GB2423407A - Computer based teaching system. - Google Patents
Computer based teaching system. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2423407A GB2423407A GB0503277A GB0503277A GB2423407A GB 2423407 A GB2423407 A GB 2423407A GB 0503277 A GB0503277 A GB 0503277A GB 0503277 A GB0503277 A GB 0503277A GB 2423407 A GB2423407 A GB 2423407A
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- recording
- presentation
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- animation
- questions
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000001747 pupil Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B7/00—Electrically-operated teaching apparatus or devices working with questions and answers
- G09B7/02—Electrically-operated teaching apparatus or devices working with questions and answers of the type wherein the student is expected to construct an answer to the question which is presented or wherein the machine gives an answer to the question presented by a student
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Educational Administration (AREA)
- Educational Technology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electrically Operated Instructional Devices (AREA)
Abstract
A computer based teaching system comprises a teaching element, a testing element and a feedback element. The teaching element includes and audio or audiovisual recording of a teacher presenting material and one or more additional elements accompanying the recording and related to the subject which are presented at predetermined times during the playback of the recording. The testing element includes a series of questions related to the subject with multiple choice answers and a scoring system that records the answer selected for each question. The feedback element includes an overall performance indicator based on the cumulative result from the scoring system for the whole series of questions and an analytical feedback element comprising information that can be used by the user to understand the level of teaching obtained and possible improvements that might be made. A method of creating the system and material for the system includes the use of a teleprompter or autocue which can be speed adjusted to enable the recording to fit with the additional elements.
Description
Description
COMPUTER-BASED TEACHING SYSTEM
Technical field
1] This invention relates to a system for teaching, including assessment and feedback to students. The system according to the invention is computer- based and includes modules for constructing each aspect of the teaching system.
Background art
2] Computer-based learning systems have been around almost as long as there have been computers. In their simplest forms, such systems comprise electronic text files providing information about the subject of interest. As such they are little more than electronic books. In recent years, computer-based learning, or "e-leaming" has become more common as the performance of computers has improved and resources such as animation, hypertext, multimedia and network services have allowed the content of such systems to become richer. There are a number of companies offering eleaming products that can be customised for individual client's demands. Centra Software, Inc (www.centra.com); IBM (www.ibm.com); lnterwise (www. interwise.com); Epic Group plc (www.epic.co.uk) ; Zoologic (www.zoologic.com) ; Amaze (www.amaze.com) ; Skilisoft (www.skillsoft.com) ; and Digital Think (www.digitalthink.com) are all examples of such companies.
3] The existing e-leaming systems have a number of disadvantages. In general terms, they are still organised along the lines of a book and so do not lead the pupil through a subject at a predetermined pace. They are also relatively inanimate, even when animation is used. Ultimately, even when there is testing involved in the system, there is no feedback that allows the pupil to understand why mistakes were made. Such systems can be characterised as "read and click". A user reads a screen of information and then clicks on a screen button to move to the next screen of information. Such approaches have traditionally found a low completion rate by users. 2/14
4] In traditional leaning environments, be they classroom or one-onone, a teacher presents a subject in a structured manner to the pupil(s) and follows this with tests or exams. Following these, performance in the tests or exams is reviewed and reasons for mistakes analysed and discussed with the pupil(s).
5] Past attempts to provide features based on recorded presentation or animation have suffered because either the quality has been low or the performance demand on network connections have been too high.
6] This invention aims to take the useful elements of traditional teaching practices and implement them using up to date technology to allow computer-based teaching to be provided with the same advantages. In particular, it is desired to provide a system which allows feedback to be provided to the users.
Disclosure of the Invention
7] A first aspect of the invention provides a computer-based teaching system, comprising: (i) a teaching element including: - an audio/visual recording of a teacher presenting educational material on a subject that can be played back by a user; and - one or more visual elements accompanying the recording and related to the subject, the visual elements being presented at predetermined times during playback of the audio/visual recording; (ii) a testing element including: - a series of questions related to the subject presented after the audio/visual playback, each with multiple-choice answers, one of which must be selected by the user; and - a scoring system that records the answer selected for each question by the user and (iii) a feedback element including: - an overall performance indicator based on the cumulative result from the scoring system for the whole series of questions; and - an analytical feedback element comprising information, with regard to each question and to the subject as a whole, that can be used by the user 3/14 to understand the level of teaching attained in various elements of the subject taught and possible improvements that might be made.
8] A method of creating such a system comprises: - preparing the a/v recording as an electronic presentation file; - preparing the visual elements as a corresponding electronic animation file; - combining the electronic presentation file and the electronic animation file into a combined file that allows synchronised display of both; - preparing a series of questions and a selection of multiple choice answers for each question; - preparing an interface that allows display of the questions and corresponding answers for selection by a user; - preparing a recording system that records the selection of answers by the user an check them against the question and records the result; and - preparing a feedback system that connects the recorded results to feedback elements for display to the user depending on the answer selected.
9] Preferably, preparation of the a/v recording includes the use of a software teleprompter that can optionally record a script for display as part of the electronic presentation.
0] The preparation of the visual elements comprises the use of a software system for creating presentation files including graphic and animation.
1] The interface for display of questions can be created using software templates including fields for display of information, questions and answers, and further including software buttons for selecting answers.
2] A second aspect of the invention provides a system for creating teleprompter files, comprising an interface for entering and modifying a presentation script, the interface comprising: - a field for entering, modifying and displaying text; - controls for selecting and modifying the appearance of the displayed text; - playback controls for controlling scrolling of the displayed text; and - a control for publishing a teleprompter file based on the displayed text and controls. 4/14
3] The field for displaying text preferably highlights the part of the text to be read when the playback is started.
4] The controls also preferably include controls for recording the script.
5] A third aspect of the invention provides a system for creating presentation files including graphic and animation comprising an interface including: - a graphical indication of the length of the presentation; - a control for selecting a point in the presentation; and - a series of controls for creating text, graphic or other animation starting at that point.
6] The graphical indication preferably indicates the duration of the animation.
7] It is also preferred that a number of predefined animation formats are provided for animating data entered at the interface.
8] A fourth aspect of the invention provides a system for quiz generation, comprising templates including fields for display of information, questions and answers, and further including software buttons for selecting answers.
9] In all aspects of the invention, the use of the.swf file format, particularly as embedded flash files (EFF) is preferred (Flash is one common example of the open access.swf file format, others can be used). This allows the software to provide animation and information in high quality without the need for high-bandwidth network services.
0] The systems of the invention can be provided on CD-ROM, DVD over a network, including a 3G mobile phone network, cable network, intranet, internet or combinations thereof. While a computer display is particularly preferred for viewing and interacting with the system, other forms of display can be used, such as TV (particularly digital TV), PDA, mobile phones, games consoles and the like.
Brief description of the drawings
1] Figure 1 shows a teleprompter interface screen; Figure 2 shows the interface screen of Figure 1 in use; Figure 3 shows a presentation creator interface screen; Figure 4 shows a first follow on screen from Figure 3 in one step of use; Figure 5 shows a further follow on screen from Figure 4 in a further step of use; 5/14 Figure 6 shows a second follow on screen from Figure 3 in a second step of use; Figure 7 shows a further follow on screen from Figure 6 in a further step of use; Figure 8 shows a main index template; Figure 9 shows a presentation/quiz index template; Figure 10 shows a presentation template; Figure 11 shows a question page template; Figure 12 shows a feedback index template; and Figure 13 shows feedback page template.
Mode(s) for carrying out the Invention [0022] For the purpose of this description, it is assumed that the content of the various elements of the system has been decided. This content will be based on the subject to be taught and the level of teaching desired. As such these are common activities in the field of teaching and form no part of this invention.
3] Creation of the system falls into the following sections: * Recording of the audio/visual part; * Arranging visual elements in a timed sequence correlated with the a/v part; and * Creating the testing and feedback element.
4] The recording of the a/v part assumes that a script has been created that has been estimated to run for a desired length of time. The a/v presentation will typically be a person seated before a neutral background speaking from the script and filmed in a normal manner for digitisation. As is common in many entertainment industries, the script will be presented on a telepromter or autocue which display the script to be read by the presenter in a rolling format so as to control the rate at which the presenter reads the script. Teleprompters are well known. However, a simple, software-based teleprompter forms part of the invention to allow easy creation in a.swf format.
5] The.swf teleprompter has two main functions: 6/14 * To behave in the same manner as a conventional teleprompter for the presenter; and * To enable a.swf teleprompter configuration file to be published into quiz generation software (described below).
6] The software has an interface of the type shown in Figure 1, including a text display screen 10; play controls: play 12, stop 14, record 16 and scroll speed 18; display control dropdown menus 20; publish button 22; and conventional Windows-type menu items File, Edit, Help 24. The dropdown menus 20 give the user the option to select the size of the displayed text (Font size, in point measurements), the typeface used (Font type, typically limited to five types), the colour of the text (Font colour, typically limited to five possible colours), the background colour (Background, typically limited to five possible colours) and number of words per line (Word space). The scrolling speed control 18 is provided as a slider bar controlling the rate at which text is scrolled in the display screen 10. The scrolling speed control also includes an indication of the total time to scroll all of the entered text at the selected speed.
7] In use, the script is entered and edited in the text screen 10 and its appearance and scroll speed adjusted to user requirements. Once this has been established, the user can rehearse the presentation using the play button 12. Once this is done, the text scrolls across the screen at the pre-set speed and a highlight field indicates which portion is to be read by the user (Figure 2, region X). All controls apart from the stop button 14 are inactivated. When stopped, the setting can be adjusted by the user until the desired results is achieved. At this point, the final version can be recorded by pressing the record button 16 at which point the prompter is shown in full screen mode.
8] Once the configuration of the teleprompter has been agreed, the user can publish the file by clicking the publish button 22 to create a. swf format (.swf) file of the prompt. This can then be used in the quiz generating software described below.
9] When used in the teaching system, the published teleprompt file can be displayed in a window as the a/v recording proceeds and at the same 7/14 speed so that the listener can also follow the text on screen. In this case, only that part of the text in the highlights "speak" region of the teleprompt display screen is shown to the listener, the text scrolling as the presentation proceeds.
0] The system according to the invention also includes a simultaneous animation with text and graphics that accompany the presentation. This animation can be created using a dedicated.swf Presentation Creator Software. This software has two main functions: * Automate animation of text and graphics; and * Upload and embed the.swf file into the final presentation.
1] The basic structure of the software is as follows: 1. On creating the.swf file, the user specifies the length (e.g. in minutes and seconds).
2. The software displays a timeline corresponding to this length with a pointer.
3. At each point on the timeline, the user has the option to add an animation or to upload a.swf file.
4. After one or other of these is done, the corresponding period of the timeline is marked, for example by a colour change.
5. Once all of the desired animations and/or.swf files are present, the final.swf file with embedded.swf files is created.
2] Figure 3 shows an interface screen for this software. The timeline is present as a main region 30 and a slider bar 32 with a pointer 34 (with a corresponding line in the main region). Beneath the slider bar 32 are indicated the total length of the file and the time point at which the pointer 34 is currently positioned. Buttons are provided to Add Text Animation 36, Add Graph Animation 38 and Add.swf File 40.
3] Figure 4 shows the interface screen when the Add Text Animation button 36 is pushed. At this point all other buttons are removed and a text field is displayed with an indication of any limits for text entry (e.g. 150 characters). Moving to the next screen with the Next button 42. Figure 5 shows the next screen. The words on the text are all rendered as buttons 44. Pressing one or more of these can be used to apply predetermined 8/14 - formats to the words, e.g. bold text. A drop down menu 46 can be provided to allow the text colour to be selected. Preset animation buttons 48 (five are shown here, more could be provided if required) allow animation of the text according to inbuilt guidelines (these guidelines can be selected or modified via a suitable interface screen (not shown). A preview button 50 allows the selected animation to be viewed and, once finalised, the Add button 52 allows the file to be added to the presentation.
4] Figure 6 shows the corresponding interface for a graph animation. Fields are provided for Title 54, X units 56, Y units 58, X values 60 and Y values 62. The following screen (Figure 7) allows buttons 64 for predetermined graph formats, and drop down menus 66 for colour (or the like). Add and Preview are provided as before.
[00351 The user can add as many such files as required within the time available.
The completed file can then be exported and saved.
6] The teaching system will typically run via a web browser type interface running the.swf application. The exact layout and functionality of the interface can be selected by the user and are easily configured. The basic interaction for the user is as follows: 1. The end user places their identifying features (name, etc, exact details according to requirements) into the.5w? application 2. They are then able to select which of the presentations/quizzes available they would like to take 3. They are taken to the presentation index for the subject of interest 4. The end user then has a choice to watch a presentation or take a test 5. If the end user chooses to watch a presentation he is taken to the presentation (with the option of going back to the presentation index at any time; this will be done automatically once the presentation is finished) 6. If the end user chooses to take the test he is taken directly to the first question and then on to subsequent questions 7. At the end of the test, the end user is taken directly to the feedback index 9/14 8. At the feedback index he has the option of getting total feedback on his overall performance, or sequential feedback on all his answers or just the incorrect ones. These options will be linked to their respective pages and be able to be linked to the feedback index.
9. It is preferred to be able to link through to all sections from any page, including the feedback index (which may include only the latest results). However the question page may only be accessible from the index in the event that the question order is randomly generated.
7] As well as the test taker, there may also be an option for an admin end user, for example a system administrator or HR department, to be able to see and track the results of the end user either as the test is being taken or at the end.
8] This function can be done in a number of ways: 1. Log who and when someone is using the software 2. Log the test results, both as total scores and specific question responses 3. These details can also be emailed or downloaded to a file by the admin user.
9] In order to implement the system, a number of templates can be provided for the various function described. While the templates described here may indicate certain specific field sizes, layouts and contents these are not essential and can be selected according to needs. Figure 8 shows a template for a main index page. The various field presented can include embedded.swf files (EFF) for providing information 67, fields for entry of personal data by the user 68, and fields linking to separate presentation/quiz indices 69. Figure 9 is a template for a presentation/quiz index, again with EFF 67 for information, but now including links to specific presentations 71 or quizzes 73. A presentation template is shown in Figure 10. All of the fields are EFF fields. These can be for the recorded presentation 70, animation 72, text prompt 74 and video controls 76 such as are discussed above. Figure 11 shows a question page template. EFF information fields 67 are as before. Fields can also be provided for the system to display question number, question and time remaining 78, 10/14 answer options 80 and links to previous and next questions 82. A feedback index template is shown in Figure 12. A field indicates the total score achieved 84, and links are provided to an overall feedback 86, incorrect answer feedback 88, and all answer feedback 90. Links are also present for the presentation index 92 and main index 94. An example of a feedback page template is shown in Figure 13. One set of fields 96 provides the question number, question and result (correct/incorrect).
Another 98 displays the correct multiple choice answer and EFF comment.
A further EFF field 100 provides feedback depending on the result obtained. The feedback can be drawn from a list of comments pre-loaded into the system and presented according to predefined rules.
0] A quiz logging system may be provided with the following features: 1. The system may have an embedded list of authonsed users that are allowed to use the quiz.
2. The system may be able to log the date and time of a particular user of the application.
3. The system will store a database of questions and their corresponding multiple-choice answers.
4. The system may randomly assign a sequence of questioning based on the entire question bank. The multiple-choice options will be randomly assigned in terms of the order in which they appear under the question.
5. The system logs the answers by the user and order the appropriate feedback pages, according to predetermined rules.
6. Each feedback page may be placed in the sequence answered by the user; they will have the option for total feedback, feedback on all their answers and or feedback on only the wrong answers.
7. The system will log the activity of all the users and allow the admin user to download this information. This information does not have to be in a report form, but could merely be in a database format to allow analysis to be performed on the data collected.
1] The admin software for creation of the.swf file with the features described above will be separate from the teaching system itself. Its main functions are: 1. Ability to create.swf files 2. Ability to embed external.swf files into the large quiz application 3. Ability to place registered users into the software 4. Ability to create logging system employed with all features described above.
5. Ability to save and open old projects.
2] It will be appreciated that the examples given above are merely an indication of preferred options and that changes may be made according to requirements. It is also possible that certain elements may be used separately from each other. For example, the.swf teleprompter creation and the.swf presentation creator can be used independently.
3] The elements of the system are essentially independent of the manner in which they are supplied. For example, CD ROM, web-based (intranet or Internet), and server based applications can all be used, either separately or together depending on resource availability and user demands. The extensive use of.swf can help keep network demands down while delivering high-quality a/v and animation so improving the user experience. 12/14
Claims (15)
- Claims 1. A computer-based teaching system, comprising: (i) a teachingelement including: - an audio/visual recording of a teacher presenting educational material on a subject that can be played back by a user; and one or more visual elements accompanying the recording and related to the subject, the visual elements being presented at predetermined times during playback of the audio/visual recording; (ii) a testing element including: - a series of questions related to the subject presented after the audio/visual playback, each with multiple-choice answers, one of which must be selected by the user; and - a scoring system that records the answer selected for each question by the user; and (iii) a feedback element including: - an overall performance indicator based on the cumulative result from the scoring system for the whole series of questions; and - an analytical feedback element comprising information, with regard to each question and to the subject as a whole, that can be used by the user to understand the level of teaching attained in various elements of the subject taught and possible improvements that might be made.
- 2. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the audio/visual recording and the visual elements are displayed together on a single screen.
- 3. A system as claimed in claim I or 2, comprising a web browser interface for the teaching, testing and feedback elements.
- 4. A system as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the various elements are provided on a CD-ROM, via an intranet or via the internet, or combinations thereof.
- 5. A method of creating a computer-based teaching system as claimed in claim 1, comprising: - preparing the a/v recording as an electronic presentation file; - preparing the visual elements as a corresponding electronic animation file; - combining the electronic presentation file and the electronic animation file into 13/14 a combined file that allows synchronised display of both; - prepanng a series of questions and a selection of multiple choice answers for each question; - preparing an interface that allows display of the questions and corresponding answers for selection by a user; - preparing a recording system that records the selection of answers by the user an check them against the question and records the result; and - preparing a feedback system that connects the recorded results to feedback elements for display to the user depending on the answer selected.
- 6. A method as claimed in claim 5, wherein preparation of the a/v recording includes the use of a software teleprompter that can optionally record a script for display as part of the electronic presentation.
- 7. A method as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the preparation of the visual elements comprises the use of a software system for creating presentation files including graphic and animation.
- 8. A method as claimed in claim 5, 6 or 7, wherein the interface for display of questions can be created using software templates including fields for display of information, questions and answers, and further including software buttons for selecting answers.
- 9. A method as claimed in any of claims 5-8, further comprising use of a system for creating teleprompter files, comprising an interface for entering and modifying a presentation script, the interface comprising: a field for entering, modifying and displaying text; - controls for selecting and modifying the appearance of the displayed text; - playback controls for controlling scrolling of the displayed text; and - a control for publishing a teleprompter file based on the displayed text and controls.
- 10. A method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the field for displaying text highlights the part of the text to be read when the playback is started.
- 11. A method as claimed in claim 9 or 10, wherein the controls also include controls for recording the script.
- 12. A method as claimed in any of claims 5-11, further comprising use of a system for creating presentation files including graphic and animation comprising an 14/14 interface including: - a graphical indication of the length of the presentation; - a control for selecting a point in the presentation; and - a series of controls for creating text, graphic or other animation starting at that point.
- 13. A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the graphical indication preferably indicates the duration of the animation.
- 14. A method as claimed in claim 12 and 13, wherein a number of predefined animation formats are provided for animating data entered at the interface.
- 15. A method as claimed in any of claims 5-14, further comprising use of a system for quiz generation, comprising templates including fields for display of information, questions and answers, and further including software buttons for selecting answers.
Priority Applications (1)
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GB0503277A GB2423407A (en) | 2005-02-17 | 2005-02-17 | Computer based teaching system. |
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GB0503277A GB2423407A (en) | 2005-02-17 | 2005-02-17 | Computer based teaching system. |
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GB0503277D0 GB0503277D0 (en) | 2005-03-23 |
GB2423407A true GB2423407A (en) | 2006-08-23 |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109639935A (en) * | 2019-01-25 | 2019-04-16 | 合肥学院 | The automatic word extractor system and method for video record |
Citations (6)
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WO1993016454A1 (en) * | 1992-02-11 | 1993-08-19 | Lee John R | An interactive computer aided natural learning method and apparatus |
WO1998013807A1 (en) * | 1996-09-25 | 1998-04-02 | Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc. | Automated testing and electronic instructional delivery and student management system |
WO1998014895A2 (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-09 | Philips Electronics N.V. | A method for organizing and presenting the structure of a multimedia system and for presenting this structure to a person involved, in particular a user person or an author person, and a software package having such organization and presentation facility |
GB2334119A (en) * | 1997-12-09 | 1999-08-11 | Tokheim Corp | Teaching method and system |
WO2002023508A1 (en) * | 2000-09-13 | 2002-03-21 | Paul Guignard | Intelligent courseware development and delivery |
WO2002069117A2 (en) * | 2001-02-28 | 2002-09-06 | Cisco Learning Institute | System for distributed learning |
-
2005
- 2005-02-17 GB GB0503277A patent/GB2423407A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO1993016454A1 (en) * | 1992-02-11 | 1993-08-19 | Lee John R | An interactive computer aided natural learning method and apparatus |
WO1998013807A1 (en) * | 1996-09-25 | 1998-04-02 | Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc. | Automated testing and electronic instructional delivery and student management system |
WO1998014895A2 (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 1998-04-09 | Philips Electronics N.V. | A method for organizing and presenting the structure of a multimedia system and for presenting this structure to a person involved, in particular a user person or an author person, and a software package having such organization and presentation facility |
GB2334119A (en) * | 1997-12-09 | 1999-08-11 | Tokheim Corp | Teaching method and system |
WO2002023508A1 (en) * | 2000-09-13 | 2002-03-21 | Paul Guignard | Intelligent courseware development and delivery |
WO2002069117A2 (en) * | 2001-02-28 | 2002-09-06 | Cisco Learning Institute | System for distributed learning |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109639935A (en) * | 2019-01-25 | 2019-04-16 | 合肥学院 | The automatic word extractor system and method for video record |
CN109639935B (en) * | 2019-01-25 | 2020-10-13 | 合肥学院 | Video recording automatic prompting method and computer readable storage medium |
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GB0503277D0 (en) | 2005-03-23 |
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Date | Code | Title | Description |
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WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |