GB2400668A - A pressure sensor - Google Patents
A pressure sensor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2400668A GB2400668A GB0308791A GB0308791A GB2400668A GB 2400668 A GB2400668 A GB 2400668A GB 0308791 A GB0308791 A GB 0308791A GB 0308791 A GB0308791 A GB 0308791A GB 2400668 A GB2400668 A GB 2400668A
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- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- sensor
- voltage node
- resistive
- input voltage
- output voltage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001141 propulsive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/20—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress
- G01L1/22—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges
- G01L1/225—Measuring circuits therefor
- G01L1/2262—Measuring circuits therefor involving simple electrical bridges
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L9/00—Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
- G01L9/02—Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means by making use of variations in ohmic resistance, e.g. of potentiometers, electric circuits therefor, e.g. bridges, amplifiers or signal conditioning
- G01L9/04—Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means by making use of variations in ohmic resistance, e.g. of potentiometers, electric circuits therefor, e.g. bridges, amplifiers or signal conditioning of resistance-strain gauges
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
Abstract
A sensor that is particularly useful for use in sensing, for instance, the pressure of oil in a pressurised oil system. The sensor is arranged so that in the event of spurious indications of oil pressure being indicated by the sensor, the sensor output is not indicative of a condition that would normally instigate the shutting down of the oil system. The sensor output voltage is inversely proportional to the pressure.
Description
A Sensor Embodiments of the present invention relate to a sensor. In
particular, they relate to a sensor for an oil distribution system of an aero-engine.
Aero-engines comprise an oil distribution system that lubricates the moving parts within the engine. If the pressure of the oil goes too high, a pressure relief valve will limit the pressure and prevent damage. If the oil pressure becomes too low then the insufficiently lubricated components could significantly damage the engine.
Therefore, it is important that the pilot takes action if the oil pressure becomes too low. The pilot will generally shut down the engine when his instrumentation indicates that the oil pressure has fallen too low.
The inventor of the present invention has recognised that as the decision to shut down the engine is made in response to the indicated oil pressure as opposed to the actual oil pressure, there is a possibility that an aero o engine will be unnecessarily shut down when the indicated oll pressure is lower than the actual oil pressure.
The inventor has further realised that currently designed oil pressure sensors are most susceptible to a mode of failure in which the oil pressure indication output By the sensor most likely varies from the oil pressure of the oil distribution system in a low pressure direction.
Thus the possibility that an aero-engine is unnecessarily shut down is higher than necessary. The inventor has identified the cause of this mode of failure as poor connector continuity of the sensor. The poor connector continuity, particularly in the high vibration environment of an aeroengine, causes chatter at the connectors and a drop in the sensors' output voltage. This drop in voltage results in a drop in the indicated oil pressure.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a sensor for sensing a parameter of a system, which is to be adapted in response to the variation of the parameter in a first direction, and outputting a sensed parameter indication to enable control of the adaptation of the system, wherein the sensor is arranged such a likely variation of the sensed parameter indication output by the sensor from the parameter of the system is in a second direction opposite to the first direction.
In one embodiment, the system is an aero-engine, the parameter of the system is oil pressure, the first direction is a drop in oil pressure, the second direction is an increase in oil pressure, and the adaptation of the system is shutting down the aero-engine. Embodiments of the invention find application in other systems in which the sensor may sense other parameter(s).
The likely variation of the sensed parameter indication output by the sensor from the parameter of the system, is caused by the likely failure mode of the sensor.
For a particular type of pressure sensor used for measuring oil pressure in aero-engines, the likely failure mode is caused by connector discontinuity (chatter). In other types of sensors, the likely failure mode may be different.
Thus by changing the response of the sensor so that a likely variation of the sensed parameter indication output by the sensor from the parameter of the system is in a second direction opposite to the first direction, unnecessary adaptation of the system can be avoided or reduced.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a pressure sensor for sensing oil pressure of an aero-engine, comprising: a first input voltage node and a second input voltage node, where an input voltage would be applied from the second input voltage node to the first input voltage node; a first output voltage node and a second output voltage node, where an output voltage would be taken between the second output voltage node and the first output voltage node; a first resistive component connected between the first input voltage node and the second output voltage node; a second resistive component connected between the second input voltage node and the first output voltage node; a third resistive component connected between the first input voltage node and the lo first output voltage node; and a fourth resistive component connected between the second input voltage node and the second output voltage node, wherein, in use, as the oil pressure increases the difference between the resistance of the first and third resistive components decreases and/or the difference between the resistance of the second and fourth resistive components decreases and as the oil pressure decreases the difference between the resistance of the first and third resistive components increases and/or the difference between the resistance of the second and JO fourth resistive components increases.
Thus an improved sensor is provided such that as the oil pressure increases, the voltage across the output nodes decreases and as the oil pressure decreases the voltage s.Gross the output nodes increases. Poor connector As continuity at the input nodes may cause a drop in the voltage across the output nodes, but this will result in an ndicated oil pressure that is greater than the actual oil pressure.
For a better understanding of the present invention 0 reference will now be made by way of example only to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 illustrates a sectional side view of the upper half of an aero-engine; Fig. 2 illustrates a schematic of one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; Fig. 3 illustrates a circuit diagram of the components of one embodiment of the present invention; and Fig. 4 illustrates a graph having a reverse characteristic for a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The figures illustrate a sensor (26) for sensing a parameter of a system (10), which is to be adapted in response to the variation of the parameter in a first direction, and outputting a sensed parameter indication (29) to enable control of the adaptation of the system (10), wherein the sensor (26) is arranged such that a likely variation of the sensed parameter indication (29) output by the sensor (26) from a parameter of the system is in a second direction opposite to the first direction.
Fig. 1 illustrates a sectional side view of the upper half of an aeroengine (10). The aero-engine (10) comprises, in axial flow series, an air intake (11), a propulsive fan (12), an intermediate pressure compressor (13), a high pressure compressor (14), a combustor (15), a turbine arrangement comprising a high pressure turbine (16), an intermediate pressure turbine (17) and a low pressure turbine (18) and an exhaust nozzle (19). The aero-engine further comprises interconnecting shafts (20) lubricated by an oil distribution system (22).
The aero-engine (10) operates in a conventional manner so that air entering into the air intake (11) is accelerated by the propulsive fan (12) which produces two air flows: a first air flow into the intermediate pressure compressor (13) and a second air flow which provides propulsive thrust. The intermediate pressure compressor (13) compresses air flow directed into it for delivering that air to the high pressure compressor (14) where further compression takes place. The compressed air exhausted from the high pressure compressor (14) is directed into the combustor (15) where it is mixed with fuel and the mixture combusted. The resultant hot combustion products then expand and thereby drive the high, intermediate and low pressure turbines (16, 17, 18) before being exhausted through the nozzle (19) to provide additional propulsive thrust. The high, intermediate and low pressure turbines (16, 17, 18) respectively drive the high and intermediate pressure compressors (14, 13) and the propulsive fan (12) lo by suitable interconnecting shafts (20). The oil distribution system (22) is shown schematically in the figure. A precise location cannot be given since the oil distribution system (22) is connected to most of the moving parts of the aero-engine (10) for lubrication purposes.
IS In more detail, Fig. 2 illustrates an aero-engine control system. The control system (10) comprises an aero engine (10), a user input (34) and a user output comprising a processor (30) and a warning output (32). The user input (34) and the warning output (32) are located in an JO aeroplane cockpit for use by a pilot. The pilot connects the warning output (32) and user input (34) to provide a closed loop system. The processor (30) may be located within or without the aero-engine (10). The aero-engine's oil distribution system (22) comprises a pump (24), for 9- distributing the oil within the oil distribution system ('2) and a sensor (26), for sensing the pressure of the oil within the oil distribution system (22). The pump (24) comprises a mechanism that automatically releases pressure, if the oil pressure goes above a maximum pressure value.
So The sensor (26) is a discrete component. It is removable and replaceable. The sensor (26) provides an output voltage Vout (29) indicating the oil pressure of the engine (10) to the processor (30). The voltage Vout varies inversely with the oil pressure. An example of a possible output characteristic for the sensor (26) is illustrated in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 plots the output voltage Vout against the oil pressure sensed by the sensor (26). The output voltage illustratively decreases from a positive value in s proportion to increasing oil pressure. In another implementation the output voltage increases from a negative value in proportion to increasing oil pressure. Thus a large output. Thus a large output voltage Vout indicates a low oil pressure and a small output voltage Vout indicates a high oil pressure.
The processor (30) interprets the output voltage Vout (29) and provides a control signal (31) to the warning output (32). The processor (30) may convert the received output voltage Vout into a calibrated control signal that indicates a value of the sensed pressure on the warning output (32). Alternatively, the processor (30) may produce a control signal (31) that produces an alert via the warning output (32), when the output voltage Vout rises above a predetermined threshold. Thus when the indicated oil pressure falls below a minimum threshold (i.e. the voltage output Vout rises above a maximum threshold), the pilot can recognise this using the warning output (32) and is able to adapt the engine by shutting it down using the user input (34).
Is The reverse output characteristic of the sensor (26) has a benefit. When there is reduced connector connectivity of an input voltage to the sensor (26), the output voltage Vout (29) may be less than it should be. However, an under value in the output voltage Vout is an over-value in the indicated pressure. This may reduce the number of unnecessary shut- downs of the engine (10) by the pilot.
Fig. 3 illustrates one implementation of a sensor (26). The sensor (26) includes a variable resistive arrangement (39) that receives an input voltage Vin between a second input voltage node (42) and a first input voltage node (40) and produces an output voltage Vout between a second output voltage node (46) and a first output voltage node (44). A first resistive component (48) is connected between the first input voltage node (40) and the second output voltage node (46). A second resistive component (50) is connected between the second input voltage node (42) and the first output voltage node (44). A third resistive component (52) is connected between the first input voltage node (40) and the first output voltage node (44). A fourth resistive component (54) is connected between the second input voltage node (42) and the second output voltage node (46).
The first (48) and second (50) resistive components IS are the same. Each comprises a first fixed resistor (51) connected in series with a first variable resistor (49).
The first variable resistor (49) is a first piezo-resistive pressure sensor, the resistance of which increases with applied pressure.
JO The third (52) and fourth (54) resistive components are the same. Each comprises a second fixed resistor (53) connected in series with a second variable resistor (55).
The second variable resistor (55) is a second piezo resistive pressure sensor, the resistance of which " increases with applied pressure.
The electrical resistance value of the first (48) and second (50) resistive components remains greater than the electrical resistance value of the third (52) and fourth (54) resistive components.
JO The resistance value of the first variable resistor (49) dominates the second variable resistor (55) at lower pressures. That is the value of the first variable resistor (49) is greater than the value of the second variable resistor (55) at lower pressures.
The value of the second variable resistor (55) dominates the first variable resistor (49) at higher pressures. That is the value of the second variable resistor (55) is greater than the first variable resistor s (49) at higher parameters.
When the oil pressure increases the difference between the resistance of the first (48) and third (52) resistive components decreases and the difference between the resistance of the second (50) and fourth (54) resistive lo components decreases. When the oil pressure decreases the difference between the resistance of the first (48) and third (52) resistive components increases and the difference between the resistance of the second (50) and fourth (54) resistive components increases. The variation IS of the output voltage Vout with oil pressure is illustrated in Fig. 4.
Thus an improved sensor is provided so that as the oil pressure increases, the voltage across the output nodes decreases and as the oil pressure decreases the voltage dropped across the output nodes increases. Poor connector continuity at the input nodes will still cause a drop in the voltage across the output nodes, but this will result in an indicated oil pressure that is greater than the actual oil pressure and the pilot will not unnecessarily 2s shut down the engine (10).
The senor (26) is a discrete component that is packaged. The package has two input pins electrically connected to the first and second input nodes and two output pins electrically connected to the first and second output nodes. When the sensor is attached to an oil distribution system, the pins are received by corresponding sockets of the system. When the engine is in use the input pins may chatter in their sockets because of the vibrations of the engine causing discontinuities in the input voltage and a reduced output voltage.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been described in the preceding paragraphs with reference to various examples, it should be appreciated that s modifications to the examples given can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed. For example, the sensor itself may not have the reverse characteristic. The sensor may have a positive gradient of output voltage versus pressure but use a separate electronic device such as an inverting amplifier to achieve the reverse characteristic. The term "sensor" in the claim may include the combination of a sensor and another electronic device.
Whilst endeavouring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features of the invention believed to be of particular importance it should be understood that the Applicant claims protection in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and/or shown in the drawings whether or not lo particular emphasis has been placed thereon.
Claims (25)
1. A sensor (26) for sensing a parameter of a system, which is to be adapted in response to the variation of the parameter in a first direction, and outputting a sensed parameter indication (29) to enable control of the adaptation of the system (10), wherein the sensor (26) is arranged such that a likely variation of the sensed parameter indication (29) output by the sensor (26) from the parameter of the system is in a second direction opposite to the first direction.
2. A sensor (26) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the parameter of the system is pressure, the first direction is a drop in pressure and the second direction is an increase in pressure.
3. A sensor (26) as claimed in claim 2, wherein the parameter is oil pressure of an aero-engine (10).
4. A sensor (26) as claimed in any one of claims 1, 2 or 3, wherein said sensor (26) has a reverse input-output characteristic, such that the output sensed parameter indication increases as the parameter value decreases.
5. A sensor (26) as claimed in claim 4, wherein the likely variation of the sensed parameter indication from the parameter of the system, is such that the output sensed parameter has too low a value.
6. A sensor (26) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, comprising a variable resistive arrangement (39).
7. A sensor (26) as claimed in claim 6, wherein the variable resistive arrangement (39) comprises: a first input voltage node (40) and a second input voltage node (42), where an input voltage (Vin) is applied from second input voltage node (42) to first input voltage node (40); a first output voltage node (44) and a second output voltage node (46), where an output voltage (Vout) is taken between the second output voltage node (46) and the first output voltage node (44); a first resistive component (48) connected between the first input voltage node (40) and the second output voltage node (46); a second resistive component (50) connected between the second input voltage node (42) and the first output voltage node (46) i lo a third resistive component (52) connected between the first input voltage node (40) and the first output voltage node (44); and a fourth resistive component (54) connected between the second input voltage node (42) and the second output voltage node (46), wherein as the parameter increases, the difference between the resistance of the first (48) and third (52) resistive components decreases and/or the difference between the resistance of the second (50) and fourth (54) resistive components decreases and as the JO parameter decreases, the difference between the resistance of the first (48) and third (52) resistive components increases and/or the difference between the resistance of the second (50) and fourth (54) resistive components increases.
is
8. A sensor (26) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the first (48) and second (50) resistive components are the same and the third (52) and fourth (54) resistive components are the same.
9. A sensor (26) as claimed in claim 7 or 8, wherein each o resistive component comprises a fixed resistor (51, 53) connected in series with a variable resistor (49, 55).
10. A sensor (26) as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the first (48) and second (50) resistive components each comprise a first fixed resistor (51) connected in series with a first variable resistor (49), and the third (52) and fourth (54) resistive components each comprise a second fixed resistor (53) connected in series with a second variable resistor (55).
s
11. A sensor (26) as claimed in claim 10, wherein the value of the first variable resistor (49) is greater than the second variable resistor (55) at lower parameters and the value of the second variable resistor (55) is greater than the first variable resistor (49) at higher parameters.
lo
12. A sensor (26) as claimed in claim 10 or 11, wherein the first variable resistor (49) is a first piezo-resistive pressure sensor, the resistance of which increases with applied pressure, and the second variable resistor (55) is a second piezo-resistive pressure sensor, the resistance of IS which increases with applied pressure.
13. A sensor (26) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the most likely variation of the sensed parameter output value is caused by reduced sensor connector continuity.
JO
14. A sensor (26) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the likely variation of the sensed parameter indication from the parameter of the system, arises, in use, from chatter between voltage input connector(s) (40, 42) of the sensor and power supply connector(s) connected thereto.
15. A sensor (26) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein it is a discrete component that can be connected and unconnected to the system.
16. A sensor (26) as claimed in claim 15, further comprising four pins, used for connecting the sensor, including two pins for receiving an input voltage and two pins for providing an output voltage.
17. A pressure sensor (26) for sensing oil pressure of an aero-engine (10) , comprising: a first input voltage node (40) and a second input voltage node (42), where an input voltage would be applied from the second input voltage node (42) to the first input voltage node (40); a first output voltage node (44) and a second output voltage node (46), where an output voltage would be taken from the second output voltage node (46) to the first output voltage node (44); a first resistive component (48) connected between the first input voltage node (40) and the second output voltage node (46); a second resistive component (50) connected between the second input voltage node (42) and the first output voltage node (46); S a third resistive component (52) connected between the first input voltage node (40) and the first output voltage node (46); and a fourth resistive component (59) connected between the second input voltage node (42) and the second output o() voltage node (46), wherein, in use, as the oil pressure increases the difference between the resistance of the first (48) and third (52) resistive components decreases and/or the difference between the resistance of the second (50) and fourth (54) resistive components decreases and as the oil pressure decreases the difference between the resistance of the first (48) and third (52) resistive components increases and/or the difference between the resistance of the second (50) and fourth (54) resistive components increases.
18. A pressure sensor (26) as claimed in claim 17, wherein the first (48) and second (50) resistive components each comprise a first fixed resistor (51) connected in series With a first variable resistor (49), and the third (52) and fourth (54) resistive components each comprise a second fixed resistor (53) connected in series with a second variable resistor (55) and the value of the first variable resistor (49) is greater than the second variable resistor (55) at lower pressures and the value of the second variable resistor (55) is greater than the first variable resistor (49) at higher pressures.
19. The use of a sensor (26) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in an aero-engine (10) to measure oil pressure and to enable a drop in oil pressure to be identified.
20. A system (10) designed such that it should be adapted if a parameter of the system (10) varies in a first direction beyond a threshold value, comprising a sensor (26) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 18 for sensing the parameter and outputting a sensed parameter indication.
21. An aero-engine (10), which should be shut-down if its oil pressure varies downwardly in a first direction beyond a threshold value, comprising a sensor (26) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 18 for sensing the oil pressure and So outputting a sensed oil pressure indication.
22. An aero-engine (10) as claimed in claim 21 further comprising an oil distribution system (22), and an automatic mechanism, independent of the sensor (26), for shutting down the oil distribution system (22) when the oil pressure varies upwardly in the second direction beyond a second threshold.
23. An aero-engine (10) as claimed in claim 21 or 22, further comprising an output mechanism (32) for alerting a pilot when the output sensed oil pressure indication (29) indicates that the oil pressure has fallen below the threshold and a pilot-operated mechanism (34) for shutting down the engine.
24. A sensor (26) or system (22) substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and/or as shown in the accompanying drawings.
25. Any novel subject matter or combination including novel subject matter disclosed herein, whether or not within the scope of or relating to the same invention as any of the preceding claims.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0308791A GB2400668A (en) | 2003-04-16 | 2003-04-16 | A pressure sensor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0308791A GB2400668A (en) | 2003-04-16 | 2003-04-16 | A pressure sensor |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0308791D0 GB0308791D0 (en) | 2003-05-21 |
| GB2400668A true GB2400668A (en) | 2004-10-20 |
Family
ID=9956886
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0308791A Withdrawn GB2400668A (en) | 2003-04-16 | 2003-04-16 | A pressure sensor |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2400668A (en) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2455883A (en) * | 1945-04-10 | 1948-12-07 | Curtiss Wright Corp | Electric pressure strain gauge |
| US2566326A (en) * | 1946-12-02 | 1951-09-04 | Jr Victor Guillemin | Strain gauge manometer |
-
2003
- 2003-04-16 GB GB0308791A patent/GB2400668A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2455883A (en) * | 1945-04-10 | 1948-12-07 | Curtiss Wright Corp | Electric pressure strain gauge |
| US2566326A (en) * | 1946-12-02 | 1951-09-04 | Jr Victor Guillemin | Strain gauge manometer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0308791D0 (en) | 2003-05-21 |
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| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |