GB2300345A - Shoe spike protector. - Google Patents
Shoe spike protector. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2300345A GB2300345A GB9509203A GB9509203A GB2300345A GB 2300345 A GB2300345 A GB 2300345A GB 9509203 A GB9509203 A GB 9509203A GB 9509203 A GB9509203 A GB 9509203A GB 2300345 A GB2300345 A GB 2300345A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- athletic shoe
- protector
- spike protector
- spike
- shoe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 101
- 230000000386 athletic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013536 elastomeric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005570 flexible polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A43—FOOTWEAR
- A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
- A43B5/00—Footwear for sporting purposes
- A43B5/18—Attachable overshoes for sporting purposes
- A43B5/185—Attachable overshoes for sporting purposes with a sole covering spikes or cleats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A43—FOOTWEAR
- A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
- A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
- A43B13/28—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by their attachment, also attachment of combined soles and heels
- A43B13/36—Easily-exchangeable soles
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
- Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
A foldable athletic shoe spike protector has a bottom portion (14), a body portion (16) and at least partly an elastomeric band (18). The bottom portion (14) includes a foldable part (11) and the body portion (16) forms a penetrative portion (30) for penetration and frictionally engagement of athletic shoe spikes. The elastomeric band is attached to the body portion and assists in securing the spike protector to an athletic shoe. Tabs (28) are attached to the elastomeric band (18) for stretching the band allowing an individual to engage and release the spike protector from an athletic shoe.
Description
DESCRIPTION
Athletic shoe spike protector
This invention relates to an athletic shoe spike protector. More specifically, it relates to a device for quickly engaging and disengaging a set of spikes on an athletic shoe sole to provide protection for the spikes and greater walking ease to an athlete.
Athletic shoes having spikes provided on a bottom surface of the shoe are used in many sports. Golfers for instance use spiked shoes to provide additional stability. The spikes penetrate the ground surface of the golf course providing the additional balance. In the sport of golf, golfers find themselves walking from the soft grass surface of the course to hard impenetrable surfaces such as concrete, wood, tile, and other hard surfaces. Walking on concrete quickly wears down shoe spikes.
Walking on wood potentially damages the wood surface. Walking on such surfaces presents a risk of slipping. All of the above situations have given need for a device to cover the spikes of the shoe.
Spike covering devices are known from U. S. Patents 2.958.963 and 4.484.398. Both patents show an auxllary sole for engaging a bottom surface of a golf or other sport shoe having a plurality of spikes on the bottom surface.
U.S. Patent 4.484.398 shows a spiked shoe protector having a main body portion and a plurality of longitudinally spaced, transversely extended channels to encase the spikes of a spiked shoe. The channels have a V-shaped configuration provided with a web means having an aperture for receiving the spike.
Such spike protector, when applied to the spiked shoe, will provide a very uneven bottom surface, which makes it difficult for the user to walk on slippery and uneven surfaces.
U.S. Patent 2.958.963 describes an overshoe having parallel longitudinally extending ribs on the inner surface of the overshoe so that the shoe spikes can be inserted between the ribs.
Such an overshoe does however not give secure engagement of the spikes within the ribs and needs to be reinforced with special ribs of greater thickness. When the shoe to be protected has spikes on the place where the overshoe has ticker ribs, the engagement of the shoe becomes difficult and the contact between shoe and overshoe is not satisfactory. The overshoe according to U.S. Patent 2.958.963 is furthermore not foldable so that it cannot easily be carried along.
There exists a need for an improved athletic shoe spike protector which can securely protect the spikes, which has relatively flat bottom surface when engaging a set of spikes of the athletic shoe and which will have a quick engagement and release element to provide a means for quickly attaching or removing the protector from the athletic shoe. In addition, there is a need for a spike protector protecting spiked shoes during their transportation in order to prevent spikes from damaging equipment in which they are being transported. Furthermore it would be practical to have a shoe spike protector which can be folded to a small object, so that it can easily be carried along and always be available to the athlete or the sportsman, who can engage it at any moment and in any place.
The invention proposes an athletic shoe spike protector device which is foldable, so that it can easily be carried along and engaged or released with an athletic shoe having a set of spikes. The device comprises means for frictionally engaging the contour of the shoe spike. Preferably the protector will comprise means for securing the protector to the athletic shoe, as well as a quick means for engaging and disengaging the device from the athletic shoe. Still further, the protector prevents spikes from damaging equipment in which they are being transported.
The athletic shoe spike protector according to the invention has a bottom portion with a substantial flat bottom surface providing stable means for walking on any ground surface.
The protector has also a top portion formed of an elastic penetrative polymer matrix for frictionally engaging the contour of the spikes of an athletic shoe.
The elastic polymer matrix of the top portion can have any pattern which covers the contour of the spikes when penetrating in the matrix.
The form of the matrix should thus be chosen to cover as good as possible the complete contour of the spikes. The matrix can for instance be constituted of a multiplicity of right cylinders, perpendicular on the bottom portion of the protector, the cylinders can have the form of bars or can be hollow or open, the pattern of the matrix can also be formed of other geometric forms such as triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, etc...
The top portion can also be formed of a tightly woven matrix, made of an elastic polymer, whereby the pattern can have any form. The polymer of the matrix can be any polymer having good elastic characteristics, such as elastic polypropylene, polyamide, polyvinylchloride or in general any elastomeric material.
The matrix accepts any spike configuration of an athletic shoe. The protector preferably further comprises a retaining band or part of it for securely maintaining the spike protector on the athletic shoe.
According to the invention the protector preferably also comprises engagement means which will be of assistance for quickly releasing the protector from the athletic shoe.
Advantageously this engagement means can be a set of stretch tabs attached to the periphery of the spike protector for assisting in the securing and releasing procedures.
At least, part of the protector will be foldable for easy storage in a pocket or athletic equipment bag. In order to have a foldable shoe protector, the protector can be constituted of two parts, a front part and a back part, both connected by an elastic or flexible foldable part.
The foldable part can also be the complete bottom portion of the protector, when this bottom portion is made of foldable material. In such case the bottom portion can be continuous and forming the bottom portion of the front part and of the back part. The connecting part can also be a separate part assembling the front part and the back part. The connecting part can also be a part of the retaining band of the protector or even can be constituted of separate straps.
The invention may be best understood by those having ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description given as example when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which . Figure 1 is a perspective view of an athletic shoe spike protector
secured to an athletic shoe in phantom; . Figure 2 is a cross sectional view of the athletic shoe spike
protector along lines II-II of Figure 1; . Figure 3 is a perspective view of an other embodiment of athletic
shoe spike protector; . Figures 4 and 5 are perspective views of further embodiments of
an athletic shoe spike protector according to the invention; o Figures 6, 7 and 8 are partial top plan views of alternate
configurations of a matrix; ; . Figure 9 is a perspective view of still a further embodiment of
athletic shoe spike protector secured to an athletic shoe in
phantom; . Figure 10 is a perspective view of the bottom of an athletic shoe
spike protector in released position; . Figure 11 is a perspective view of the athletic shoe spike
protector of Figure 10 in folded position.
Throughout the following description, the same reference numerals refer to the same elements in all figures.
Referring to Figures 1 and 2, an athletic shoe 10 engages an athletic shoe spike protector 12. Spike protector 12 has a sole or bottom portion 14, a top portion 16 and an elastomeric retaining band 18. The bottom portion 14 is integrally attached to top portion 16 such that a substantial flat bottom surface 20 of sole 14 is oppositely positioned from a substantial flat top surface 22 of top portion 16. Flat bottom surface 20 of sole 14 provides a stable means for walking on uneven, slippery, or other similar unstable ground surfaces.
In the example the bottom portion 14, made of foldable material, covers the complete bottom surface of the protector, while the top portion 16 is interrupted and forms a front part 13 and a back part 15. A foldable part 11 of the bottom portion 14 thus connects the front part 13 with the back part 15.
An elastomeric retaining band 18 is attached to top portion 16 along an upper edge 24 of top portion 16 and completely surrounds the shoe protector. Bottom portion 14, top portion 16, and elastomeric band 18 form an outer periphery of spike protector 12. A plurality of stretch tabs 28 are attached along outer periphery of spike protector 12. In this example, the stretch tabs 28 are attached along outer periphery to elastomeric band 18, providing a means to stretch elastomeric retuning band 18 for engaging spike protector 12 with athletic shoe 10. In this example three stretch tabs 28 are shown with two stretch tabs 28 located at opposed left and right side respectively, and a third stretch tab 28 located at back part 15.
Top portion 16 forms an elastomeric tightly woven polymer matrix 30 for permitting penetration and frictionnaly engaging spikes 32 of an athletic shoe 10. Matrix 30 is engagable through substantial flat top surface 22. Although the pattern of matrix 30 can vary, in this example matrix 30 has a spiral pattern 34. Top portion 16 has an upright wall 36 extending above top surface 22. A height of upright wall 36 varies in relation to a position of upright wall 36 on spike protector 12. The height of upright wall 36 is greater at back part 15 of spike protector 12 to compensate for a height of a heel (not shown) of athletic shoe 10.
To secure spike protector 12 to athletic shoe 10, an individual places a toe portion (not shown) of athletic shoe 10 into front part 13 of spike protector 12, allowing matrix 30 to receive and frictionnaly engage spikes 32. The individual pulls stretch tabs 28 outward, thereby stretching elastomeric band 18 away from athletic shoe 10. The individual continues to lower athletic shoe 10, allowing matrix 30 to receive and frictionally engage all spikes 32 located on athletic shoe 10. Stretch tabs 28 are released allowing elastomeric band 18 to return to a partial relaxed state.
If necessary, stretch tab 28 located at back portion 19 is engaged to stretch elastomeric band 18 allowing the heel of athletic shoe 10 to fully engage spike protector 12. With spike protector 12 employed, elastomeric band 18 and upright wall 36 surround and enclose a sole portion 38 of athletic shoe 10.
As shown in Figure 2, elastomeric band 18 rests upon an upper surface 40 of sole portion 38 of athletic shoe 10 when spike protector 12 is employed, with elastomeric band 18 in a partially relaxed state.
Further shown in Figure 2 is upright walk 36 surrounding sole portion 38 of athletic shoe 10 when spike protector 12 is employed. To release spike protector 12 from athletic shoe 10, stretch tabs 28 are pulled outward thereby stretching elastomeric band 18 and allowing the individual to remove spikes 32 from matrix 30. Spike protector 12 is flexible and foldable allowing the individual to store spike protector 12 in a pocket, bag, or other convenient location.
Referring to Figure 3, an alternate spike protector 12a engages athletic shoe 10. Spike protector 12a has a foldable sole 14a, a top portion 16a, and front and back parts 13a and 15a respectively. Sole 14a is integrally attached to top portion 16a and forms together with an elastomeric retaining band 18a an outer periphery of spike protector 12a. A pair of stretch tabs 28 are integrally attached along outer periphery of the spike protector at front and back parts 13a and 15a respectively, to provide a means for securing and releasing spike protector 12a to athletic shoe 10.
Top portion 16a forms an elastomeric polymer matrix 30a for receiving and frictionally engaging spikes 32 of an athletic shoe 10.
Matrix 30a has a multiplicity of open cylinders 42, which can vary in arrangement in an irregular pattern as shown in Figure 3 or a regular pattern as shown in Figure 7. A pattern showing small cylinders in the form of bars is represented in Figure 6, while
Figure 8 represents a pattern formed of hexagonal cylinders
To secure spike protector 12a (Figure 3) to athletic shoe 10, an individual places either a toe or heel portion (not shown) of athletic shoe 10 into the corresponding front or back part 13a or 15a respectively, allowing matrix 30a to receive and frictionally engage spikes 32. The individual continues to lower the remaining portion of athletic shoe 10 allowing matrix 30a to receive and frictionnaly engage all spikes 32 located on athletic shoe 10.Stretch tabs 28 can be pulled upward, thereby stretching elastomeric band away, to fully secure spike protector 12a to athletic shoe 10. With spike protector 12a employed, matrix 30a frictionally engages and retains spike protector 12a to athletic shoe 10. To release spike protector 12a from athletic shoe 10, stretch tabs 28 are pulled downward, thereby removing spikes 32 from their frictional engagement with matrix 30a. Spike protector 12a is flexible and the bottom portion 14a is foldable allowing the individual to store spike protector 12a in a pocket, bag, or other convenient location.
Figure 4 shows another example of a spike protector, comprising a front part 13b and a back part 15b. Both front and back part comprise a bottom portion 14b and a top portion 16b.
The bottom portion 14b consists of a foldable and flexible polymer with antislippery characteristics, the top portion 16b consists of a polymer matrix constituted of a multiplicity of cylindrical bars 17, perpendicular on the bottom portion 16b.
On part of the periphery of the side portions of the front part 13b of the spike protector a flexible retaining band 19 is provided for assisting in maintaining the spike protector on the athletic shoe. A similar retaining band 21 is provided around the back part 15b of the spike protector.
Figure 5 shows a spike protector similar to that represented in Figure 1, but with a top portion 16d forming a matrix constituted of cylindrical bars 17d, and with a retaining band 18d open between the front part 13d and the back part 15d.
The retaining band 18d is larger than in Figure 1 and is slightly inclined towards the inner part of the shoe protector to assist in securing maintaining of the spikes. In this embodiment only one stretch tab 28d is provided at the back part 15d of the protector.
Figure 9 represents a further example of spike protector which engages an athletic shoe 10. The spike protector has a front part 46 and back part 48 and opposed left and right side portions 45 to 47 respectively. Both front part 46 and back part 48 have a bottom portion 42 made of a polymer having antislippery characteristics and a top portion 44 forming a matrix constituted of cylindrical bars 41 perpendicular on bottom portion 42 for receiving and frictionally engaging the spikes of the athletic shoe 10. A plurality of straps 56 are attached along the periphery of front part 46 and back part 48 assisting in securing athletic shoe 10 to the spike protector. A pair of adjustment members 58 are attached along straps 56 on opposed side portions 45 and 47.
To secure this spike protector 44, an individual places either a toe or heel portion (not shown) of athletic shoe 10 into corresponding front or back part 46 and 48 respectively, allowing the matrix to frictionally engage the spikes. Straps 56 are placed over a corresponding shoe portion to assist in securing the spike protector to the athletic shoe 10. Adjustment members 56 are manipulated to secure straps 56 against athletic shoe 10.
Adjustment members allow spike protector to be used with a wide selection of shoe sizes. To remove the spike protector, straps 56 are removed from the corresponding shoe portion and front and back parts 46 and 48 are pulled in a direction opposite of athletic shoe 10.
In an alternate embodiment the matrix can contain a plurality of bores in top portion for receiving the spikes of the shoe. The number of bores can vary although it will be advantageous to have a bore for each spike.
Referring to Figures 10 and 11, they represent the underside of the bottom portion of a shoe protector according to the invention. The front part 63 and the back part 65 are separated by an elastic foldable connecting part 66.
When using such an elastic connecting part 66, the shoe protector can be used for several sizes of athletic shoes.
Figures 10 and 11 show also retaining bands 68 as well as stretch tabs 69.
Figure 10 represents the shoe protector in open position and Figure 11 the shoe protector in folded position. As can be noted in folded position the shoe protector can be easily put in a pocket or bag.
It should be noted that the shoe protector according to the invention is not exclusively for use on the sporting field and surroundings but can be used for during transportation of the athletic shoe in a bag or a suitcase.
Finally the invention is not limited to the embodiments described in the text hereabove but it is clear that equivalent elements can be substituted for the ones set forth above to achieve the same results in the same manner.
Claims (11)
1. An athletic shoe spike protector comprising a bottom portion (14) for contact with the ground, and means for protecting the shoe spikes (32), characterized in that the bottom portion (14) includes a foldable part (11), and in that at least part of the bottom portion is provided with a top portion (16) formed of an elastic penetrative polymer matrix (30) for frictionally engaging the contour of the shoe spikes.
2. An athletic shoe spike protector according to claim 1, characterized in that the bottom portion (14) comprises a front part (13) and a back part (15) connected together by means of a foldable connecting part (11, 56, 66).
3. An athletic shoe spike protector according to claim 2, characterized in that the foldable connecting part is constituted of straps (56) provided with adjustment members (58).
4. An athletic shoe spike protector according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the polymer matrix (30) of the top portion (16) is formed by a tightly woven elastic polymer.
5. An athletic shoe spike protector according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the polymer matrix is made of a multiplicity of right cylinders placed perpendicular on the bottom portion (14), such as bars, hollow cylinders and other geometric formed cylinders.
6. An athletic shoe spike protector according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the protector is also provided with retaining means (18) constituted by an elastomeric band surrounding, at least partly, the shoe protector.
7. An athletic shoe spike protector according to claim 6, characterized in that the elastomeric band (18) is attached to the top portion (16).
8. An athletic shoe spike protector according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it comprises engagement means for assisting in securing and releasing the spike protector from the athletic shoe.
9. An athletic shoe spike protector according to claim 8, characterized in that the engagement means are stretch tabs (28) attached to the retaining means (18) and allow to stretch the retaining means (18) for engaging the spike protector with the athletic shoe.
10. An athletic shoe spike protector according to any of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the bottom portion includes antislippery means.
11. An athletic shoe spike protector substantially
as any one herein described, with reference to the
accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9509203A GB2300345A (en) | 1995-05-05 | 1995-05-05 | Shoe spike protector. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9509203A GB2300345A (en) | 1995-05-05 | 1995-05-05 | Shoe spike protector. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9509203D0 GB9509203D0 (en) | 1995-06-28 |
| GB2300345A true GB2300345A (en) | 1996-11-06 |
Family
ID=10774066
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9509203A Withdrawn GB2300345A (en) | 1995-05-05 | 1995-05-05 | Shoe spike protector. |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2300345A (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2317813A (en) * | 1996-10-04 | 1998-04-08 | Thomas Eccles | Spiked shoes protector |
| GB2322786A (en) * | 1997-03-04 | 1998-09-09 | Douglas Speirs | Protective overshoe for golf shoe spikes |
| GB2325011B (en) * | 1996-07-09 | 1998-12-23 | Dainty Timothy E | Improvements in and relating to hoardings |
| WO2003043453A1 (en) * | 2001-11-22 | 2003-05-30 | Cliff Coleman | Spiked shoe protector |
| GB2425454A (en) * | 2005-04-29 | 2006-11-01 | Martine Belinda Pascal | Emergency footwear |
| JP2008543530A (en) * | 2005-06-27 | 2008-12-04 | ケー． ケイ，リチャード | Cleat protection shoe cover |
| USD610785S1 (en) | 2007-02-02 | 2010-03-02 | The Bacup Shoe Company Limited | Footwear |
| WO2011123010A1 (en) * | 2010-03-30 | 2011-10-06 | Michael Barcefer | Shoe cover |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3313047A (en) * | 1965-11-17 | 1967-04-11 | Jens A Svien | Spiked shoe cover |
| US3858336A (en) * | 1973-11-30 | 1975-01-07 | Ronald E Brown | Removable outsole for sport shoes |
| US4183157A (en) * | 1978-10-30 | 1980-01-15 | Counselman Clarence J | Overshoes for spiked shoes |
| US4872273A (en) * | 1987-12-14 | 1989-10-10 | Smeed Clifford G | Spike shoe slip |
| WO1995017108A1 (en) * | 1993-12-23 | 1995-06-29 | Owen Craig Pollard | Spiked shoe protector |
-
1995
- 1995-05-05 GB GB9509203A patent/GB2300345A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3313047A (en) * | 1965-11-17 | 1967-04-11 | Jens A Svien | Spiked shoe cover |
| US3858336A (en) * | 1973-11-30 | 1975-01-07 | Ronald E Brown | Removable outsole for sport shoes |
| US4183157A (en) * | 1978-10-30 | 1980-01-15 | Counselman Clarence J | Overshoes for spiked shoes |
| US4872273A (en) * | 1987-12-14 | 1989-10-10 | Smeed Clifford G | Spike shoe slip |
| WO1995017108A1 (en) * | 1993-12-23 | 1995-06-29 | Owen Craig Pollard | Spiked shoe protector |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2325011B (en) * | 1996-07-09 | 1998-12-23 | Dainty Timothy E | Improvements in and relating to hoardings |
| GB2317813A (en) * | 1996-10-04 | 1998-04-08 | Thomas Eccles | Spiked shoes protector |
| GB2322786A (en) * | 1997-03-04 | 1998-09-09 | Douglas Speirs | Protective overshoe for golf shoe spikes |
| WO2003043453A1 (en) * | 2001-11-22 | 2003-05-30 | Cliff Coleman | Spiked shoe protector |
| GB2425454A (en) * | 2005-04-29 | 2006-11-01 | Martine Belinda Pascal | Emergency footwear |
| GB2425454B (en) * | 2005-04-29 | 2010-01-13 | Martine Belinda Pascal | Emergency footwear |
| JP2008543530A (en) * | 2005-06-27 | 2008-12-04 | ケー． ケイ，リチャード | Cleat protection shoe cover |
| EP1898737A4 (en) * | 2005-06-27 | 2009-12-02 | Richard K Kay | Cleat protector shoe cover |
| USD610785S1 (en) | 2007-02-02 | 2010-03-02 | The Bacup Shoe Company Limited | Footwear |
| WO2011123010A1 (en) * | 2010-03-30 | 2011-10-06 | Michael Barcefer | Shoe cover |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9509203D0 (en) | 1995-06-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |