GB2551332A

GB2551332A - NOx adsorber catalyst

Info

Publication number: GB2551332A
Application number: GB1610160.2A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Armitage Andrew; Duran Martin Desiree; Maksymowicz Rebecca; James Millington Paul; Richard Phillips Paul; Rao Rajaram Raj; David Reid Stuart; Swallow Daniel
Original assignee: Johnson Matthey PLC
Current assignee: Johnson Matthey PLC
Priority date: 2016-06-10
Filing date: 2016-06-10
Publication date: 2017-12-20
Also published as: GB201610160D0

Abstract

A NOx absorber catalyst composition, a NOx adsorber catalyst and its use in an emission treatment system for internal combustion engines, is disclosed. The NOx adsorber catalyst composition comprises a support material, one or more platinum group metals disposed on the support material, and a NOx storage material. The use of lanthanum is said to improve the low temperature NOx storage capacity; improve sulphur tolerance and to decrease NOx storage capacity at a first temperature when compared to a similar composition which does not contain lanthanum.

Description

ΝΟχ ADSORBER CATALYST

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a NOx adsorber catalyst composition, a NOx adsorber catalyst comprising the composition, a method of making the NOx adsorber catalyst composition, and emission systems for internal combustion engines comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Internal combustion engines produce exhaust gases containing a variety of pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (“NOx”), carbon monoxide, and uncombusted hydrocarbons, which are the subject of governmental legislation. Increasingly stringent national and regional legislation has lowered the amount of pollutants that can be emitted from such diesel or gasoline engines. Emission control systems are widely utilized to reduce the amount of these pollutants emitted to atmosphere, and typically achieve very high efficiencies once they reach their operating temperature (typically, 200 °C and higher). However, these systems are relatively inefficient below their operating temperature (the “cold start” period).

One exhaust gas treatment component utilized to clean exhaust gas is the ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst (or “NOx trap”). NOx adsorber catalysts are devices that adsorb NOx under lean exhaust conditions, release the adsorbed NOx under rich conditions, and reduce the released NOx to form N2. A NOx adsorber catalyst typically includes a NOx adsorbent for the storage of NOx and an oxidation/reduction catalyst.

The ΝΟχ adsorbent component is typically an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal, a rare earth metal, or combinations thereof. These metals are typically found in the form of oxides. The oxidation/reduction catalyst is typically one or more noble metals, preferably platinum, palladium, and/or rhodium. Typically, platinum is included to perform the oxidation function and rhodium is included to perform the reduction function. The oxidation/reduction catalyst and the ΝΟχ adsorbent are typically loaded on a support material such as an inorganic oxide for use in the exhaust system.

The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst performs three functions. First, nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to produce NO2 in the presence of the oxidation catalyst. Second, the NO2 is adsorbed by the NOx adsorbent in the form of an inorganic nitrate (for example, BaO or BaC03 is converted to Ba(N03)2 on the NOx adsorbent). Lastly, when the engine runs under rich conditions, the stored inorganic nitrates decompose to form NO or N02 which are then reduced to form N2 by reaction with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and/or hydrocarbons (or via NHX or NCO intermediates) in the presence of the reduction catalyst. Typically, the nitrogen oxides are converted to nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water in the presence of heat, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust stream.

Typically, NOx adsorbent materials consist of inorganic oxides such as alumina, silica, ceria, zirconia, titania, or mixed oxides which are coated with at least one platinum group metal. PCT Inti. Appl. WO 2008/047170 discloses a system wherein NOx from a lean exhaust gas is adsorbed at temperatures below 200°C and is subsequently thermally desorbed above 200°C. The NOx adsorbent is taught to consist of palladium and a cerium oxide or a mixed oxide or composite oxide containing cerium and at least one other transition metal. PCT Inti. Appl. WO 2004/076829 discloses an exhaust-gas purification system which includes a NOx storage catalyst arranged upstream of an SCR catalyst. The NOx storage catalyst includes at least one alkali, alkaline earth, or rare earth metal which is coated or activated with at least one platinum group metal (Pt, Pd, Rh, or Ir). A particularly preferred NOx storage catalyst is taught to include cerium oxide coated with platinum and additionally platinum as an oxidizing catalyst on a support based on aluminium oxide. EP 1027919 discloses a ΝΟχ adsorbent material that comprises a porous support material, such as alumina, zeolite, zirconia, titania, and/or lanthana, and at least 0.1 wt% precious metal (Pt, Pd, and/or Rh). Platinum carried on alumina is exemplified.

In addition, US Pat. Nos. 5,656,244 and 5,800,793 describe systems combining a NOx storage/release catalyst with a three way catalyst. The NOx adsorbent is taught to comprise oxides of chromium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, or cobalt, in addition to other metals, which are supported on alumina, mullite, cordierite, or silicon carbide.

At low temperatures (typically below about 200 °C), the NOx storage function of these catalysts is inefficient and continues to be an area of catalyst development in need of improvement. It is also desirable for catalysts to be developed that have little or no NOx storage properties at greater than a specific temperature, to allow control of when NOx is released for subsequent conversion by, for example, a further downstream catalyst. The deactivation of NOx adsorber catalysts by sulfur, which can be present in fuels or engine lubricating oil, is also a problem, particularly under lower temperature conditions at which it may be challenging to thermally desulfate the catalyst.

As with any automotive system and process, it is desirable to attain still further improvements in exhaust gas treatment systems. We have discovered a new NOx adsorber catalyst composition with improved low temperature NOx storage characteristics, improved NOx release properties, and improved desulfation properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the invention there is provided a NOx adsorber catalyst composition comprising a support material, one or more platinum group metals disposed on the support material, and a NOx storage material; wherein the support material or the NOx storage material comprises a lanthanum-containing component.

In a second aspect of the invention there is provided a NOx adsorber catalyst comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst composition as hereinbefore defined supported on a metal or ceramic substrate.

In a third aspect of the invention there is provided a NOx adsorber catalyst comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst composition as hereinbefore defined, wherein the catalyst composition is extruded to form a flow-through or filter substrate.

In a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of making the NOx adsorber catalyst composition of as hereinbefore defined, comprising adding one or more precious group metals or precious group metal salts to a support material to form a PGM-support mixture, and adding a NOx storage material to the PGM-support mixture.

In a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided an emission treatment system for internal combustion engines comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst as hereinbefore defined.

In a sixth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine comprising contacting the exhaust gas with the NOx adsorber catalyst as hereinbefore defined.

In an seventh aspect of the invention there is provided the use of a lanthanum-containing material to improve the low temperature NOx storage capacity of a NOx adsorber material, relative to an equivalent NOx adsorber material that does not contain the lanthanum-containing material.

In an eighth aspect of the invention there is provided the use of a lanthanum-containing material to improve the sulfur tolerance of a NOx adsorber material, relative to an equivalent NOx adsorber material that does not contain the lanthanum-containing material.

In a ninth aspect of the invention there is provided the use of a lanthanum-containing material to decrease the NOx storage capacity of a NOx adsorber material at a first temperature, relative to an equivalent NOx adsorber material that does not contain the lanthanum-containing material.

DEFINITIONS

The term “washcoat” is well known in the art and refers to an adherent coating that is applied to a substrate, usually during production of a catalyst.

The acronym “PGM” as used herein refers to “platinum group metal”. The term “platinum group metal” generally refers to a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt, preferably a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt. In general, the term “PGM” preferably refers to a metal selected from the group consisting of Rh, Pt and Pd.

The term “mixed oxide” as used herein generally refers to a mixture of oxides in a single phase, as is conventionally known in the art. The term “composite oxide” as used herein generally refers to a composition of oxides having more than one phase, as is conventionally known in the art.

The expression “substantially free of” as used herein with reference to a material means that the material may be present in a minor amount, such as < 5% by weight, preferably < 2 % by weight, more preferably < 1 % by weight. The expression “substantially free of embraces the expression “does not comprise”.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of the invention comprises a support material, one or more platinum group metals disposed on the support material, and a NOx storage material, wherein the support material or the NOx storage material comprises a lanthanum-containing component.

The lanthanum-containing component can be present in either the support material or the NOx storage material, or in both. In some embodiments of the invention, the support material and the NOx storage material are substantially the same component. In other, preferred, embodiments, the support material and the NOx storage material are different components.

In some embodiments of the invention, the support material consists essentially of, consists of, or is the lanthanum-containing component.

In some embodiments of the invention, the NOx storage material consists essentially of, consists of, or is the lanthanum-containing component.

For the avoidance of doubt, in some embodiments of the invention, the lanthanum-containing component is the support material. In other embodiments of the invention, the lanthanum-containing component is the NOx storage material. Embodiments may comprise a lanthanum-containing support material, a lanthanum-containing NOx storage material, or both a lanthanum-containing support material and a lanthanum-containing NOx storage material.

The lanthanum-containing component can be any salt, oxide, complex or other compound that contains lanthanum, for example lanthanum(lll) oxide. It may also be lanthanum metal. For the avoidance of doubt, this list of possible lanthanum-containing components is non-limiting.

The lanthanum-containing component may be present on the surface of the support material, on the surface of the NOx storage material, or on the surface of both. The lanthanum-containing component may, additionally or alternatively, be incorporated into the support material, the NOx storage material, or both. One example of the lanthanum-containing component being incorporated into the support material or the NOx storage material would be the replacement of atoms of the support material or the NOx storage material by lanthanum, e.g. in the lattice structure of either material.

In some embodiments of the invention, the lanthanum-containing component is present as a dopant. That is, the invention may comprise a lanthanum-doped support material, a lanthanum-doped NOx storage material, or both a lanthanum-doped support material and a lanthanum-doped NOx storage material.

The lanthanum-containing component present in the compositions of the present invention are advantageous in that they store no, or substantially no, NOx above a given temperature, such as above 180, 200, 250, or 300 °C, preferably above about 300 °C. This is advantageous because a rich exhaust stream is therefore not necessary to release and/or convert NOx under “highway” conditions. This is especially preferable when the NOx adsorber catalyst composition is present upstream of an SCR or SCRF™ catalyst, as under such conditions the SCR or SCRF™ catalyst will achieve quantitative NOx conversion. In addition, this low or absent NOx storage at temperatures in excess of 180, 200, 250 or 300 °C, preferably about 300 °C, means that there will be no NOx stored when the vehicle is subsequently used under relatively cold conditions, e.g. under “city” conditions, which has the further advantage of reducing NOx slippage under such cold conditions.

In some embodiments, the lanthanum-containing component contains a characteristic Raman shift compared to an equivalent material that does not contain lanthanum. In one embodiment, wherein the lanthanum-containing component is lanthanum-doped ceria, the characteristic Raman shift is at 463 cm'1, compared to 465 cm'1 for the undoped ceria material.

The lanthanum-containing component may be characterised in that it has a crystallite size, as measured by X-ray diffraction, that is lower than in an equivalent material that does not contain lanthanum. In one embodiment, wherein the lanthanum-containing component is lanthanum-doped ceria, the crystallite size of the lanthanum-containing component may be less than about 6.5 nm, e.g. 6.1 to 6.7 nm, preferably about 6.3 nm, compared to a crystal size of more than about 7.5 nm, e.g. 7.5 to 8.5 nm, preferably about 8.0 nm, for the undoped material. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the lanthanum is incorporated into the lattice structure of the lanthanum-containing component, e.g. lanthanum-doped ceria.

The lanthanum-containing component can be present in any amount, but is preferably present in an amount of about 0.5-18 mol%, more preferably about 1-16 mol% lanthanum, still more preferably about 2-12 mol% lanthanum, expressed as a mol% of La in the lanthanum-containing component. For example, the lanthanum-containing component may be present in about 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, or18mol%.

The lanthanum-containing component preferably comprises about 5-30 wt%, more preferably about 7-20 wt% of lanthanum, expressed as a wt% of La in the lanthanum-containing component. For example, the lanthanum-containing component may be present in about 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 or 26 mol%. If the NOx adsorber catalyst composition is present as a layer in a catalyst comprising a plurality of layers, the wt% refers to the amount of lanthanum present in the NOx adsorber catalyst composition layer only.

The lanthanum-containing component preferably comprises about 1.0-15 wt%, more preferably about 2.0-11 wt% of lanthanum, expressed as a wt% of the NOx adsorber catalyst composition. If the NOx adsorber catalyst composition is present as a layer in a catalyst comprising a plurality of layers, the wt% refers to the amount of lanthanum present in the NOx adsorber catalyst composition layer only.

The lanthanum-containing component preferably comprises about 1.0-15 mol%, more preferably about 2.0-12% of lanthanum, expressed as a mol% of the NOx adsorber catalyst composition. If the NOx adsorber catalyst composition is present as a layer in a catalyst comprising a plurality of layers, the mol% refers to the amount of lanthanum present in the NOx adsorber catalyst composition layer only.

The support material is preferably an oxide of Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 13 and 14 elements. More preferably, the support material is an alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, niobia, tantalum oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, a mixed oxide or composite oxide of any two or more thereof, and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred support materials include alumina, ceria, magnesia, or mixed oxides or composite oxides of any two or more thereof.

Preferred support materials preferably have a surface area in the range 10 to 1500 m2/g, pore volumes in the range 0.1 to 4 mL/g, and pore diameters from about 10 to 1000 Angstroms. High surface area supports having a surface area greater than 80 m2/g are particularly preferred, e.g. high surface area ceria or alumina. Other preferred support materials include magnesia/alumina composite oxides, optionally further comprising a cerium-containing component, e.g. ceria. In such cases the ceria may be present on the surface of the magnesia/alumina composite oxide, e.g. as a coating.

The NOx storage material is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, a ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, and an alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide. Preferably the NOx storage material comprises cerium oxide, e.g. is cerium oxide. In some embodiments of the invention, the NOx storage material further comprises barium. It should be noted, however, that it is not necessary to include barium as a NOx storage material in compositions of the invention, i.e. barium is an optional component of compositions of the invention. In other words, some compositions of the invention are substantially free of barium.

Some compositions of the invention are therefore barium-free NOx trap compositions comprising a lanthanum-containing component. In such compositions, the lanthanum-containing component may function as a NOx storage material. In some barium-free NOxtrap compositions of the invention, the lanthanum-containing component is present as a dopant. That is, the barium-free NOx trap compositions may comprise a lanthanum-doped support material, a lanthanum-doped NOx storage material, or both a lanthanum-doped support material and a lanthanum-doped NOx storage material.

In preferred barium-free NOx trap compositions of the invention, the lanthanum-containing component is lanthanum-doped alumina, lanthanum-doped ceria, or a lanthanum-doped magnesia/alumina composite oxide.

Compositions of the invention that are substantially free of barium, or do not comprise barium as a NOx storage material (e.g. barium-free NOx trap compositions), may be particularly advantageous because they store less NOx at temperatures in excess of 180, 200, 250 or 300 °C, preferably about 300 °C than a comparable barium-containing composition. In other words, compositions of the invention that are substantially free of barium, or do not comprise barium as a NOx storage material, have improved NOx release properties at temperatures in excess of 180, 200, 250 or 300 °C, preferably about 300 °C than a comparable barium-containing composition. Such compositions may also have improved sulfur tolerance relative to an equivalent barium-containing composition. In this context, “improved sulfur tolerance” means that compositions of the invention that are substantially free of barium are either more resistant to sulfation, can be thermally desulfated at a lower temperature, or both, compared to an equivalent barium-containing composition.

In embodiments where the NOx storage material does comprise barium, a preferred NOx storage material is a Ce02-BaC03 composite material. Such a material can be preformed by any method known in the art, for example incipient wetness impregnation or spray-drying. If the NOx adsorber catalyst composition contains barium, the NOx adsorber catalyst composition preferably comprises 0.1 to 10 weight percent barium, and more preferably 0.5 to 5 weight percent barium, e.g. about 4.5 weight percent barium, expressed as a weight % of the composition.

The one or more platinum group metals (PGM) are preferably selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium, or mixtures thereof. Platinum, palladium and mixtures thereof are particularly preferred, e.g. a mixture of platinum and palladium. The NOx adsorber catalyst composition preferably comprises 0.1 to 10 weight percent PGM, more preferably 0.5 to 5 weight percent PGM, and most preferably 1 to 3 weight percent PGM.

The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of the invention may comprise further components that are known to the skilled person. For example, the compositions of the invention may further comprise at least one binder and/or at least one surfactant. Where a binder is present, dispersible alumina binders are preferred.

The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of the present invention may be prepared by any suitable means. Preferably, the one or more platinum group metals, and/or lanthanum-containing component, and/or NOx storage material are loaded onto the support by any known means to form the NOx adsorber catalyst composition. The manner of addition is not considered to be particularly critical. For example, a platinum group metal compound (such as platinum nitrate), a lanthanum compound (such as lanthanum nitrate), and a cerium compound (such as cerium nitrate, as a precursor to the ceria-containing material) may be supported on a support (such as an alumina) by impregnation, adsorption, ion-exchange, incipient wetness, precipitation, or the like, or by any other means commonly known in the art.

The order of addition of the platinum group metal (PGM), lanthanum-containing component and/or NOx storage component to the support is not considered critical. For example, the platinum, lanthanum-containing component and cerium compounds may be added to the support simultaneously, or may be added sequentially in any order. A further aspect of the invention is a NOx adsorber catalyst comprising the ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition as hereinbefore described supported on a metal or ceramic substrate. The substrate may be a flow-through substrate or a filter substrate, but is preferably a flow-through monolith substrate.

The flow-through monolith substrate has a first face and a second face defining a longitudinal direction therebetween. The flow-through monolith substrate has a plurality of channels extending between the first face and the second face. The plurality of channels extend in the longitudinal direction and provide a plurality of inner surfaces (e.g. the surfaces of the walls defining each channel). Each of the plurality of channels has an opening at the first face and an opening at the second face. For the avoidance of doubt, the flow-through monolith substrate is not a wall flow filter.

The first face is typically at an inlet end of the substrate and the second face is at an outlet end of the substrate.

The channels may be of a constant width and each plurality of channels may have a uniform channel width.

Preferably within a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, the monolith substrate has from 100 to 500 channels per square inch, preferably from 200 to 400. For example, on the first face, the density of open first channels and closed second channels is from 200 to 400 channels per square inch. The channels can have cross sections that are rectangular, square, circular, oval, triangular, hexagonal, or other polygonal shapes.

The monolith substrate acts as a support for holding catalytic material. Suitable materials for forming the monolith substrate include ceramic-like materials such as cordierite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, mullite, spodumene, alumina-silica magnesia or zirconium silicate, or of porous, refractory metal. Such materials and their use in the manufacture of porous monolith substrates is well known in the art.

It should be noted that the flow-through monolith substrate described herein is a single component (i.e. a single brick). Nonetheless, when forming an emission treatment system, the monolith used may be formed by adhering together a plurality of channels or by adhering together a plurality of smaller monoliths as described herein. Such techniques are well known in the art, as well as suitable casings and configurations of the emission treatment system.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the NOx adsorber catalyst comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst composition as hereinbefore described is extruded to form a flow-through or filter substrate.

In embodiments wherein the NOx adsorber catalyst comprises a ceramic substrate, the ceramic substrate may be made of any suitable refractory material, e.g., alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, magnesia, zeolites, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, zirconium silicates, magnesium silicates, aluminosilicates and metallo aluminosilicates (such as cordierite and spodumene), or a mixture or mixed oxide of any two or more thereof. Cordierite, a magnesium aluminosilicate, and silicon carbide are particularly preferred.

In embodiments wherein the NOx adsorber catalyst comprises a metallic substrate, the metallic substrate may be made of any suitable metal, and in particular heat-resistant metals and metal alloys such as titanium and stainless steel as well as ferritic alloys containing iron, nickel, chromium, and/or aluminium in addition to other trace metals.

Preferably, the NOx adsorber catalyst as hereinbefore described is prepared by depositing the NOx adsorber catalyst composition as hereinbefore described on the substrate using washcoat procedures. A representative process for preparing the NOx adsorber catalyst component using a washcoat procedure is set forth below. It will be understood that the process below can be varied according to different embodiments of the invention.

The washcoating is preferably performed by first slurrying finely divided particles of the NOx adsorber catalyst composition in an appropriate solvent, preferably water, to form a slurry. The slurry preferably contains between 5 to 70 weight percent solids, more preferably between 10 to 50 weight percent. Preferably, the particles are milled or subject to another comminution process in order to ensure that substantially all of the solid particles have a particle size of less than 20 microns in an average diameter, prior to forming the slurry. Additional components, such as stabilizers or promoters, may also be incorporated in the slurry as a mixture of water soluble or water-dispersible compounds or complexes.

The substrate may then be coated one or more times with the slurry such that there will be deposited on the substrate the desired loading of the NOx adsorber catalyst composition.

Preferably, the NOx adsorber catalyst comprises a substrate and at least one layer on the substrate. In one embodiment, the at least one layer comprises the NOx adsorber catalyst composition as hereinbefore described. This can be produced by the washcoat procedure described above. One or more additional layers may be added to the one layer of NOx adsorber catalyst composition.

In embodiments wherein one or more additional layers are present (i.e. in addition to the NOx adsorber catalyst composition), the one or more additional layers have a different composition to the first layer comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst composition.

The one or more additional layers may comprise one zone or a plurality of zones, e.g. two or more zones. Where the one or more additional layers comprise a plurality of zones, the zones are preferably longitudinal zones. The plurality of zones, or each individual zone, may also be present as a gradient, i.e. a zone may not be of a uniform thickness along its entire length, to form a gradient. Alternatively a zone may be of uniform thickness along its entire length.

In some preferred embodiments, one additional layer, i.e. a second layer, is present.

Typically, the second layer comprises a platinum group metal (PGM) (referred to below as the “second platinum group metal”). It is generally preferred that the second layer comprises the second platinum group metal (PGM) as the only platinum group metal (i.e. there are no other PGM components present in the catalytic material, except for those specified).

The second PGM may be selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, and a combination or mixture of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd). Preferably, the platinum group metal is selected from the group consisting of palladium (Pd) and a combination or a mixture of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd). More preferably, the platinum group metal is selected from the group consisting of a combination or a mixture of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd).

It is generally preferred that the second layer is (i.e. is formulated) for the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and/or hydrocarbons (HCs).

Preferably, the second layer comprises palladium (Pd) and optionally platinum (Pt) in a ratio by weight of 1:0 (e.g. Pd only) to 1:4 (this is equivalent to a ratio by weight of Pt:Pd of 4:1 to 0:1). More preferably, the second layer comprises platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) in a ratio by weight of < 4:1, such as <3.5:1.

When the platinum group metal is a combination or mixture of platinum and palladium, then the second layer comprises platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) in a ratio by weight of 5:1 to 3.5:1, preferably 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, more preferably 1:1 to 2:1.

The second layer typically further comprises a support material (referred to herein below as the “second support material”). The second PGM is generally disposed or supported on the second support material.

The second support material is preferably a refractory oxide. It is preferred that the refractory oxide is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, ceria, silica alumina, ceria-alumina, ceria-zirconia and alumina-magnesium oxide. More preferably, the refractory oxide is selected from the group consisting of alumina, ceria, silica-alumina and ceria-zirconia. Even more preferably, the refractory oxide is alumina or silica-alumina, particularly silica-alumina. A particularly preferred second layer comprises a silica-alumina support, platinum, palladium, barium, a molecular sieve, and a platinum group metal (PGM) on an alumina support, e.g. a rare earth-stabilised alumina. Particularly preferably, this preferred second layer comprises a first zone comprising a silica-alumina support, platinum, palladium, barium, a molecular sieve, and a second zone comprising a platinum group metal (PGM) on an alumina support, e.g. a rare earth-stabilised alumina. This preferred second layer may have activity as an oxidation catalyst, e.g. as a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). A further preferred second layer comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a platinum group metal on alumina. This preferred second layer may have activity as an oxidation catalyst, e.g. as a NCVmaker catalyst. A further preferred second layer comprises a platinum group metal, rhodium, and a cerium-containing component.

In other preferred embodiments, more than one of the preferred second layers described above are present, in addition to the NOx adsorber catalyst composition. In such embodiments, the one or more additional layers may be present in any configuration, including zoned configurations.

The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition may be disposed or supported on the second layer or the substrate (e.g. the plurality of inner surfaces of the through-flow monolith substrate), preferably the second layer is disposed or supported on the NOx adsorber catalyst composition.

The second layer may be disposed or supported on the substrate (e.g. the plurality of inner surfaces of the through-flow monolith substrate).

The second layer may be disposed or supported on the entire length of the substrate or the NOx adsorber catalyst composition. Alternatively the second layer may be disposed or supported on a portion, e.g. 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95%, of the substrate or the NOx adsorber catalyst composition.

Preferably, the entire length of the substrate is coated with the NOx adsorber catalyst composition. A further aspect of the invention is a method of making the NOx adsorber catalyst composition as hereinbefore described, comprising adding one or more precious group metals or precious group metal salts to a support material to form a PGM-support mixture, and adding a NOx storage material to the PGM-support mixture. Preferred methods further comprise the step of forming a lanthanum-containing support material. Other preferred methods further comprise the step of forming a lanthanum-containing NOx storage material. Methods of the invention may comprise the step of forming a lanthanum-containing support material and the step of forming a lanthanum-containing NOx storage material. In some preferred methods, the lanthanum-containing support material and/or the lanthanum-containing NOx storage material is formed by incipient wetness impregnation.

Further preferred methods of the invention further comprise one or more additional steps, such as adding at least one binder and/or adding at least one surfactant. A further aspect of the invention is an emission treatment system for treating a flow of a combustion exhaust gas that comprises the NOx adsorber catalyst as hereinbefore described. In preferred systems, the internal combustion engine is a diesel engine, preferably a light duty diesel engine. The NOx adsorber catalyst may be placed in a close-coupled position or in the underfloor position.

The emission treatment system typically further comprises an emissions control device.

The emissions control devices is preferably downstream of the NOx adsorber catalyst.

Examples of an emissions control device include a diesel particulate filter (DPF), a lean NOx trap (LNT), a lean NOx catalyst (LNC), a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a catalysed soot filter (CSF), a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst, an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) and combinations of two or more thereof. Such emissions control devices are all well known in the art.

Some of the aforementioned emissions control devices have filtering substrates. An emissions control device having a filtering substrate may be selected from the group consisting of a diesel particulate filter (DPF), a catalysed soot filter (CSF), and a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst.

It is preferred that the emission treatment system comprises an emissions control device selected from the group consisting of a lean NOx trap (LNT), an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC), diesel particulate filter (DPF), a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, a catalysed soot filter (CSF), a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst, and combinations of two or more thereof. More preferably, the emissions control device is selected from the group consisting of a diesel particulate filter (DPF), a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, a catalysed soot filter (CSF), a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst, and combinations of two or more thereof. Even more preferably, the emissions control device is a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst or a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst.

When the emission treatment system of the invention comprises an SCR catalyst or an SCRF™ catalyst, then the emission treatment system may further comprise an injector for injecting a nitrogenous reductant, such as ammonia, or an ammonia precursor, such as urea or ammonium formate, preferably urea, into exhaust gas downstream of the NOx adsorber catalyst and upstream of the SCR catalyst or the SCRF™ catalyst.

Such an injector may be fluidly linked to a source (e.g. a tank) of a nitrogenous reductant precursor. Valve-controlled dosing of the precursor into the exhaust gas may be regulated by suitably programmed engine management means and closed loop or open loop feedback provided by sensors monitoring the composition of the exhaust gas.

Ammonia can also be generated by heating ammonium carbamate (a solid) and the ammonia generated can be injected into the exhaust gas.

Alternatively or in addition to the injector, ammonia can be generated in situ (e.g. during rich regeneration of a LNT disposed upstream of the SCR catalyst or the SCRF™ catalyst), e.g. a NOx adsorber catalyst comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst composition of the invention. Thus, the emission treatment system may further comprise an engine management means for enriching the exhaust gas with hydrocarbons.

The SCR catalyst or the SCRF™ catalyst may comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of at least one of Cu, Hf, La, Au, In, V, lanthanides and Group VIII transition metals (e.g. Fe), wherein the metal is supported on a refractory oxide or molecular sieve. The metal is preferably selected from Ce, Fe, Cu and combinations of any two or more thereof, more preferably the metal is Fe or Cu.

The refractory oxide for the SCR catalyst or the SCRF™ catalyst may be selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, T1O2, CeCb, S1O2, ZrC>2 and mixed oxides containing two or more thereof. The non-zeolite catalyst can also include tungsten oxide (e.g. V2O5/WO3/T1O2, W0>/CeZr02, W0x/Zr02 or Fe/W(VZr02).

It is particularly preferred when an SCR catalyst, an SCRF™ catalyst or a washcoat thereof comprises at least one molecular sieve, such as an aluminosilicate zeolite or a SAPO. The at least one molecular sieve can be a small, a medium or a large pore molecular sieve. By “small pore molecular sieve” herein we mean molecular sieves containing a maximum ring size of 8, such as CHA; by “medium pore molecular sieve” herein we mean a molecular sieve containing a maximum ring size of 10, such as ZSM-5; and by “large pore molecular sieve” herein we mean a molecular sieve having a maximum ring size of 12, such as beta. Small pore molecular sieves are potentially advantageous for use in SCR catalysts.

In the emission treatment system of the invention, preferred molecular sieves for an SCR catalyst or an SCRF™ catalyst are synthetic aluminosilicate zeolite molecular sieves selected from the group consisting of AEI, ZSM-5, ZSM-20, ERI including ZSM-34, mordenite, ferrierite, BEA including Beta, Y, CHA, LEV including Nu-3, MCM-22 and EU-1, preferably AEI or CHA, and having a silica-to-alumina ratio of about 10 to about 50, such as about 15 to about 40.

In a first emission treatment system embodiment, the emission treatment system comprises the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention and a catalysed soot filter (CSF). The NOx adsorber catalyst is typically followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the catalysed soot filter (CSF). Thus, for example, an outlet of the NOx adsorber catalyst is connected to an inlet of the catalysed soot filter. A second emission treatment system embodiment relates to an emission treatment system comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention, a catalysed soot filter (CSF) and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst.

The NOx adsorber catalyst is typically followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the catalysed soot filter (CSF). The catalysed soot filter is typically followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. A nitrogenous reductant injector may be arranged between the catalysed soot filter (CSF) and the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. Thus, the catalysed soot filter (CSF) may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) a nitrogenous reductant injector, and the nitrogenous reductant injector may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst.

In a third emission treatment system embodiment, the emission treatment system comprises the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention, a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst and either a catalysed soot filter (CSF) or a diesel particulate filter (DPF).

In the third emission treatment system embodiment, the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention is typically followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. A nitrogenous reductant injector may be arranged between the oxidation catalyst and the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. Thus, the catalyzed monolith substrate may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) a nitrogenous reductant injector, and the nitrogenous reductant injector may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst are followed by (e.g. are upstream of) the catalysed soot filter (CSF) or the diesel particulate filter (DPF). A fourth emission treatment system embodiment comprises the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention and a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst. The NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention is typically followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst. A nitrogenous reductant injector may be arranged between the NOx adsorber catalyst and the selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst. Thus, the NOx adsorber catalyst may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) a nitrogenous reductant injector, and the nitrogenous reductant injector may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst.

When the emission treatment system comprises a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst or a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst, such as in the second to fourth exhaust system embodiments described hereinabove, an ASC can be disposed downstream from the SCR catalyst or the SCRF™ catalyst (i.e. as a separate monolith substrate), or more preferably a zone on a downstream or trailing end of the monolith substrate comprising the SCR catalyst can be used as a support for the ASC.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a vehicle. The vehicle comprises an internal combustion engine, preferably a diesel engine. The internal combustion engine preferably the diesel engine, is coupled to an emission treatment system of the invention.

It is preferred that the diesel engine is configured or adapted to run on fuel, preferably diesel fuel, comprising < 50 ppm of sulfur, more preferably <15 ppm of sulfur, such as < 10 ppm of sulfur, and even more preferably < 5 ppm of sulfur.

The vehicle may be a light-duty diesel vehicle (LDV), such as defined in US or European legislation. A light-duty diesel vehicle typically has a weight of < 2840 kg, more preferably a weight of < 2610 kg. In the US, a light-duty diesel vehicle (LDV) refers to a diesel vehicle having a gross weight of < 8,500 pounds (US lbs). In Europe, the term light-duty diesel vehicle (LDV) refers to (i) passenger vehicles comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat and having a maximum mass not exceeding 5 tonnes, and (ii) vehicles for the carriage of goods having a maximum mass not exceeding 12 tonnes.

Alternatively, the vehicle may be a heavy-duty diesel vehicle (HDV), such as a diesel vehicle having a gross weight of > 8,500 pounds (US lbs), as defined in US legislation. A further aspect of the invention is a method of treating an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine comprising contacting the exhaust gas with the ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst as hereinbefore described. In preferred methods, the exhaust gas is a rich gas mixture. In further preferred methods, the exhaust gas cycles between a rich gas mixture and a lean gas mixture.

In some preferred methods of treating an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine, the exhaust gas is at a temperature of about 180 to 300 °C.

In further preferred methods of treating an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine, the exhaust gas is contacted with one or more further emissions control devices, in addition to the NOx adsorber catalyst as hereinbefore described. The emissions control device or devices is preferably downstream of the NOx adsorber catalyst.

Examples of a further emissions control device include a diesel particulate filter (DPF), a lean NOx trap (LNT), a lean NOx catalyst (LNC), a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a catalysed soot filter (CSF), a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst, an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) and combinations of two or more thereof. Such emissions control devices are all well known in the art.

It is preferred that the method comprises contacting the exhaust gas with an emissions control device selected from the group consisting of a lean NOx trap (LNT), an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC), diesel particulate filter (DPF), a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, a catalysed soot filter (CSF), a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst, and combinations of two or more thereof. More preferably, the emissions control device is selected from the group consisting of a diesel particulate filter (DPF), a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, a catalysed soot filter (CSF), a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst, and combinations of two or more thereof. Even more preferably, the emissions control device is a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst or a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst.

When the the method of the invention comprises contacting the exhaust gas with an SCR catalyst or an SCRF™ catalyst, then the method may further comprise the injection of a nitrogenous reductant, such as ammonia, or an ammonia precursor, such as urea or ammonium formate, preferably urea, into exhaust gas downstream of the NOx adsorber catalyst and upstream of the SCR catalyst or the SCRF™ catalyst.

Such an injection may be carried out by an injector. The injector may be fluidly linked to a source (e.g. a tank) of a nitrogenous reductant precursor. Valve-controlled dosing of the precursor into the exhaust gas may be regulated by suitably programmed engine management means and closed loop or open loop feedback provided by sensors monitoring the composition of the exhaust gas.

Alternatively or in addition to the injector, ammonia can be generated in situ (e.g. during rich regeneration of a LNT disposed upstream of the SCR catalyst or the SCRF™ catalyst). Thus, the method may further comprise enriching of the exhaust gas with hydrocarbons.

The refractory oxide for the SCR catalyst or the SCRF™ catalyst may be selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, T1O2, Ce02, Si02, ZrC>2 and mixed oxides containing two or more thereof. The non-zeolite catalyst can also include tungsten oxide (e.g. V2C>5/W03/Ti02, W0JCeZr02, W0JZr02 or Fe/W0VZr02).

In the method of treating an exhaust gas of the invention, preferred molecular sieves for an SCR catalyst or an SCRF™ catalyst are synthetic aluminosilicate zeolite molecular sieves selected from the group consisting of AEI, ZSM-5, ZSM-20, ERI including ZSM-34, mordenite, ferrierite, BEA including Beta, Y, CHA, LEV including Nu-3, MCM-22 and EU-1, preferably AEI or CHA, and having a silica-to-alumina ratio of about 10 to about 50, such as about 15 to about 40.

In a first embodiment, the method comprises contacting the exhaust gas with the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention and a catalysed soot filter (CSF). The NOx adsorber catalyst is typically followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the catalysed soot filter (CSF). Thus, for example, an outlet of the NOx adsorber catalyst is connected to an inlet of the catalysed soot filter. A second embodiment of the method of treating an exhaust gas relates to a method comprising contacting the exhaust gas with the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention, a catalysed soot filter (CSF) and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst.

In a third embodiment of the method of treating an exhaust gas, the method comprises contacting the exhaust gas with the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention, a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst and either a catalysed soot filter (CSF) or a diesel particulate filter (DPF).

In the third embodiment of the method of treating an exhaust gas, the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention is typically followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. A nitrogenous reductant injector may be arranged between the oxidation catalyst and the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. Thus, the NOx adsorber catalyst may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) a nitrogenous reductant injector, and the nitrogenous reductant injector may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst are followed by (e.g. are upstream of) the catalysed soot filter (CSF) or the diesel particulate filter (DPF). A fourth embodiment of the method of treating an exhaust gas comprises the NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention and a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst. The NOx adsorber catalyst of the invention is typically followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst. A nitrogenous reductant injector may be arranged between the NOx adsorber catalyst and the selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst. Thus, the NOx adsorber catalyst may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) a nitrogenous reductant injector, and the nitrogenous reductant injector may be followed by (e.g. is upstream of) the selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst.

When the emission treatment system comprises a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst or a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF™) catalyst, such as in the second to fourth method embodiments described hereinabove, an ASC can be disposed downstream from the SCR catalyst or the SCRF™ catalyst (i.e. as a separate monolith substrate), or more preferably a zone on a downstream or trailing end of the monolith substrate comprising the SCR catalyst can be used as a support for the ASC. A further aspect of the invention is the use of a lanthanum-containing material to improve the low temperature NOx storage capacity of a NOx adsorber material, relative to an equivalent NOx adsorber material that does not contain the lanthanum-containing material.

A still further aspect of the invention is the use of a lanthanum-containing material to decrease the NOx storage capacity of a NOx adsorber material at a given temperature, relative to an equivalent NOx adsorber material that does not contain the lanthanum-containing material. Preferably the given temperature is about 200 °C, more preferably about 250 °C, still more preferably about 280°C, particularly preferably about 300 °C A still further aspect of the invention is the use of a lanthanum-containing material to improve the sulfur tolerance of a NOx adsorber material, relative to an equivalent NOx adsorber material that does not contain the lanthanum-containing material.

EXAMPLES

The invention will now be illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. Methods X-Ray diffraction data was determined using a Bruker AXS D8 diffractometer and a Lynxeye PSD detector. Cu Ka radiation was used, with a scan range of 10 to 130°2Θ, 0.02° step size, in Θ/Θ coupled scan mode, at a tube voltage of 40 kV and current of 40 mA, at ambient temperature.

Materials

All materials are commercially available and were obtained from known suppliers, unless noted otherwise.

General preparation (1)- [Ce.Lal

Ce02 powder is impregnated using a solution of lanthanum(lll) nitrate in water. The impregnated powder is then dried overnight at 110 °C, followed by calcining at 650 °C for 1 hour.

General preparation (2) - [AbOs.Lal AI2O3 (boehmite) powder is impregnated using a solution of lanthanum(lll) nitrate in water. The impregnated powder is then dried overnight at 110 °C, followed by calcining at 650 °C for 1 hour.

General preparation (31 - TCe.Ndl

Ce02 powder is impregnated using a solution of neodymium(lll) nitrate in water. The impregnated powder is then dried overnight at 110 °C, followed by calcining at 650 °C for 1 hour.

Example 1

Preparation of Al203 PGM Ce 1.5 g/in3 AI2O3 is made into a slurry with distilled water and then milled to a d90 of 13-15 pm. To the slurry, 94 g/ft3 Pt malonate and 19 g/ft3 Pd nitrate solution is then added, and stirred until homogenous. The Pt/Pd is allowed to adsorb onto the AI2O3 support for 1 hour.

To this is then added 3 g/in3 high surface area ceria and 0.2 g/in3 alumina binder (Disperal), and stirred until homogenous to form a washcoat.

The washcoat is then coated onto a ceramic or metallic monolith using standard procedures, dried at 100 °C and calcined at 500 °C for 45mins.

The Ce is present at a loading of about 51,9wt% (51.1 mol%).

Example 2

Preparation of [AI2O3.La(13.0wt%)] PGM Ce (10.7mom AhQs-La)

Prepared as in Example 1, but using [AI2C>3.La] (prepared according to general preparation (2) above).

The Ce is present at a loading of about 49.1wt% (49.9mol%) The La is present at a loading of about4.6% (4.8mol%).

Example 3

Preparation of [AI203.La(26.6wt%)] PGM Ce (24.9mol% AhOs-La)

Prepared as in Example 1, but using [AI203.La] (prepared according to general preparation (2) above).

The Ce is present at a loading of about 45.4wt% (48.1mol%) The La is present at a loading of about 10.8wt% (11,5mol%).

Experimental Results

Catalytic activity was determined using a synthetic gas bench test. The cores were tested in a simulated catalyst activity testing (SCAT) gas apparatus using the inlet gas mixture in Table 1. The test consisted of five cycles of 300 seconds lean/16 seconds rich, at a space velocity (SV) of 40,000 h'1.

Table 1

Results

The results from one representative cycle of the SCAT test are shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2

From Table 2 it can be seen that Example 2, comprising 400 g/ft3 La, shows increased NOx conversion in the 150-250 °C range compared to Example 1, which does not comprise a lanthanum-containing component. It can also be seen that Example 3, comprising 1000 g/ft3 La, while similarly showing increased NOx conversion relative to Example 1, is less effective at NOx conversion in this temperature range than Example 2, despite the higher loading of La compared to this Example (i.e. 1000 g/ft3 La compared to 400 g/ft3 La). This indicates that too high a loading of a lanthanum-containing component may be detrimental to NOx adsorber catalyst performance.

Example 4

Preparation of “Ce ref” 1.54 g/in3 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel is made into a slurry with distilled water and then milled to a d9o of 13-15 pm. To the slurry, 94 g/ft3 Pt malonate and 19 g/ft3 Pd nitrate solution is then added, and stirred until homogenous. The Pt/Pd is allowed to adsorb onto the Ce02 support for 1 hour.

To this is then added 3g/in3 of high surface area Ce and 0.2 g/in3 alumina binder (Disperal), and stirred until homogenous to form a washcoat.

The washcoat is then coated onto a ceramic or metallic monolith using standard procedures, dried at 100 °C and calcined at 500 °C for45mins.

The Ce is present at a loading of about 54.2wt% (49.0mol%).

Example 5

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/AI203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM [Ce.La(7.0wt%>)] (9.1mol% Ce.La) 1.54 g/in3 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel is made into a slurry with distilled water and then milled to a d90 of 13-15 pm. To the slurry, 94 g/ft3 Pt malonate and 19 g/ft3 Pd nitrate solution is then added, and stirred until homogenous. The Pt/Pd is allowed to adsorb onto the 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel support for 1 hour.

To this is then added 3.27 g/in3 of [Ce.La] (prepared according to general procedure (1) above), followed by 0.2 g/in3 alumina binder (Disperal), and stirred until homogenous to form a washcoat.

The Ce is present at a loading of about 51.8wt% (48.0mol%). The La is present at a loading of about 4.6wt% (4.3mol%).

Example 6

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM. [Ce02.La(10.3wt%)] 13.5mol% Ce.La

Prepared as in Example 5, but using [CeC>2.La] (prepared according to general preparation (1) above).

The Ce is present at a loading of about 50.4wt% (47.5mol%).The La is present at a loading of about 6.8wt% (6.5mol%).

Example 7

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Ai203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM. [CeO2La(13.0wt%)] (17.3mol% Ce02.La)

Prepared as in Example 5, but using [Ce02.La] (prepared according to general preparation (1) above).

The Ce is present at a loading of about 49.1wt% (47.0mol%).The La is present at a loading of about 8.7wt% (8.4mol%).

Example 8

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM. [Ce02.La(15.8wt%)] (21.4mol% Ce02.La)

The Ce is present at a loading of about 47.8wt% (46.5mol%).The La is present at a loading of about 10.7wt% (10.5mol%).

Experimental Results

Core samples were taken from each of the catalysts of Examples 4-8. The cores were pre-conditioned by heating in a ramp to 600 °C in a gas mixture comprising 6% C02, 12% 02, 6% H20 and balance N2.

Catalytic activity was determined using a synthetic gas bench test. The cores were tested in a simulated catalyst activity testing (SCAT) gas apparatus using the inlet gas mixture in Table 3. The test consisted of five cycles of 300 seconds lean/16 seconds rich, at a space velocity (SV) of 40,000 h'1.

Table 3

Results

The results from one representative cycle of the SCAT test at 250 °C are shown in Table 4 below.

*after rich event

Table 4

It can be seen from Table 4 that each of Examples 5-8, comprising between 400 and 1000 g/ft3 La, result in lower NOx concentration at the catalyst outlet than Example 4, which contains no La. It can be seen that Example 8, however, having 1000 g/ft3 La, shows marginally more NOx slip (i.e. higher catalyst output NOx concentration) than any of Examples 5, 6, and 7, suggesting that too high a loading of La may result in diminishing returns in terms of NOx adsorber performance.

Example 9

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/AI203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM. [Ce02.Nd(3.7wt%)] 4.5mol% Ce.Nd

Prepared as in Example 5, but using [Ce02.Nd] (prepared according to general preparation (3) above).

The Ce is present at a loading of about 53.2wt% (48.9mol%).The Nd is present at a loading of about 2.4wt% (2.1mol%).

Example 10

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% MgO/AI2C>3 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM. [CeO2Nd(7.0wt%)J (8.72mol% Ce02.Nd)

Prepared as in Example 5, but using [CeC>2.Nd] (prepared according to general preparation (3) above).

The Ce is present at a loading of about 51.8wt% (48.1mol%).The Nd is present at a loading of about 4.6wt% (4.1mol%).

Example 11

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/AI203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM. [CeO2.Nd(10.2wt%)] (12.9mol% Ce02.Nd)

The Ce is present at a loading of about 50.4wt% (47.6mol%).The Nd is present at a loading of about 6.7wt% (6.2mol%).

Experimental Results

Core samples were taken from each of the catalysts of Examples 4-7 and 9-11. The cores were pre-conditioned by heating in a ramp to 600 °C in a gas mixture comprising 6% CO2, 12% O2, 6% H20 and balance N2.

Catalytic activity was determined using a synthetic gas bench test. The cores were tested in a simulated catalyst activity testing (SCAT) gas apparatus using the inlet gas mixture in Table 5. The test consisted of five cycles of 300 seconds lean/16 seconds rich, at a space velocity (SV) of 40,000 h'1.

Table 5

Results

The results from one representative cycle of the SCAT test at 200 °C are shown in Table 6 below.

Table 6

In Table 6, Example 4 is the reference, i.e. undoped example. Examples 5, 6 and 7 comprise 400, 600 and 800 g/ft3 La, respectively. Examples 9, 10 and 11 comprise 400, 600 and 800 g/ft3 Nd, respectively.

It can be seen from Table 6 that each of Examples 5-7, comprising between 400 and 800 g/ft3 La, result in lower NOx concentration at the catalyst outlet than Example 4, which contains no La. It can also be seen that lanthanum-containing Examples 5-7 generally show lower NOx slip (i.e. lower catalyst output NOx concentration) than neodymium-containing Examples 9-11. This is particularly the case at 600 and 800 g/ft3 loadings - see Example 6 compared to Example 10, and Example 7 compared to Example 11, respectively.

These results show that compositions comprising a lanthanum-containing component have better NOx adsorber performance than both comparable compositions comprising no dopant, and comparable compositions comprising another dopant, i.e. neodymium.

Example 12

1.54 g/in3 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel is made into a slurry with distilled water and then milled to a d9oOf 13-15 pm. To the slurry, 94 g/ft3 Pt malonate and 19 g/ft3 Pd nitrate solution is then added, and stirred until homogenous. The Pt/Pd is allowed to adsorb onto the 10% Ce on 20% MgO/AI2C>3 Spinel support for 1 hour.

To this is then added 3 g/in of ceria, followed by 0.2 g/in3 alumina binder (Disperal), and stirred until homogenous to form a washcoat.

The Ce is present at a loading of about 54.1wt% (49.0mol%).

Example 13

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM [Ce.Ba(2.8wt%)]) (3.5mol% Ce.Ba) A Ce02-BaCC>3 composite material is formed from barium acetate and high surface area ceria, followed by calcination at 650 °C for 1 hour. 1.54 g/in3 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel is made into a slurry with distilled water and then milled to a d9o of 13-15 pm. To the slurry, 94 g/ft3 Pt malonate and 19 g/ft3 Pd nitrate solution is then added, and stirred until homogenous. The Pt/Pd is allowed to adsorb onto the 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel support for 1 hour.

To this is then added 3.13 g/in of Ce02-BaC03 composite material, followed by 0.2 g/in3 alumina binder (Disperal), and stirred until homogenous to form a washcoat.

The Ce is present at a loading of about 53.3wt% (48.3mol%). The Ba is present at a loading of about 1,8wt% (1,6mol%).

Example 14

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM [Ce.Ba(7wt%)J (8.7mol%> Ce.Ba) A Ce02-BaC03 composite material is formed from barium acetate and high surface area ceria, followed by calcination at 650 °C for 1 hour. 1.54 g/in3 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel is made into a slurry with distilled water and then milled to a d90 of 13-15 pm. To the slurry, 94 g/ft3 Pt malonate and 19 g/ft3 Pd nitrate solution is then added, and stirred until homogenous. The Pt/Pd is allowed to adsorb onto the 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel support for 1 hour.

To this is then added 3.33 g/in of Ce02-BaC03 composite material, followed by 0.2 g/in3 alumina binder (Disperal), and stirred until homogenous to form a washcoat.

The Ce is present at a loading of about 51.2wt% (47mol%). The Ba is present at a loading of about 4.5wt% (4.2mol%).

Example 15

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/AI203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM [Ce.Nd(7wt%)J (8.7mol% Ce.Nd) 1.54 g/in3 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/AI203 Spinel is made into a slurry with distilled water and then milled to a d90 of 13-15 pm. To the slurry, 94 g/ft3 Pt malonate and 19 g/ft3 Pd nitrate solution is then added, and stirred until homogenous. The Pt/Pd is allowed to adsorb onto the 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel support for 1 hour.

To this is then added 3.27 g/in3 of [Ce.Nd] (prepared according to general procedure (3) above), followed by 0.2 g/in3 alumina binder (Disperal), and stirred until homogenous to form a washcoat.

The Ce is present at a loading of about 51.8wt% (48.3mol%). The Nd is present at a loading of about 4.6wt% (4.1mol%).

Example 16

Preparation of 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel (10.1wt% Ce) PGM [Ce.La(7.0wt%)] (9.1mol% Ce.La) 1.54 g/in3 10% Ce on 20% Mg0/Al203 Spinel is made into a slurry with distilled water and then milled to a dgo of 13-15 pm. To the slurry, 94 g/ft3 Pt malonate and 19 g/ft3 Pd nitrate solution is then added, and stirred until homogenous. The Pt/Pd is allowed to adsorb onto the 10% Ce on 20% MgO/AI2C>3 Spinel support for 1 hour.

Experimental Results

Core samples were taken from each of the catalysts of Examples 12-16. The cores were sulfated to 2 g/L sulfur by heating at 350 °C in a gas mixture comprising 8% H20, 14% 02, 35 ppm S02 and balance N2, at a space velocity (SV) of 45,000 IT1.

Desulfation activity was determined using a synthetic gas bench test. The cores were tested in a simulated catalyst activity testing (SCAT) gas apparatus using the inlet gas mixture in Table 7 over a 20 °C/min temperature ramp from 120 to 650 °C at a space velocity (SV) of 45,000 h'1. H2S and S02 release was measured by mass spectrometry, and the results are shown in Table 8.

Table 7

‘normalized to 2.3 g/L loading

Table 8

It can be seen from Table 8 that Example 16, comprising 400 g/ft3 La, undergoes more efficient desulfation at a given temperature than any of Examples 12-15, which do not comprise a lanthanum-containing component. Notably, Example 16 shows improved desulfation efficiency relative to Example 12, comprising undoped cerium, and to Examples 13 and 14, comprising 150 and 400 g/ft3 Ba, respectively. Furthermore, Example 16 also shows improved desulfation efficiency relative to Example 15, comprising 400 g/ft3 Nd. This is particularly apparent at the 450 and 500 °C data points shown in Table 8 above.

An alternative representation of the DeSOx efficiency data obtained as described above is shown in Table 9.

*90% sulfur removal not achieved

Table 9

From Table 9 it can be seen that Example 16, comprising 400 g/ft3 La, achieves a given % of DeSOx efficiency at a lower temperature than each of Examples 12-15, which do not comprise a lanthanum-containing component. Neither of Examples 13 or 14, comprising 150 and 400 g/ft3 Ba respectively, achieved 90% sulfur removal, whereas Example 16 achieved 90% sulfur removal at 489 °C -lower than Example 12 comprising undoped ceria, and lower than Example 15, comprising 400 g/ft3 Nd.

It can therefore be seen from Table 8 and Table 9 that the catalysts comprising a lanthanum-containing component can be more easily desulfated, i.e. at lower temperatures (or with higher efficiency at a given temperature) than the catalysts that do not comprise a lanthanum-containing component (including those containing neodymium). X-ray diffraction data

Table 10 X-ray diffraction data was collected as described above. It can be seen from Table 10 that the composition comprising lanthanum has a crystallite size that is lower than in an equivalent material that does not contain lanthanum, i.e. undoped ceria in the Pt/Ce02 example. It is also notable that the crystallite size is also lower than a neodymium-containing example, and a magnesium-containing example, suggesting that this effect is not universal for all dopants. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the lanthanum is incorporated into the lattice structure of the lanthanum-containing component, e.g. lanthanum-doped ceria.

It can also be seen that the Lattice Parameter in the lanthanum-containing sample increases relative to the samples that do not contain lanthanum, again including both the neodymium-containing example and the magnesium-containing example.

Claims

1. A ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition comprising a support material, one or more platinum group metals disposed on the support material, and a ΝΟχ storage material; wherein the support material or the NOx storage material comprises a lanthanum-containing component.

2. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lanthanum-containing component comprises about 0.5-18 mol% lanthanum.

3. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lanthanum-containing component comprises about 1.0-15 mol% lanthanum.

4. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lanthanum-containing component comprises about 2.0-12 mol% lanthanum.

5. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of any preceding claim, wherein the support material is an inorganic oxide carrier selected from the group consisting of alumina, ceria, magnesia, silica, titania, zirconia, niobia, tantalum oxides, molybdenum oxides, tungsten oxides, and mixed oxides or composite oxides thereof.

6. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of any preceding claim, wherein the support material is alumina, ceria, or a magnesia/alumina composite oxide.

7. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of any preceding claim, wherein the ΝΟχ storage material is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, a ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, and an alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide.

8. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of any preceding claim, wherein the ΝΟχ storage material further comprises barium.

9. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the NOx storage material is substantially free of barium.

10. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst composition of any preceding claim, wherein the one or more platinum group metals is selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, rhodium, and mixtures thereof.

11. A ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst composition of any one of claims 1 to 10 supported on a metal or ceramic substrate.

12. The ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst of claim 11, wherein the substrate is a flowthrough monolith or a filter monolith.

13. A ΝΟχ adsorber catalyst comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst composition of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the catalyst composition is extruded to form a flow-through or filter substrate.

14. A method of making the NOx adsorber catalyst composition of any one of claims 1 to 10, comprising adding one or more precious group metals or precious group metal salts to a support material to form a PGM-support mixture, and adding a NOx storage material to the PGM-support mixture.

15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising the step of forming a lanthanum-containing support material.

16. The method according to claim 14, further comprising the step of forming a lanthanum-containing NOx storage material.

17. An emission treatment system for treating a flow of a combustion exhaust gas comprising the NOx adsorber catalyst of any one of claims 11 to 13.

18. The emission treatment system of claim 17, wherein the internal combustion engine is a diesel engine.

19. The emission treatment system of claim 17 or claim 18, further comprising a selective catalytic reduction catalyst system, a particulate filter, a selective catalytic reduction filter system, a passive NOx adsorber, a three-way catalyst system, or combinations thereof.

20. A method of treating an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine comprising contacting the exhaust gas with the NOx adsorber catalyst of any one of claims 17 to 19.

21. The method of treating an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 20, wherein the exhaust gas is at a temperature of about 180 to 300 °C.

22. Use of a lanthanum-containing material to improve the low temperature NOx storage capacity of a NOx adsorber material, relative to an equivalent NOx adsorber material that does not contain the lanthanum-containing material.

23. Use of a lanthanum-containing material to improve the sulfur tolerance of a NOx adsorber material, relative to an equivalent NOx adsorber material that does not contain the lanthanum-containing material.

24. Use of a lanthanum-containing material to decrease the NOx storage capacity of a NOx adsorber material at a first temperature, relative to an equivalent NOx adsorber material that does not contain the lanthanum-containing material.

25. The use according to claim 24, wherein the first temperature is about 300 °C.