GB2393451A - A Method of Manufacture of Metal Alloy Sheet - Google Patents
A Method of Manufacture of Metal Alloy Sheet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2393451A GB2393451A GB0222358A GB0222358A GB2393451A GB 2393451 A GB2393451 A GB 2393451A GB 0222358 A GB0222358 A GB 0222358A GB 0222358 A GB0222358 A GB 0222358A GB 2393451 A GB2393451 A GB 2393451A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- pellets
- metal alloy
- sheet
- metal
- stock
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005555 metalworking Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004845 hydriding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009689 gas atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D23/00—Casting processes not provided for in groups B22D1/00 - B22D21/00
- B22D23/06—Melting-down metal, e.g. metal particles, in the mould
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0622—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two casting wheels
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Abstract
A method for the manufacture of metal alloy sheet 5 comprising the steps of: introducing a continuous source of pellets 1 of the metal alloy to a pair of cooled feed rollers 3a, 3b, heating the pellets 1 as they approach and/or pass through the nip of feed rollers 3a, 3b, drawing the metal through the nip of the rollers to form a sheet of metal alloy 5; and, cooling the sheet. The rollers may be water cooled. A drawing process may be performed after partially melting the pellets in a crucible (figure 2, 27) such that the die (figure 2, 29) has a cross section of near net shape and dimensions to the required net shape and dimensions of the required stock and cooling the stock. The method of heating may be via the use of an energy beam 4 or resistance heating.
Description
. 239345 1
METHOD OF MANUFACTURE OF METAL ALLOY STOCK
This invention relates to a method for the manufacture of metal alloy stock, in particular, stock in the form of sheet, plate, bar and wire. The invention is particularly suited to the manufacture of titanium alloy stock.
Conventional methods for the manufacture of titanium and titanium alloy stock involve hot working of large titanium alloy ingots. T he high temperatures and pressures required for these processes contribute to the high cost of this stock compared to other metal products such as steel and aluminium alloys.
Titanium is conventionally obtained from its ore by the Kroll route, a complex chlorination and magnesium reduction method. The purified metal granules, called sponge, are then melted with the alloying additions and cast into large titanium alloy ingots. The metal is melted at least twice and sometimes more, in order to ensure chemical homogeneity and freedom from defects. The large titanium alloy ingots are then hot forged repeatedly to produce the semi-finished alloy stock shapes, such as bar, plate, sheet and wire, required for the manufacture of articles.
The present invention aims to provide novel methods for the manufacture of titanium or other metal alloy stock, which are less expensive and easier to perform.
In accordance with a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for the manufacture of a metal alloy sheet comprising the steps of: introducing a continuous source of pellets of the metal alloy to a pair of cooled feed rollers, heating the pellets as they approach and/or pass through the nip of the pair of feed rollers, drawing the metal through the nip of the rollers to form a sheet of metal alloy, and, cooling the sheet.
The pellets should be heated sufficiently to allow them to coalesce to form a sheet when subjected to the pressure of the nip, and may be heated so that they soften, or, at least partly melt, or even fully melt.
The term "pellet" is used throughout the specification to refer to particles
ranging from powders to granules and should be construed in the claims accordingly.
Preferably either or both of the feed rollers are water cooled by passing a coolant through their centres. One suitable coolant is water, other suitable fluids will
. - no doubt occur to the skilled addressee.
in another aspect, the invention provides a method for the manufacture of a uniform cross-section metal alloy stock, comprising the steps of: introducing a continuous source of pellets of the metal alloy to a shaped crucible, heating the pellets at an exposed surface of the crucible, ideally, to at least partly melt them, drawing the at least partially molten metal from an opposing surface of the crucible through a die, the die having a cross section of near net shape and dimensions to the desired net shape and dimensions of the required stock, and cooling the cast stock.
The sheet or cast stock may be allowed to cool or may be actively cooled.
In either aspect of the invention, the alloy pellets may be conveniently obtained by an electro-deoxidation (EDO) process, such as that described in WO 99/64638, or, in the Applicant's co-pending applications GB2359564 or GB2362164.
As is described in the above specifications, electrochemical reduction may be used to
provide small pellets of alloy having high purity and good grain structure. Thus, heating so as to soften or partially melt the pellets is sufficient to bond the pellets and obtain a mass of alloy having good mechanical properties.
The step of heating the pellets is preferably carried out by means of an energy beam. The energy beam may, optionally, be selected from an electron beam, a laser or a plasma torch. The heating mechanism could alternatively simply be electric heating of the material by passing a large current between the rollers and relying on resistance heating. In a particularly preferred aspect, the pellets are arranged to fall freely through an energy beam heat source, which heats the pellets sufficiently to enable any volatile impurities resulting from the original manufacturing process, such as an electrochemical reduction process, to be removed, further improving the purity of the end product.
It has been found that the kinds of impurities introduced by such electro-
reduction processes are usually more volatile than the metal and may be conveniently removed by the present process. Such impurities may comprise light metals, for example, calcium and magnesium, as well as salts from the electrolyte, such as calcium chloride. For effective removal of impurities without significant loss of
r r r e r ' À À À À r r r À À r metal, the impurities should preferably be more volatile than the metal by at least a factor of ten, or preferably 20, in terms of their respective vapour pressures at the processing temperature. Preferably, the processing temperature and/or heating time should be sufficient to remove substantially all the contaminating impurities, for example, so as to reduce their total level to less than 50 ppm, or less than 10% their initial total concentration. Preferably the process is conducted so that there is little or no evaporation (for example, less than 5%) of the metal. Ideally, the process is conducted in a controlled atmosphere, for example, at low pressure/vacuum and/or in an inert atmosphere. In the case of Ti it is important that the powder particles are kept separate from oxygen or nitrogen while above a temperature of about 500 C. This is achieved in practice either by processing in a vacuum or in an atmosphere of Ar. The use of argon or helium arc torches is particularly preferred.
In either of the methods of the invention, the rolled or cast stock may be further processed, for example, by one or more additional intermediate steps such as further working or heat treatments of the stock, prior to final cooling.
Products of the methods of the invention are comprised of fully dense metal alloy. The homogeneity of the final metal is improved considerably where the pellets are provided via an electrochemical reduction method, compared to the alternative of using Kroll sponge and powder or particles of the alloy additions. The present methods require considerably less cumbersome and costly apparatus compared to conventional methods where the starting materials are introduced to the casting or rolling apparatus fully molten and are particularly suited to the production of small quantities of stock where mechanical properties and metal homogeneity are of importance. The method of the invention is particularly suited to the manufacture of low volume or small size products, which could be prohibitively costly to produce by conventional methods.
For the purposes of exemplification, some embodiments of the invention will now be further described with reference to the Figures, in which: Figure I shows a schematic illustration of an apparatus for the production of titanium metal or alloy sheet; and, Figure 2 shows a schematic illustration of an apparatus for the production of titanium metal or alloy bar stock.
:.; : c' As can be seen from Figure 1, pellets of titanium metal or alloy l are delivered through a hopper 2 to a pair of counter-rotating feed rollers 3a, 3b. The rollers are cooled by a water-cooling system (not shown). An energy beam 4 is arranged to concentrate a beam of energy along a line just above the nip of rollers 3a,3b and causes at least partial melting of the pellets seated on and between the rollers. As the rollers 3a,3b rotate, the at least partially melted pellets are drawn into the nip and are squeezed together to form a solid mass of the titanium or titanium alloy in the form of a sheet 5. The hot sheet falls to a conveyor 6 and is carried away for further processing and/or cooling.
Figure 2 illustrates a similar arrangement for the production of bar stock having a square cross-section. A source of pellets 21 is delivered through a hopper 22 to a shallow crucible 27. A laser 24 is mounted on a track 28 along which the energy beam sweeps back and forth. The energy beam is aimed at the top surface of the crucible 27 and causes at least partial melting of the pellets 21 delivered thereto. The metal is drawn through a square shaped die 29 communicating with a lower surface of the crucible 27 and bar stock 25 of the titanium or titanium alloy emerges. The bar stock may be cut to length by a cutter (not shown). The bar stock is collected by a conveyor system 26 and removed for cooling and/or further processing.
The parameters for a method carried using either of the described apparatus are more generally described below.
The feedstock in the form of pellets (including powder or granules) is stored inside a hopper that is an integral part of a vacuum chamber housing the roller and for example, E-beam (electron-beam) or a laser beam melting assembly. During operation the feedstock is poured over the rollers at a controlled rate using a regulator valve attached to the feeder. The vacuum chamber is desirably at a pressure ranging from 1 x 106 to 1 x 10-s mBar during the operation.
The energy beam directed at the pellets, heats or heats and at least partially melts the titanium feedstock between the roller gap, which either softens it sufficiently for it to be deformed and consolidated as it passes through the roll gap, or melts it then solidifies it instantaneously on contacting the rollers and also gets deformed into a strip subsequently. The temperature of the solid strip coming out of the rollers is in the region of 600 C. Several titanium strips of dimensions in the range 300-900 mm (length) x 60-100 mm (width) x 3.0 mm (thickness) have been produced using this method.
. . À r À This method is not specific only to titanium feedstock, it has potential application for direct production of strips of any metallic powder, and especially those that are very sensitive to the absorption of impurities such as oxygen or nitrogen.
Titanium powder or granules can be produced as feedstock by various methods. Spherical powders (25 to 500 microns) may be obtained by gas atomising (a process consisting of melting pure titanium or titanium alloy and spraying the melt onto a cold substrate using an inert gas). in the HDH process, irregular shaped granules of titanium are obtained by first embrittling titanium sponge or alloy (2 to 20 mm in size) by hydriding, then crushing it to small particles, and de-hydriding (for example by a vacuum anneal) to produce pure titanium or Ti alloy granules. However preferably, titanium powder is produced by the electro- deoxidation (EDO) process, where metal alloy powder or granules of controlled size are produced by electro-
reducing ceramic powder or granules made from sintered mixtures of the oxides of the alloy constituents.
The method of manufacture of strip described above is ideally suited to feed stock of uniformly sized granules of less than about 1 mm dimensions, irrespective of their origin: gas atomised powder, granules made by the HDH process, broken foams or pellets. Larger granules may be optimal for production of thicker sheets by this method. Rollers are desirably cooled through the centre. The primary requirement is that the chamber housing the rollers should be in a vacuum (or very low pressure environment) to stop the molten titanium from picking up oxygen. A water-cooled roller assembly has been developed by the applicants that lets the water flow through the rollers and bearings, while maintaining good vacuum tightness.
For both variants of the invention described here for the production of metal alloy sheet and the production of shaped bar stock by energy beam heating of pellets or granular feed, the process will have the secondary benefit of removing all or part of any volatile contamination that may be present in the feed material. For example, EDO granules may contain contaminants such as calcium chloride, calcium oxide or calcium metal, and powder or granules derived from the Kroll route without any intermediate heating or melting, such as by the HDH method, may contain magnesium metal or magnesium chloride.
In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for the manufacture of a metal alloy article of uniform cross section comprising the steps of;
r introducing a continuous source of pellets of the metal alloy to a processing means; heating the pellets as they approach or pass through the processing means; drawing the metal through the processing means so as to coalesce the pellets to form the desired article; cooling the cast stock...DTD: In this aspect, metal alloy pellets are ideally produced by the EDO process, which provides a method for the direct production of high purity metal alloy articles from metal oxide feedstock. If necessary, further to improve purity, the pellets may be caused to fall freely through the heat source, usually an energy beam, which heat source is arranged to cause impurities introduced by the EDO process to be volatised and removed from the pellets.
Claims (12)
1. A method for the manufacture of a metal alloy sheet comprising the steps of: introducing a continuous source of pellets of the metal alloy to a pair of cooled feed rollers, heating the pellets as they approach and/or pass through the nip of the pair of feed rollers, drawing the metal through the nip of the rollers to form a sheet of metal alloy; and, cooling the sheet.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein either or both of the rollers are cooled.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the rollers are cooled by a coolant continuously flowing through their centre.
4. A method as claimed in claim 3 wherein the coolant is water.
5. A method for the manufacture of a uniform cross-section metal alloy stock, comprising the steps of: introducing a continuous source of pellets of the metal alloy to a shaped crucible, heating the pellets at an exposed surface of the crucible to at least partly melt them, drawing the at least partially molten metal from an opposing surface of the crucible through a die, the die having a cross section of near net shape and dimensions to the desired net shape and dimensions of the required stock, and cooling the cast stock.
6. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the pellets have been manufactured by an electrochemical reduction of mixed oxides of one or more of the metal alloy constituents.
7. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the step of heating the pellets is carried out by means of an energy beam or resistance heating.
8. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein an energy beam is used and is selected from an electron beam, a laser or a plasma torch.
9. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the sheet or stock is submitted to additional metal working or heat treatment processes prior to
l À e:. À: cooling.
10. A method substantially as described herein and with reference to Figure 1 or 2.
11. A sheet, plate, block, bar or wire of metal alloy manufactured according to the method of any preceding claim.
12. A sheet, plate, block, bar or wire as claimed in claim 11, or a method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the alloy substantially comprises titanium.
Priority Applications (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0222358A GB2393451A (en) | 2002-09-26 | 2002-09-26 | A Method of Manufacture of Metal Alloy Sheet |
| AT03753690T ATE452214T1 (en) | 2002-09-25 | 2003-09-24 | CLEANING METAL PARTICLES BY HEAT TREATMENT |
| PCT/GB2003/004093 WO2004029332A2 (en) | 2002-09-25 | 2003-09-24 | Purification of electrochemically deoxidised refractory metal particles by heat processing |
| AU2003271852A AU2003271852B2 (en) | 2002-09-25 | 2003-09-24 | Purification of electrochemically deoxidised refractory metal particles by heat processing |
| US10/529,234 US20060130610A1 (en) | 2002-09-25 | 2003-09-24 | Purification process |
| DE60330577T DE60330577D1 (en) | 2002-09-25 | 2003-09-24 | CLEANING OF METAL PARTICLES BY HEAT TREATMENT |
| EP03753690A EP1543172B1 (en) | 2002-09-25 | 2003-09-24 | Purification of metal particles by heat processing |
| US13/477,368 US20120230860A1 (en) | 2002-09-25 | 2012-05-22 | Purification process |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0222358A GB2393451A (en) | 2002-09-26 | 2002-09-26 | A Method of Manufacture of Metal Alloy Sheet |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0222358D0 GB0222358D0 (en) | 2002-11-06 |
| GB2393451A true GB2393451A (en) | 2004-03-31 |
Family
ID=9944810
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0222358A Withdrawn GB2393451A (en) | 2002-09-25 | 2002-09-26 | A Method of Manufacture of Metal Alloy Sheet |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2393451A (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1026768A (en) * | 1963-05-27 | 1966-04-20 | Reynolds Metals Co | Multitextural metallic strip |
| GB1091101A (en) * | 1963-11-04 | 1967-11-15 | Maurice Donald Ayers | Production of powder,strip and other metal products from refined molted metal |
| GB2004918A (en) * | 1977-09-27 | 1979-04-11 | British Steel Corp | Production of metal strip |
| GB2151761A (en) * | 1983-12-13 | 1985-07-24 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | A melting and casting installation |
-
2002
- 2002-09-26 GB GB0222358A patent/GB2393451A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1026768A (en) * | 1963-05-27 | 1966-04-20 | Reynolds Metals Co | Multitextural metallic strip |
| GB1091101A (en) * | 1963-11-04 | 1967-11-15 | Maurice Donald Ayers | Production of powder,strip and other metal products from refined molted metal |
| GB2004918A (en) * | 1977-09-27 | 1979-04-11 | British Steel Corp | Production of metal strip |
| GB2151761A (en) * | 1983-12-13 | 1985-07-24 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | A melting and casting installation |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0222358D0 (en) | 2002-11-06 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |