers required. In some examples, it may be that the only human intervention in the above process is to pass the end of the line 140 from the winch 3132, to the apparatus 10, prior to spooling and/or to pass the end of the line 140 from the apparatus 10 to the winch 3132, prior to stripping. It is noted that such automation was not possible with long-line techniques.

Elements of the processing system 3100 may be used to flip and redeploy an apparatus 10. For example, in waters where the light levels differ significantly with depth it may be advantageous to turn the apparatus 10 upside down part-way through a growing cycle. For example, the apparatus 10 could be recovered, passed to the rotation means 3110, where the support 3112 rotates the apparatus through 180 degrees, and then redeployed.

The processing system 3100 may include a control system 5000 configured to control one or more stations of the processing system 3100, for example, to perform the steps of method 4000. That is, as illustrated in Fig. 20, the control system 5000 may control one or more of the spooling means 3105, the seeding means 3020, the rotation means 3110, the harvesting means 3130, the winch 3132, and the handling means 3125, for example. The control system 5000 may control two or more of the spooling means 3105, the seeding means 3020, the rotation means 3110, the harvesting means 3130, the winch 3132, and the handling means 3125, in tandem. For example, the winch 3132 may be controlled in tandem with the rotation means 3125, the spooling means 3105, and/or the harvesting means 3130. Similarly, the seeding means 3020 may be controlled in tandem with the spooling means 3105.

The control system 5000 may include one or more controller. Each controller may include processing means and memory means. The processing means may be one or more electronic processing device which operably executes computer-readable instructions. The memory means may be one or more memory device. The memory means may be electrically coupled to the processing means. The memory means is configured to store instructions. The processing means is configured to access the memory means and execute the instructions stored thereon.

The memory may store one or more programs for each, or all, of the stations of the processing system 3100. For example, the memory may store programs for each, or all of the stations of the processing system 3100 corresponding to the required settings for each station, as to provide a particular spooling line spacing and/or line tension.

The control system 5000 may include a user input, for example, a control panel or user interface. The user input may be a touchscreen, or a plurality of input controls, allowing the user to perform at least one of the following: to start, or stop, or control the different stations within the processing system 3100; and/or to select particular programs from the memory; and/or to adjust settings, for example, to adjust default settings and/or settings within a particular program.

Looking to Fig. 21, an example farm is illustrated over a body of water 2000. A farm may have any suitable number of systems 1000 spaced about an area of a body of water 2000. Advantageously, with the compact nature of the above described system 1000, a large number of systems 1000 can be positioned in a relatively small area, with only a small spacing required between neighbouring systems 1000. For example, the systems 1000 may be spaced by 20m to 50m or more, although it would be understood that the actual spacing used may be driven by the shape of the area, the size of the vessel 3000 being used, and the expected worst case weather conditions. This helps yield a significant amount of macroalgae or marine organisms 1005 for a given area. In addition, the farm could be positioned in irregularly shaped areas, where long-line systems were not possible. In addition, the systems 1000 can be selectively deployed within areas otherwise restricted by obstructions, such as wind turbines, cables, pipelines, etc., or around ecologically sensitive areas, such as seagrass meadows or merles beds. Such farms were not possible when using the long-line technique due to the necessary spacing between lines.

Fig. 22 illustrates another example apparatus 40 for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms. The apparatus 40 is similar to the apparatus 10 in that the apparatus 40 includes a support structure 400, with a longitudinal axis 401 (shown in Fig. 22) and a plurality of engagement surfaces that extend longitudinally along the support structure 100, the plurality of engagement surfaces being spaced from the longitudinal axis 401 of the support structure 100 and forming a periphery of the support structure 100. However, in this example the support elements 412 are planar elements, for example sheet elements or plate elements. In this example the plane of each support element 412 extends in the longitudinal direction of the apparatus 40.

In the example of Fig. 22, the support structure 400 includes two support elements 412a and 412b (referred to collectively as 412). In other examples (such as the example of Fig. described below) there may be a different number of support elements 412, for example three, four or more.

The supports elements 412 may include any suitable material, for example sheets of PVC, HDPE, stainless steel or aluminium. PVC is particularly advantageous as it is relatively cheap and has buoyancy characteristics that are well-suited for this application. The support elements 412 may be laser cut or water cut from the sheet material.

The supports elements 412 elements may have any suitable thickness, for example from about 5mm to about 30mm, from about 10mm to about 20mm, aptly about 15mm.

In this example the plurality of engagement surfaces are edges of the two or more support elements 412. As used herein, the 'edges' of the support elements 412 are the out-of-plane surfaces that define the periphery of the support elements 412. The edges of each support element 412 have a thickness that is less than the in-plane dimensions of the support element 412. The engagement surfaces are the radially outer edges that extend longitudinally along the support structure 100.

Each support element 412 may have any number of edges that form an engagement surface, for example one, two, three or more. In this example each support element 412 has two longitudinal edges (410a, 410b and 410c, 410d respectively) that form engagement surfaces.

By way of example, in embodiments where support elements span across the entire width or diameter of the support structure, these support elements may have a first edge on a first side of the support element that forms an engagement surface and a second edge on a second side of the support element, opposed to the first side of the support element, that forms another engagement surface. This is the case for the support elements 412a, 412b of support structure 400. Specifically engagement surfaces 410a and 410b are positioned at opposing sides of the support structure 400. Similarly, engagement surfaces 410c and 410d are positioned at opposing sides of the support structure 400.

In other examples some or each of the support elements may have only a single edge that forms an engagement surface. For example, in embodiments where the or each support element extends from the longitudinal axis of the support structure to the periphery of the support structure the or each support element may have only a single edge that forms an engagement surface. This is the case for the support elements 512c and 512d of the embodiment of Fig. 25 as described subsequently.

As with apparatus 10, the apparatus 40 provides a bobbin-like structure in which macroalgae or marine organisms can grow that is less affected by external environmental factors, such as tides, prevailing winds, and wave movements, as compared to known apparatuses for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms. As with apparatus 10, the arrangement of engagement surfaces around a periphery of the support structure 400 allows a long length of line to be wound around a single, compact, frame structure, significantly increasing the productivity for a given area within a body of water.

The use of planar elements for the support elements 412 helps ensure the apparatus 40 is lightweight while still being sufficiently durable. In addition, the planar elements are easy and inexpensive to manufacture to specification, which helps ensure the apparatus 40 is suitable for large scale manufacture. Moreover, the planar elements are simple to store, package and transport. This better allows the possibility of providing the support structure 400 in unassembled form, for assembly in-situ, for example on-board the deployment vessel. In addition, by using the edges of planar elements as engagement surfaces, the area of the support elements that comes into contact with the line are minimised. This may lead to increased yield of seaweed per unit and improved water circulation around the line. In this example the support elements 412 are coplanar with the longitudinal axis 401 of the support structure 400. Put another way, in this example the planar elements each extend in at least one radial direction of the apparatus 40. That is, the planar elements each extend in at least one direction that originates from the longitudinal axis 401 and extends away from the longitudinal axis 401 in a direction that is normal to the longitudinal axis 401. In this manner, the support elements 412a, 412b may otherwise be termed radial support elements.

As best shown in Fig. 24, in this example the longitudinal axis 401 extends along the centreline of each support element 412a, 412b. That is, each support element has a longitudinal axis that is coaxial with the longitudinal axis 401 of the support structure 400. The plane of the support elements 412a, 412b each extend in two opposing radial directions originating from the longitudinal axis 401 to form a diameter of the support structure 400.

In this example the support elements 412a, 412b are angled with respect to each other about the longitudinal axis 401. Put another way, a normal vector to the plane of the support element 412a is angled with respect to the normal vector to the plane of the support element 412b about the longitudinal axis 401. In this manner, the angled support elements 412a, 412b form spokes or radial projections extending from the longitudinal axis 401. Advantageously, the angled radial support elements 412a, 412b provide a rigid frame with engagement surfaces distributed around the periphery thereof.

In the example of Fig. 22, the support elements 412a, 412b are angled by about 90 degrees about the longitudinal axis 401. In this manner, as best shown in Figs. 23a and 23b, the engagement surfaces 410a, 410b, 410c, 410d are equally spaced by about 90 degrees about the longitudinal axis 401.

In general each support element of the two or more support elements is angled with respect to each adjacent support element of the two or more support elements by at least degrees about the longitudinal axis of the support structure. This helps ensure the line 140 is provided with sufficient support around the periphery of the support structure 400 while also allowing water flow between the support elements 412. It will be understood that the angle about the longitudinal axis 401 between the support elements 412 will depend on the structure of the support structure 400, for example the number of support elements 412 and the number of engagement surfaces on each support surface.

In certain embodiments, each of the support elements 412 may be coupled and/or fastened and/or fixed and/or welded and/or interlocked to one or more of the other support elements 412.

As used herein the term 'interlocked' refers to the mating of components in a manner that restricts or constrains movement of a component relative to another component. In the described examples two or more support elements that are interlocked are mated such that at least relative translational movement between the two or more support elements is prevented in a direction normal to the longitudinal axis 401.

The support elements 412 may be interlocked in any suitable manner. For example, the support elements may be directly interlocked with each other. That is, a first support element may be directly interlocked with a second support element. For example, the support elements may be interlocked using at least one elongate slot or groove extending longitudinally along at least one of support elements. Once assembled the elongate slot or groove receives at least part of another support element so as to interlock the support elements.

As used herein an 'elongate slot refers to a narrow aperture or slit that extends through the thickness of the support element. The elongate slot may extend from an edge of the support element. That is, the elongate slot may have a mouth portion at a first longitudinal end thereof, the first longitudinal end being positioned at an edge of the support element, and a second longitudinal end opposed to the mouth portion. In other examples both ends of the elongate slot may be positioned away from the edge of the support element. As used herein a 'groove' refers to a narrow depression that extends only partially through the thickness of the support element.

The at least part of the support element 412 received in the elongate slot may be a body portion of the sheet element or plate element. In other examples, the at least part of the support element 412 received in the elongate slot may be a flange or a protrusion of the support element 412.

Alternatively, or in addition, the support elements may be indirectly interlocked with each other. For example the support structure may include an additional locking member, for example a cover or cap or spacer element, that is interlocked with each of the support elements.

As best shown in Fig. 24, in this example each support element 412a, 412b includes an elongate slot extending longitudinally there along. That is, the first support element 412a includes a first elongate slot 414a extending longitudinally along the first support element 412a. The first elongate slot 414a has a first longitudinal end 416a, the first longitudinal end 416a comprising a mouth portion, and a second longitudinal end 418a. The mouth portion of the first elongate slot 414a is positioned at an edge 430 at a longitudinal end of the first support element 412a.

The first support element 412a includes a first body portion 420a extending longitudinally from the second longitudinal end 418a of the first elongate slot 414a. In this example the first body portion 420a includes at least the portion of the first support element 412a that extends away from the second longitudinal end 418a of the first elongate slot 414a in the longitudinal direction of the support structure 400. The first body portion 420a is coaxial with the first elongate slot 414a. The first body portion 420a is represented by a dashed line in Fig. 24.

The second support element 412b includes a second elongate slot 414b extending longitudinally there along. The second elongate slot 414b has a first longitudinal end 416b, the first longitudinal end 416b comprising a mouth portion, and a second longitudinal end 418b. The mouth portion of the second elongate slot 414b is positioned at an edge 432 at a longitudinal end of the second support element 412b.

The second support element 412b includes a second body portion 420b extending longitudinally from the second longitudinal end 418b of the second elongate slot 414b.

In this example the second body portion 420b includes at least the portion of the second support element 412b that extends away from the second longitudinal end 418b of the second elongate slot 414b in the longitudinal direction of the support structure 400. The second body portion 420b is coaxial with the second elongate slot 414b. The second body portion 420b is represented by a dashed line in Fig. 24.

Once assembled, at least part of the first body portion 420a is received, or slotted, in the second elongate slot 414b and at least part of the second body portion 420b is received in the first elongate slot 414a.

In this example, the first body portion 420a is of the same longitudinal length as the second elongate slot 414b such that in the assembled configuration, the entirety of the first body portion 420a is received in the second elongate slot 414b. In the same manner, the second body portion 420b is of the same longitudinal length as the first elongate slot 414a such that in the assembled configuration, the entirety of the second body portion 420b is received in the first elongate slot 414a.

In this example the first elongate slot 414a extends along the longitudinal axis of the first support element 412a. The second elongate slot 414b extends along the longitudinal axis of the second support element 412b. In this manner, in the assembled configuration of the support structure 400, the interlocking between the first and second elongate slots 414a, 414b and the corresponding support structure 420b, 420a occurs along the longitudinal axis 401 of the support structure 400.

Interlocking the first support element 412a and the second support element 412b along the longitudinal axis 401 of the support structure 400 is advantageous in that space remains between the radial support elements 412a, 412b for fluid flow. In addition, with this arrangement the first support element 412a and second support element 412b are interlocked along a single axis (that is, longitudinal axis 401) such that assembly of the support structure 400 is efficient. That is, the support elements 412 can be interlocked in a single motion. Moreover, integrating the interlocking mechanism (that is, elongate slots 414a, 414b) within the support elements 412a, 412b ensures the manufacture and assembly of the support structure 400 is simple.

Once slotted together, the first body portion 420a may be welded, for example hot air welded, to the longitudinal edges or boundaries of the second elongate slot 414b to help maintain the relative positioning between the first support element 412a and the second support element 412b. Alternatively, or in addition, the second body portion 420b may be welded to the longitudinal edges or boundaries of the first elongate slot 414a.

In some examples, at least one spacer element or at least one reinforcement element is included in the support structure. The at least one spacer element or reinforcement element may act to reinforce the support element. The at least one spacer element or at least one reinforcement element may act to maintain a particular spacing between the engagement surfaces around the periphery of the support structure 400.

In the example of Fig. 22 the support structure 400 includes spacer elements 422, specifically four spacer elements 422, positioned between the support elements 412a, 412b so as to reinforce the support structure 400 and to maintain the preferred angle between the support elements 412a, 412b about the longitudinal axis 401. In this example the spacer elements 422 are transverse web elements positionable between support elements. In other examples other spacer elements may be used, for example threaded rods, concrete blocks (for example polymer modified concreate suitable for sub-sea applications) or planar sheet elements.

The spacer elements 422 may be fixed to the support elements 412 in any suitable manner. For example, the spacer elements 422 may be coupled and/or fixed and/or interlocked and/or welded to adjacent support elements 412. In this example the spacer elements 422 are welded to the adjacent support elements 412.

Fig. 23b shows a top-down view of the support structure 400 of Fig. 22, which includes spacer elements 422. Fig. 23a shows a top-down view of a variant of the support structure 400 of Fig. 22, which does not include spacer elements 422. In examples without spacer elements 422, the required angular spacing between the engagement surfaces may be maintained through the tension in the line 140 and/or the thickness of the planar support elements 412, for example.

The support elements 412 or engagement surfaces may include a plurality of cavities, notches, ridges, or grooves configured to receive the line 140 such that adjacent windings of the line 140 are maintained spaced apart along the length of each support element 412. In this example the support elements 412 include optional lip portions, or overhang portions 440. Overhang portions 440 are positioned at each end of the longitudinal edges 410a, 410b, 410c, 410d. In use, the line 140 is wound around the longitudinal edges 410a, 410b, 410c, 410d between the overhang portions 440, the overhang portions 440 helping maintain the position of the line 140 on the support element 412. In certain embodiments, one or more support elements 412 includes at least one aperture or vent passing through the thickness of the one or more support element. Each support element 412 may include any number of vents, for example one, two or more. Each vent may have any suitable dimensions. The at least one vent may help the passage of fluid through the support structure 400 to avoid excessive hydrodynamic forces.

In certain embodiments, the apparatus 40 includes a first attachment point for coupling the apparatus 40 to the at least one buoyancy element. However, in this example the apparatus 40 includes multiple attachment points 425a at a first end 405a of the apparatus 40. A separate coupling element 220 (as shown in Figure 5) may be attached to each attachment point 425a to provide redundancy in case of a single point failure.

In certain embodiments, the apparatus includes a second attachment point for coupling the apparatus 40 to the anchor 300. However, in this example the apparatus 40 includes multiple attachment points 425b at a second end 405b of the apparatus 40. A separate coupling element 310 (as shown in Figure 6) may be attached to each attachment point 425b to provide redundancy in case of a single point failure.

Figs. 25 to 28, show another example of an apparatus 50 including a support structure 500. The apparatus 50 is similar to the apparatus 40. For example, the support elements 512a, 512b of the support structure 500 correspond to the support elements 412a, 412b of the support structure 400. However, in this example, the angle between the support elements 512a, 512b is about 60 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the support structure 500. Additional support elements 512c, 512d are provided between the support elements 512a, 512b. The support elements 512c, 512d are each angled from each of the support elements 512a, 512b by about 60 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the support structure 500. In this manner the engagement surfaces defined by each of the support elements 512a, 512b, 512c, 512d are equally spaced around the periphery of the support structure 500.

In this example, the additional support elements 512c, 512d start at the longitudinal axis 401 of the support structure and extend radially from the longitudinal axis 401. In this manner, one longitudinal edge of each of the additional support elements 512c, 512d forms an engagement surface of the support structure 500 and another longitudinal edge of each of the additional support elements 512c, 512d is coaxial with the longitudinal axis 401 of the support structure 400.

The support elements 512a, 512b are interlocked in the same manner as the support elements 412a, 412b. The additional support elements 512c, 512d could be fixed and/or interlocked and/or welded to the adjacent support elements 512a, 512b. In this example the additional support elements 512c, 512d are hot air welded to the adjacent support elements 512a, 512b. In particular, the additional support elements 512c, 512d are each welded to each of the support elements 512a, 512b at the longitudinal interface therebetween.

Fig. 26 shows a top-down view of the support structure 500. In this example the support structure 500 does not include spacer elements 422. In other examples, a variant of the support structure 500 may include spacer elements 422.

It would be understood that other arrangements of support structure are possible. For example, aspects of the support structures 400 and 500 could be combined. In addition, support elements of a different shape or structure to those shown could be used. In addition, the support elements may be coupled and/or fastened and/or fixed and/or welded and/or interlocked differently to the disclosed examples.

For example, Fig. 29 illustrates a top-down view of another example of a support structure 600. In this example the support structure 600 includes support elements 612a, 612b, 612c, 612d. In most aspects the support elements 612a, 612b, 612c, 612d correspond to the support elements of support structure 400, 500. However, in this example the planes of the support elements 612a, 612b, 612c, 612d are not coplanar with the longitudinal axis 601 of the support structure 600. Rather, the planes of the support elements 612a, 612b, 612c, 612d are each offset from the longitudinal axis 601. In this example, the support elements 612a, 612b, 612c, 612d are arranged into two groups of parallel support elements -a first group of parallel support elements including the support elements 612a, 612c and a second group of parallel support elements including the support elements 612b, 612d. The support elements 612a, 612d of the first group are angled with respect to the support elements 612b, 612c of the second group. In this example the support elements 612a, 612d of the first group are perpendicular with respect to the support elements 612b, 612c of the second group. Each support element 612a, 612d of the first group intersects the support elements 612b, 612c of the second group to form a lattice structure. At the point of intersection the support elements 612a, 612d of the first group may be coupled and/or fastened and/or fixed and/or welded and/or interlocked to the support elements 612b, 612c in the same manner as previously described embodiments.

For example, each of the support elements 612a, 612d of the first group may interlock with the support elements 612b, 612c of the second group using elongate slots. For example, each support element 612a, 612d of the first group may include a first elongate slot configured to receive support element 612b and a second elongate slot configured to receive support element 612c. Each support element 612b, 612c may include a first elongate slot to receive support element 612a and a second elongate slot configured to receive support element 612d. For example, the elongate slots of the first group of support elements 612a, 612d may interlock with corresponding elongate slots of the second group of support elements 612b, 612c in the same manner as the elongate slots 414a, 414b of the support elements 412a, 412b.

Figs. 30 to 35, show another example of an apparatus 70 including a support structure 700. The apparatus 70 is similar to the apparatus 40, 50 in that the support elements 712 of the support structure 700 are planar elements, for example sheet elements or plate elements. In the illustrated example the apparatus 70 includes six support elements 712 but any suitable number of support elements 712 may be used.

The apparatus 70 is similar to the apparatus 10 in that each support element 712 is coupled to the remaining support elements 712 by one or more spacer elements 720.

The support elements 712 are spaced apart by the at least one spacer element 720. The at least one spacer element 720 extends between each support element 712. In this way, the support elements 712 and the engagement surfaces thereof are maintained at a distance from the other support elements 712.

In this example, the at least one spacer element 720 includes a first spacer element 720a and a second spacer element 72Db. The support elements 712 extend between the first spacer element 720a and the second spacer element 72Db. The first spacer element 720a and second spacer element 72Db are disposed at opposing ends of the apparatus 70. That is, the first spacer element 720a and the second spacer element 72Db are longitudinally offset along the length of the apparatus 70.

In this example the at least one spacer element 720 further includes at least one intermediary spacer element 720c disposed between the first spacer element 720a and the second spacer element 72Db. In the illustrated example the apparatus 70 includes a single intermediary spacer element 720c, however it would be understood that any number of intermediary spacer elements may be used.

In the illustrate example, the spacer elements 720 are planar elements, for example sheet elements or plate elements. The planar elements each extend in a plane, in particular a substantially flat plane. In this manner the spacer elements 720 can maintain spacing between the support elements 712 in this plane. The spacer elements 720 may be of the same construction (that is, material and/or thickness) as the planar support elements 712.

Each spacer element 720 includes a plurality of openings, recesses or grooves each configured to receive a portion of a corresponding support element 712. The spacer elements 720a, 72Db are similar to spacer elements 120a, 120b in that they include a plurality of openings or recesses 735, each configured to receive an end of a corresponding support element 712. The openings or recesses 735 of the first spacer element 720a are denoted as 735a. The openings or recesses 735 of the second spacer element 720b are denoted as 735b.

In this example the openings 735 are radial slots extending through the thickness of the corresponding spacer element 720a, 720b. The radial slots each extend radially from a position proximate to the centre of the corresponding spacer element 720a, 720b to a position proximate to the radially outer edge of the corresponding spacer element 720a, 72Db. The radial slots are angled with respect to each other about the longitudinal axis. In this way, once received in the corresponding radial slots, the planar support elements 720 form spokes or radial projections extending from the longitudinal axis of the apparatus 70.

In some embodiments the intermediary spacer element 720c may be the same as spacer elements 720a, 720b. However, in the illustrated example, the radial slots 735c of the intermediary spacer element 720c extend to the radially outer edge of the spacer element 720c, allowing each support element 712 to be received into the corresponding radial slot 735c along an in-plane, radial, direction.

As best shown in Fig. 31, in this example the support elements 712 comprises three sections arranged longitudinally -first section 782 at a second end 705b of the support structure 700, a third section 786 at a first end 705a of the support structure 700 and a second section 784 positioned between the first section 782 and the third section 786.

In this example, the width of the first section 782 at the interface between the first section 782 and the second section 784 is w1. The width of the second section 784 and the third section 786 is equal to or less than w2, where w1 is greater than w2. In the illustrated example, the interface between the first section 782 and the second section 784 is shown with width w2. As a result, the first section 782 includes a first lip or seat portion 7401 extending from the main body of the first section 782 at the interface between the first section 782 and the second section 784.

The radial slots 735a of the first spacer element 720a have a length that is less than w1 but greater than w2. As such, during assembly the third section 786 and second section 784 can pass through the corresponding radial slot 735a, but the seat portion 7401 will abut the first spacer element 720a in a position radially outwardly from the radial slot 735a. Put another way, the first spacer element 720a will be seated on the seat portion 7401.

In this example, the width of the second section 784 at the interface between the second section 784 and the third section 786 is w3. The width of the third section 786 is equal to or less than w4, where w3 is greater than w4. As a result, the second section 784 includes a second lip or seat portion 7402 extending from the main body of the second section 784 at the interface between the second section 784 and the third section 786. Width w3 may be equal to or less than width w2.

The radial slits 735b of the second spacer element 720b have a length that is less than w3 but greater than w4. As such, during assembly the third section 786 can pass through the corresponding radial slot 735b, but the seat portion 7402 will abut the second spacer element 720b in a position radially outwardly from the radial slot 735b. Put another way, the second spacer element 720b will be seated on the seat portion 7402.

For the avoidance of doubt, when assembled, the plane of each planar support element 712 will be perpendicular to the planes of each spacer element 720.

In the illustrated example, each support element 712 includes a notch 760 on a radially inner edge thereof. The notch is configured to receive a central portion of the intermediary spacer element 720c. As such, the notch 760 helps maintain the longitudinal position of the intermediary spacer element 720c following assembly.

With the example shown in Figs. 30 to 35, the use of planar spacer elements for coupling together each support element helps ensure that the support assembly can be constructed with basic construction techniques that can be quickly and easily performed on-board the deployment vessel. There may be no need for additional welding, for example.

The support elements 712 may be affixed to one or more of the spacer elements 720. For example, the support elements 712 may be screwed, bolted, welded, glued, or any combination thereof to one or more of the spacer elements 720. The support elements 712 may be affixed to an intermediate fastener which, in turn, is affixed to the at least one spacer element 720. In the illustrated example, the L-brackets 780 are used an intermediate fastener. Support elements 712 are affixed to an L-bracket 780, which is affixed to the spacer element 720b.

In this example, the radially innermost point of the radial slots 735 of each spacer element 720 are radially offset from the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700. As such, when assembled, the radially inner edge of each support element 712 is radially offset from the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700. This provides a passage for fluid flow through the centre of the support structure 700.

In this example, each spacer element 720 includes a central aperture 737 aligned with the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700. In use, the coupling element 710 can pass through the support structure 700 from a first end 705a of the support structure 700 to a second end 705b of the support structure 700. The coupling element 710 passes through the central aperture 737 of each spacer element 720. The coupling element 710 may be a chain, metal wiring, rope in the same manner as coupling element 220, 310.

By allowing the coupling element 710 to pass through the support structure 700, a single coupling element can be used to couple the support structure 700 to both an anchor and a buoyancy element. Alternatively, or in addition, a single coupling element can be used to couple multiple support structures 700 together.

In this example, the apparatus 70 includes at least one stopper member 800. As best shown in Fig. 35, in this example, the apparatus 70 includes two stopper members 800. The two stopper members 800 are positioned at opposing ends of the apparatus 70. In use, the stopper members 800 maintain a predetermined position of the support structure 700 on the coupling element 710. That is, the stopper members 800 are configured to couple or clamp to the coupling element 710 and prevent movement of the apparatus 70 along the coupling element 710 past the stopper member 800.

In this example the stopper members 800 have at least one dimension through a transverse cross-section that is larger than the aperture 737 in the spacer elements 720.

Any suitable stopper member may be used to maintain a predetermined position of the support structure 700 on the coupling element 710.

In this example the stopper member 800 is a clamp. The stopper member 800 includes a main body 802 and a locking element 804. In an operational configuration, the locking element 804 engages with the coupling element 710 and urges the coupling element 710 against an interior surface 806 of the main body 802 to fix the position of the stopper member 800 on the coupling element 710.

In this example, the locking element 804 is a friction wedge. During assembly, as the friction wedge is inserted into a corresponding wedge slot of the main body 802. The wedge slot is defined between the interior surface 806 of the main body 802 and a second interior surface 808 of the main body 802. The further the friction wedge is inserted into the wedge slot, the larger the clamping force applied to the coupling element 710 by the friction wedge.

The locking element 804 may be locked or fixed in the operational configuration such that relative movement between the locking element 804 and the main body 802 is substantially prevented. In this example, the main body 802 comprises two half-shell portions 8021, 8022.

The locking element 804 may be locked in the operational configuration by fixing the locking element 804 to the main body 802. For example the locking element 804 may be held in place with a fixing (for example a stud or pin) that fixes the two half-shell portions 8021, 8022 together, the fixing passing through the locking element 804. In some examples the locking element 804 may include a slot through which the fixing passes. The fixing may pass through the slot in a direction that is transverse to the length of the slot. The locking element 804 may then be movable with respect to the fixing to the extent of the length of the slot. This helps ensure that the locking element 804 is retained within the stopper member 800 even when retracted or loosened.

Alternatively, or in addition, the locking element 804 may be locked in place by fixing the two half-shell portions 8021, 8022 together around the locking element 804. The locking element 804 may then be held in place by the interference fit of the locking element 804 within the wedge slot 802 at the interface of the two half-shell portions 8021, 8022.

The use of a friction wedge mechanism is particularly advantageous in that it allows the stopper element 800 to be quickly engaged / disengaged using only basic hand tools. The friction wedge mechanism also produces minimum chaffing on the coupling element 710. The use of a main body 802 constructed from two half-shell portions 8021, 8022 allows simple application of the stopper member 800 to the coupling element 710. The stopper member 800 can be installed around the coupling element 710 without having to feed the end of the coupling element 710 through the stopper member 800 each time it is installed.

This allows the stopper member 800 to be installed in an operational scenario (i.e. with the coupling element 710 threaded through the apparatus 70).

In this example the support structure 700 is not clamped to the coupling element 710 by the stopper members 800. Rather, the support structure 700 is free to rotate around its longitudinal axis / the coupling element 710. This helps reduce stress on the system in use.

The use of stopper members 800 on a coupling element 710 that passes through the support structure 700 helps reduce the potential for equipment loss in service. That is, even if the stopper members 800 fail the support structure 700 remains threaded on the coupling element 710.

In this example each of the support elements 712 comprises a radially inner engagement surface 814 at the first end 705a of the support structure 700 and a radially inner engagement surface 816 at the second end 705b of the support structure 700. The radially inner engagement surfaces 814, 816 are labelled in Fig. 31.

In this example the radially inner engagement surfaces 814, 816 are sloped relative to the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700. In particular, the radially inner engagement surface 814 is angled away from the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700, such that the upper-most point of the radially inner engagement surface 814 is spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700 by a distance that is greater than the spacing between the lower-most point of the radially inner engagement surface 814 and the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700.

The radially inner engagement surface 816 is angled away from the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700, such that the lower-most point of the radially inner engagement surface 816 is spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700 by a distance that is greater than the spacing between the upper-most point of the radially inner engagement surface 816 and the longitudinal axis of the support structure 700.

In this example the main body 802 of each stopper member 800 has a tapered profile. The main body 802 includes a first end 812 with a first cross-sectional area. The main body 802 includes a second end 810 with a second cross-sectional area, smaller than the first cross-sectional area. The main body 802 includes an outer sloped surface 818 extending between the first end 812 to the second end 810. In this example, the main body 802 is a cone or truncated cone.

In this example, the slope of the radially inner engagement surfaces 814, 816 corresponds to the slope of the outer sloped surface 818 of the main body 802 of the corresponding stopper member 800. In use, the outer sloped surface 818 of the main body 802 of the stopper member 800 at the first end 705a of the support structure 700 engages with the radially inner engagement surfaces 814 of each support element 712. The outer sloped surface 818 of the main body 802 of the stopper member 800 at the second end 705b of the support structure 700 engages with the radially inner engagement surfaces 816 of each support element 712.

The sloped surfaces of the support elements 712 and stopper member 800 allows each stopper member 800 to be at least partially embedded or recessed within the corresponding end of the support structure 700. This helps maximise the space along the coupling element 710 available for growing.

In this example, the outer sloped surface 818 of the stopper member 800 functions as a bearing surface, allowing relative rotation between the radially inner engagement surfaces 814, 816 of the support elements 712 and the outer sloped surface 818. It would be understood that, in use, the outer sloped surface 818 may not be in continuous engagement with the radially inner engagement surfaces 814, 816 of the support elements 712.

The main body 800 may be formed from a material with high wear resistance to allow the relative rotation between the support elements 712 and the main body 800. For example the main body 800 may comprise UHMWPE (ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene).

Alternatively, at least the outer sloped surface 818 of the main body 800 may include a suitable wear resistant coating.

Another support structure may include a single tubular support element. The tubular support element may be formed from sheet material, for example PVC, HDPE, stainless steel or aluminium. The radially outer surface of the tubular support element forms an engagement surface for supporting the line. The tubular support element may include vents to allow flow therethrough.

The support structure of any of the preceding examples may include one or more buoyancy modules or one or more ballast modules. The one or more buoyancy modules or one or more ballast modules may help ensure that the support structure itself is at least neutrally buoyant or slightly negatively buoyant at a required depth. The required depth may vary depending on the particular application. Ensuring the support structure is neutrally buoyant or close to neutral buoyancy helps the support structure sit underwater at the specified depth with minimal stress on other components of the system. By way of example, the support structure 700 includes ballast modules 790. The ballast modules 790 are negatively buoyant to at least partially counteract the positive buoyancy of the support structure 700 in examples where the support elements 712 are constructed from a material with positive buoyancy (for example PVC, HDPE). Any suitable material may be used for the buoyancy modules and ballast modules. The ballast modules may comprise concrete or ecocrete, for example.

The one or more buoyancy modules or one or more ballast modules may take any suitable position on the support structure. By way of example, the ballast modules 790 are positioned at the first end 705a and second end 705b of the support structure 700 so as not to interfere with the growing space around the support elements 712. In this example, for efficiency of space, the ballast modules 790 are formed as sections positioned between the support elements 712. In this example the ballast modules 790 are used as additional spacer elements or reinforcement elements, helping to maintain a particular spacing between the engagement surfaces around the periphery of the support structure 700. In this example the ballast modules 790 are fixed to at least one adjacent support element 712, for example with a through-bolt. The ballast modules 790 may be removed prior to on-deck processing (for example prior to interaction with the engagement elements 3121).

The support structure of any of the preceding examples may be provided as a kit of parts.

That is, a kit comprising the support elements and spacer elements (where applicable) of support structures 400, 500, 700 may be provided in an unassembled configuration. The kit may then be assembled into an assembled configuration. For the avoidance of doubt, Figs. 22 and 25, show the support structures 400, 500, respectively, in an assembled configuration. Fig. 35 shows the support structure 700 in a partially assembled configuration.

A method of assembling a support structure from a kit of parts may include assembling the two or more support elements into the support structure. Assembling the two or more support elements into the support structure may include coupling and/or fastening and/or fixing and/or welding and/or interlocking a support element of the two or more support elements to one or more of the remaining two or more support elements. Interlocking two support elements may include positioning at least part of a support element into an elongate slot or groove extending longitudinally along another support element. The method may further include providing at least one spacer element or reinforcement element between adjacent support elements of the two or more support elements. The two or more support elements may be coupled to the remaining support elements of the two or more support elements via the at least one spacer element. The method may further include coupling and/or fastening and/or fixing and/or welding and/or interlocking the at least one spacer element or reinforcement element to the adjacent support elements of the two or more support elements.

Referring specifically to the embodiment of Fig. 24, the method of assembling a support structure from a kit of parts includes slotting at least part of the first body portion 420a into in the second elongate slot 414b and slotting at least part of the second body portion 420b into the first elongate slot 414a. This step is illustrated by arrow 424 in Fig. 24. The method further includes providing spacer elements 422 between adjacent support elements. This step is illustrated by arrows 426 in Fig. 25. For image clarity only two spacer elements 422 are shown in Fig. 24. In this example the method further includes welding the spacer elements 422 to the adjacent support elements.

Referring specifically to the embodiment of Fig. 27, the support elements 512a, 512b are assembled in the same manner as support elements 412a, 412b as shown in Fig. 24. The method further includes inserting support elements 512c, 512d between support elements 512a, 512b as indicated by arrows 528 in Fig. 27. In this example the method further includes welding the support elements 512a, 512b to the support elements 512c, 512d. Referring specifically to the embodiment of Fig. 30, the method of assembling a support structure from a kit of parts includes slotting each support element 712 through a corresponding opening 735a in the first spacer element 720a. Each support element 712 is moved through the corresponding opening 735a in the first spacer element 720a until the first spacer element 720a is seated on the first seat portion 7401.

Each support element 712 is then moved through a corresponding opening 735c in the intermediary spacer element 720c until the central portion of the intermediary spacer element 720c is seated within the notch 760 of the support element 712.

Each support element 712 is then slotted through a corresponding opening 735b in the second spacer element 720b until the second spacer element 720b is seated on the second seat portion 7402.

The support elements 712 may then be affixed to one or more of the spacer elements 720a, 720b, 720c. For example, the support elements 712 may be screwed, bolted, welded, glued, or any combination thereof to one or more of the spacer elements 720a, 720b, 720c.

One or more ballast modules (for example ballast modules 790) or buoyancy modules may then be coupled or fixed to the support elements 712 and/or spacer elements 720.

For ease of assembly, the coupling element 710 may be threaded through the central aperture 737 of each spacer element 720 prior to assembly.

The described methods of assembling the support structure are quick and simple and can be done in-situ, for example on-board the deployment vessel. The use of elongate slots to interlock the support elements is advantageous in allowing quick and simple assembly that can largely be done manually. The use of spacer elements with radial slots that receive the support elements is also advantageous in allowing quick and simple assembly that can be largely be done manually.

Once the support structure has been assembled the line can be wound around the support structure so that the line engages with the plurality of engagement surfaces in the manner described herein. The apparatus 40, 50, 70 can then be deployed, recovered and harvested in the same manner as described previously for apparatus 10.

It would be understood that the processing system 3100 could be used for processing any of the apparatus described herein -for example apparatus 10, 40, 50 or 70. The processing system may be used to process any apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms. For example, the apparatus may differ in structure from that described here. In general, the processing system 3100 is most effective when used with a bobbin-type apparatus, such as apparatus 10, 40, 50 or 70, which have a structure that is complementary to the winding/unwinding implemented by processing system 3100.

In the examples of Fig. 22 25 and 30, the support elements separate the cross-sectional profile of the support structures 400, 500, 700 into segments. As such, the engagement elements 3121 of the manipulator arm 3111 shown in Figs. 14 and 15 can engage with the apparatus 40, 50, 70 in the same manner as described for the apparatus 10. The interaction between the engagement elements 3121 of the manipulator arm 3111 and the support structure 500 is shown in Fig. 28 by way of example.

Although the examples above have been described in the context of macroalgae cultivation, any of the apparatus described herein may be configured for the cultivation of marine organisms. For example, the interior volume of any of the apparatus described herein (that is the interior space defined between ends of the apparatus and the engagement surfaces) may be used to house marine organisms, such as shellfish.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words "comprise" and "contain" and variations of them mean "including but not limited to", and they are not intended to (and do not) exclude other moieties, additives, components, integers or steps. Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the singular encompasses the plural unless the context otherwise requires. In particular, where the indefinite article is used, the specification is to be understood as contemplating plurality as well as singularity, unless the context requires otherwise.

Features, integers, characteristics or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the invention are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. All the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. The invention is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The invention extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Claims

Claims 1. An apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the apparatus comprising: a line configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms; and a support structure having a longitudinal axis, the support structure comprising a plurality of engagement surfaces, the plurality of engagement surfaces extending longitudinally along the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces being spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces forming a periphery of the support structure, wherein the line is wound around the support structure and the line engages with the plurality of engagement surfaces.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the line comprises at least one of: rope, cord, fibrous material, or polymer material.
3. The apparatus of any of the preceding claims, wherein the line is infused with macroalgae or marine organisms.
4. The apparatus of any of the preceding claims, wherein the support structure comprises two or more support elements.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the two or more support elements are sheet elements or plate elements, wherein the plurality of engagement surfaces are edges of the sheet elements or plate elements.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the two or more support elements are coplanar with the longitudinal axis of the support structure.
7. The apparatus of any of claims 5 to 6, wherein each support element of the two or more support elements are angled with respect to each of the remaining support elements of the two or more support elements about the longitudinal axis of the support structure.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein each support element of the two or more support elements is angled with respect to each adjacent support element of the two or more support elements by at least 45 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the support structure.
9. The apparatus of any of claims 4 to 8, wherein each of the two or more support elements are coupled and/or fastened and/or fixed and/or welded and/or interlocked to one or more of the remaining two or more support elements.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one spacer element, wherein the at least one spacer element is positioned between adjacent support elements of the two or more support elements, wherein each support element of the two or more support elements is coupled to the remaining support elements of the two or more support elements via the at least one spacer element.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the at least one spacer element comprises two or more openings, wherein each opening of the two or more openings is configured to receive a portion of a support element of the two or more support elements.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the at least one spacer element comprises a central aperture aligned with the longitudinal axis of the support structure, wherein the central aperture is configured to receive a coupling element for coupling the apparatus to an anchor or buoyancy element.
13. A kit of parts for a support structure for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the kit of parts comprising: two or more support elements, wherein in an assembled configuration of the support structure the two or more support elements are arranged into a support structure having a longitudinal axis, the support structure comprising a plurality of engagement surfaces, the plurality of engagement surfaces extending longitudinally along the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces being spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces forming a periphery of the support structure, wherein the plurality of engagement surfaces are edges of the two or more support elements, wherein the plurality of engagement surfaces are configured to support a line configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms.
14. The kit of parts of claim 13, wherein the two or more support elements are sheet elements or plate elements.
15. The kit of parts of claim 13 or claim 14, wherein in the assembled configuration of the support structure the two or more support elements are coplanar with the longitudinal axis of the support structure.
16. The kit of parts of any of claims 13 to 15, wherein in the assembled configuration of the support structure each support element of the two or more support elements are angled with respect to each of the remaining support elements of the two or more support elements about the longitudinal axis of the support structure.
17. The kit of parts of claim 16, wherein each support element of the two or more support elements is angled with respect to each adjacent support element of the two or more support elements by at least 45 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the support structure.
18. The kit of parts of any of claims 13 to 17, wherein in the assembled configuration of the support structure each of the two or more support elements are coupled and/or fastened and/or fixed and/or welded and/or interlocked to one or more of the remaining two or more support elements.
19. The kit of parts of claim 18, wherein the kit of parts comprises at least one spacer element, wherein in the assembled configuration of the support structure the at least one spacer element is positioned between adjacent support elements of the two or more support elements, wherein each support element of the two or more support elements is coupled to the remaining support elements of the two or more support elements via the at least one spacer element.
20. The kit of parts of claim 19, wherein the at least one spacer element comprises two or more openings, wherein in the assembled configuration each opening of the two or more openings receives a portion of a support element of the two or more support elements.
21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the at least one spacer element comprises a central aperture aligned with the longitudinal axis of the support structure, wherein the central aperture is configured to receive a coupling element for coupling the apparatus to an or buoyancy element.
22. A kit of parts for an apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the kit of parts comprising: a line configured to provide a growth surface for macroalgae or marine organisms; and a support structure having a longitudinal axis, the support structure comprising a plurality of engagement surfaces, the plurality of engagement surfaces extending longitudinally along the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces being spaced from the longitudinal axis of the support structure, the plurality of engagement surfaces forming a periphery of the support structure, wherein in an assembled configuration of the apparatus the line is wound around the support structure and the line engages with the plurality of engagement surfaces.
23. A system for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the system comprising: the apparatus of any of claims 1 to 12; an anchor coupled to the apparatus; at least one buoyancy element coupled to the apparatus; at least one coupling element, wherein the apparatus is coupled to the anchor and/or the at least one buoyancy element by the at least one coupling element.
24. The system of claim 23, further comprising at least one stopper member configured to maintain a predetermined position of the support structure on the coupling element.
25. A method of preparing an apparatus for cultivating macroalgae or marine organisms, the method comprising: providing the kit of parts of claim 22; winding the line around the support structure so that the line engages with the plurality of engagement surfaces.