GB2308145A - Suspension-type grouting liquid - Google Patents
Suspension-type grouting liquid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2308145A GB2308145A GB9704385A GB9704385A GB2308145A GB 2308145 A GB2308145 A GB 2308145A GB 9704385 A GB9704385 A GB 9704385A GB 9704385 A GB9704385 A GB 9704385A GB 2308145 A GB2308145 A GB 2308145A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- slag
- mol ratio
- sodium aluminate
- water glass
- strength
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N h2o hydrate Chemical compound O.O JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002075 main ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- KVOIJEARBNBHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [K+].[O-][Al]=O KVOIJEARBNBHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/02—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing inorganic compounds only
- C09K17/12—Water-soluble silicates, e.g. waterglass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/24—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing alkyl, ammonium or metal silicates; containing silica sols
- C04B28/26—Silicates of the alkali metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00732—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for soil stabilisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/70—Grouts, e.g. injection mixtures for cables for prestressed concrete
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
Description
GROUTING LIQUID FOR INJECTION INTO A GROUND
The present invention relates to a suspensiontype grouting liquid for injection into a ground containing, as a main ingredient, slag and sodium aluminate and optionally waterglass, cement and/or dispersant and particularly to such a suspension-type grouting liquid for injection into a ground which displays high consolidation strength despite low viscosity and long gelation time, and moreover, which displays durable consolidation strength.
A water glass-type suspension grout, which is obtained by adding cement to water glass, is well known. In this case, if the grout is adjusted to a long gelation time to improve its penetrative property, both the degree and the durability of the consolidation strength is reduced.
A grout comprising cement and water glass at a low mol ratio has recently been proposed, which can be adjusted to a long gelation time.
But, as its gelation time is as short as a few minutes to ten minutes, its penetrative property is unsatisfactory. Moreover, in this case, the cement and water glass can not be satisfactorily mixed, and thus, the reaction between them is not completely accomplished, and as a result a long stabilization of the consolidated material cannot be obtained in the ground.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a grouting liquid for injection into a ground, which displays high strength of consolidation despite a long gelation time and low viscosity, and displays both excellent penetration and durable consolidation strength, and so overcomes disadvantages associated with the above-described prior art.
According to the present invention we provide a suspension-type grouting liquid for injection into a ground which comprises sodium aluminate having a mol ratio of 10 or more and slag, in which the mol ratio of sodium aluminate shows molar concentration of Na 2 0/molar concentration of Al 2 3 Cement and/or dispersant may be added to the grouting liquid.
The grouting liquid may additionally comprise waterglass having a mol ratio of 2.5 or less expressed as the molar concentration of SiO 2 /molar concentration of Na 2 O. Preferably, the slag and/or cement is fine grained having in each case a specific surface area of 8000cm /g or more.
The amounts of said water glass, slag or sodium aluminate to be used are variable, but examples of suitable amounts are as follows.
1. Water glass
The molar amount of water glass to be used is preferably 0.3 to 4.0 mol, more preferably 0.4 to 2.0 mol, expressed as shown above.
2. Slag
The amount of slag to be used is preferably 100 to 500g, more preferably 200 to 400g per 1000g of total composition.
3. Sodium aluminate
The sodium aluminate is generally used in the liquid state. The amount thereof to be used is, as molar ratio, preferably 0.002 to 0.1 mol, more preferably, 0.0025 to 0.08 mol, expressed as At 24 When any of said amounts is outside these preferred ranges, the viscosity of the obtained liquid is increased, and as a result, penetration is reduced and the gelling time becomes undesirably long or short, and as a result, consolidation becomes inferior and the strength of the consolidated material is reduced.
The functions of the present invention are considered as follows.
The known cement-water glass grout having a low mol ratio enables the gelation time to be prolonged, but only from a few minutes to ten minutes.
The reason is considered to be that the amount of
CaO in the cement is larger than the amount of SiO2 reacts easily with the alkali.
On the other hand, however, in the present invention, the amount of CaO in the slag is smaller than the amount of the cement, and thus, the reaction of SiO2 with the alkali is comparatively slow. And accordingly, liquid becomes consolidated gradually over a long gelation time, and displays high consolidation strength.
In addition, if cement is added, the grout benefits from the self curability of the cement.
Moreover, in the grout of the present invention, small amounts of precipitate may be formed depending on the blending ratio. To prevent such precipitation, dispersant may be added.
EXAMPLES
The present invention will now be described in more detail by way of non-limiting examples.
1. Material used (1) Slag
The blast furnace slag (Trade name: ESMENT), which is commercially available, and the ground slag having the specific surface area shown in Table 1, were used.
Table 1
slag specific surface area (cm@/g) (1) 3 1 0 0 (underground) (2) 5 5 0 0 (3) 8 1 0 0 (4) 1 1 3 0 0 (2) Sodium aluminate
3 kinds of sodium aluminate shown in Table 2 were used in these examples. (In the present invention, potassium aluminate also gives the same result as sodium aluminate).
Table 2
liquid of sodium density Al2O3 Na2O mol aluminate (20 C) (%) (%) ratio (1) 1.24 4.00 14.00 5.27 (2) 1.30 3.60 22.00 10.05 (3) 1.33 1.59 22.47 23.25 Table 3
water density Na2O SiO2 mol glass (20 C) (%) (%) ratio (1) 1.40 9.32 28.75 3.18 (2) 1.62 14.4 34.7 2.49 (3) 1.74 18.7 35.6 1.97 (4) 1.59 20.0 18.1 1.45 (4) Cement
The most popular fine grain portland cement having a specific surface area of 8500 cm2/g, was used in the examples, although various kinds of cements, such as alumina cement, portland cement, slag cement etc., can be used instead.
(5) Dispersant
Trade name : MAITY 150 was used.
2. Blending and results (1) Water glass-slag type
The blending, gelation time, funnel viscosity, and unconfined compressive strength of the consolidated grout which is impregnated in water of the water glass-slag type were shown in Table 4.
In examples 1 and 2 shown in Table 4, No. 3 water glass, at a mol ratio of 3.18 was used. It can be understood from Table 4 that the strength of the consolidated grout is not increased despite the short Table 4
blending impregnation in funnel water example water glass slag viscosity gelation unconfined No. water after 10 time compressive No. in Table 3 (g) No. in Table 1 (g) (g) min. (sec.) (min.) strength (kgf/cm2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) 7 days 30 days 1 170 - - - 270 - - - 560 gelation 2 5.6 6.9 2 170 - - - - - - 270 560 gelation 1.3 6.2 7.4 3 - 170 - - 270 - - - 560 45 30 39.8 32.7 4 - 170 - - - 270 - - 560 41 27 31.0 33.1 5 - 170 - - - - 270 - 560 34 25 35.1 38.0 6 - 170 - - - - - 270 560 30 22 37.4 40.7 7 - - 170 - 270 - - - 560 32 60 33.5 36.0 8 - - 170 - - - 270 - 560 26 48 39.7 42.0 9 - - - 170 270 - - - 560 30 77 37.0 39.0 10 - - - 170 - 270 - - 560 27 70 38.6 41.5 11 - - - 170 - - 270 - 560 21 66 41.2 44.8 12 - - - 170 - - - 270 560 20 61 41.7 45.1 Temp. 20# 1 C) gellation time.
In examples 3 to 12 shown in Table 4, water glass was used at a low mol ratio as defined in the present invention.
It can be understood from Table 4 that when the mol ratio is 2.5 or less, the viscosity is suddenly lowered, and the strength of the consolidated grout is high despite the long gellation time.
Moreover, it can be understood from Table 4 that the gellation time of the grout becomes a little shorter, and the strength of the grout becomes substantially higher, when the particle size of the slag is reduced, especially if the specific surface area of the slag is 8000cm2/g or more.
(2) Sodium aluminate-slag type
The blending, gellation time, funnel viscosity, and unconfined compressive strength of the consolidated grout which is impregnated in water of the sodium aluminate-slag type were shown in Table 5.
In examples 13 and 14, sodium aluminate having a mol ratio 5.87, and containing small amounts of alkali, was used.
It can be understood from these examples of Table 5 that the strength of the consolidated grout is not Table 5
blending impregnation in funnel water example sodium aluminate slag viscosity gelation unconfined No. water after 10 time compressive No. in Table 2 (g) No. in Table 1 (g) (g) min. (sec.) (hour) strength (kgf/cm2) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (4) 7 days 30 days 13 140 - - 370 - - - 490 100 1.5 10.1 16.5 14 140 - - - - - 370 490 80 1.2 13.2 19.9 15 - 140 - 370 - - - 490 43 7 21.5 24.1 16 - 140 - - 370 - - 490 39 8 23.2 26.6 17 - 140 - - - 370 - 490 33 4 26.3 29.5 18 - 140 - - - - 370 490 30 3 28.0 31.0 19 - - 140 370 - - - 490 29 9 37.7 32.0 20 - - 140 - 370 - - 490 26 8 30.1 34.9 21 - - 140 - - 370 - 490 21 7 38.8 43.0 22 - - 140 - - - 370 490 18 6 40.4 45.7 Temp. 20# 1 C) more than 20 Kgf/cm2 despite the comparatively short gellation time is 1 to 2 hours, and the funnel viscosity is high, i.e. 1 minute or more.
In examples 15 to 22, sodium aluminate was used in accordance with the invention.
It can be understood from these examples of Table 5 that when the mol ratio is 10 or more, the strength of the consolidated grout is extremely high although the gellation time is longer and viscosity is reduced.
Moreover, it can be understood from examples 17, 18, 21, and 22 of Table 5 that the gellation time of the grout becomes a little shorter and the viscosity is lower, and further, the strength is much higher, when the particle size of the slag is smaller, especially when the specific surface area of the slag is 8000cm2/g or more.
(3) Water glass-sodium aluminate-slag type
The blending, gellation time, funnel viscosity, and unconfined compressive strength of the consolidated grout which is impregnated in water of the water glass-sodium aluminate-slag type are shown in Table 6.
It can be seen from Tables 4 and 5 that the examples 1, 2, 13, and 14, in which water glass having high mol ratio (mol ratio: 3.18), or sodium aluminate having low mol ratio (mol ratio: 5.87) are separately mixed with slag, respectively show inferior results.
On the other hand, it can be seen from Tables 4 and 5 that when the water glass having low mol ratio, or sodium aluminate having high mol ratio are used in the examples, each of them shows better results concerning viscosity, gellation time, and strength.
It can be seen from examples 27 and 28 on Table 6 that when both water glass having low mol ratio of 2.49 and sodium aluminate having high mol ratio of 10.05 are mixed with slag in combination, examples 27 and 28 show improved results.
But concerning examples 23 and 26, which are prepared by mixing both water glass having a high mol ratio (mol ratio: 3.18, No. 3 water glass) and sodium aluminate having a low mol ratio (mol ratio: 5.87) with slag, examples 24 to 26 show preferable results except for example 23. Thus, it is understood from Table 6 that when water glass having a high mol ratio and sodium aluminate having a low mol ratio are mixed with slag in combination, the products obtained show preferable results where that ratio of the molar concentration of SiO2 in water glass to the molar Table 6
blending impregnation in funnel water example water glass sodium aluminate slag molar viscosity gelation unconfined No. cocentration after 10 time compressive No. in Table 3 (g) No. in Table 2 (g) No. in Table 1 (g) water rate min. (sec.) (min.) strength (kgf/cm2) (g) (SiO2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (3) (Na2O) 7 days 30 days 23 145 - 21 - 285 - 549 2.62 76 17 8.1 10.9 24 136 - 28 - 290 - 546 2.43 40 43 23.8 30.5 25 102 - 56 - 310 - 232 1.75 42 60 28.7 36.0 26 102 - 56 - - 310 232 1.75 32 50 29.7 40.0 27 - 145 - 21 285 - - 549 2.04 38 70 26.9 35.4 28 - 145 - 21 - 285 549 2.04 30 55 28.0 38.8 (Temp. 20# 1 C) concentration of total Na2O in water glass and sodium aluminate is 2.5 or less (examples 24, 25, 26), and show inferior results where said ratio is more than 2.5 (example 23).
As a conclusion, it is seen from Table 6 that when water glass having a high mol ratio and sodium aluminate having a low mol ratio, both of which are commercially sold, are mixed with slag the products obtained show preferable results, if they satisfy the above conditions.
In Table 6, unground slag having a specific surface area of 31002/g and finely ground slag having a specific surface area of 8100cm2/g were used. It is seen from Table 6 that examples 26 and 28, both using finely ground slag show lower viscosity and higher strength (though the gellation time is a little shorter), compared with examples 25, and 27.
(4) Use of cement and dispersant
In example 17 of Table 5 and example 26 of Table 6 a part of slag was substituted by cement, and a dispersant was added. Tests were carried out using the resulting new examples and the results are shown in Table 7.
It is shown in Table 7 that when part of the slag Table 7
blending impregnation in funnel water water glass sodium slag viscosity gelation unconfined example aluminate cement dispersant water after 10 time compressive No. min. (sec.) (hour) strength (kgf/cm2) No. in Table 3 No. in Table 2 No. in Table 1 (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) 7 days 30 days 29 - 140 300 70 - 490 38 4.5 24.6 27.5 (2) (3) 30 - 140 300 70 10 480 41 4.2 25.2 29.0 31 102 56 250 60 - 532 39 1.3 27.5 36.0 (1) (1) (3) 32 102 56 250 60 10 522 44 1.1 28.3 39.1 (Temp. 20# 1 C) is substituted by cement as mentioned above, the viscosity becomes a little higher, gellation time becomes a little longer, and the strength is a little reduced. According, if a grout having a long gellation time is required, this product is effective.
The dispersant acts to prevent the precipitation of ingredients when the grout has a long gellation time.
Thus, the grout is usually kept in suspension, and as a result, the strength of the consolidated grout is increased.
Claims (3)
1. A suspension-type grouting liquid for injection into a ground which comprises sodium aluminate having a mol ratio of 10 or more and slag, in which the mol ratio of sodium aluminate shows molar concentration of Na
2 molar concentration of Al 2 0 2. The grouting liquid as claimed in claim 1, wherein cement and/or dispersant are further added into said grouting liquid.
3. The grouting liquid of claims 1 or 2 wherein said slag is fine grained having the specific surface area of 8000 cm 2 /g or more.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP28418093A JP2869843B2 (en) | 1993-10-20 | 1993-10-20 | Chemical for ground injection |
| GB9421034A GB2283260B (en) | 1993-10-20 | 1994-10-19 | Grouting liquid for injection into a ground |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9704385D0 GB9704385D0 (en) | 1997-04-23 |
| GB2308145A true GB2308145A (en) | 1997-06-18 |
| GB2308145B GB2308145B (en) | 1997-10-01 |
Family
ID=26305832
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9704385A Expired - Fee Related GB2308145B (en) | 1993-10-20 | 1994-10-19 | Grouting liquid for injection into a ground |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2308145B (en) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2279979A (en) * | 1993-06-28 | 1995-01-18 | Kyokado Eng Co | Grouting liquid for ground |
| US5549419A (en) * | 1993-10-20 | 1996-08-27 | Kyokado Engineering Co., Ltd. | Grouting liquid for injection into a ground |
-
1994
- 1994-10-19 GB GB9704385A patent/GB2308145B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2279979A (en) * | 1993-06-28 | 1995-01-18 | Kyokado Eng Co | Grouting liquid for ground |
| US5549419A (en) * | 1993-10-20 | 1996-08-27 | Kyokado Engineering Co., Ltd. | Grouting liquid for injection into a ground |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9704385D0 (en) | 1997-04-23 |
| GB2308145B (en) | 1997-10-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20021019 |