GB2228885A - Method and apparatus for producing a hollow body with a varying profile - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for producing a hollow body with a varying profile Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2228885A GB2228885A GB9000744A GB9000744A GB2228885A GB 2228885 A GB2228885 A GB 2228885A GB 9000744 A GB9000744 A GB 9000744A GB 9000744 A GB9000744 A GB 9000744A GB 2228885 A GB2228885 A GB 2228885A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- steel balls
- hollow body
- pressure
- moulding tool
- tribologically
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 19
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- RRLHMJHRFMHVNM-BQVXCWBNSA-N [(2s,3r,6r)-6-[5-[5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxypentoxy]-2-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2h-pyran-3-yl] acetate Chemical compound C1=C[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1OCCCCCOC1=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C(C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)=COC2=C1 RRLHMJHRFMHVNM-BQVXCWBNSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000925 Cd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YAMPQRWRFJYHJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cd].[Bi] Chemical compound [Cd].[Bi] YAMPQRWRFJYHJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D26/00—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces
- B21D26/02—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces by applying fluid pressure
- B21D26/033—Deforming tubular bodies
- B21D26/037—Forming branched tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/10—Stamping using yieldable or resilient pads
- B21D22/105—Stamping using yieldable or resilient pads of tubular products
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D9/00—Bending tubes using mandrels or the like
- B21D9/15—Bending tubes using mandrels or the like using filling material of indefinite shape, e.g. sand, plastic material
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
Abstract
The apparatus comprises a metal moulding tool (1) and a ram (5). The apparatus also includes packed steel balls (6) introduceable into a hollow body (7) to be shaped, and plugs (9). The steel balls (6) have only a small cross-section and are tribologically prepared. By applying pressure in the transverse direction of the hollow body (7) with the ram (5), the steel balls (6) are displaced and press the wall of the hollow body (7) into a moulding cavity (3) of the moulding tool (1). In an alternative apparatus, rams (11, Fig. 3) introduced into a tube (7) to be shaped displace the steel balls (6) and press the tube wall (12) into a cavity (3) in the moulding tool. The steel balls are tribologically prepared by oiling, or by dusting with graphite. A mixture of steel balls having differing diameters may be used. <IMAGE>
Description
Description of Invention Method and apparatus for producing a hollow body with a varying profile"
THIS INVENTION relates to a method and apparatus for producing a hollow body, particularly a tube, with a varying profile by cold forming.
Depending upon the particular later use, prefabricated hollow bodies, such as straight or bent tubes, frequently have to be provided with mounting surfaces or indentations for attachment of components or special cross-sections for enhancing the loading capacity. Such tubes find application, for example, in the form of axles in the manufacture of motor vehicles, where a tube profile defined by the corresponding technical specifications is required in an exactly reproduceable configuration in mass production.
So long as the specified shape is not complicated, an internal tool insertable in the tube can be used.
Such internal tools however entail the unavoidable condition that they must be able to be removed again after the deformation of the tubes.
In the manufacture of tubes with complicated shapes it is already known to introduce into the tube, as a profile supporting media, sand, highly viscous liquids or bismuth-cadmium alloys with a melting point of about 700
These media absorb a part of the forming pressure so that a uniform deformation of the tube into the required shape can be guaranteed. These media further have the advantage that they can be removed from the tubes after the forming process.
The supporting medium, sand, however has the disadvantage that it must be compressed and a considerable expenditure of process time is involved in this. Further, sand is not adapted to transmit pressure uniformly because of its granularity. Pressure transmission also only takes place through individual layers and thus remains undefined.
The use of liquids is basically afflicted by sealing problems. The expenditure involved in this is consequently equally considerable.
If a bismuth-cadmium alloy is used, long waiting times for the heating and cooling phases are incurred in the filling and emptying of the tubes. Moreover, additional heat expansion events are produced in the tubes.
The invention aims to improve the known apparatus so that hollow bodies having complicated shapes can also be produced without undue expenditure in time, tooling, personnel or heating technology.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of producing a hollow body with a varying profile by cold forming, comprising introducing into the hollow body pressure transmitting bodies of small volume in the form of tribologically prepared steel balls, placing the body in a moulding tool defining the outer contour of the profile to be produced, and maintaining the steel balls in a closely packed condition whilst applying deforming pressure to the hollow body in the moulding tool.
The invention also provides apparatus for producing a hollow body with a varying profile by cold forming, comprising a moulding tool for receiving the hollow body and defining the outer contour of the profile to be produced, pressure transmitting bodies of small volume in the form of a tribologically prepared steel balls for positioning in a closely packed condition in the interior of the hollow body, and means for applying deforming pressure to the hollow body when placed in the moulding tool whilst maintaining the steel balls in the closely packed condition.
In one embodiment, the invention provides apparatus for producing a hollow body with a varying profile by cold forming, comprising a moulding tool defining the outer contour of the profile to be produced, ram means movable relative to the moulding tool and closely packed pressure transmitting bodies of small volume which are introduceable into the hollow body, in which apparatus the pressure transmitting bodies are tribologically prepared, equivalently symmetrical steel balls with a deformability lying only in the range of
Hertzian compression, the balls being movable relative to one another as regards their surfaces and centres and ensuring a quasi areal pressure transfer to the wall of the hollow body.
A particular advantage of the invention resides in that the steel balls positively transmit the pressure acting from outside or inside the hollow body and ensure an even distribution of pressure over the inner surfaces of the wall of the hollow body. In this way a high accuracy in the shape to be produced can be guaranteed.
The tribologically prepared steel balls exhibit good slipping properties and consequently are displaceable under the application of pressure without losing their support effect in the interior of the tubes.
The steel balls develop particularly advantageous properties in circumstances where the shapes are to be produced in bent tubes. Hereby the cross-section of the tubes also remains undistorted near the regions of changed shape.
The diameters of the steel balls can be varied according to the shapes to be produced or according to the specified dimensions. It is thereby possible to achieve a very high dimensional accuracy of the deformed to the undeformed regions of the tubes.
The forming process can take place so that after the introduction of the steel balls the tube is closed at both ends. In this way, not only can the steel balls be prevented from escaping from the tube but it is also ensured that through the clamping of the steel balls the applied force components are evenly absorbed during the forming process.
Escape of the steel balls from the tube can also then be avoided if the steel balls are previously packed and the tube filled in this way then introduced into a moulding tool which establishes the outer contour of the shape to be produced.
Following this, the desired contact surfaces or flats or depressions are pressed in the tube by one or more rams.
Also possible is a process of forming tubes using steel balls in which the cohesive pack of balls in its hexagonal lattice structure with the densest packing is subjected to pressure through the open ends of the tube.
As a result the wall of the tube is pressed into the cavity of the moulding tool and the required shape is produced.
A further advantage of the use of steel balls in comparison, for example, to fluid supporting media is that, even with balls of very small cross-section, no particular expenditure on sealing arrangements have to be made. The operation of filling and emptying the tubes with steel balls is moreover cleaner and more scientific compared to the known procedures. Moreover the steel balls can be so proportioned that neither a material nor a lubrication loss exists.
Finally it is also seen as advantageous in the context of the invention that any cleaning work to remove lubrication residues can be carried out more simply and quickly, for example in the form of degreasing baths. In general, however, such cleaning work is not necessary.
One possibility for tribologically preparing the steel balls is to oil the steel balls.
Another tribological preparation is to dust the steel balls with graphite.
The steel balls may all have an identical crosssection. Depending upon the specified radii to be formed in the transition region of the shapes to be produced with respect to the undeformed regions, the steel balls may have a preferred size of 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter. If the hollow bodies are larger and also require greater radii, mixtures of balls with diameters between 1.5 and Smm may however also be advantageous.
In order that the invention may be more readily understood, embodiments thereof will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows, in cross-section, a tube placed in a moulding tool prior to a process;
Figure 2 shows the tube and the moulding tool of
Figure 1 after the forming process; and
Figure 3 shows, equally in cross-section, a moulding tool for forming a tube using another embodiment of the invention.
In Figures 1 and 2, metal moulding tool 1 comprises a fixed lower die 2 with a cavity 3 and an upper die Li movable relative to the fixed lower die 2.
A ram is movable relative to both the lower die 2 and the upper die #, is guided in the upper die Li and is linearly displaceable in the direction of the cavity 3 of the lower die 2.
With the help of the moulding tool 1 and the tribologically prepared steel balls 6 a tube 7 is to be locally deformed. For this purpose the steel balls 6 are first introduced into the tube 7 in the region of the longitudinal section 8 to be deformed and are pressed by means of plugs 9 into the most dense packing arrangement.
The plugs 9 can also be constituted by rams introduced through the open ends into the tube 7.
After placing the tube 7 in the moulding tool 1 and closing the upper die 4 and the lower die 2, the deformation of the tube 7 in the region 8 is effected with the help of the ram 5, as can be seen particularly from
Figure 2. In this process, the steel balls 6, which have a deformability only in the range of Hertzian compression (see for example 'Dubbel", Taschenbuch fuer den
Maschinenbau, 14 Edition, at page 214) positively transmit the operating pressures and effect an even distribution over the inner surface 10 of the tube 7.
Thereby a high accuracy in the shape to be produced can be achieved. The tribologically prepared steel balls 6 possess good sliding properties and are capable of being displaced without losing their supporting effect.
After the forming process the upper die Li together with the ram 5 is removed from the lower die 2. Finally the formed tube 7 can be taken out of the moulding tool 1. After the removal of the plugs 9 the steel balls 6 can be removed from the tube 7 and can - possibly after cleaning - be prepared for another forming process.
As Figure 3 shows, it is also possible to form a tube 7 into a prescribed shape using tribologically prepared steel balls 6 by subjecting the pack of balls in its most dense packing arrangement to pressure from both ends of the tube 7. The rams 11 introduced into the tube 7 displace the steel balls 6 and press the tube wall 12 into the cavity 3 of the lower die 2.
With the embodiment of moulding tool 1' according to Figure 3 the ram 5 movable relative to the upper die 4' and the lower die 2 is omitted, because a pressure is exerted only from the inside of the tube 7.
Instead of a vertical ram 5 and/or horizontal rams 11 a plurality of vertical rams can also be used simultaneously depending upon the shapes to be formed.
Claims (13)
1. A method of producing a hollow body with a varying profile by cold forming, comprising introducing into the hollow body pressure transmitting bodies of small volume in the form of tribologically prepared steel balls, placing the body in a moulding tool defining the outer contour of the profile to be produced, and maintaining the steel balls in a closely packed condition whilst applying deforming pressure to the hollow body in the moulding tool.
2. A method according to claim 1, comprising applying deforming pressure to the body from outside the body.
3. A method according to claim 1, comprising applying deforming pressure to the body from within the body via the steel balls.
Apparatus for producing a hollow body with a varying profile by cold forming, comprising a moulding tool for receiving the hollow body and defining the outer contour of the profile to be produced, pressure transmitting bodies of small volume in the form of tribologically prepared steel balls for positioning in a closely packed condition in the interior of the hollow body, and means for applying deforming pressure to the hollow body when placed in the moulding tool whilst maintaining the steel balls in the closely packed condition.
5. Apparatus according to claim Li, wherein the means for applying deforming pressure comprises ram means for applying pressure externally to the hollow body and plug means for introduction into the hollow body to maintain the steel balls in the closely packed condition.
6. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the means for applying deforming pressure comprises ram means for introduction into the hollow body to apply pressure to the hollow body internally via the steel balls whilst maintaining the steel balls in the closely packed condition.
7. Apparatus for producing a hollow body with a varying profile by cold forming, comprising a moulding tool defining the outer contour of the profile to be produced, ram means movable relative to the moulding tool and closely packed pressure transmitting bodies of small volume which are introduceable into the hollow body, in which apparatus the pressure transmitting bodies are tribologically prepared, equivalently symmetrical steel balls with a deformability lying only in the range of
Hertzian compression, the balls being movable relative to one another as regards their surfaces and centres and ensuring a quasi areal pressure transfer to the wall of the hollow body.
8. Apparatus according to any one of claims Li to 7, wherein the steel balls are tribologically prepared by being oiled.
9. Apparatus according to any one of claims Li to 7, wherein the steel balls are tribologically prepared by being dusted with graphite.
10. Apparatus according to any one of claims 4 to 9, wherein the steel balls are of identical cross-section.
11. A method of producing hollow bodies of varying profile substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 or Figure 3 of the accompanying drawing.
12. Apparatus for producing hollow bodies of varying profile substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as illustrated in, Figures 1 and 2 or
Figure 3 of the accompanying drawing.
13. Any novel feature or combination of features described herein.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3900948 | 1989-01-14 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9000744D0 GB9000744D0 (en) | 1990-03-14 |
| GB2228885A true GB2228885A (en) | 1990-09-12 |
Family
ID=6372070
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9000744A Withdrawn GB2228885A (en) | 1989-01-14 | 1990-01-12 | Method and apparatus for producing a hollow body with a varying profile |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| ES (1) | ES2019775A6 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2228885A (en) |
Cited By (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0726103A1 (en) * | 1995-02-08 | 1996-08-14 | Bürkert Werke GmbH & Co. | Method of manufacturing a valve body |
| RU2152284C1 (en) * | 1998-06-29 | 2000-07-10 | Комсомольское-на-Амуре авиационное производственное объединение | Apparatus for flanging openings in sheet blanks |
| RU2176169C2 (en) * | 1999-11-17 | 2001-11-27 | Комсомольское-на-Амуре авиационное производственное объединение | Die set for forming tubular blanks |
| RU2387542C2 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2010-04-27 | Айрбус Эспанья, С.Л. | Procedure for making punched apertures of illuminators on flat sections of preliminary impregnated parts out of composite |
| CN101844178A (en) * | 2010-06-30 | 2010-09-29 | 重庆理工大学 | Mold for thinning and drawing blank under assisted thrust of solid particle medium |
| CN102228922A (en) * | 2011-04-20 | 2011-11-02 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Method for bending and forming metal pipe by placing steel balls inside |
| CN103316974A (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2013-09-25 | 新疆磐石钢材科技有限公司 | Pipe bending method of pipe bending machine |
| USD707332S1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-06-17 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Seal assembly |
| USD707797S1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-06-24 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Seal segment |
| CN104056885A (en) * | 2013-03-22 | 2014-09-24 | 浙江炜驰机械集团有限公司 | Pipe forming device |
| US8870233B2 (en) | 2007-07-03 | 2014-10-28 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Swivel joint with uniform ball bearing requirements |
| US8978695B2 (en) | 2009-04-20 | 2015-03-17 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Flowline flapper valve |
| US8998168B2 (en) | 2009-06-03 | 2015-04-07 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Plug valve indicator |
| US9103448B2 (en) | 2012-08-16 | 2015-08-11 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Plug valve having preloaded seal segments |
| US9273543B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2016-03-01 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Automated relief valve control system and method |
| US9322243B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2016-04-26 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Automated relief valve control system and method |
| US9568138B2 (en) | 2013-07-01 | 2017-02-14 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Manifold assembly |
| CN110064689A (en) * | 2019-05-05 | 2019-07-30 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A kind of bending forming method and device for small bend radius tube |
| US10557576B2 (en) | 2015-06-15 | 2020-02-11 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Full-root-radius-threaded wing nut having increased wall thickness |
| US10677365B2 (en) | 2015-09-04 | 2020-06-09 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Pressure relief valve assembly and methods |
| CN113649466A (en) * | 2021-07-30 | 2021-11-16 | 深圳大学 | A kind of micro-forming device and forming method for comparative observation of ultrasonic effect |
| CN113649465A (en) * | 2021-07-30 | 2021-11-16 | 深圳大学 | Contrast micro-forming device for observing ultrasonic effect and forming method |
| CN115591969A (en) * | 2022-10-24 | 2023-01-13 | 上海核工程研究设计院有限公司（Cn） | Particle filling medium, cold extrusion process and workpiece |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB543610A (en) * | 1939-07-25 | 1942-03-05 | Aluminum Co Of America | Improvements in or relating to the formation of hollow metallic propeller blades for aircraft |
| GB1181611A (en) * | 1968-03-08 | 1970-02-18 | Nibco | Method of Forming Complex Tubing Shapes. |
| US3841138A (en) * | 1972-10-25 | 1974-10-15 | Reynolds Metals Co | Apparatus and method for forming an elongated tubular member |
-
1990
- 1990-01-12 GB GB9000744A patent/GB2228885A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-01-12 ES ES9000074A patent/ES2019775A6/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB543610A (en) * | 1939-07-25 | 1942-03-05 | Aluminum Co Of America | Improvements in or relating to the formation of hollow metallic propeller blades for aircraft |
| GB1181611A (en) * | 1968-03-08 | 1970-02-18 | Nibco | Method of Forming Complex Tubing Shapes. |
| US3841138A (en) * | 1972-10-25 | 1974-10-15 | Reynolds Metals Co | Apparatus and method for forming an elongated tubular member |
Cited By (37)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1996024448A1 (en) * | 1995-02-08 | 1996-08-15 | Bürkert Werke GmbH & Co. | Process for the production of a valve housing |
| US5746079A (en) * | 1995-02-08 | 1998-05-05 | Burkert Werke Gmbh & Co. | Method for the production of a valve housing |
| EP0726103A1 (en) * | 1995-02-08 | 1996-08-14 | Bürkert Werke GmbH & Co. | Method of manufacturing a valve body |
| RU2152284C1 (en) * | 1998-06-29 | 2000-07-10 | Комсомольское-на-Амуре авиационное производственное объединение | Apparatus for flanging openings in sheet blanks |
| RU2176169C2 (en) * | 1999-11-17 | 2001-11-27 | Комсомольское-на-Амуре авиационное производственное объединение | Die set for forming tubular blanks |
| RU2387542C2 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2010-04-27 | Айрбус Эспанья, С.Л. | Procedure for making punched apertures of illuminators on flat sections of preliminary impregnated parts out of composite |
| US9964245B2 (en) | 2007-07-03 | 2018-05-08 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Swivel joint with uniform ball bearing requirements |
| US8870233B2 (en) | 2007-07-03 | 2014-10-28 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Swivel joint with uniform ball bearing requirements |
| US8978695B2 (en) | 2009-04-20 | 2015-03-17 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Flowline flapper valve |
| US8998168B2 (en) | 2009-06-03 | 2015-04-07 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Plug valve indicator |
| CN101844178A (en) * | 2010-06-30 | 2010-09-29 | 重庆理工大学 | Mold for thinning and drawing blank under assisted thrust of solid particle medium |
| CN101844178B (en) * | 2010-06-30 | 2011-11-09 | 重庆理工大学 | Mold for thinning and drawing blank under assisted thrust of solid particle medium |
| CN102228922B (en) * | 2011-04-20 | 2013-01-16 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Method for bending and forming metal pipe by placing steel balls inside |
| CN102228922A (en) * | 2011-04-20 | 2011-11-02 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Method for bending and forming metal pipe by placing steel balls inside |
| US9103448B2 (en) | 2012-08-16 | 2015-08-11 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Plug valve having preloaded seal segments |
| US9638337B2 (en) | 2012-08-16 | 2017-05-02 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Plug valve having preloaded seal segments |
| US9273543B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2016-03-01 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Automated relief valve control system and method |
| US9322243B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2016-04-26 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Automated relief valve control system and method |
| US9857807B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2018-01-02 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Automated relief valve control system and method |
| USD707797S1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-06-24 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Seal segment |
| USD734434S1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-07-14 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Seal assembly |
| USD707332S1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-06-17 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Seal assembly |
| CN104056885A (en) * | 2013-03-22 | 2014-09-24 | 浙江炜驰机械集团有限公司 | Pipe forming device |
| CN103316974A (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2013-09-25 | 新疆磐石钢材科技有限公司 | Pipe bending method of pipe bending machine |
| US10738928B2 (en) | 2013-07-01 | 2020-08-11 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Manifold assembly |
| USD873860S1 (en) | 2013-07-01 | 2020-01-28 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Mounting bracket for manifold assembly |
| US9568138B2 (en) | 2013-07-01 | 2017-02-14 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Manifold assembly |
| US10557576B2 (en) | 2015-06-15 | 2020-02-11 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Full-root-radius-threaded wing nut having increased wall thickness |
| US11519530B2 (en) | 2015-06-15 | 2022-12-06 | Spm Oil & Gas Inc. | Full-root-radius-threaded wing nut having increased wall thickness |
| US10677365B2 (en) | 2015-09-04 | 2020-06-09 | S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc. | Pressure relief valve assembly and methods |
| CN110064689A (en) * | 2019-05-05 | 2019-07-30 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A kind of bending forming method and device for small bend radius tube |
| CN110064689B (en) * | 2019-05-05 | 2020-07-28 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A kind of bending forming method and device for small bending radius tube |
| CN113649466A (en) * | 2021-07-30 | 2021-11-16 | 深圳大学 | A kind of micro-forming device and forming method for comparative observation of ultrasonic effect |
| CN113649465A (en) * | 2021-07-30 | 2021-11-16 | 深圳大学 | Contrast micro-forming device for observing ultrasonic effect and forming method |
| CN113649466B (en) * | 2021-07-30 | 2023-08-22 | 深圳大学 | Method for observing ultrasonic action by utilizing micro-forming device for contrast observation of ultrasonic action |
| CN113649465B (en) * | 2021-07-30 | 2023-08-22 | 深圳大学 | A Method for Observing Ultrasonic Effects Using a Contrasting Microformed Device for Observing Ultrasonic Effects |
| CN115591969A (en) * | 2022-10-24 | 2023-01-13 | 上海核工程研究设计院有限公司（Cn） | Particle filling medium, cold extrusion process and workpiece |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2019775A6 (en) | 1991-07-01 |
| GB9000744D0 (en) | 1990-03-14 |
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