GB2362660A

GB2362660A - Roofing system

Info

Publication number: GB2362660A
Application number: GB0012405A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Noel Columba Benin Josep Deery
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2000-05-22
Filing date: 2000-05-22
Publication date: 2001-11-28
Also published as: IES20010487A2; GB0012405D0; EP1158110A3; EP1158110A2

Abstract

A method for attaching a steel roofing sheet to a longitudinal beam. Attachment members 48 interact with recesses 46 in the underside of the roofing sheet 30 so as to be engaged with those recesses. The attachment members 48 may then be screwed to the longitudinal beam so that the roofing sheet is attached to the beam. The recesses and the engaging part of the attachment members are preferably 'T' shaped. The 'T' shaped attachment is inserted into the recess in a first orientation and then rotated through 90 degrees to form an engagement.

Description

2362660 ROOFING SYSTEM The present invention relates generally to roofs,

their construction and a method for erecting them. More particularly, the present invention relates to metal 5 roofing made from individual metal sheets that are supported by beams.

Hitherto, it has been known to construct roofs from sheets of metal rather than roof tiles. The sheets themselves essentially take the form of an external sheet of steel backed by some insulating material. An internal sheet is also sometimes provided to retain the insulating material. These composite sheets are very rigid meaning that it is possible to use quite long sheets without needing as many beams to support them. This reduces construction costs and also adds to the potential maximum loft space since there is a reduced need for support for the beams.

Figure I of the accompanying schematic drawings illustrates how the known roofing sheets are attached to supporting beams.

As is shown in Figure 1, a roofing sheet 10 is supported by beams 12, 14.

The roofing panel Comprises an outer steel layer 18 and inner an retaining layer 22.

Sandwiched between these layers is a layer of insulating material 20. The layers 18, and 22 form an integral unit known as a "roofing sheet" 10.

Traditionally, the roofing sheet 10 has been attached to the beams 12, 14 using a series of simple nails, screws or nuts and bolts. This involves the penetration of all three layers of the roofing sheet 10 so that a nail/screw etc. may be passed into one of the beams 12, 14. Nail heads 24 are schematically illustrated in Figure 1.

This prior art method gives rise to two problems. The first is that the nail penetrates completely through all the layers of the roofing sheet 10 and thus gives rise to a source of leakage. The second problem is that a construction worker is required to be on the outside of the structure to bang the nails in and/or to operate the nail gun/screwdriver/spanner. This is a potentially dangerous task and it is necessary to use a skilled construction worker who has taken appropriate safety precautions.

This increases the cost and time of construction.

The present invention seeks to alleviate the above mentioned problems by providing a roofing system which is less prone to leakage and which can be principally constructed from inside the building.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for attaching a roofina, sheet to a beam, said method comprising: providing a roofing sheet having at least one recess on one surface; providing an attachment member retainable within said recess; retaining said attachment member within said recess; wherein said attachment member is integral with the beam or is attached to the beam in another step.

Preferably, the step of retaining the attachment member within the recess comprises inserting the attachment member into the recess in a first orientation, and rotating the attachment member so as to be in a second orientation. Preferably, the second orientation is 901 rotated from the first orientation and the recess is substantially T-shaped. In this embodiment it is advantageous that the attachment member is also substantially T-shaped.

The attachment member is preferably connected to the beam using screws passed through holes in the attachment member.

Advantageously, the recess comprises one of a locating hole and a locating protrusion and the attachment member comprises one of a corresponding locating protrusion or a corresponding locating hole. The corresponding holes and protrusions may then be engaged after the step of retaining the attachment member to the recess so as to provide for correct positioning of the attachment member in the recess.

In a preferred embodiment, the roofing sheet comprises a plurality of recesses and a different attachment member is retained in each recesses. Preferably, the attachment members are retained at one or other end of the recesses.

The present invention also provides a roofing sheet comprising: an outer surface; an inner surface; at least one recess on said inner surface for retaining an attachment 3 0 member.

The recess is preferably T-shaped and may span the entire length of the roofing sheet or may extend by only a small amount. Preferably, the recess is larger than the width of an attachment part to be inserted and has a similar length to the thickness of a beam which the sheet is intended to be attached to.

The recess may be formed from a shell surrounded by insulating material, the shell being a separate component or being integral with the inner surface of the roofing sheet.

Preferably, the shell has at least one hole in it to engage with protrusions formed on the attachment member. This hole is preferably parallel to the inner surface of the roofing sheet.

The present invention further provides an attachment member for use with the method of the present invention, comprising a first portion having means for attachment to a beam and a second portion having means for being retained in a recess.

The means for being retained preferably comprises a substantially Tshaped portion and also preferably comprises at least one protrusion to aid in the location of the attachment member in a recess having a corresponding hole.

The means for attachment to a beam preferably comprises a plurality of holes through which screws may be passed.

The invention will now be further described by way of non-limitative example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, in which:

Figure 1 shows a known construction of roofing sheet attached to a plurality of beams via a prior art method;

Figure 2 illustrates the construction of a pitched roof in accordance with the present invention; Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view along the line -3-3 in Figure 2; Figure 4 is a perspective view showing the method for attaching a roofing sheet to a beam according to the present invention; Figure 5 is a perspective view of the underside of a roofing sheet in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 is a perspective view of the underside of a roofing sheet in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 is a perspective view of the underside of the roofing sheet of Figure 6 having attachment members in its recesses in accordance with the present invention; Figure 8 is a perspective view of the underside of the roofing sheet of Figure 5 7 which is attached to a beam in accordance with the present invention; Figure 9 is a close-up view of one of the recesses shown in Figure 3; Figure 10 is a close-up view of a modified recess according to the present invention; present invention; Figure 11 is a close-up view of another modified recess according to the Figure 12 is a close-up view of the attaching member shown in Figure Figure 1 3) is a cut-away cross-sectional view showing an inner surface configuration in accordance the present invention.

Figure 14 is a cut-away cross-sectional view showing a modified inner 15 surface configuration in accordance with the present invention; and Figure 15 is a cut-away cross-sectional view showing another modified inner surface configuration in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 2 illustrates the construction of a pitched roof according to the present invention.

0 are supported by six beams 3 2. The In this embodiment, six roofing sheets 1 beams are ftirther supported in a inverted V-shape by support structures '34.

However, the support of the beams _32 by the support structures 34 is not material to the invention. The invention concerns the support of the roofing sheets 30 by the beams 32.

As can be seen in Figure 2, no nails are used to penetrate the roofing sheets 3 so as to attach them to the beams 02. In fact, the present invention does not involve the penetration of the outer metal layer of the roofing sheet 30 at all.

Figure-3 shows a cross-section along the line 3-3 in Figure 2 which clearly illustrates the system used for attaching the roofing panels 30 to the beams 32. Only 10 one of the panels 30 from Figure 2 is shown in Figure 3 for the sake of simplicity.

The roofing panel 0, in common with the roofing panel 10 shown in Figure 1, is comprised of three layers. These are an outer metal layer 40, an insulating layer 42 and an inner retaining layer 44 (shown to have negligible thickness in Figure.) 3).

The roofing sheet 3 0 is, however, distinguished from the roofing sheet 10 by virtue of a plurality of recesses 46 forrned in the retaining layer 44. These recesses are generally T-shaped as viewed in Figure 3. The important point about the recesses is that they present a relatively small opening width in the X-direction at the surface of the layer 44 but enlarge in the X-direction as you move away from the surface of the layer 44. In doing this, the recesses present surfaces 54, 56 parallel to the layer 44 which are able to support a force downward in the sense of Figure 3, (i.e. in the negative Y-direction). Five recesses are shown in Figure 3. However, any number (either more or less than five) may be used so as to provide a number sufficient for attaching the roofing sheet'330 to the beam 32. Usually, a particular number of recesses will be provided per unit length of roofing sheet.

The beam 32 has attached to it a plurality of attachment members 48. These comprise thin plates which are attached to the beam 32 by portions 50 so that a substantially T-shaped part 52 protrudes from the top surface of the beam 32. This T-shaped part 52 engages with the T-shaped recess 46 of the roofing sheet 30 in the manner shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 4 is a perspective view of a roofing sheet '30 attached to a beam 32 in the same manner as shown in Figure 3. The roofing sheet 30 is partially cut away for clarity. As can be seen in Figure 4, the attachment members 48 are thin compared to the width of the beam 32. More importantly, they are thinner than the widths of the recesses 46 at the points where each recess emerges on the surface of the layer 44. This means that the attachment members 48 can be aligned with the Z-direction before being inserted into the recesses 46 and then twisted by 90' to achieve the position shown in Figures 3 and 4. They can then be attached to the longitudinal beam '32 using screws or nails which will pass through the holes in the portion 50 of the attachment member 48.

A preferred method in accordance with the present invention therefore 3 involves firstly positioning the roofing sheet 30 on the plurality of longitudinal beams 32, secondly inserting an attachment member 48 into each recess 36 of the roofing sheet 30, thirdly rotating the attachment member 48 so as to be locked in the CP recess '36 and fourthly attaching the attachment member 48 to the longitudinal beam 32. One attachment member 48 will in general be needed for each point where a recess crosses a beam along the surface of layer 44.

Figure 5 shows a perspective view of the underside of a roofing sheet 30 showing the configuration of the recesses 36 according to one embodiment of the invention.

In this embodiment the recesses 36 extend across the entire length of the roofing sheet 30 in the Z-direction.

This configuration allows an alternative method for attaching the roofing sheet 3 30 to the beam 32 to be applied. According to this alternative method, the various attachment members 48 are attached to the beam _32 before the T-shaped parts 52 are interlocked with the recesses 46. Alternatively, the attachment members 4 8 come already attached to the beam _3)2 or the beam 3 2 is formed with such members at the time of its manufacture. Then, the roofing sheet 30 may be slid in the Z-direction to engage the parts 52 in the recesses 46. When the roofing sheet 30 is in place it can be locked against the beam 32 in a variety of ways. For example, a wedge could be driven in the space between the top of the beam 32 and the sheet bottom layer 44. This would tend to separate the roofing sheet 30 from the beam 3)2 so that frictional contact between the surfaces 54 and 56 of the recess and the underside of the over-hanging portions of the attachment member 48 takes place. Alternatively, the recesses 46 could be blocked with filler or any other suitable material to prevent further movement in the Z-direction. The relative shape of the recesses 46 and the attachment members 48 assures that movement of the roofing sheet 30 relative to the beam _32 in the X or Y-directions is impossible.

Another embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 6. In this embodiment, the recesses 46 only extend a small amount in the Z-direction. Their length in this direction is greater than the width of the attachment members 48 so that these members may be rotated 901 to align with the Z-direction so as to be inserted into the slot formed at the point where the recess emerges on the layer 44.

In a preferable case, the recesses 46 have a length in the Z-direction similar to -7 the width of the beam 32 in this direction. In this case, the beam 32 can be securely attached to the roofing sheet 30 in a manner which conceals the recesses 46 and which prevents sliding of the roofing sheet 30 in the Z-direction. This method will be described with reference to Figures 7 and 8.

Firstly, a respective attachment member 48 is inserted into each respective recess 46 of the roofing sheet '30. This is achieved by rotating the attachment portions by 90" to align them with the Z-direction, inserting them into the mouth of each recess so that the top of the T-shaped part 52 of each attachment member passes by the surfaces 54 and 56 of the recess 46 and then rotating each attachment member again by 900 so that they are each locked in the recess 46. The attachment members may then be moved so as to be at one or other end of their recess. Preferably, they are arranged to be at the opposite end to the corresponding end which is occupied by the most closely adjacent attachment member. This is illustrated in Figure 7 which shows the underside of a roofing sheet 30 having an attachment member 48 inserted into each recess 36. The attachment members 48 are positioned at alternate ends of the respective recesses as you move along the roofingg member in the X-direction.

Next, the roofing sheet 30 is presented to the beam 32 so that the beam substantially conceals each of the recesses 46 and so that the attachment members 48 are parallel to the sides of the beam. The portions 50 of the attachment members 48 are then secured to the beam 3)2 by means of screws or nails. This results in the structure shown in Figure 8.

As can be seen from Figure 8, the beam substantially conceals each of the recesses 46. Further, the roofing sheet 30 cannot move in either the X or Z directions due to the positioning of the attachment members at one end of their respective slot.

The above configuration can be varied in accordance with the present invention. For example, each recess 46 can have two attachment members, one at each end. Alternatively, only one or some of the recesses 46 could have two attachment members 48, with the rest having only a single attachment member at one of the ends. Substantially any configuration of attachment members which prevents movement of the roofing sheet 30 relative to the beam 32 is envisaged by the present invention.

Figure 9 shows a close-up of the recess 46 shown in Figure 3. In this embodiment, the recess 46 is created within the insulating material 42 by means of a metal plate 60 bent into the form shown in Figure 9. The bent plate 60 is retained in a hole formed in the retaining layer 44. The bent plate 60 ensures that the recess keeps its shape even in cases when an insulating material 42 is used which is soft and has very little supporting strength. The plate acts as a "shell" within the insulation material 42.

Figure 10 shows an alternative arrangement for the bent plate 60 comprising two overlapping plates 62 and 64. These plates have the advantage in that they can be inserted through the hole in the layer 44 when the soft insulating material is already in place. It is more difficult to insert the plate 60 shown in Figure 9 through the hole in the surface 44. Instead, in the case of Figure 9, the plate 60 is positioned by inserting the two wings through the hole from the insulating side of the layer 44.

This must be done before the outer layer 40 sandwiches the insulating material 42 along with the inner layer 44.

In a further (unillustrated) alternative, the plate 60 could be integral with the surface 44 rather than being an extra attachment. In other words, the recess 46 would be formed by appropriate bending or moulding of the inner plate 44. In this case, the roofing sheet 3 0 can be manufactured by juxtaposing the outer layer 40 with the inner layer 44 and simply filling the gap between these two layers with foam or similar insulating material.

Figure 11 shows an alternative embodiment of recess being a modification of the Figure 9 embodiment. However, the modification is equally applicable to the Figure 10 embodiment, or the embodiment where the plate 60 is integral with the surface 44. The modification comprises providing two holes 66 in the surface of the plate 60 in the lower over-hanging portion of the T. These holes do not necessarily run the whole length of the recess in the Z-direction although they could do if required. More preferably, they are limited in the Z-direction. The holes 66 serve to 330 provide locating holes for the projections 68 on the attachment member. These holes may be in any suitable shape, for example square, circular etc.

-g- An attachment member particularly for use with the recess of Figure 11, but also useable in any of the described embodiments is shown in Figure 12. The attachment member 48 comprises a top section 52 substantially in the form of a T and a bottom section 50 having various holes for attaching the member 48 to a beam.

The holes 70 and 72 are designed to allow for some adjustment of the attachment member as it is screwed in. In Figure 12, the holes are such that a substantially horizontal adjustment is possible, although the holes could be oriented 901 to those shown to provide for a vertical adjustment. Preferably, both a horizontal and vertical adjustment can be allowed by the prudent choice of size and shape for the holes 70 and 72. At the lower over-hanging portions of the T-shaped sections 52 are provided projections 68. In Figure 12, these projections are shown as triangular but they may take any suitable shape. The projections are for engagement with the holes 66 in the recess shown in Figure 11.

A method of attaching a roof section 30 to a beam 32 using the recess shown in Figure I I in the roof section 30 and an attachment member as shown in Figure 12 will now be described.

Firstly, the roof section 30 is positioned correctly relative to the beam 32. An attachment member 48 is then inserted into each recess of the roofing sheet 30 by turning it by 900 and pushing upwards. Once the attachment member is completely inside the recess to its limit it is once again turned by 900 so as to be in the positions schematically shown in Figures 3 and 4. The attachment member 48 is then positioned in the recess 46 so as to have a correct longitudinal positioning, i.e. a correct position in the Z-direction (perpendicular to the plane of Figures 11 and 12).

This longitudinal positioning may advantageously be provided by the locating of the projections 68 within the holes 66. In other words, the attachment member 48 may be slid in a the Z-direction until the projections 68 fall into the respective holes 66, at which point it is no longer possible to slide the member. If the holes 66 run the entire longitudinal length of the roofing sheet 30 positioning in this direction should be done by conventional means (e.g. by measurement).

In Figure 12, the shape of the projection 68 is such that the tips of the projections 68 dig in to the insulating material 42. This fin-ther serves to lock the attachment member 48 into position with the projections 68 protruding into the holes 66. To ensure good location, the attachment member 48 is preferably pulled downwards as the next step of the method.

The final step of the method comprises attaching the part 50 of the attachment member 48 to the beam 32 using screws passed through the holes 70 and 72 and into the beam _3) 2. Advantageously, the top surface of the beam 32 is in contact with the lowest surface of the roofing sheet 30 which in this example will be the bottom surface of the plate 60.

With a construction according to the above mentioned method, the roofing sheet 33 0 is securely and firmly attached to the beam 3 2 without the need to pierce the outer surface 40 of the sheet and without the need to work on the roof itself All of the attaching steps may be performed inside the building being constructed. Further, the T-shaped recess and attachment part 52 provide that the roof is supported in substantially all directions.

Figure 13 illustrates a close-up of part of a roofing sheet 30 of the type shown in Figure 33. As well as having the modification shown in Figure 11, this embodiment allows for a fascia 74 to be provided on the inner surface of the roofing sheet ')0. The fascia 74 is gripped between the member 60 and the inner layer 44 of the roofing sheet '30. The fascia 74 provides a more aesthetic appearance to the inside of the roof. For the Figure 13) embodiment, it could be made of any suitable material including moulded plastics, bent metal etc.

Figure 14 shows a modification of the embodiment shown in Figure 13. In Figure 14 the surface 44 has been dispensed with so that the insulation material 42 is retained solely by the fascia 74 and the bent plate 60.

A yet further embodiment is shown in Figure 15. In this case, the plates 60 are provided with an extra protrusion at their lower surface to grip a substantially board-like sheet 76. This could be simple plasterboard or any type of wood to provide a more natural finish. Alternatively, man-made wood board such as plywood or MDF chipboard or metals such as steel, aluminium, copper, lead or zinc could be used. Furthermore, plastics, plastic woods, asbestos or non-asbestos cement fibre may be used in a plain moulded form or with other adjacent facings.

In the above description, the recesses 46 and the part 52 of the attachment member are described as T-shaped. However, any suitable shape with performs the same function is envisaged. For example, and inverted Lshape and E-shape, a Fshape, or a Y-shape would be appropriate. Virtually any shape having a single upright member with one or more generally perpendicular protrusions from that member will function in the required fashion.

The outer surface 40 of the roofing sheet 30 is typically made of steel but may be made of any natural or man-made product. These include asbestos or nonasbestos cement fibre, timber, shingles, aluminium, copper, lead, zinc, nylon, plastics, polypropylene, any of which are usually pre-formed in the shape traditionally used for roofing on dwellings or buildings.. A substantially sinusoidal shape is depicted in Figures 3 to 8 although any shape is intended to be within the scope of the present invention.

The insulation layer 42 is preferably formed of a material having good heat insulating properties such as wood, paper, rockwool, polystyrene, polyurethane, hard foam, non-combustible insulating sheet, chemical foamed insulation, expanded insulation or extended insulation. The insulating layer 42 is preferably bonded to the outer layer by a bonding agent or activator. Adhesives are also suitable. The insulation may be rolled onto the outer surface 40 and adhered thereto or it could be formed on the outer surface 40, eg by spraying a foam.

The attachment members 48 may be formed of any suitable material but are preferably a metal such as galvanised steel. Alternatively, structural plastics such as high density polypropylene, polyimide resins or polyamide resins may be used.

The total thickness of the roofing sheet of the present invention is typically in the range of 10 to 250 min and is preferably 3 5 to 120 min. The thicknesses of the individual layers shown in the accompanying drawings are purely schematic. In fact, the top layer 40 suitably has a thickness of between 0. 1 to 5 mm (more preferably 0.4 to 1.5 mm, typically 0.6 min) and the inner layer 44 has a similar thickness range to this.

1.11 -11./

Claims

1. A method for attaching a roofing sheet to a beam, said method comprising:

providing a roofing sheet having at least one recess on one surface; providing an attachment member retainable within said recess; retaining said attachment member within said recess; wherein said attachment member is integral with the beam or is attached to the beam in another step.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said step of retaining said attachment member within said recess comprises: inserting said attachment member into said recess in a first orientation; and rotating said attachment member so as to be in a second orientation.

A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said second orientation is substantially 90' rotated from said first orientation.

4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said recess is substantially T-shaped in a plane perpendicular to said surface of said roofing sheet.

5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said 25 attachment member is substantially T-shaped.

6. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said attachment member is attached to said beam using screws.

"0

7. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said recess includes at least one locating hole in it, said attachment member includes at least one locating protrusion on it and said method comprises: locating said locating protrusion in said locating hole after the step of retaining said attachment member in said recess.

8. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said recess includes at least one locating protrusion in it, said attachment member comprises at least one locating hole on it and said method comprises:

locating said locating protrusion in said locating hole after the step of retaining said attachment member in said recess.

9. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising:

supporting a fascia parallel to said surface of said roofing sheet.

10. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said roofing sheet has a plurality of recesses and a respective plurality of attachment members are provided, said method further comprising: retaining each of said plurality of attachment members within a respective one of said plurality of recesses.

A method according to claim 10, wherein said attachment members are engaged at one or other of the ends of said recesses.

12. A roofing sheet comprising: 25 an outer surface; an inner'surface; at least one recess on said inner surface for retaining an attachment member.

13. A roofing sheet according to claim 12, wherein said recess is -1 substantially T-shaped in a plane perpendicular to said inner surface.

14. A roofing sheet according to claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the recess substantially spans an entire length of the inner surface of said roofing sheet.

15. A roofing sheet according to claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the recess 5 extends by a distance substantially less than an entire length of said roofing sheet.

16. A roofing sheet according to any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the recess has a dimension in the plane of said inner surface which is substantially equal to the thickness of a beam which the sheet is intended to be attached to.

17. A roofing sheet according to any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein said recess has a dimension in the plane of said inner surface which is substantially equal to, or greater than, the width of an attachment part which is intended to be inserted into said recess.

18. A roofing sheet according to any one of claims 12 to 17, comprising a plurality of said recesses on said inner surface.

19. A roofing sheet according to any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein said recess(es) is (are respectively) formed from a shell surrounded by insulating material.

20.. A roofing sheet according to claim 19, wherein said shell is formed from a single piece of material-

21. A roofing sheet according to claim 19, wherein said shell is formed from two separate pieces of material.

22. A roofing sheet according to claim 19, wherein said shell is integral with the inner surface of said roofing sheet.

3 0

2 3.A roofing sheet according to any one of claims 19 to 22, wherein said As- shell has at least one hole formed in it.

24. A roofing sheet according to claim 23, wherein said holes are substantially parallel to said inner surface.

25. A roofing sheet according to any one of claims 12 to 24, wherein the outer layer is formed from steel and there is an insulting layer provided between said outer layer and said inner layer.

26. An attachment member for use with the method of any one of claims 1 to 11, comprising a first portion having means for attachment to a beam and a second portion having means for being retained in a recess.

An attachment member according to claim 26, wherein said means for 15 being retained comprises a substantially T-shaped portion.

27.

28. An attachment member according to claim 26 or claim 27, wherein said means for attachment to a beam comprises a plurality of holes through which screws may be passed.

29. An attachment member according to any one of claims 26 to 28, further comprising at least one protrusion on said means for being retained to aid in location of the attachment member in a recess having a corresponding hole.

30. A combination of roofing sheet and attachment member for use with the method of any one of claims 1 - 11, or a combination formed from the roofing sheet of any one of claims 12 to 25 and 26 to 29.

the attachment member of any one of claims

31. A roof constructed according to the method of any one of claims 1 - 11, or using the roofing sheet of any one of claims 12 to 25 or using the attachment member of any one of claims 26 to 29.

32. A method substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2-15 of the accompanying drawings.

33. A roofing sheet constructed and arranged substantially as hereinbefore, described with reference to Figures 2-15 of the accompanying drawings.

34. An attachment member constructed and arranged substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2-15 of the accompanying drawings.

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