GB2371729A - Computer simulated colour mixing - Google Patents
Computer simulated colour mixing Download PDFInfo
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- GB2371729A GB2371729A GB0024352A GB0024352A GB2371729A GB 2371729 A GB2371729 A GB 2371729A GB 0024352 A GB0024352 A GB 0024352A GB 0024352 A GB0024352 A GB 0024352A GB 2371729 A GB2371729 A GB 2371729A
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Abstract
Mixing computer-generated colours, wherein two parent colours, 12 and 14, are selected for mixing and a display and/or selection one or more different colours representative of a mixture of said parent colours is provided, said one or more different colours being defined by locations on a non-straight path between said parent colours on a predefined colour space.
Description
Computer Simulated Paint Mixing
This invention relates to computer simulated paint mixing for use in, for example, apparatus for computer aided image creation and editing.
Apparatus, such as Adobe* Photoshop 5.5, for creating and editing images on a computer is known. Images can be created on or loaded onto a computer and displayed on the screen, and the user can then edit the images as required.
Such apparatus is particularly suitable for editing photographic images.
Arrangements such as Adobe* Photoshop 5.5 are provided with a colour palette consisting of, for example, 11 main colours from which a user can select the colour they wish to use. Obviously, if a user is given such a limited choice of colours, the applications for which the apparatus can realistically be used are limited, particularly in view of the fact that the mixing of paints is fundamental to an artist's practice. It is well known that the combination of two colours can result in the creation of a third,"new"colour. For example, mixing yellow and blue pigments produces green, red and yellow produce orange, and so on. Most arrangements, like
the Adobe Photoshop* 5. 5 provide a function whereby any two of the main colours can be'mixed'in the necessary proportions to produce a"new"desired colour.
Colour for computer painting programs is organised around a conventional colour space. Referring to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, imaging apparatus such as the Adobes Photoshop* 5. 5 utilise the'Lab'colour space, as shown schematically in Figure 1 on three axes in the three spatial dimensions. One plane has two axes: one for yellow to blue (from +b to-b) and the other for magenta to green (from +a to -a). The third axis (L) is perpendicular to the a and b axes and represents the value range from 0 (black) to 100 (white).
The circle shown in Figure 1 (and in plan in Figure 2) represents one plane slice through the colour space at a value of SOL. As colours approach black or white, the circle of possible colours is ever diminishing, eventually converging to a single point of total black or total white.
If it is required to'mix'two colours, each of these two colours is selected by the user and the apparatus provides a control function in the toolbar which effectively provides the user with a colour scale representative of the direct straight-line path on the colour space between the"parent colours". Thus, for example, if it is required to mix yellow and blue, a colour scale representative of the path along axis +b and-b is provided from which the user can choose the required shade. However, the control function does not display a green colour as a result of mixing yellow and blue, because green is not present in the direct path between yellow and blue on the colour space shown in Figure 1. In fact, the resulting middle colour on the path approximates to grey. Thus, existing colour mixing arrangements do not provide the user with a true representation of a mixture of two colours, i. e. that which would be achieved if real paints or pigments of those colours were to be mixed.
We have now devised an arrangement which overcomes the problems outlined above. In accordance with the present invention, there is provided apparatus for mixing computergenerated colours, comprising means for selecting two parent colours to be mixed, and means for providing for display and/or selection one or more different colours representative of a mixture of said parent colours, said one or more different colours being defined by locations on a non-straight path between said parent colours on a predefined colour space.
Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of mixing computer-generated colours,
comprising selecting two parent colours required to be mixed and providing for display and/or selection one or more different colours representative of a mixture of said parent colours, said one or more different colours being defined by locations on a non-straight path between said parent colours on a predefined colour space.
In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of colours representative of mixtures of varying quantities of said parent colours is provided for selection by a user. The colours are beneficially provided in the form of a scale or gradient, either continuous or discrete, which is representative of a plurality of locations on the non-straight path between the parent colours on the predefined colour space.
The method beneficially comprises the steps of defining a non-straight path between the two parent colours to be mixed, the non-straight path being substantially representative of the gradient of colours or hues which would result if pigments of these two parent colours were to be mixed.
The representation of the non-straight path between the two colours is preferably achieved by means of a correction layer superimposed over a scale of colours located on a substantially straight path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space. The non-straight path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space is beneficially curved, the peak of the curve being representative of the mid-point colour resulting from a mixture of the two parent colours. The correction layer is preferably coloured so that, when it is superimposed over the gradient colours representative of locations on the substantially straight line path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space, it produces a gradient of colours representative of the non-straight path between the two colours, the colour on the correction layer being strongest at the point where it is
superimposed over the mid-point colour, and gradually fading to a colourless transparency towards each of the parent colours.
The brightness of the one or more colours representative of a mixture of the two parent colours is preferably adjusted or set so that the resultant colour or colours (or hue or hues) substantially precisely simulates the colour or colours (or hue or hues) which result when pigments of the two parent colours are mixed together. In fact, in a preferred embodiment, it is the brightness of the colour or hue of the correction layer which is adjusted or set to perform this function when it is superimposed over the colours representative of locations on the substantially straight line path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space.
A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises means for selecting two of a plurality of parent colours to be mixed, display means for displaying at least one, and preferably a plurality of colours in the form of a gradient, either continuous or discrete, representative of mixtures of said parent colours in varying quantities, and means for selecting one of said colours for use.
The apparatus preferably includes storage means for storing: (i) a plurality of scales of colours representative of respective straight-line paths on the predefined colour space between a plurality of pairs of parent colours; (ii) one or more correction layers, each associated with mixtures of respective pairs of parent colours; and (iii) (optionally) a white mask for superimposition over the straight-line scale layer and the correction layer to allow visualisation of steps instead of a continuous gradient, if required, which is useful to facilitate choice of colours. Each set of layers may be stored separately and'flattened'or merged to form a single
layer when a particular pair of parent colours is selected for mixing. Alternatively, the layers may be stored in the 'flattened'or merged form ready for display when a pair of parent colours is selected for mixing. In another embodiment of the invention, the storage means may simply store a variety of correction layers for use with conventional painting or editing apparatus, with means being provided for retrieving the closest correction layer for a chosen combination of colours, together with mens for superimposing that correction layer over a scale of colours representative of locations on a substantially straight line path between the two chosen parent colours when those parent colours are required to be mixed, to produce a gradient of colours representative of locations on a non-straight path between the two colours, the gradient of colours substantially precisely or at least very closely simulating the colours which result when pigments of these two parent colours are mixed together in varying quantities.
An exemplary embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIGURE 1 is a schematic perspective diagram of a conventional colour space;
FIGURE 2 is a plan view of the colour space of Figure 1;
FIGURE 3 is the colour space of Figure 2 on which is plotted a curve representative of the gradient of colours produced by mixing pigments of varying quantities of yellow and blue;
FIGURE 4 is the colour space and curve of Figure 3 in which the deviation of the curve relative to the straight line path between blue and yellow is measured;
FIGURE 5 is a schematic representation of the superimposition of a correction layer over the straight line colour gradient to produce a more accurate colour gradient or
scale representative of the mixing of blue and yellow pigments ; FIGURE 6 is a colour circle on which is mapped eleven primary, secondary and tertiary colours;
FIGURE 7 is a graphical representation of the colour circle of Figure 6 on which is mapped a curve representative of the gradient or scale of colours obtained by mixing pigments of varying quantities of yellow and blue;
FIGURE 8 is a graphical representation of the brightness (L) values obtained by mixing pigments of varying quantities of yellow and blue;
FIGURE 9 is a graphical representation of the colour circle of Figure 6 on which is mapped a curve representative of the gradient or scale of colours produced by mixing pigments of varying quantities of purple and yellow; and
FIGURE 10 is a front view of the user interface provided by an exemplary embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention.
A spectrophotometer can be used to measure pigment
surface colours as'Lab'coordinates so that they can be mapped on a'Lab'chart. Thus, paint swatches or the like of, for example, yellow, blue and their intermixtures can be mapped on a'Lab'chart. As shown in Figure 3 of the drawings, such mapped'Lab'values lie on a curve 10 between the parent colours, yellow 12 and blue 14. It will be seen that the curve 10 projects into the green territory 16 towards a negative value a. However, conventional paint mixing functions use a straight line between the two parent colours to provide a colour scale which does not pass through the green territory 16 in the colour space, so that it has not been possible to generate a green colour on a computer by mixing parent yellow and blue colours.
Referring now to Figure 4 of the drawings, if the difference between the curve 10 and a straight line 20 joining
the yellow and blue colours in the colour space is measured at various points, it can be seen that there is a significant shift at the mid-point 22 towards a negative value a (towards blue-green in the colour space).
The gradient control provided by this embodiment of the present invention for mixing colours includes an additional layer, which enables the gradient control to simulate the curve 10 (or paint gradient) on the colour space. Referring to
Figure 5 of the drawings, the top bar 30 represents the colour scale provided by the straight line 20 (Figure 4) on the colour space between yellow 32 and blue 34. The central region 36 of the bar 30 is a greyish colour. The middle bar 28 represents an additional"layer"which has been or is to be added to or superimposed on the colour scale paint gradient 36. The additional layer 28 in this example is blue-green in colour which is at its strongest substantially in the centre (in this case) and gradually fades to a colourless"transparency"at either end. The additional layer 28 is either superimposed on and merged with the straight line colour scale 30, when the two parent colours are selected for mixing, to produce a paint gradient 40 which simulates the curved line 10 (Figure 4) as the colour space with yellow 32 at one end, blue 34 at the opposite end, and green in the central region 36, or the colour scale 36 and the correction layer 28 may be stored in their 'flattened'or merged state ready for retrieval and display when the two present colours are selected.
The resulting gradient follows the green part of the curve 10 closely in terms of hue (or colour), but it may not follow the curve 10 precisely. With real paint mixtures, the resulting green colour would be of a lower value, i. e. darker.
Thus, some further adjustment, in this case decreasing the brightness (or L) value of the additional layer is necessary.
An exemplary embodiment of the method and apparatus of
the present invention will now be described in more general terms.
Referring to Figure 6, paint colours (hues) are chosen to represent a conventional colour circle 50 corresponding to primary, secondary and tertiary colours. The true paint gradient resulting from mixing pairs of colours together can be mapped on the colour circle 50. One way of achieving this is to mix paints of each pair of colours in visually regular steps to produce swatches and measure each step using a spectrophotometer (such as the X-Rite Colortron) and software such as'Colorshop'which allows information to be exported to either a spreadsheet (as tabulated data) or to an imaging software (such as'Photoshop') as colour swatches. Each measurement should be standardised using, for example, D50 lighting conditions (simulated daylight), and the results can then be saved (as tabulated data) in, for example,'Lab'colour space values. Figure 7 shows graphically the tabulated data resulting from mixtures of yellow 52 and blue 54. As shown, the resultant curve 56 is smooth and near symmetrical.
Referring to Figure 8 of the drawings, the brightness (L) value can be seen to decrease (i. e. darken) from yellow 52 to blue 54.
Referring back to Figure 7, the mid-point 58, indicating the theoretical"real"mid-point green in this case, is located at the peak of the"hump"in the curve 56, and has
a deviation of-27a units from the straight line 60 between the two parent colours 52,54. Thus, it is at this point that the blue-green additional (or correcting) layer should be at its strongest to produce a hue closely approximating the mid-point green. The brightness value L of the correcting layer is then lowered so that when it is superimposed on the conventional straight line paint gradient, the resultant gradient substantially precisely simulates the"true"paint gradient.
Of course, some paint colour mixes produce curves which are not symmetrically shaped around the mid-point 58 between the two parent colours. Referring to Figure 9 of the drawings, the mixture of yellow 62 and purple 64 paints results in a curve 66 having a"hump"68 which is biassed towards the violet end of the colour space located nearer the purple 64 than the yellow 62. In this case, the colour used to produce the correcting layer is the colour in the colour space at the peak of the"hump"68 (violet), which will be at its strongest closer to the purple end than the yellow end.
One exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides 11 parent colours, any two of which can be chosen to be mixed. Referring to Figure 10 of the drawings, the user is provided with a screen or window 70 having the 11 parent colours 72 displayed on each side of a row of boxes 74. The user selects one of the parent colours from each side for mixing. The first parent colour 72a is displayed in the first box, and the second parent colour 72b is displayed in the second box. The remaining 15 boxes 74 display equally spaced steps in the paint gradient as a scale, with the middle box 75 displaying the"mid-point"colour, allowing the user to select the required colour.
Means 78 are provided to change the background colour for the scale from white (as shown) to middle grey or black in this embodiment. A brightness sliding lever 80 is also provided for brightening or darkening the colours in the scale.
The apparatus may include means (not shown) to provide the scale as a continuous gradient instead of, or as well as, in the steps as shown. In the case where the scale is shown as steps, these may be spaced apart, as shown, or butted together. Further, means (not shown) may be provided to allow any one or more of the colour"boxes"74 or steps to be butted against a test colour.
The eleven parent colours 72 may be lime yellow, yellow, orange, red, magenta, violet, ultramarine, cobalt blue, turquoise, viridian and emerald green. In addition, black and/or white may be included. Further, one or more earth colours, such as sienna and/or umber variants, may be provided.
Effectively, the apparatus of the invention may comprise a colour library in which is stored a series of correction layers which can be selectively imported into a conventional image creation/editing apparatus and superimposed over the gradient of colours (representative of a straight line path between two colours) produced when the user tries to mix two parent colours in conventional apparatus. Alternatively, or in addition, the apparatus may include the selection means, the initial colour scale (i. e. the straight-line representation) and the correction layers therein, together with the means for superimposing the correction layer over the straight line colour gradient and displaying the resultant colour gradient for selection by the user when a particular pair of parent colours are selected for mixing. In another embodiment, the apparatus includes a colour library in which is stored the initial colour scales and the respective correction layers in their'flattened'or merged state, so that the apparatus effectively has stored therein a plurality a paint gradients representative of mixtures of pairs of parent colours, the gradients being ready for display and/or selection when a user selects a particular pair of parent colours for mixing.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention have been described above, but it will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (26)
1) A method of mixing computer-generated colours, comprising selecting two parent colours required to be mixed and providing for display and/or selection one or more different colours representative of a mixture of said parent colours, said one or more different colours being defined by locations on a non-straight path between said parent colours on a predefined colour space.
2) A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein a plurality of colours representative of mixtures of varying quantities of said parent colours is provided for selection by a user.
3) A method as claimed in Claim 2, wherein the colours are provided in the form of a scale or gradient, either continuous or discrete, which is representative of a plurality of locations on the non-straight path between the parent colours on the predefined colour space.
4) A method as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising the step of defining a non-straight path between the two parent colours to be mixed, the non-straight path being substantially representative of the gradient of colours or hues which would result if pigments of these two parent colours were to be mixed.
5) A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the representation of the non-straight path between the two parent colours is achieved by means of a correction layer superimposed over a scale of colours located on a substantially straight path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space.
6) A method as claimed in Claim 5, wherein the non
straight path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space is curved, the peak of the curve being representative of the mid-point colour resulting from a mixture of the two parent colours.
7) A method as claimed in Claim 5 or Claim 6, wherein the correction layer is coloured so that, when it is superimposed over the gradient colours representative of locations on the substantially straight line path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space, it produces a gradient of colours representative of the non-straight path between the two colours, the colour on the correction layer being strongest at the point where it is superimposed over the mid-point colour, and gradually fading to a colourless transparency towards each of the parent colours.
8) A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the brightness of the one or more colours representative of a mixture of the two parent colours is adjusted or set so that the resultant colour or colours (or hue or hues) substantially precisely simulates the colour or colours (or hue or hues) which result when pigments of the two parent colours are mixed together.
9) A method as claimed in Claim 8 as appended to any of
Claims 5 to 7, wherein the brightness of the colour or hue of the correction layer is adjusted or set so that the colour or colours (or hue or hues) representative of a mixture of the two parent colours substantially precisely simulates the colour or colours (or hue or hues) which result when pigments of the two parent colours are mixed together, when the correction layer is superimposed over the colours representative of locations on the substantially straight line path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space.
10) Apparatus for mixing computer-generated colours, comprising means for selecting two parent colours to be mixed, and means for providing for display and/or selection one or more different colours representative of a mixture of said parent colours, said one or more different colours being defined by locations on a non-straight path between said parent colours on a predefined colour space.
11) An apparatus as claimed in Claim 10, arranged to provide a plurality of colours representative of mixtures of varying quantities of said parent colours for selection by a user.
12) An apparatus as claimed in Claim 11, wherein the colours are provided in the form of a scale or gradient, either continuous or discrete, which is representative of a plurality of locations on the non-straight path between the parent colours on the predefined colour space.
13) An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 10 to 12, wherein a non-straight path is defined between the two parent colours to be mixed, the non-straight path being substantially representative of the gradient of colours or hues which would result if pigments of these two parent colours were to be mixed.
14) An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 10 to 12, wherein the representation of the non-straight path between the two parent colours is achieved by means of a correction layer superimposed over a scale of colours located on a substantially straight path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space.
15) An apparatus as claimed in Claim 14, wherein the nonstraight path between the two parent colours on the predefined
colour space is curved, the peak of the curve being representative of the mid-point colour resulting from a mixture of the two parent colours.
16) An apparatus as claimed in Claim 14 or Claim 15, wherein the correction layer is coloured so that, when it is superimposed over the gradient colours representative of locations on the substantially straight line path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space, it produces a gradient of colours representative of the non-straight path between the two colours, the colour on the correction layer being strongest at the point where it is superimposed over the mid-point colour, and gradually fading to a colourless transparency towards each of the parent colours.
17) An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 10 to 16, wherein the brightness of the one or more colours representative of a mixture of the two parent colours is adjusted or set so that the resultant colour or colours (or hue or hues) substantially precisely simulates the colour or colours (or hue or hues) which result when pigments of the two parent colours are mixed together.
18) An apparatus as claimed in Claim 17 as appended to any of Claims 14 to 16, wherein the brightness of the colour or hue of the correction layer is adjusted or set so that the colour or colours (or hue or hues) representative of a mixture of the two parent colours substantially precisely simulates the colour or colours (or hue or hues) which result when pigments of the two parent colours are mixed together, when the correction layer is superimposed over the colours representative of locations on the substantially straight line path between the two parent colours on the predefined colour space.
19) An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 10 to 18,
comprising means for selecting two of a plurality of parent colours to be mixed, display means for displaying a plurality of colours in the form of a gradient, either continuous or discrete, representative of mixtures of said parent colours in varying quantities, and means for selecting one of said colours for use.
20) An apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 10 to 18, including storage means for storing a plurality of scales of colours representative of respective straight-line paths on the predefined colour space between a plurality of pairs of parent colours and one or more correction layers, each associated with mixtures of respective pairs of parent colours.
21) An apparatus as claimed in Claim 20, comprising a white mask for superimposition over the straight-line scale layer and the correction layer to allow visualisation of steps instead of a continuous gradient.
22) An apparatus as claimed in Claim 20 or Claim 21, wherein each set of layers is stored separately and'flattened' or merged to form a single layer when a particular pair of parent colours is selected for mixing.
23) An apparatus as claimed in Claim 20 or Claim 21, wherein the layers are be stored in a'flattened'or merged, single layer form ready for display when a pair of parent colours is selected for mixing.
24) An apparatus as claimed in Claim 20 or Claim 21, wherein the storage means store a variety of correction layers for use with conventional painting or editing apparatus, with means being provided for retrieving the closest correction layer for a chosen combination of colours, together with mens for superimposing that correction layer over a scale of colours
representative of locations on a substantially straight line path between the two chosen parent colours when those parent colours are required to be mixed, to produce a gradient of colours representative of locations on a non-straight path between the two colours, the gradient of colours substantially precisely or at least very closely simulating the colours which result when pigments of these two parent colours are mixed together in varying quantities.
25) A method of mixing computer-generated colours, said method being substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
26) An apparatus substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0024352A GB2371729B (en) | 2000-10-05 | 2000-10-05 | Computer simulated paint mixing |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0024352A GB2371729B (en) | 2000-10-05 | 2000-10-05 | Computer simulated paint mixing |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0024352D0 GB0024352D0 (en) | 2000-11-22 |
| GB2371729A true GB2371729A (en) | 2002-07-31 |
| GB2371729B GB2371729B (en) | 2004-12-22 |
Family
ID=9900703
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0024352A Expired - Lifetime GB2371729B (en) | 2000-10-05 | 2000-10-05 | Computer simulated paint mixing |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2371729B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20100225935A1 (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2010-09-09 | Columbia Insurance Company | Apparatus and method for dispensing color Merchandise |
| GB2562342B (en) * | 2017-05-08 | 2021-05-12 | Adobe Inc | Interactive color palette interface for digital painting |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0313796A2 (en) * | 1987-10-26 | 1989-05-03 | Tektronix, Inc. | Computer display color control and selection system |
-
2000
- 2000-10-05 GB GB0024352A patent/GB2371729B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0313796A2 (en) * | 1987-10-26 | 1989-05-03 | Tektronix, Inc. | Computer display color control and selection system |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20100225935A1 (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2010-09-09 | Columbia Insurance Company | Apparatus and method for dispensing color Merchandise |
| US8467090B2 (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2013-06-18 | Columbia Insurance Company | Color selection apparatus and method for producing low metameric color merchandise |
| GB2562342B (en) * | 2017-05-08 | 2021-05-12 | Adobe Inc | Interactive color palette interface for digital painting |
| US11087503B2 (en) | 2017-05-08 | 2021-08-10 | Adobe Inc. | Interactive color palette interface for digital painting |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0024352D0 (en) | 2000-11-22 |
| GB2371729B (en) | 2004-12-22 |
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