GB2490761A - A portable, filtration and purification system - Google Patents
A portable, filtration and purification system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2490761A GB2490761A GB1201815.6A GB201201815A GB2490761A GB 2490761 A GB2490761 A GB 2490761A GB 201201815 A GB201201815 A GB 201201815A GB 2490761 A GB2490761 A GB 2490761A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- water
- purification
- unit
- stand
- storage unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 235000012206 bottled water Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 208000031513 cyst Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 claims 4
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims 1
- 206010011732 Cyst Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 241000223935 Cryptosporidium Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000224466 Giardia Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 abstract description 2
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002384 drinking water standard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
- C02F1/003—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance using household-type filters for producing potable water, e.g. pitchers, bottles, faucet mounted devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
- B01D29/50—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition
- B01D29/56—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition in series connection
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D36/00—Filter circuits or combinations of filters with other separating devices
- B01D36/02—Combinations of filters of different kinds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
- C02F1/004—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance using large scale industrial sized filters
-
- C02F9/005—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F9/20—Portable or detachable small-scale multistage treatment devices, e.g. point of use or laboratory water purification systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/288—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using composite sorbents, e.g. coated, impregnated, multi-layered
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
- C02F1/505—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment by oligodynamic treatment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
Abstract
A portable, filtration and purification system intended for the treatment of non-saline water drawn from a variety of sources e.g. surface water, river, borehole etc. to drinking water conditions. This is achieved by the water passing through two primary filters 7, (14 Fig. 3) and a ceramic cartridge filter 8. This high efficiency filter is capable of removing more than 99.99% of pathogenic bacteria, disease causing cysts such as Cryptosporidium, and Giardia, and reduces turbidity by more than 97%. Whereas the primary filters are rated at 5 micron the ceramic filter is rated between 0.5 and 0.8 micron. In this way, both pathogenic organisms are removed and any suspended particles filtered out. Both the primary filters and the ceramic filter are capable of cleaning by washing or in the case of the ceramic filter, with additional scrubbing. The treated water is stored in an incorporated holding tank (2C Fig. 4) ready for later use. Further polishing of the water may be achieved through the use of a silver impregnated activated carbon unit 11 which brings the water to bottled water standards. This unit can be used for high concentrations of Fluoride in the water utilising Activated Alumina. The system as described, when operating under pressurised conditions, produces 400 litres per hour of good potable water meeting the needs of approximately 800 people. When under non-pressurised conditions, using 1.9 metre head of water, the system produces 66 litres per hour, meeting the needs of approximately 130 people. Increased head of water will produce a higher flow rate.
Description
TITLE: A Water Filtration, Purification and Storage Unit capable of operation either under gravity or pressurised conditions producing sufficient potable water to serve extended families, small communities of people and having a variety of other usages,.
DESCRIPTON
The invention relates to a stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit.
Water filtration and purification is well known being undertaken using a variety of methods. Most methods are relatively expensive in their on-going operation, necessitate electrical power to operate and the regular replacement of ifiter media.
Such units seldom carry any storage capacity for the treated water and often operate in-line with the normal domestic or public water system.
According to the present invention the stand-alone unit operates without the use of electrical power, allowing it to be used in the most remote locations, needs no expensive part replacement and that over a long period of time. The treated water is stored ready to be drawn otT for consumption. Residual treatment and any colourisation arc dealt with in the fmal stages of the units' operation. The system is intended for treatment of non-salinewater to drinking water standards.
When used in the pressurised mode, the system is easily transported by means of the carrying handles (15) and easily installed to produce sufficient good potable water meeting the needs of 801) people.
A specimen embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:-Figure 1/6 shows the header tank in perspective to the main three section unit (2).
Figure 2/6 this system diagram shows a plan of the main whole system in its operation from water introduction to filtration, purification, storage and further treatment if required.
Figure 3/6 shows the side elevation of the first section (2A) of the unit (2).
Figure 4/6 shows the top elevation of the unit (2) with the inspection doors (13) giving access to the second section (28) of the unit (2).
Figure 5/6 shows the innovated activated carbon unit (11) adapted from a previous unit.
Figure 6/6 shows the pumping unit and hand pump (16) Referring to the drawings, water can be gathered in the header tank (1) from a variety of non-saline sources, rivers, surface water a borehole etc. For the water to be introduced into the header tank (1), a small hand pump would be sufficient. The head of water determines the flow rate when the unit is being used in purely the gravity operation mode.
Water from the header tank (1) enters the inlet flow control valve (3). After passing through the non-return valve (4) the water is introduced into the first section (2A) at the underside of the perforated polypropylene and stainless steel mesh (14) (Figure 3/6). As the water rises larger suspended particles in the water are filtered out and deposited on the floor of the first section (2A). This debris can be removed by the use of the drain valve (5). This first section (2A) has been so constructed that it is robust enough to sustain several Bar (4Bar/60psi) pressure which is achieved by the use of a small hand pump (16). The isolating valve (6) is at this time closed until the required pressure in section 2A is achieved. The non-return valve (4) prevents the water being returned to the header tank (1). With the opening of the isolating valve (6) the pressurised water passes through the primary filter (7) and to the ceramic cartridge filter (8).
Both the primary Filter (7) and the ceramic Filter (8) are capable of being cleaned by washing or in the case of the ceramic filter (8) with additional scrubbing. Depending on the water quality and usage, the filters wiLl only need to be replaced once in every 12 months. Should the water quality require it, two primary filters may be used of differing micron values.
This high efficiency filter (8) is capable of removing more than 99.99% of pathogenic bacteria, disease causing cysts such as Cryptosporidium, and Giardia, and reduces turbidity by more than 97%. Whereas the primary filter (7) is rated at 5 micron the ceramic filter (8) has a filtration rating between 0.5 and 0.8 micron. In this way, both pathogenic organisms are removed and any suspended particles filtered out. For the removal of other contaminants (lead and heavy metals) the ceramic filter (8) allows for alternatives.
Treated water passes into the storage section (2C) of the unit (2) awaiting use A draw-off valve (9) is provided on the storage section (2C) allowing water to be drawn off directly from storage.
For further polishing of the treated water held in the storage section (2C) it is passed through a specially adapted silver impregnated carbon stack (11) which will bring the treated water to bottled water standards. This is accomplished by the opening of the isolating valve (10). Water having passed through the carbon stack (11) is drawn off through the exit valve (12). This stack may be used for the treatment of high concentrations of Fluoride in the water through the use of Activated Alumina.
With the expenditure of the pressurised water and its consequent treatment and containment in the storage section (2C) two alternatives present themselves. Firstly, with the water drawn off from the storage section replacement can be accomplished by further use of the hand pump (16) etc., as described already. Alternatively, use of the water held in the header tank (I) may be made. At this stage the pressure in section 2A will have been reduced allowing the non-return valve (4) to open and the water from the header tank (1) to enter the system. Filtration and purification of the water will occur solely under the head of water. The flow rate will of necessity be much reduced as against when the unit (2) is being used as a pressurised system. Under pressurised conditions, the system produces 400 litres per hour of good potable water and under non-pressurised conditions, using lSm head of water, the system produces 66 litres per hour.
For any necessary maintenance or part replacement, access is gained to the primary filter (7) the ceramic cartridge filter (8) and the activated carbon stack (11) by means 0 inspection doors (13) located at the top of the second section (2B) of the unit (2).
The main body of the unit (2) is fabricated from polypropylene sheet which has been approved for both food and water contact.
The system may be used in a variety of situations from small communities, extended families to expeditions, and will be of special use ifdisaster and relief situations.
For ease of transportation, the hand pump (16) may be removed and stored in the second section (213) of the unit (2).
To Accompany Figure 2/6 1. Header Tank 2. "3 Section" Tank (MB/C) 3. Inlet Valve to Sect. I 4. Non-return Valve 5. Drain Valve 6. Isolating Valve to filters 7. Primary filter 8. Ceramic cartridge filter 9. Exit valve from holding tank (Potable water) lO.Isolating valve to activated carbon unit 11.Aetivated carbon unit l2.Exit valve from polished water 13.Inspection doors 1 4.Perforated polypropylene & stainless steel mesh 15.Carrying handles 16.Small hand-pump 1 7.Overflow Valve and Drain Tube
S
ToAccompnv Figge 5/6 Activated Carbon Stack specificallydesigned to meet the requirements of this Stand-alone Water Filtration, Purification and Storage Unit.
(a) Operating handle to open/close the sealing unit (b) Air bleed (c) Sealing unit (d) Rubber seal (compatible with potable water use) (e) Ring assemble (0 Lug (g) Outer nylon holding bag (h) Inner porous bag (i) Polypropylene outer assembly stack (11) (]) Inlet water from storage tank (10) (k) Activated carbon (P110 6 x 12 0.05 Ag Special) (1) Perforated block to ensure uniform distribution of water up through the Activated Carbon (m) Exit water to valve (12) To Accompany Figure 6/6 1. Pump Handle 2. TopofSectionlA 3. Boss 4. Sealing Ring 5. Pump Barrel 6. Stainless Steel Mesh} These two combined 7. Perforated Polycarb Mesh} make up 14 in Figure 3/6 8.ExittoValve5 9. Body of Pump Unit 1O.Exit to Valve 6 and Section 2B I 1.Entrance to Pump Unit from Valve 3 via non-return Valve 14 12.Reléase Valve
Claims (8)
- Claims 1. A stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit comprising a header tank for receiving water to be treated, a receiving tank capable of pressurisation, two filter means, a purification unit downstream of the two filter means, and a storage tank for storing the purified water, and the unit is capable of fulfilling all its operations of filtration, purification and storage without the use of electrical power.
- 2. A stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit as of claim 1, which comprises two filter means upstream of the purification unit.
- 3. A stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit as of claim I or claim 2, wherein the filter means upstream of the purification unit are capable of cleaning.
- 4. A stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit as of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the purification unit downstream of the filter means is capable of cleaning.
- 5. A stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit of any preceding claim, which may be manually transported through the use of carrying handles and easily installed in remote locations providing sufficient potable water for the needs of 800 people under pressurised conditions, or 130 people when operating solely under gravity.
- 6. A stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit substantially as described herein with reference to figures 116 to 6/6.
- 7. A stand alone water filtration, purification and storage unit substantially described herein with reference to flgure 116 to 6/6 with the facility to further polish the filtered and purified water by passing it through a specially designed activated carbon unit to fit purpose.Amendments to the claims have been made as follows: Claims 1. A stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit comprising a receiving tank capable of pressurisation, wbich receives the water to be treated either directly from the source or from an incorporated header tank, two filter means, a purification unit downstream of the two filter means, and a storage tank for storing the purified water. The unit is capable of fulfilling all its operations of filtration, purification and storage without the use of electrical power. The purification unit has a superior flow rate of approx 1500 litreslhr at 4 Bar pressure and has a 99.99% capability in bacteria and cyst removal and deals effectively in trace organic and inorganic removal.2. A stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit as of any preceding claim, which may be manually transported through the use of carrying handles and is easily installed in remote locations providing sufficient potable water for the needs of smaH communities, extended families or for expeditions and will also be of special usefulness in disaster and relief situations.3. A stand-alone water filtration, purification and storage unit substantially as described herein with reference to figures 116 to 6/6.4. A stand alone water filtration, purification and storage unit substantially described herein with reference to figure 1/6 to 6/6 with the facility to further polish the filtered and purified water by passing it through a specially designed activated carbon unit to fit purpose. * S * **S* *05S * * * *5 * * S 5.5 5 555. S 5. *5 5S
- S..S
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1108006.6A GB201108006D0 (en) | 2011-05-13 | 2011-05-13 | A water filtration, purification and storage unit capable of operation under gravity or pressurised conditions producing sufficient potable water to serve |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201201815D0 GB201201815D0 (en) | 2012-03-21 |
| GB2490761A true GB2490761A (en) | 2012-11-14 |
Family
ID=44260467
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1108006.6A Ceased GB201108006D0 (en) | 2011-05-13 | 2011-05-13 | A water filtration, purification and storage unit capable of operation under gravity or pressurised conditions producing sufficient potable water to serve |
| GB1201815.6A Withdrawn GB2490761A (en) | 2011-05-13 | 2012-02-02 | A portable, filtration and purification system |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1108006.6A Ceased GB201108006D0 (en) | 2011-05-13 | 2011-05-13 | A water filtration, purification and storage unit capable of operation under gravity or pressurised conditions producing sufficient potable water to serve |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (2) | GB201108006D0 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109045810A (en) * | 2018-08-22 | 2018-12-21 | 佛山市顺德区阿波罗环保器材有限公司 | Composite filter element and water purifier comprising the filter core |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106390566A (en) * | 2016-11-24 | 2017-02-15 | 浙江泽林瑞沃环境科技有限公司 | Multiphase microfiltration equipment for river channels |
| CN108773920B (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2023-07-28 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | Water purification system, water purification method and device |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5733448A (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 1998-03-31 | Kaura; Kamaljit S. | Manually pressurized water filtering container |
| WO2006009473A1 (en) * | 2004-07-20 | 2006-01-26 | Russell Henry Kelly | A filtration system |
| CN101475273A (en) * | 2009-01-16 | 2009-07-08 | 北京工业大学 | Miniature apparatus for preparing drinking water by manual pressurization |
-
2011
- 2011-05-13 GB GBGB1108006.6A patent/GB201108006D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2012
- 2012-02-02 GB GB1201815.6A patent/GB2490761A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5733448A (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 1998-03-31 | Kaura; Kamaljit S. | Manually pressurized water filtering container |
| WO2006009473A1 (en) * | 2004-07-20 | 2006-01-26 | Russell Henry Kelly | A filtration system |
| CN101475273A (en) * | 2009-01-16 | 2009-07-08 | 北京工业大学 | Miniature apparatus for preparing drinking water by manual pressurization |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109045810A (en) * | 2018-08-22 | 2018-12-21 | 佛山市顺德区阿波罗环保器材有限公司 | Composite filter element and water purifier comprising the filter core |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB201108006D0 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
| GB201201815D0 (en) | 2012-03-21 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |