GB2561456A - Direct current power system - Google Patents

Abstract

A Direct Current power system for a building comprises a power providing component connectable to power-supplying cabling 212 installed in/on a structural component (such as a ceiling or a wall) 202, 204 of a building structure 200. A method of constructing a building structure including a Direct Current power system is also disclosed. The building may have a modular structure. The system transfers dc power using a power over Ethernet protocol, and suitable connectors may be provided in a wall mounted socket. A source of renewable energy such as a photovoltaic panel may be provided and the system may operate as a dc microgrid. The system may configured to supply dc power to a low energy lighting system. The system avoids the need for wasteful ac/dc conversions and bulky ac/dc transformers. Cheaper dc cabling is also possible.

Description

(56) Documents Cited:

WO 2016/059435 A1 WO 2015/028210 A1 US 20160006253 A1

WO 2016/020122 A1 JP 2002013228 A (71) Applicant(s):

Extreme Low Energy Limited Unit 7, Greenwood Business Centre, Gorsey Place, East Gillibrands Industrial Estate, Skelmersdale, Lancashire, WN8 9DB, United Kingdom (58) Field of Search:

INT CL H02G, H02J

Other: WPI, EPODOC, patent fulltext (72) Inventor(s):

Mark Buchanan Howard Banks James Long (74) Agent and/or Address for Service:

Appleyard Lees IP LLP

Clare Road, HALIFAX, West Yorkshire, ΗΧ1 2HY, United Kingdom (54) Title of the Invention: Direct current power system

Abstract Title: Direct Current Power System for Building (57) A Direct Current power system for a building comprises a power providing component connectable to powersupplying cabling 212 installed in/on a structural component (such as a ceiling or a wall) 202, 204 of a building structure 200. A method of constructing a building structure including a Direct Current power system is also disclosed. The building may have a modular structure. The system transfers dc power using a power over Ethernet protocol, and suitable connectors may be provided in a wall mounted socket. A source of renewable energy such as a photovoltaic panel may be provided and the system may operate as a dc microgrid. The system may configured to supply dc power to a low energy lighting system. The system avoids the need for wasteful ac/dc conversions and bulky ac/dc transformers. Cheaper dc cabling is also possible.

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Direct Current Power System

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to Direct Current power systems and related methods, structures and devices.

Background to the Invention

It is widely recognised that while known grid-based electricity supplies are globally standardised on centralized AC (Alternative Current) transmission, many of today’s everyday electrical products, such as computers, TV’s, phones and LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting, run on DC (Direct Current) power and as a result, require bulky, inefficient, energy wasting transformers. The use of DC power in buildings has been widely documented but rarely deployed in practice particularly due to the requirement to re-cable buildings to take a new DC infrastructure. This additional cost has meant that any cost savings to be made by a customer are far outweighed by cabling and installation costs.

The use of AC in buildings can be viewed as outdated considering the amount of DC powered electronics in buildings these days. AC cabling and switching components is also more expensive than DC. Further, AC is more labour intensive, typically requiring qualified /certified electricians for installation and also requires more and thicker cabling, which in a modular building means degrading the thermal values of the walls with more routing and channels dug into the walls (which compromises the insulation layers). AC also tends to be inefficient when used with renewable onsite generation. Renewable sources generate electricity as DC and so has to be converted to AC for use in a grid system, which results in more losses. This issue is further compounded with the addition of energy storage to a grid-tied solar PV system:

a. The energy is generated in DC but is inverted to AC to transmit round the AC ring circuit

b. for it to be stored in the energy storage system it will require inverting back to DC

c. to be used then on the AC ring circuit it will require converting to AC

d. Then finally the device power supply transforms the electricity from AC back to DC.

In this existing grid biased solar PV system there are 4 electricity transformations that all have inherent losses in the conversion processes, which means up to 50% of the generated clean electricity is wasted (generally in the form of heat too which also has to be dealt with), meaning more solar panels and energy storage will be required, increasing the capital costs for renewables and energy storage whilst at the same time reducing efficiency.

Presently, there are also so many AC/DC adapters on the market with no defined standard for voltage levels and with different types of DC connectors. In general, many different inefficient adapters and connectors are needed to convert grid-delivered AC to modern equipment DC for operation and charging. There are only a few international wall outlet standards, and in any case it is necessary to plug AC/DC adapters into them, and there are hundreds of variations for AC source to DC voltage I current requirements and connector types.

With the current infrastructure designs it becomes very difficult for the average household or commercial building to accurately determine the real power used by its load devices and how much energy was lost through this wasteful transmission process. It would require dozens of energy meters & monitoring at each of the conversion points to be able to calculate true efficiencies - and whilst there are many parts of the design causing losses there is no single part to change for a quick fix.

Presently, many buildings have complicated electrical wiring systems that are installed when the building was first built. Therefore, metering and monitoring the load devices accurately is just not feasible without complex projects and lots of investment in monitoring equipment. These wiring systems are typically required to be installed by a certified electrician, and the placement of overhead lighting and electrical outlets is predetermined by the wiring system that is pre-installed in the building. After the building is built, adding or moving components of the wiring system such as light fixtures, meters, switches or sockets, may be complicated and costly, requiring substantial re-wiring by an electrician.

Use of renewable energy, whilst having environmental advantages, can result in an intermittent supply and may cause problems to the local grid with voltage fluctuations. There can also be grid connection issues and associated grid upgrade costs to cater for exported electricity. Single phase domestic renewable generation systems are typically limited to 16A or 3.68kW peak generation restricting onsite generation because of an out of date electricity grid infrastructure. The upgrade costs of transformers at the substation can run into many thousands and the cost is passed on to the end user therefore meaning many projects do not happen.

The removal of grid dependency can deliver much more de-centralised energy generation and remove demand off the grid further assisting the national grid to be able to cope. Generating DC power locally in low voltage also increases efficiency and minimises the losses. In a typical known setup, a Solar PV system generates DC electricity in the 400-1000V range and then steps down to approximately 220V AC (depending on the quality of the local grid supply) after converting from DC. This is typical for both residential and commercial single-phase PV systems although a 3-phase commercial system only needs to step down to 415V AC to export to the national grid.

The national grid is the nationwide infrastructure that allows us to transport power from where it is generated to the end user. The grid has two distinct parts. One part is the transmission network. This is the backbone of the grid and carries power at high voltages (between 132kV and 400 kV) over long distances. Much of the transmission network is carried on the large pylons that are the most visible part of our electricity network. The second part of the grid is the regional distribution networks. In these distribution networks the voltage of electricity from the transmission network is reduced down through a series of transformers to the 230volt supply that reaches most homes and businesses.

It is well known that over 30% of all electricity transmitted around national electric grid infrastructure gets wasted through this process. The grid we currently have has evolved to channel electricity from a small number of big power stations to a large number of final users. The distribution networks in particular have been designed for a one-way flow of electricity.

Renewable energy sources have grown dramatically in recent years, but combined with transmission losses, power factor and harmonics issues, the amount of renewable energy available for use on the grid is substantially reduced. Our aging electrical grid just isn't capable of integrating Renewables into our energy use without so much potential power being wasted.

In an effort to help reduce energy demand a major UK grid initiative is currently underway to install electricity smart meters at customers premises to bring better visibility and awareness to the occupants about the energy being used. This will only deliver reactive reporting based on the buildings total electricity used and not down at circuit or device levels or have the intelligence to control loads, distribute power, react to events, interact with the grid or manage power according to variable energy tariffs.

In many countries across the world, housing supply is not keeping up with the additional demand generated by rising life expectancy, immigration and the growing number of oneperson households. Traditionally built houses take too long to build and deploy, quality standards are hard to guarantee and also the lack of new labour I resources entering the market means that alternative methods, such as modular housing, may offer a solution. However, even if the required homes are built more quickly than currently provided then this not only increases the energy capacity issues on national grid, but can also mean an increase in the number of families living in fuel poverty.

It can also be desirable to have powersupply systems provide additional beneficial functions. Such functions can include motion detection. A known motion detector can receive by means of an infrared sensor, the natural long-wave infrared radiation emitted by persons. In a typical embodiment, a differential infrared sensor is used in conjunction with a multiple lens or similar optics, such as a cone optic according to US Patent 5006712, creating a variety of sensitive detection zones in the space. During the movement of a person into such a detection zone or out of such a detection zone, intensity changes of the radiation occur in the infrared sensor which result in signals in the infrared sensor which triggers an output signal of the motion detector. However, such motion detection systems require additional, stand-alone sensors and other components. Such conventional motion sensors are typically specially wall mounted and easily visible wall boxes that can also spoil the aesthetics of the interior decor.

It is an aim of example embodiments of the present invention to address at least one disadvantage of the prior art, whether identified herein or otherwise.

Summary of the Invention

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of constructing a (building) structure including a Direct Current power system, the method including:

providing a power providing component (e.g. a power injector 316) of a DC power system, and connecting the power providing component to power-supplying cabling (212) installed in (or on) at least one structural component (202, 204) of a building structure (200).

The power providing component (316) may be configured to provide DC power to a Power over Ethernet™ (PoE) component. The power-supplying cabling (212) may be arranged to transfer data and/or the DC power using a PoE protocol.

The method may further include assembling the at least structural component (202, 204) with at least one further structural component (202, 204). The at least one further structural component (202, 204) may also include power-supplying cabling (212) that is connectable to the power-supplying cabling (212) of the at least one structural component.

The step of connecting the power providing component (316) to power-supplying cabling (212) may comprise connecting the component to existing cabling in/on the structural component. Additionally or alternatively, the method may comprise installing power-supplying cabling (212) in/or at least one of the structural components (202, 204).

The structure (200) may comprise a modular building structure (or a module of a modular building structure).

The building structure may comprise a plurality of building units, e.g. apartments. Each of the building units can be associated with a respective hub component (260), which can include features, such as one or more PoE ports, an LED power screen and/or power back-up (e.g. based on AC power). Each of the ports can transfer power and/or data to powered devices.

The method may include receiving power from at least one power source (702), which may be included in the DC power system and/or be external to the DC power system, e.g. an AC mains grid power source, and transferring the received power to the power providing component (316). The at least one power source (702) may comprise a DC battery and/or a solar power source.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a Direct Current power system comprising a power providing component (e.g. a power injector 316), which may be connectable to power-supplying cabling (212) installed in (or on) at least one structural component (202, 204) of a building structure (200).

The DC power system may further include an arrangement for connecting the power providing component to a structural component of a (building) structure.

The DC power system may further comprise at least one energy generating component. The one energy generating component may comprise a solar panel (206). The solar panel (206)may be fitted to a structural component (204) of the structure, e.g. a roof component.

The DC power system may further comprise an AC/DC charger/inverter, an isolator for a power source (e.g. solar panel), and/or a charge controller for a solar panel.

The DC power system may further comprise a power storage component/battery (306).

Some components of the DC power system may be located in a housing (208). The housing (208) may typically be located outside the structure (200).

The DC power system may be configured, in use, to supply DC power to a lighting system, which may be a low energy lighting system including one or more LED light. The lighting system and electronic load may be controlled in a wired or wireless manner.

The DC power system may function as an Ethernet™ based micro-grid for the building structure.

The DC power system may further include a connector device (100) for distributing DC power to at least one powered device. The connector device may comprise a PoE connector device comprising:

a first connector (112) connectable to a first set comprising at least one power wire pair (110A, 110D) of a PoE cable (102) to a first powered device (116), and a second connector (114) connectable to a second set comprising at least one other power wire pair (110BV, 110C) of the PoE cable to at least one further powered device (118).

Embodiments of the PoE connector device may include in-built battery storage to be trickle charged via PoE to deliver higher power for shorter intervals via the DC outlets, or to provide a startup current for devices with a high startup threshold but lower operating values.

The PoE cable (102) will typically comprise more than two power wire pairs, for example, four power wire pairs. In some embodiments the internal power supply component may use two power wire pairs of the PoE cable and the external power supply component may use two other power wire pairs of the PoE cable that can utilise PoE mode A and mode B simultaneously. Instead of delivering all power to one high power device via a four-pair solution, the same four-pair configuration can be used to power two-pair power to a plurality of powered devices, e.g. two energy efficient devices using a total of <30 W of power. The internal (or external) powersupply component may use alternative mode A PoE power transfer method and the external (or internal) power supply component may simultaneously use alternative mode B PoE power transfer method.

The DC power system may further comprise at least one surge protection component (720). Embodiments can be designed to meet Class 3 Electrical environments, e.g. by having power and signed cabies run in parallel. The DC power system may be grounded to a common grounding system. The at least one surge protection component (720) can comprise a Metal Oxide Varistor connected to a centre taps of a RJ45 in the system to chassis ground using a direct connection. A shield of the RJ45 can be taken to chassis ground using a direct connection. The feed to the RJ45 centre tops can be taken via common mode choke filters.

In some embodiments the PoE connector device can be built into a wall mounted socket (500), which can include a face-plate (502). The socket (500) can be formed of sustainable and recyclable plastics, and can also be thinner than current AC sockets that are designed to withstand high voltages and high temperatures. Embodiments may snap-fit face-plates for the socket to provide USB over Ethernet, HDMI over Ethernet, a Power over Ethernet port, for example Embodiments of the connector device can comprise a multiple socket configuration.

Embodiments of the DC power system may comprise a patch panel (600). The patch panel may comprise a hard-wired type or have a female rj45 rear mounted connector for a plug-andplay connection to pre-made Ethernet cables.

The DC power system may comprise a controller (700) and at least one step down component, (704) to process power received from one or more power sources (702). The controller (700) can include at least one processor (706). The processor (706) can be in communication with at least one sensor, e.g. a ground voltage sensor (708) and/or a battery voltage sensor (710). The controller (700) can include a battery charger (722) that uses at least one of the power sources (702).

The controller (700) can include a component for communicating with a remote device over a wired and/or wired interface, e.g. a GSM aerial (724) and a GSM module (726). The controller (700) can include a service port (730) to allow a user to (re)program a processor (706) of the controller (700).

The controller (700) can output DC power to at least one power injector (734, 316). Additionally or alternatively, the controller (700) can output DC power to at least one powered device. The power injector (734, 316) can be connected to a powered device via a pre-made Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors at each end. The cable can be pre-installed in the building (200) and plugged into the power injector.

The power injector (723, 316) can include a plurality of ports (801 - 808). The power injector (723, 316) can include a plurality of controllers (810). Each said controller (810) may be associated with one or more of the ports (801 - 808). Each said controller (810) can comprise an I2C port allowing a semi-auto mode to be enabled for turning the ports on/off and/or obtain real-time status of the port(s). The plurality of controllers (810) can be linked together using the I2C interface. The I2C interface can be used to transfer data relating to usage of the ports to an external device. The external device may display information regarding the usage of the ports (at least) to a user. For example, in some embodiments the controller (700) can monitor the ports (801 - 808) of the power injector (734, 316) and may record when it has received a handshake/request for power/distributed power.

Thus, the controller (700) may monitor real-time power usage. Embodiments of the system can compare the monitored real-time power usage with recorded power usage. If the comparison indicates differences then an alarm signal may be generated. In some embodiments, a said socket (500) can be fitted with a motion detector (e.g. an in-built low voltage DC motion sensor). An output of the motion detector (e.g. no movement for an extended period, based on historical movement data to protect a vulnerable person, or, alternatively, intruder detection) can be used to trigger an alarm signal.

In some embodiments the DC power supply system can store energy and use the stored energy to charge at least one system, e.g. a heating system or a vehicle. The controller (734) can monitor characteristics of a said power source (e.g. financial cost of drawing energy; financial cost of selling output energy; sun/solar power strength or efficiency, etc) and modify its power usage based on that monitoring to charge the at least one system in an efficient manner. In the case of charging a vehicle, data can be exchanged over a MODBUS protocol between the controller (700) and the vehicle charger. Some embodiments can include data comprising time based schedules and a timer to determine when to charge the at least one system.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a (building) structure (or a modular building module) including at least part of a Direct Current power system substantially as described herein.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a solar panel substantially as described herein.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a DC powered cooling/heating device substantially as described herein.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided an LED light (or LED lighting system) substantially as described herein.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a DC powered vehicle charging device substantially as described herein.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to DC power, in particular PoE, systems that can be incorporated into structures, which may include any residential, academic, commercial, etc, buildings. Embodiments also relate to methods of construction of structures, in particular methods of construction generally related to a DC micro-grid electrical system that is distributed using PoE. Embodiments can provide sustainable energy-efficient, low (or even zero) carbon structures in the form of simple to deploy solutions.

Embodiments of the present invention can provide a method of distributing power from a DC micro-grid safely and efficiently through a building’s (possibly existing) Ethernet™ cabling, thereby removing the need for at least some additional cabling. Embodiments can provide the ability to generate, store and/or distribute low voltage electricity, whilst aiming to provide high efficiency and keeping wasted energy from any AC to DC conversions to a minimum. Embodiments can operate with variable voltages, variable currents and greater power, which can increase the possibilities for an Ethernet™ based micro-grid. For devices that sit outside the current power limitation of Ethernet™ standards then alternate standard DC 2-core cabling can be used in some embodiments, widening the current application of DC infrastructure whilst at the same time maximising ease of deployment in tandem with use of existing Ethernet™ cabling/networks.

Embodiments can provide an intelligent low energy micro-grid that can work offgrid (island mode), partially offgrid and/or in a grid-connected mode.

Embodiments can be applied to the construction of energy-efficient, environmentally friendly prefabricated structures in form of modular assembly elements that may comprise prefabricated panels used to build wall structures, floors, ceilings and/or roofs, which can then be attached to each other. Alternatively, embodiments can be used in new build or retrofit environments and buildings/schemes that are both low-rise or high-rise residential or industrial buildings.

Embodiments can therefore provide an advantageous way of deploying technology, electronic devices and low voltage infrastructure in the most energy efficient manner utilising an Ethernet™ infrastructure.

Embodiments providing a low energy DC micro-grid can employ a 48V structure as it is widely used across the telecommunication industry, but alternative embodiments can use any other level of low voltage.

Embodiments can integrate electricity generation, an energy storage system, a cogeneration system for delivering low voltage heating (or cooling), a load control and car charging system thereby forming an intelligent micro power grid which has the highest possible levels of energy efficiency, the lowest possible carbon footprints and is simple and easy to deploy.

The present inventor has appreciated that a convergence of factors means that DC micro-grid infrastructures are disruptive and game changing — from increasing electrical safety regulations, growing use of locally generated renewable energy, a huge increase in the number of power hungry data centers, mass adoption of electric vehicle charging, consumer electronic product aesthetics where devices such as LED screens are being slimmed down as much as possible yet the integrated AC/DC power supply is the one remaining component limiting the thickness of the device and even down to the lack of qualified AC electricians. Based on identifying the potential energy and carbon savings that can be achieved by eliminating the wasteful AC/DC conversion process, the present inventor has devised novel PoE systems including the intelligent DC micro-grid infrastructure as described herein. In addition to reducing the amount of power lost to conversions, there were also fewer transient and harmonics issues with the intelligent DC micro-grid system and a reduction in cooling costs compared with AC systems.

Homes/buildings incorporating embodiments can deliver a unique approach to affordable housing and help tackle fuel poverty. By having energy generation, storage and distribution separate to a National Grid AC supply (completely on the DC Bus side of the design) not only means substantially reduced electricity bills and less wasted energy but can also ensure that in the event of the supply being stopped, (pre-paid meters not topped up, bills not paid or even grid power outages) then tenants still have lights on, internet, mobile charging facilities and even important appliance such as fridge/freezers being able to continue running - preserving any food contents. Embodiments can therefore address problems associated with lack of homes and fuel poverty using an energy efficient housing solution.

Embodiments may use a low voltage DC infrastructure, instead of the traditional 240V AC or High voltage DC, that only transmits power when the devices call for it meaning that the cables in the walls and ceilings to appliances and wall sockets are not LIVE when devices are unplugged or off and not a danger to its occupants. This can be done with a special PoE handshake between the injector unit and the receiver device to only send power when and how it is called for. This is particularly of importance to vulnerable people such as children or vulnerable adults or elderly residents in assisted living schemes. “(Safety) Regulations 1994” explains that AC Socket outlets (13amp) must be safe and include internal shutters to prevent children from poking objects into them. Embodiments of the DC micro-grid power sockets can deliver a much higher level of safety than BS1363 as the cables are not live until a device is plugged in, meaning the system can be operated at a much broader ambient temperature ranges and even operated at much higher altitudes than a typical AC power sockets.

According to the present invention there is provided an apparatus and method as set forth in the appended claims. Other features of the invention will be apparent from the dependent claims, and the description which follows.

Brief Introduction to the Figures

For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how embodiments of the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings in which:

Figure 1 shows an example Power over Ethernet™ connector device that may be used in embodiments of the DC power system;

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a building structure including an example embodiment of the DC power system;

Figure 2A shows an embodiment of the DC power system suitable for installation in a multi/multi-modular building solution;

Figures 3 and 4 are schematic diagrams of components of further example embodiments of the DC power system;

Figures 5A - 5E illustrate example embodiments where the PoE component is built into a wall socket/wall connector device;

Figure 6A - 6B show examples of DC Patch panel - passthrough connections;

Figure 7 is a schematic of the intelligent DC control I distribution box;

Figure 8 is an overview of an Intelligent PoE distribution I injector unit of the power system; and

Figure 9 shows an example display of a DC Micro-grid monitoring app.

Description of Example Embodiments

Example embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Referring first to Figure 1 there is shown an example PoE connector device 100 as disclosed in WO2016/059435 filed by the present applicant, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Versions of the connector device 100 can be used in embodiments of the present invention. PoE is a known technology that allows network cables to carry electrical power. Thus, PoE-enabled devices can receive power as well as data through the twisted pairs of an Ethernet™ cable. PoE can provide many advantages for installations, including reducing time and expense of installing electrical power cables. PoE12 enabled devices do not require mains AC electrical outlets to operate and PoE systems can also protect equipment from overload. Conventionally, one device is powered using one PoE cable. Also, the amount of power that can be transferred using conventional PoE is limited (typically around 13-25W).

The 802.3 PoE standard defines two types of PoE implementation: Mode A - power is sent together with the data on twisted pairs 1/2 & 3/6 of the Ethernet™ cable, and Mode B - data is sent on pairs 1/2 & 3/6, and power is sent on pairs 4/5 and 7/8 of the Ethernet™ cable as pairs 4/5 and 7/8 are unused in Fast Ethernet™ networks. In the case of Gigabit and 10G Ethernet™ all 4 pairs are used for both data and power transmission so an alternative mode implements a simplex, or ‘phantom’ power method for delivering power to the end device and power is carried on the same conductors as data.

The connector device 100 of Figure 1 can be connected, via a network cable 102, to a power distribution unit (PDU) 104. Either or both of these components (but more typically the connector device 100) may be used in embodiments of the present invention. The cable 102 can comprise any suitable Ethernet™ cable cat5e and above, such as 24 AWG (American Wire Gauge).

The PDU 104 receives power, typically from a DC power supply such as a Power storage unit I batteries (not shown), which is distributed to power/data ports via four internal transformers 106A - 106D. The secondary coil of each of these transformers is fitted with a pair of pins, which are conventionally numbered 1, 2; 4, 5; 7, 8; 3, 6. The connector device 100 also includes a set of four internal transformers 108A - 108D. Each of these transformers is also fitted with a pair of pins, conventionally numbered 1,2; 4, 5; 7, 8; 3, 6.

The network cable 102 comprises four twisted pairs 110A - 110D. The ends of the twisted pairs are connected to pin pairs 1, 2; 4, 5; 7, 8; 3, 6 of the PDU 104 and corresponding pin pairs 1, 2; 4, 5; 7, 8; 3, 6 of the connector device 100. Category 5e cable uses 24 AWG conductors, which can safely carry 360 mA at 50 V according to a current Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) ruling. The cable has eight conductors and therefore the absolute maximum power transmitted using direct current over all 4 pairs can be 50 V x 0.360 A x 4 = 72 W. Considering the voltage drop after 100 m, a powered device (PD) would be only able to receive 59 W. The additional heat generated in the wires by PoE at this current level limits the total number of cables in a bundle to be 100 at 45 °C according to the TIA. Whilst the electronics industry in general is looking to maximise power to one powered device over an Ethernet™ cable, the connector can advantageously reduce power requirements by utilising energy efficient devices.

The connector device 100 can use all 8 conductors of the Ethernet™ cable (4 twisted pairs), allowing deployment of several low powered devices simply and cost effectively. Versions of the connector device can be capable of supplying 2x2 pairs, or 4 pairs’ worth, of power, depending on the power requirements of the end points. A communication handshake will determine the power requirement and transmit route(s) whilst supporting existing IEEE802.3af/at standards.

The example connector device 100 further includes internal first 112 and second 114 DC to DC converters. The first converter is connected to pins 1,2 and pins 3, 6 of the transformers 108A, 108D and can provide power and data to a first powered device 116. In some cases, the connector device may be integrated within, or fixed to, the first powered device and so the first converter can be considered to be an internal power supply component for that device. For example, the connector device can comprise a box-shaped housing 115 that can be fixed to (or formed as part of) a rear surface of a display device in a position adjacent to where other/conventional cables are connected to the display device. Alternatively, the first powered device could comprise a printer or the like. A benefit of installing the connector device within the first powered device is that it will deliver better ventilation, cooling and shorter cable runs (some even direct connections on the PCB without DC cables) than in a small externally located metal/plastic box, all of which will minimise DC losses and therefore further improve overall electrical efficiency.

The second DC to DC converter 114 is connected to pins 4, 5 and pins 7, 8 of the transformers 108B, 108C and can provide power to a second powered device 118. In cases where the first converter functions as an internal powersupply, the second powered device will be a separate device and so the second converter can be considered to be part of an external powersupply. The second powered device may comprise a desktop computer (e.g. 19V), a printer/scanner/all-in-one/print-server, LED light or a phone, for example, and can be considered to be a peripheral device of the display device in cases where the first powered device 116 comprises a display device in which the connector device 100 is integrated. A suitable internal cable can directly connect the first converter 112 to the power circuitry of the display, whilst the second converter 114 may include a suitable connector, typically a standard DC jack-plug or terminal connector, to allow connection to the second powered device 118. In cases where the connector device comprises a separate connector component (rather than being integrated in a display device) both the first and the second DC converters can include suitable connectors for separate powered devices.

The connector device 100 can use the alternative mode A power transfer method in order to supply power and data to the first 116 powered device and simultaneously use the alternative mode B power transfer method to supply to power and data to the second 118 powered device (or vice versa in alternative cases). The example uses a specially designed connector device (which can be internally or externally mounted) that can power 2 PD’s from 1 x PDU port/Ethernet™ cable by utilising PD power class4 (power classes defined below) for each powered device, with the first set to use Mode A (pins 1,2,3,6) and the second configured to use Mode B (pins 4,5,7,8).

In another example the 2 PD’s both have 2 DC output power terminals and each PD then powers 2 separate devices (internally or externally) with each having a total peak power requirement under 25.5W and meaning 4 devices are now powered by 1 Ethernet™ cable. It will be appreciated that the first and second powered devices can be any type, e.g. computers, computer peripherals, lighting system comprising one or more LED light, a heating/cooling device, for instance (non-exhaustive list). The first and second powered devices may be electrically isolated from each other.

Thus, the connector device can selectively provide individual power supplies up to 25.5W simultaneously to multiple powered devices from one Ethernet™ cable, which can simplify network cabling (reducing the cost by requiring less lines) and also use up less ports on a power sourcing/injector device, such as a PoE switch or PDU, meaning more devices can be deployed with fewer required ports/units and improving energy efficiency and overall lower costs.

The first 112 and the second 114 DC converters can be configured to supply different voltages to the first 116 and second 118 powered devices. The PDU 104 can detect a powered device by applying a DC voltage between the transmit and receive wire pairs, and measuring the received current. If a resistance of 25k Ohm and 150nF capacitance is measured between the transmit and receive wire pairs, then the device is considered a valid PoE PD and power will be granted. It will be appreciated that these measured values may vary according to changing standards, etc. The voltage supplied can be set via a fixed DC to DC converter, or it can manually be set in the PDU on an adjustable variable DC-DC converter, or in another application it can make use of a variable voltage/current sensing module that will deliver the required voltage and current to the end powered device so that no manual setting/intervention is required and devices are protected from being plugged into an incorrect DC-DC power supply and potentially being permanently damaged or having internal fuses blown requiring costly engineer call-out and/or manufacturer rectification. Each port can be fused against overload conditions.

In some embodiment each Ethernet port is designed to withstand lightning strikes anywhere in the system and protect against widespread damage. This is major risk with micro-grid applications and is well covered in prior art for AC based solutions but not so for Island operating and micro-grid, low voltage lightning and surge protection.

There are numerous compliance standards to consider when establishing the surge protection level of the Power injector/sender units. These standards normally introduce a number of test conditions for various types of products ranging from main's power supplies to legacy telephone equipment. Embodiments of the DC micro-grid equipment can be designed to meet

Class 3 Electrical environments, where power and signal cables run in parallel, but it will be understood that other classifications can be used.

The installation is therefore grounded to the common grounding system of the power installation which can be subjected to interference voltages generated by the installation itself or by lightning. Current due to ground faults, switching operations and lightning in the power installation may generate interference voltages with relatively high amplitudes in the grounding system. Protected electronic equipment and less sensitive electric equipment are connected to the same power supply network. The interconnection cables can be partly outdoor cables, but close to the grounding network. Unsuppressed inductive loads are present in the installation and usually there is no separation of the different field cables.

This protection can be achieved by placing Metal Oxide Varistors from the center taps of the RJ45s to chassis ground, using a direct connection. The shield of the RJ45 is again taken to chassis ground using a direct connection. The feed to the RJ45 centre taps are taken via common mode choke filters.

The injector units contain TVS (Transient Voltage Suppressors) at different points throughout the circuits.

After the powered device powers up, it will be classified into a power category. If the powered device supports optional power classification it will apply a load to the line to indicate to the PDU 104 the power classification it requires. If this is not done, the default class 0 is used. It will be understood that in alternative cases, at least some of the power management function described herein as being performed by the PDU 104 may be performed by a processor or other suitable device(s) in the connector device 100.

In a full IEEE802.3af/at compliant solution (active) the PDU/PSE 104 will check for the presence of PD's on connected ports at regular intervals, so power is removed when a PD is no longer connected. Legacy (pre-IEEE 802.3af Power Ethernet™ standard) PDs are also detected by the PDU/PSE by default. As PDs may require differing power ranges, the IEEE

802.3af and IEEE 802.3at Power Ethernet™ standards classify PDs according to their power consumption. By providing the PDU/PSE 104 with its power range, the PD allows the PDU/PSE to supply power with greater efficiency.

The illustrated connector device 100 can provide fully compliant detection, disconnection and voltage control in accordance with IEEE802.3af and/or IEEE802.3at; single source 4 pair power current sharing; full protection open circuit, over voltage protection and can be gigabit compatible, or it can provide a forced power non-compliant version utilising passive PoE, thereby offering a much safer and secure power transmission method than an AC system for electronic devices.

It will be appreciated that alternative versions of the powered device 100 can be provided to supply power and data to different numbers and configurations of powered devices. For example, a connector device capable of receiving two Ethernet™ cables (a total of eight twisted pairs) could selectively provide power to up to potentially over eight powered devices.

Versions of the connector device may be able to double the standard 802.3at-2009 maximum of 25W and go up to 51W without breaking the standard. The IEEE802.3at-2009 standard changed the definition of a Powered Device to consider the powered device the power interface, compared to the text existing in IEEE802.3-2005's Clause 33 (clause 33.3.1 stating, PDs that simultaneously require power from both Mode A and Mode B are specifically not allowed by this standard”). This means that connector devices can include two power interfaces, each taking 25.5Woffthe same cable to power two separate devices - one over the 2-pairs using lines 1, 2, 36 and the other using the 2-pairs that use lines 4, 5, 7, 8. As Ethernet™ standards and cables are further developed to allow higher power applications, these can used in embodiments of the DC power system/connector devices.

Figure 2 is a schematic (partially exploded) diagram of a structure 200 including a power system according to an embodiment of the present invention. The structure 200 can be used for any conventional purpose, e.g. residential, academic, commercial, etc, and may comprise a stand-alone building, or may be part (e.g. an internal or external room) of another building.

The example structure comprises a roof 202 (shown separately for clarity) and four side walls 204A - 204D. Each of these structural components can be formed of one or more piece or material(s) (e.g. plastic, metal, glass, or any other suitable material/combination) and can be of any suitable shape and dimensions. In the illustrated example, the roof and walls each comprise a flat rectangular panel, which may be formed of one or more layer. It will be understood that in alternative embodiments, the type of number of structural components used to form the structure can vary, e.g. there may be more/less than than four walls; there may be a floor component, etc. In the illustrated example, one of the side walls includes an external door/aperture 205A and the structure also includes interior partitions 205B, 205C that define internal rooms, e.g. a bedroom and a bathroom. It will be understood that the structure can be configured in any suitable manner and include other known building/structural features (such as windows, ventilation, insulation, reinforcement, plumbing, apertures/fittings for utilities or drainage, etc) and fixtures/fitting (such a storage, built-in furniture, lighting, powered appliances, etc), which need not be described herein in detail.

The example structure 200 is a part of modular building and its prefabricated structural components, including the roof 202 and the side walls 204A - 204D, can be fitted/fixed together in any suitable (permanent, semi-permanent or releaseable) manner; for example, nuts/bolts, screws, nails, adhesives, cooperating formations (e.g. pegs/slots), and so on. In some cases, additional modular structures (which may be of the same or different design, etc, to the structure 200) may be fitted/fixed to the structure 200 in any suitable manner, e.g. in a vertical stack, horizontally side-by-side and/or end-to-end, etc. The structural components of the structure 200 will typically be fabricated offsite (and possibly also partially assembled off site) and then delivered to the desired site for complete construction/assembly. In general, the structure 200 can be considered to be a modular building (or a module of a modular building) of any suitable construction and configuration.

The roof component 202, which may be flat or pitched, of the structure 200 can include at least one energy generating component, e.g. at least one solar panel 206. In the illustrated example a set of solar panels are embodied in/fitted to the roof. The solar panels may lightweight and can be bonded/integrated to the roof so can easily be installed offsite and transported In embodiments the solar panel can comprise a building-integrated solar panel that has been designed to be lightweight. As the shipping of the offsite/pre-built units is easier with reduced weight, the panels can be flush mounted with the upper/outer surface of the roof component in order to reduce the risk of damage in transit. This means it can also be walked on, which eases installation and maintenance. The panels can also have an anti-theft design and can be damaged if they are tried to be removed, meaning that they are particularly suitable for unsupervised installations in remote locations.

In alternative embodiments the solar panel(s) 206 may be located on another part/structural component of the structure 200 and/or separate from it, e.g. connected by suitable cabling. Alternatively or additionally, at least one other type of power generating component, e.g. parts of a wind turbine system, may be fitted on (or connected to) the structure 200.

The structure 200 further includes a housing 208 for components that form part of a DC power system, which is indicated generally at 210. Embodiments of the power system can be considered as a “plug and play” DC micro-grid solution. Embodiments can utilise Ethernet™ as the power distribution method, typically using the PoE connector devices 100 discussed above. In the illustrated example the housing 208 is in the form of a box located on an outer surface of one of the side walls 204B in order to save internal space; however, it will be appreciated that this can be varied, e.g. at least some of the electrical components may be located inside the structure (in a housing or elsewhere). The electrical components can be connected to the power generating component(s) 206 by means of suitable cabling, etc.

The DC power system 210 may further include (or be connected to) power-supplying cabling, indicated generally at 212, that is fitted to/on/in at least some of the structural components (e.g. some of the side walls 204 and/or the roof 202) of the structure 200. The powersupplying cabling may be fitted to/in the structural components in any suitable manner, e.g. on top of a surface and fixed by hooks/clamps, run through channels formed within, or on, the structural components, etc. Some of the components of the DC power system may be fitted to the structural components when the components are fabricated, whilst others may be fitted when the structural component are assembled together.

In the example structure 200 and DC power system 210 DC power is distributed using PoE cables 212, as will be described in more detail. The DC power system may provide power to powered devices provided/fitted in the structure, e.g. downlights 214 and/or washing machine 216, and/or to at least one suitable outlet/socket 218 for providing power to other user devices (not shown), such a low power computers, displays, mobile telephone/tablet chargers, etc. The illustrated embodiment includes Ethernet™ power distribution and wireless light switching to remove excessive downward routing in the walls.

In alternative embodiments, the DC power system 210 may be fitted to a conventional new build structure/building, a hybrid conventional/modular building structure, or retro-fitted to a pre-built/existing building structure, etc. Typically, a power generating component will be located/fitted outside the building structure and connected to the DC power system, which may or may not include the housing 208 for some of its components. In some cases, embodiments of the DC power system may use existing, e.g. Ethernet™, cabling that has already been fitted in the building for distributing at least some of the power it provides.

Figure 2A shows an embodiment of the DC power system 200’ suitable for installation in a multi-/multi-modular building solution, such as apartments, flats or student accommodation.

In known renewable energy solutions for large multi-room development schemes, energy is normally fed via a centralised meter and most of the energy ends up going back to the national grid, where a large proportion of it sends up being wasted. Other known solutions involve placing AC/DC inverters into each apartment fed by a dedicated number of solar panels, therefore increasing the number of panels required, plus energy storage which is often restricted by the lack of available roof space.

In the embodiment of Figure 2A, a plurality of solar panels 250 are connected to a solar charge controller 251 via an isolator 252. The charge controller is connected to an energy storage 254 (e.g. at least one battery). In some cases, at least one further energy source, such as an AC source 256. A component 258 containing DC circuits and surge protection is connected to the storage. This can control and monitor the distribution of the energy to a plurality of building units, e.g. apartments. Each of the building units/users can have its own power hub component 260. This can include features, such as one or more PoE ports, an LED power screen and/or power back-up (e.g. based on AC power). Each of the ports can transfer power and/or data to devices, such as a charging station, lighting, computing devices, etc. The components may be the same/similar to those of other embodiments described here (e.g. components 308, 316, 320, or 322 of the embodiment of Figure 3). Thus, the energy generation and energy storage can be centralised in/or by the building so that DC power may be distributed to each apartment via a pair of DC cables to a localised DC energy hub/controller box to provide the local Ethernet power and controls for devices such as LED lights, computers, fans, TV’s, phones, tablets, etc.

In this manner each tenant can be able to make use of the centralised renewable energy in either a free capacity or purchase this clean/cheaper electricity off their landlord or their neighbour.

Embodiments of the DC micro-grid solution can deliver renewable energy for use in each apartment without complicated wiring (plus cable routes from the roof to each apartment) that is needed in conventional systems and means that residents are able to share their energy, and can even possibly trade it with each other, treating the apartment block as an ‘island’. The energy can be apportioned out to each apartment on an as-generated basis and can be centrally distributed with the DC micro-grid controller system.

Figure 3 is a schematic diagram showing components of an example DC power system 210. It will be appreciated that many variations to the exemplary arrangement are possible. The system may include at least one power-generating component, e.g. the solar panel(s) 206, and/or is connectable to a (DC and/or AC) power source(s). For example, the power system may be able to obtain power from an AC mains power grid, in which case the power system can include an AC/DC charger/inventor 301. The power system can include an isolator 302 and charge controller 304 for the solar panel(s) 206.

In some embodiments power from the power source(s) may be stored by at least one battery component 306. Thus, embodiments can use de-centralised DC energy generation connected to energy storage (batteries which store electricity in DC), which can ensure that electricity can be used when it is needed and not at the time of generation.

The energy generation is designed to operate at a low voltage level only moderately higher than the energy storage unlike known grid connected solar PV systems which generate in a medium to high voltage range which rightly brings in much higher levels of safety and associated risk issues. Embodiments may be designed to operate entirely under the Low Voltage Directive and ensures the maximum efficiency of generation to storage ratio is attained.

Embodiments can make use of chemicals such as lithium iron phosphate, but could also be applied to super capacitors or Mechanical energy storage solutions as well. Power from the source(s) may be fed to a controller 308, which can distribute DC power directly or indirectly to one or more powered device(s) located in the structure 200 (and//or elsewhere). For example, the power system may include (or be connectable to) a DC powered water heater 312, a low voltage heating panel 314, or an electric vehicle charger etc (as seen on the front of the house in Figure 2, for example).

The heating panel may comprise a wall mounted panel type heater that uses the principle of natural convection. In some embodiments the heater can use non-conducting materials and is hot to touch but does not burn, and can be triple insulated for electrical protection. The heater can provide gentle heat to the space inside the structure over a longer period of time and is particular useful for modular buildings or office applications with very well insulated thermal values. It can be used in conjunction with a thermostat or controlled centrally by the controller 308. Alternatively, the system can be used in conjunction with low voltage/low energy cooling systems where required.

Components such as the charger/inventor 301, isolator 302, charge controller 304, battery 306 and/or the controller 308 (at least) may typically be located in the housing 208.

The power system 210 can also typically include a power injector/power providing component 316 that is used to distribute DC power to one or more powered device via the powersupplying cabling 212. In the illustrated embodiment the power injector component is intended to supply DC power via cat 5e/6 Ethernet™ cabling, although it will be appreciated that alternatives are possible. The power injector component may be connected via one or more Ethernet™ cable to one or more user device 320, e.g. a network-enabled computer, etc, and receive data in that manner. The power injector can distribute the received data along with the DC power via at least one further Ethernet™ cable to one or more destination/powered device.

In some embodiments the power system may include a patch panel 322, this could even be a plug & play patch panel with a rear mounted rj45 passthrough female connector for ease of connecting with pre-made cables (as shown in Figures 6 and described below).

In some embodiments the DC power (and data, if appropriate) is supplied by the power system 210 to one or more powered device via one or more connector device, e.g. the PoE connector device 100 described above with reference to Figure 1. In the illustrated example arrangement, the patch panel 322 is connected to a first connector device 324A and a second connector device 324B, although it will be understood that the number of connector devices (and the type/number of powered devices connected to each connector device) can vary. The first connector 324A provides DC power and/or data (as appropriate) to two powered devices in the forms of low-energy monitor 328 and computer 330. The second connector 324B provides DC power (only) to a lighting system 214, typically a low energy lighting system including one or more LED light. The lighting system may be controlled in a wired or wireless manner by a light switch 326, either directly or via the connector 324B.

Modern solid-state LED illumination devices also require low-voltage DC adapters/transformers (sometimes called drivers) that are designed with varied manufacturer non-standard connectors and/or voltages. Embodiments of the DC power system 210 with the connector device 324 is able to deliver multiple (different) voltages via the same Ethernet™ cable, making the system compatible with any manufacturer’s LED lighting units (this can also be true for other types of powered devices). In the UK, conventional new-build projects have to leave a certain amount of room for transformer devices above the ceiling to allow for heat to dissipate from the units. The use of embodiments of the DC power system described herein in a modular or new-build structure means that additional headroom can be achieved without the installation of these transformers. The impact of this in a multi floor new-build office or highrise residential, student accommodation or the like, scenario may be such that an additional floor could be achieved without changing the height of the building, for example. Each light in a building may be connected to a light switch module that is used for turning it on and off. In existing structures, the placement of this switch is usually pre-determined by the electrical wiring system installed when the building is built and so the use of wireless switching and electronic controls (see 332 in Figure 4) in embodiments of the DC power system 210 can also overcome such limitations. In some embodiments the switches can be powered using kinetic energy so do not need batteries.

Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of another example embodiment of a DC power system 210’ that is able to deliver multiple/different voltages and currents via the same Ethernet™ cable.

In some embodiments the connector device can be built into (e.g. the rear of) a wall mounted face-plate to provide USB over Ethernet, HDMI over Ethernet, a Power over Ethernet port, or any number of other connection options. Using low voltage infrastructure means that the wall sockets I fascia plates of the DC units can be made out of more sustainable and recyclable plastics, also a thinner and more aesthetic design that integrates better with the interior of the property than current AC plug wall sockets that are designed to withstand high voltages and high temperatures. The face-plate can be made to be flush with the dry-wall or interior wall finish. Therefore, in some embodiments, at least part of the socket can be formed of a thermoplastic. In some cases it can comprise a thermoplastic suitable for Low Voltage (LVD) applications, such as disclosed in specifications including https://ec.europa.eu/growth/singlemarket/european-standards/harmonised-standards/iow-voitage en. The socket could also be made out of other materials than just plastic.

Thus, embodiments of the device may include wall mounted low voltage sockets with ‘snap-fit’ face-plates to provide USB over Ethernet, HDMI over Ethernet, a Power over Ethernet port and any/or number of other connection options.

Figures 5A - 5E illustrate example embodiments where the PoE component is built into a wall socket/wall connector device. The example connector device 500 of Figure 5A includes a housing 502, which have any suitable form/dimensions. In the illustrated example, the housing is square in shape and is similar in form and dimensions to known wall-mounted sockets used for telephone sockets, data cable sockets, etc. The housing can be mounted on a wall using screws or any other suitable means. Embodiments of the wall-mounted device may, alternatively or additionally, include features/components of the other embodiments described herein and/or be connected to further components in a similar manner to the other embodiments described herein. Furthermore, the other embodiments of Figures 1 and 2 can include features/components of the wall-mounted device.

The device 500 can include one or more Ethernet socket 504 and/or PoE socket, e.g. RJ-45. The PoE sockets may be configured to use, for example, all 8 conductors of an Ethernet cable (4 twisted pairs), allowing deployment of several low powered devices simply and cost effectively in a manner similar to the embodiments described above. The device may further include at least one DC power outlet to deliver power to one or more screen, PC, etc. The DC power outlets can have a fixed DC voltage output at 5/9/12/24/48v, for example, or the device could include a switched output to vary the voltage of some/all of the sockets/outlets. The wall socket device may auto-detect the required voltage of a connected device(s), and output the required voltage at each DC power output.

Embodiments of the device can comprise a multiple socket configuration and may include a wall mounted, free standing or desk mounted multi adapter socket that is connected to multiple Ethernet cables for power and data. Embodiments of the connector device can incorporate a DC to AC inverter in order to provide, for instance, AC 110V or 220V electricity for devices that cannot be run directly off DC power. The connector device in socket form can have a single AC power outlet or multiple AC power outlets, as well as (or instead of) DC power outlets.

Alternative embodiments of the connector device 300 can include any proprietary power connector, such a USB or JST connector, instead of a DC jack plug in order to avoid people plugging in normal DC jack plugs. Alternatively or additionally, the device can include one or more USB connectors (now shown) for various power and charging solutions. The device may include an internal power supply, or may be connected to an external power source. Embodiments may also/alternatively be powered by Ethernet cables.

It will be understood that the number, type and arrangement of these sockets can vary. Figure 5E shows examples in the from of three different sockets 500, 500’, 500”.

Figures 5B - 5C are exploded diagrams of three example sockets 500, 500B, 500C. The sockets can comprise a DC micro-grid interchangeable ‘snap-fit’ plug & play connector wallplate units for ease and speed of installation either onsite or offsite. Alternative embodiments can include punch-down connectors for manual installation of Ethernet cabling and hard wired connections, the same as used when data cabling is installed.

Embodiments of the DC power system may comprise a patch panel. Figures 6A - 6B illustrate examples of a patch panel 600 (connected and disconnected, respectively, from Ethernet cables 602). The patch panel may be a hard-wired type or have a female rj45 rear mounted connector for easy ‘plug & play’ connections for pre-made Ethernet cables with connectors already fitted.

Figure 7 is a schematic diagram showing components of a controller 700 for the power system, which can correspond to the controller 308 of the embodiment of Figure 3, for example. The controller may receive power from one or more sources and output DC power to one or more sink. In the example embodiment 700 power is received from a 48V DC source 702A, an AC source 702B, a battery 702C and/or a solar power source 702D; however, it will be appreciated that this is exemplary only and the number and type of sources can vary.

The controller 700 may include at least one step down component, e.g. 48V - 12V step down components 704, to process the power received from its one or more sources. The controller can include at least one processor 706. The processor can be in communication with at least one sensor, e.g. a ground voltage sensor 708 and/or a battery voltage sensor 710.

The controller 700 can comprise further components for processing/outputting DC power under the control of the processor 710, which is programmed in a suitable manner. In some embodiments, such components can include NC relays 712; clock 713; load circuit board 714; charger circuit board 716 and/or solar circuit board 718.

In some embodiments the controller 700 can include a filter and surge protection component 720, which may be connected to the AC source 702B. It can also include a battery charger 722 that uses at least one ofthe power sources 702.

In some embodiments the controller 700 can include components for communicating with remote devices over a wired and/or wired interface. The example of Figure 7 includes a GSM aerial 724, which is connected to the processor 706 via a GSM module 726. However, it will be understood that this is exemplary only and other embodiments could use interfaces/protocols such as Bluetooth™, ZigBee™, etc. The controller can therefore exchange data (e.g. energy usage data) with one or more external device/computer. The controller can also include a service port 730 to allow a user to (re)program the processor 706.

The controller 700 can output DC power to at least one power injector 734 (which can correspond to component 316 ofthe embodiment of Figure 3). Additionally or alternatively, the controller can output DC power to at least one powered device. In the example of Figure 7, power can be output to a display device 736, which is also connected to a screen delivery component 738 that is connected to the battery power source 702C.

Figure 8 is a schematic overview of components in an example circuit that implements the intelligent PoE distribution/injector unit 734 (which can correspond to component 316 ofthe embodiment of Figure 3). In some embodiments the power injector will be connected to a powered device with a single pre-made Ethernet cable with RJ45 connectors on each end. This can be pre-installed in the building and then plugged into the injector and connector box or powered device with great ease and speed and further simplify installation/commissioning.

Ports 801 - 808 (#1 - #8) of the injector 734/316 can be controlled via alternate electronic switches, via a smartphone, or a webpage via intelligence built into a port controller for the injector 734/316. The micro controller used in some embodiments is a Tl TPS23861 PSE Controller with 1x controller port per 2 x Ethernet ports. Therefore, each injector circuit board has 8x Ethernet Ports 801 - 808 and 4x controllers 81OA - 81OD. It will be understood that in alternative cases, at least some of the port management function described herein as being performed by the injector 734/316 may be performed by an alternate microprocessor or other suitable device(s) and other combinations of Ethernet port numbers, such as 8, 16 or 24 ports.

Each controller 810 can have an I2C port which allows a semi-auto mode to be enabled which gives greater control of the controller. This allows issuing of commands to turn the controller ports on/off and obtain the real-time status of the controller ports and also read the voltage and current, etc.

The 4x controllers 810 on the PCB can be linked together using the I2C interface. The I2C interface is taken off board via an opto-isolator interface allowing connection to a controlling micro or computer. In turn, the data/results will be transmitted to an external website portal where data can be read in a meaningful and detailed format. In alternative embodiments the power management statuses could be read via software installed on a PC locally.

Figure 9 is an example of a display on an application that is in communication with an embodiment of the DC power supply system. The example is a smartphone app, but it will be understood that other embodiments can use PC applications, webpages, etc. The example display can show information such as the on/off status, connection status and current available power for each power source (e.g. the power sources 702A - 702D in the embodiment of Figure 7). The display can also show other information, such as the current energy demand (in total and/or for each sink), as well as ancillary information, such as environmental information including humidity, temperature, gathered by at least one sensor in communication with the power system. It will be understood that the type and arrangement of information is exemplary only and many variations are possible.

In some embodiments additional functionality can be provided by the DC power supply system. For example, the intelligent central control/distribution box 700 can monitor each of its individual PoE ports 801 - 808 on the injector units 734 and may record when it has received the handshake/request for power and distributed power accordingly. Further, the real-time amount of power used can be monitored so it is even possible for the system to perform actions, such as aiding vulnerable persons I assisted living space by notifying family members, neighbours or social workers of any resident that has not turned on any lights, operated any devices or deviated from a normal daily pattern for that resident. By monitoring the infrastructure for deviation patterns it is as unobtrusive as possible and supports family and staff in improving care quality and providing greater privacy for residents, while reducing operational costs.

In another embodiment, the DC micro-grid ‘snap-fit’ plug sockets (e.g. 500) can be fitted with motion detectors which detect movements of persons in a specific room, with an output signal sent back to the main DC control I distribution box 700 via the Ethernet cable, or the like, that connects to the socket. In other embodiments the DC socket could be fitted with its own direct sensor cable or send its signalling back to the control box wirelessly.

In some embodiments, the sockets (e.g. 500) can include in-built low voltage DC motion sensor devices to detect movement, e.g. movements of persons in a specific room, with an output signal sent back to the main DC control I distribution box 700 via the Ethernet cable connecting to the socket to provide a number of intelligent functions in connection with the DC grid. Alternative motion sensors may be incorporated and their signals sent back to the control box accordingly. An output of the motion detector (e.g. no movement for an extended period, based on historical movement data of a vulnerable person) can be used to trigger an alarm signal or the like.

Due to the distribution of the DC grid wall sockets 500 it is possible to configure the intelligent grid system to react to certain events or chains of events thus being able to alert in the case of lack of movement, or if someone has fallen or even as a security system alerting to the fact that there is an intruder in the property. Conventionally, motion sensors are specially wall mounted and easily visible wall boxes that can also spoil the aesthetics of the interior decor so having this functionality built into the DC electrical infrastructure makes real sense.

Rapid detection of fall events can reduce the rate of mortality and raise the chances to survive the event and return to independent/assisted living. The system uses pattern recognition algorithms to discriminate between human fall events and other events and can even be set to trigger lighting for elderly residents during the night when they get out of bed.

Embodiments of the solution are therefore inexpensive, and do not require the residents to have special pull-cords, bespoke appliances or wear any special sensors I alarm buttons, yet still have a comfortable level of monitored and assisted lifestyle whilst retaining the feeling of independence.

In some embodiments the power supply system can store energy and can enable systems such as heating and/or vehicle charging, in (or connected to) the structure 200 to be combined, e.g. by the low voltage cogeneration system using a hot water tank with a DC immersion heater, an electric panel heater or radiant heating panel, and/or an electric vehicle charging unit thereby achieving the ultimate comprehensive local management of energy. The intelligent DC microgrid controller 700 can be programmed to deliver generated electricity to the load, to hot water or even to an electric vehicle (including mobility scooters). The controller (700) can monitor characteristics of a power source (e.g. financial cost of drawing energy; financial cost of selling output energy; sun/solar power strength or efficiency, etc) and modify its power usage based on that monitoring, e.g. to determine when to charge a particular system.

In some embodiments involving multi-/multi-modular solutions such as apartments, flats or student accommodation the energy generation and energy storage could be centralised in/or by the building and then DC power distributed to each apartment via a pair of DC cables to a localised DC energy hub I controller box to provide the local ethernet power and controls for devices such as LED lights, computers, fans, TV’s, phones, tablets etc.. This way each tenant would be able to make use of the centralised renewable energy in either a free capacity or purchase this clean/cheaper electricity off their landlord or their neighbour. In prior known systems the renewable energy solutions on large multi-room development schemes would normally go back to a centralised meter and most of the energy ends up going back to the national grid where a large proportion of it sends up being wasted. The alternate prior art involves placing AC/DC inverters into each apartment fed by a dedicated number of solar panels, therefore increasing the number of panels required plus energy storage which is often restricted by the lack of available roof space. The DC micro-grid solution in this invention is truly unique in that it can deliver renewable energy for use in each apartment without all of the complicated wiring (plus cable routes from the roof to each apartment) that is needed in alternate systems and means that residents are able to share their energy, even end up possibly trading it with each other and treating the apartment block as an ‘island’. The energy can be apportioned out to each apartment on an as-generated basis and can be centrally distributed with the DC micro-grid controller system.

The controller 700 can instruct a vehicle to follow the actual solar PV power plant production by monitoring the generation output and gradually increase current to the vehicle charger inline with generation output and therefore remove any requirement to export any power to the grid. When PV production decreases then the duty cycle will be reduced down to a minimum defined charging current configured in the control box controller.

Values can be then read or written over the known MODBUS protocol (UART interface) from the controller 700 to the EV vehicle charger and is used to monitor status and control the flow of electricity to I and from the vehicle. In other embodiments other interfaces could be used such as I2C, Raspberry PI, Arduino, ARM Cortex, Ethernet UART bridges, various WiFi or Bluetooth modules or smartphones etc.

Some embodiments can include time based schedules to heat hot water and/or charge vehicles from variable grid tariffs that deliver the lowest cost energy. There is also the ability for the controller 700 be to programmed using machine learning algorithms that can determine the value of the generated energy and where it is most valuable to be delivered to, based on artificial intelligence learned about the occupant’s behavior patterns and energy contracts so this switching process happens automatically.

Embodiments of the DC power system described herein can offer many advantages, including reduction/elimination of wasteful AC/DC conversion as it can remove the need for AC/DC transformers for the LED lights and other devices. Conventional transformers that create additional heat and are the components that tend to fail. Embodiments can also enable energy storage for optimal usage efficiency, especially embodiments that use solar power and energy storage to enable substantially reduced running costs for users. Embodiments also offer simple and quick ‘Plug and Play’ installation, especially as the DC wiring/cabling can be installed without even using a screwdriver. Embodiments can advantageously be installed by apprentices in an offsite factory. In some embodiments the light switches are wireless, meaning less cabling and further speeding up installation time. Embodiments can also result in easy equipment maintenance and reduced facility management costs, particularly as DC cable tends to be much cheaper than AC cable. Some embodiments also mean that buildings require reduced trunking or channelling. Embodiments can use CAT6 cable that is 1 mm thick and so routing can be minimised, ensuring thermal properties of the walls are maintained. Embodiments can further provide a DC power supply that is continuous and reliable so that even without a supply a mains grid buildings can still function with lighting and other facilities. Embodiments also provide environmental benefits, e.g. providing new types of homes/buildings that low Carbon footprint. In embodiments electronic equipment transformers can be replaced with less-expensive, modern, automated, intelligent, self-adapting, solid-state, silicon-based voltage switching devices. This more-efficient electricity saving technology can use significantly less non-renewable, finite, toxic copper than heavier, inefficient, AC electrical power transformers.

The present invention will be understood readily by reference to the above description of example embodiments and the accompanying drawings. The present invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the example embodiments described above. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the concept of the invention to those skilled in the art. The present invention is defined by the statements of aspects of the invention in the summary of invention section above, and with reference to any appended claims.

Although a few preferred embodiments have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications might be made without departing from the scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims.

Attention is directed to all papers and documents which are filed concurrently with or previous to this specification in connection with this application and which are open to public inspection with this specification, and the contents of all such papers and documents are incorporated herein by reference.

All of the features disclosed in this specification, including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings, and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive.

Each feature disclosed in this specification, including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings, may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

The invention is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiment(s). The invention extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification, including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings, or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Claims (26)

1. A method of constructing a building structure including a Direct Current power system, the method including:

providing a power providing component (316) of a DC power system, and connecting the power providing component to power-supplying cabling (212) installed in (or on) at least one structural component (202, 204) of a building structure (200).

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the power providing component (316) is configured to provide DC power to a Power over Ethernet™ (PoE) component and the powersupplying cabling (212) is arranged to transfer data and/or the DC power using a PoE protocol.

3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, further including assembling the at least structural component (202, 204) with at least one further structural component (202, 204), wherein the at least one further structural component (202, 204) also includes power-supplying cabling (212) that is connectable to the power-supplying cabling (212) of the at least one structural component.

4. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the step of connecting the power providing component (316) to power-supplying cabling (212) comprises connecting the component to existing cabling in/on the structural component (202, 204).

5. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the building structure (200) comprises a modular building structure, or a module of a modular building structure.

6. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the building structure (200) comprises a plurality of building units, and each of the building units is associated with a respective power hub component (260), which includes as one or more PoE ports.

8. A Direct Current power system comprising a power providing component (316) connectable to power-supplying cabling (212) installed in/on at least one structural component (202, 204) of a building structure (200).

9. A system according to claim 8, wherein the DC power system further comprises at least one energy generating component (206).

10. A system according to claim 9, wherein the one energy generating component comprises a solar panel (206) fitted to a structural component (204) of the building structure (200) and the system further comprises an AC/DC charger/inverier, an isolator for a power source, and/or a charge controller for the solar panel, and/or a power storage component/battery (306).

11. A system according to claim 10, wherein components of the DC power system are located in a housing (208) located outside the building structure (200).

12. A system according to any of claims 8 to 11, wherein the DC power system is configured, in use, to supply DC power to a low energy lighting system including one or more LED light.

13. A system according to any of claims 8 to 12, wherein the DC power system functions as an Ethernet™ based micro-grid for the building structure (200).

14. A system according to any of claims 8 to 13, further including a connector device (100) for distributing DC power to at least one powered device, the connector device comprising a PoE connector device comprising:

a first connector (112) connectable to a first set comprising at least one power wire pair (110A, 110D) of a PoE cable (102) to a first powered device (116), and a second connector (114) connectable to a second set comprising at least one other power wire pair (110BV, 110C) of the PoE cable to at least one further powered device (118).

15. A system according to any of claims 8 to 14, further comprising at least one surge protection component (720) compriseing a Metal Oxide Varistor connected to a centre taps of a RJ45 in the system to chassis ground using a direct connection, wherein a shield of the RJ45 is taken to chassis ground using a direct connection and a feed to the RJ45 centre taps is taken via common mode choke filters.

16. A system according to any of claims 14 to 15, wherein the PoE connector device (100) is built into a wall mounted socket (500).

17. A system according to claim 16, wherein the socket (500) is formed of sustainable and recyclable plastics.

18. A system according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the socket (500) includes a snap-fit faceplate and provides USB over Ethernet, HDMI over Ethernet, or a Power over Ethernet port.

19. A system according to any of claims 8 to 18, further comprise a patch panel (600) having a hard-wired type or have a female rj45 rear mounted connector for a plug-and-play connection to pre-made Ethernet cables.

20. A system according to any of claims 8 to 19, further comprising a controller (700) and at least one step down component (704) to process power received from one or more power sources (702).

21. A system according to claim 20, wherein the controller (700) includes at least one processor (706) in communication with at least one sensor, including a ground voltage sensor (708) and/or a battery voltage sensor (710).

22. A system according to claim 20 or 21, wherein the controller (700) is configured to output DC power to at least one power injector (734, 316) and/or to at least one powered device.

23. A system according to claim 22, wherein the power injector (723, 316) includes a plurality of ports (801 - 808) and a plurality of controllers (810), wherein each of the plurality of controllers (810) is associated with one or more of the ports (801 - 808), and wherein each said controller (810) comprises an I2C port configured to turn the port(s) on/off and/or to obtain real-time status of the port(s).

24. A system according to claim 23, wherein the controller (700) is configured to monitor the ports (801 - 808) of the power injector (734, 316) and to record when it has received a handshake/request for power/distributed power to monitor real-time power usage.

25. A system according to claim 24, wherein the controller (700) is configured to compare the monitored real-time power usage with stored historical power usage and if the comparison indicates a difference then an alarm signal is triggered.

26. A system according to claim 25, when dependent on claim 16, wherein a said socket (500) is fitted with a low voltage DC motion sensor, and an output of the motion detector is also usable to trigger the alarm signal.

27. A system according to any of claims 8 to 26, wherein the DC power supply system is configured to store energy and use the stored energy to charge at least one system, including a heating system and/or a vehicle.

5 28. A system according to claim 27, wherein the system is configured to monitor characteristics of a power source and modify its power usage based on the monitoring for the charging of the at least one system.

Intellectual

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Office

Application No: GB1803829.9 Examiner: Peter Thomas-Keefe