GB2266886A - Lightweight concrete compositions - Google Patents
Lightweight concrete compositions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2266886A GB2266886A GB9210376A GB9210376A GB2266886A GB 2266886 A GB2266886 A GB 2266886A GB 9210376 A GB9210376 A GB 9210376A GB 9210376 A GB9210376 A GB 9210376A GB 2266886 A GB2266886 A GB 2266886A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- compositions
- incorporation
- casting
- aggregate
- mica
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052914 metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000016261 weight loss Diseases 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical group [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
- C04B14/04—Silica-rich materials; Silicates
- C04B14/20—Mica; Vermiculite
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H17/00—Fencing, e.g. fences, enclosures, corrals
- E04H17/14—Fences constructed of rigid elements, e.g. with additional wire fillings or with posts
- E04H17/20—Posts therefor
- E04H17/21—Posts therefor with hollow cross sections
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
- C04B14/04—Silica-rich materials; Silicates
- C04B14/20—Mica; Vermiculite
- C04B14/204—Mica; Vermiculite expanded
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H12/00—Towers; Masts or poles; Chimney stacks; Water-towers; Methods of erecting such structures
- E04H12/22—Sockets or holders for poles or posts
- E04H12/2253—Mounting poles or posts to the holder
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
Cement based casting compositions are formulated in which the sand and aggregate in conventional concrete are replaced by a low density mineral of particle size suitable for its intended use, together with other additives to ensure that the finished castings possess adequate flexural strength. The light weight and high thermal insulation of such castings can be further enhanced by design features to facilitate handling and the use of a suitable primer, with or without a pigmented top coat, to protect the castings from the destructive effects of weathering, as well as to provide a pleasing appearance. Exfoliated mica (vermiculite) is the low density mineral used, optionally together with calcined mica. The compositions are used to make e.g. building components, fencing posts and gravel boards.
Description
The Formulation of Lightweight Concrete Compositions and their
use for Items such as Pre-Cast Buildinq Components, Fencing
Posts, Gravel Boards, and other Items where Light Weight
and/or High Thermal Insulation is of Benefit
This invention relates to concrete compositions of light weight and high thermal insulation characteristics, and their use for the casting of items where either or both of these properties are of benefit, such as pre-cast building components for such as garages, or gravel boards and posts for fencing, with particular reference to the latter. The weight reduction can be further enhanced by features of design in most,if not all,cases.
The design features are such that they can lead to other design improvements such as an improved method of installation which would not otherwise be practicable, but which will be possible for one person without the need for special equipment or mechanical aids. Also further enhancements by the use of coatinys which will not only improve their appearance,but will also protect the concrete and steel reinforcement from the destructive effects of weathering, such as cracking arising from the corrosion of the steel and freeze/thaw cycles.
Concrete Fencing Posts and Gravel Boards are superior to their timber counterparts since they are not subject to wet rot at ground level as are the latter.
However they suffer the serious disadvantage of a much greater weight so that for the longer posts particularly, it is really necessary to employ lifting tackle if they are to be installed successfully. Thus it is most often the case that a specialist contractor has to be engaged to supply and install.
Thus if the installation of such fencing is to come truly within the domain of 'Do-It-Yourself' significant W ht reductions of the concrete items are essential. Also the high weight factcr leads to high transport cost with the result that manufacture and supply is not viable on a national basis, it therefore tends to be carried out on a local basis only.
A further disadvantage lies in the need to use steel reinforcement in order to compensate for the poor mechanical strength of the concrete in tension.
The penetration of water into the concrete when it is in exposed locations causes rusting and the consequent expansion of the steel leads to stress cracking within the concrete. This in turn leads to increased water penetration and the cycle is repeated. Add to these effects those resulting from a series of freeze/thaw cycles and it is only a matter of- time before disinte- gration of the concrete is sufficient to render it unfit for its purpose.
Finally some regard the appearance of both new and weathered concrete.as aesthetically displeasing compared with that of timber, and would prefer to be able to obtain it in what they would regard as appropriate colours and appearance.
According to the present invention weight reductions of up to 80 ó are attainable by various means. Partly by replacement of conventional aggregate chips with a light weight siliceous mineral aggregate. Partly by the substitution of calcined mica for all or part of the silica sand content of a conventional concrete, or by a combination of these means together with the provision in the design of the casting for one or more hollow cores as appropriate. In the case of posts this also provides the means for accomodating a suitably designed mounting unit, which will not only permit the satisfactory installation of the posts by one person, but will also permit their easy removal should that become necessary or desirable.Some loss of mechanical strength can be recovered by the incorporation of a proportion of polymer emulsion in the concrete formulation, as well as by increasing the cement content.
Decoration and protection of the concrete as cast is achieved firstly by treatment with a primer based upon a soluble metal silicate, in which is incorporated a silicone emulsion to provide water repellancy. This is followed by the use of a suitably pigmented top coat which is similarly based. This treatment will also serve to reinforce the surface of the casting.
Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the following formulation examples and the accompanying drawings:
Example 1 Example 2
Portland Cement 2.0 pts. vol. Portland Cement 2.0 pts. vol.
Silica Sand 5.0 " " Vermiculite 4mm. 10.0 "
Vermiculite 2-4mm. 8.0 " tt Water 2.6 "
Water 2.6 "
Example 3 Example 4
Portland Cement 2.0 pts. vol. Portland Cement 2.0 pts. vol.
Calcined mica 5.0 " " Calcined mica 1.0
Vermiculite 2-4mm. 4.0 " " Vermiculite 16mm. 6.0
Water 2.6 " " Water 2.6 "
Plasticiser 0.1
Example 5 Example 6
Portland Cement 2.0 pts. vol. Cement Blend* 2.0 pts. vol.
Calcined mica 1.0 " " Calcined mica 1.0 "
Vermiculite 16mm. 6.0 " " Vermiculite 16mm. 6.0 "
Polyvinyl Acetate Polyvinyl Acetate
Emulsion 50X 0.2 " " Emulsion 50 Ó 0.2
Water 2.4 " " Water 2.4 "
* Cement Blend = 65 Portland + 35'1Ó High Alumina Cements.
Example 7 Example 8
Cement Blend* 2.0 pts. vol. Cement Blend* 2.0 pts. vol.
Calcined mica 1.0 " " Calcined mica ' 1.0 "
Vermiculite 16mm. 6.0 " " Vermiculite 16mm. 6.0 "
Acrylic Emulsion 50'l0 0.2 " " Acrylic Emulsion 505 0.2 "
Water 2.4 " " Accelerator# 0.02 "
Water 2.6 "
Accelerator = Calcium. Formate
Fig 1 shows a broken view of the slotted side elevation of a fencing post in which 1 is the upper section of the post, 2 is the side slot, 3 is the hollow core and 4 is the lower section.
Fig 2 is a plan view of the post at its base in which at 5 are the steel reinforcing rods, 6 is the base of the hollow core and 7 is the top. At 2 are the slots.
The mounting unit shown in Figs 7 and 8 consists essentially of a longitudinally split tube of appropriate length shown at Fig 6, which is assembled with the foot assembly shown in Fig 5. The foot assembly consists of two components shown in Figs 3 and 4, the former having a slot in the centre from its base up to the halfway point while the latter has a similar slot except that it can be seen to run from the halfway point to the top. In fact of course they are identical That in Fig 4 is simply that in Fig 3 inverted prior to assembly to form that shown in Fig 5. The tube in Fig 6 has an outside diameter similar to the inside diameter of the hollow core of the post, at the base,or point of entry.The slight taper of the core, which is provided so that the mandrel used to form it during casting may be withdrawn, will have the effect of compressing the split in the mounting tube as it is inserted, so that it will conform to the very slightly reducing core diameter and thus ensure a snug tight fit. At the lower end the mounting tube at Fig 6 carries three further slots at 900 intervals, the function of which, with the original split or slot is to accomodate the 'foot assembly or anchorage' of the mounting unit as shown in Fig 7 and Fig 8. The width dimension of all slots, other than that formed by the split in the tube, will match the gauge of the sheet steel used. The width dimension of the longitudinal split needs to be sufficient to accomodate its compression by the taper of the core,as well as being sufficient to accomodate the gauge of the steel employed. The mounting unit thus formed is inserted into a previously dug hole, using suitable means to ensure its verticality,such as the insertion of a pole,of appropriate diameter bearing a plumb line, into the mounting tube. Freshly mixed concrete is then poured to a suitable depth to anchor the unit in position. When it has set hard the post can be fitted to the mounting unit and the hole filled in. The installation will then appear as shown in Fig 7.
All metal will be zinc galvanised to protect against corrosion.
Claims (12)
1. The use of exfoliated mica, otherwise known as vermiculite, as a blend of
various particle sizes,in a cement based casting composition, to replace
the gravel or limestone chippings normally found in most concrete casting
compositions, in order to reduce the weight of the finished casting.
2. The further use of exfoliated mica as in Claim 1. to replace the sand as
well as the aggregate in the composition and thereby achieve a further
weight reduction.
3. The incorporation of a proportion of calcined mica into compositions as in
1. and 2. to improve the flexural strength of the composition, albeit at
the cost of some weight reduction.
4. The incorporation of a proportion of a polymer emulsion into compositions
as in Claims 1. to 3. to improve flexural strength.
5. The use of blends of Portland and High Alumina cements to improve setting
times of compositions as in claims 1. to 4.
6. The use of a finely ground grade of cement in compositions as in claims 1.
to 4. to improve the setting times and penetration of the cement particles
into pores present in the aggregate.
7. The incorporation of a plasticiser into compositions as in claims 1. to 6.
to further enhance penetration of and bonding to the aggregate.
8. The incorporation of an accelerator into compositions as in claims 1.to 7.
to further enhance setting times.
9. The incorporation of hollow cores as a design feature of castings prepared
from compositions as in Claims l.to 7., to reduce casting weight and at the
same time provide a receptacle for a suitable mounting device where appro
priate.
10. The provision of a simple mounting device to exploit the design feature as
described in Claim 9.
11. The use of a suitable primer on castings prepared from compositions as in
Claims 1.to 7.,based upon a soluble metal silicate with a water repellent
such as a silicone emulsion, to prevent the ingress of water into the
casting and to consolidate and strengthen its surface matrix where desired.
12. The use of a pigmented version of the primer as in Claim 10. to provide a
decorative finish and further enhance the protection afforded by the
primer.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9210376A GB2266886B (en) | 1992-05-14 | 1992-05-14 | Concrete compositions for items such as pre-cast building components, fencing posts and gravel boards requiring light weight and/or high thermal insulation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9210376A GB2266886B (en) | 1992-05-14 | 1992-05-14 | Concrete compositions for items such as pre-cast building components, fencing posts and gravel boards requiring light weight and/or high thermal insulation |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9210376D0 GB9210376D0 (en) | 1992-07-01 |
| GB2266886A true GB2266886A (en) | 1993-11-17 |
| GB2266886B GB2266886B (en) | 1995-11-15 |
Family
ID=10715507
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9210376A Expired - Fee Related GB2266886B (en) | 1992-05-14 | 1992-05-14 | Concrete compositions for items such as pre-cast building components, fencing posts and gravel boards requiring light weight and/or high thermal insulation |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2266886B (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2277763A1 (en) * | 2005-10-19 | 2007-07-16 | Javier Porcar Orti | Micem-Megafino heat and sound insulation mica and white cement based mix comprises a blend with water and additives, forming a stucco effect product |
| RU2312839C1 (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2007-12-20 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Дигаз" | Raw mixture for manufacturing building material and article |
| RU2473517C1 (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2013-01-27 | Федеральное Государственное Автономное Образовательное Учреждение Высшего Профессионального Образования "Сибирский Федеральный Университет" | Crude mixture for making light concrete |
| RU2473518C1 (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2013-01-27 | Федеральное Государственное Автономное Образовательное Учреждение Высшего Профессионального Образования "Сибирский Федеральный Университет" | Crude mixture for making light concrete articles |
| GB2493221A (en) * | 2011-10-12 | 2013-01-30 | Royston Edgar Dennis Fox | Building components having plastic reinforcing rods |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB498050A (en) * | 1937-07-14 | 1939-01-03 | Evelyn Hurden | Improvements in or relating to walls and fences |
| GB573069A (en) * | 1943-10-28 | 1945-11-05 | William Henry Glaysher | Improvements relating to supports for fences and the like structures |
| GB623660A (en) * | 1946-07-11 | 1949-05-20 | Vilas Eugene Watts | Improved light-weight aggregate and method of producing the same |
| GB790636A (en) * | 1955-01-14 | 1958-02-12 | Samuel Clipson | Improvements in and relating to exfoliated vermiculite |
| GB1068782A (en) * | 1965-01-01 | 1967-05-17 | Edgar Gregson | Improvements in building bricks |
| GB2072156A (en) * | 1978-09-18 | 1981-09-30 | Tile Pty Ltd U | Novel slab, manufacture and applications thereof |
| EP0065410A1 (en) * | 1981-05-12 | 1982-11-24 | The British Petroleum Company p.l.c. | Thermally insulating filler and compositions containing such a filler |
| EP0219579A1 (en) * | 1985-09-16 | 1987-04-29 | Dave D. Barrett, Jr. | Insulating cementitious mixture and method of use |
-
1992
- 1992-05-14 GB GB9210376A patent/GB2266886B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB498050A (en) * | 1937-07-14 | 1939-01-03 | Evelyn Hurden | Improvements in or relating to walls and fences |
| GB573069A (en) * | 1943-10-28 | 1945-11-05 | William Henry Glaysher | Improvements relating to supports for fences and the like structures |
| GB623660A (en) * | 1946-07-11 | 1949-05-20 | Vilas Eugene Watts | Improved light-weight aggregate and method of producing the same |
| GB790636A (en) * | 1955-01-14 | 1958-02-12 | Samuel Clipson | Improvements in and relating to exfoliated vermiculite |
| GB1068782A (en) * | 1965-01-01 | 1967-05-17 | Edgar Gregson | Improvements in building bricks |
| GB2072156A (en) * | 1978-09-18 | 1981-09-30 | Tile Pty Ltd U | Novel slab, manufacture and applications thereof |
| EP0065410A1 (en) * | 1981-05-12 | 1982-11-24 | The British Petroleum Company p.l.c. | Thermally insulating filler and compositions containing such a filler |
| EP0219579A1 (en) * | 1985-09-16 | 1987-04-29 | Dave D. Barrett, Jr. | Insulating cementitious mixture and method of use |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2277763A1 (en) * | 2005-10-19 | 2007-07-16 | Javier Porcar Orti | Micem-Megafino heat and sound insulation mica and white cement based mix comprises a blend with water and additives, forming a stucco effect product |
| ES2277763B1 (en) * | 2005-10-19 | 2008-06-01 | Javier Porcar Orti | MICEM-MEGAFINO, COMPOSITE OF MICA AND WHITE CEMENT, FOR THE STUDY OF SURFACES AS THERMAL AND ACOUSTIC INSULATION. |
| RU2312839C1 (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2007-12-20 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Дигаз" | Raw mixture for manufacturing building material and article |
| WO2007114738A3 (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2007-12-21 | Zakrytoye Aktsionernoye Obsche | Raw mix for producing constructional materials and articles |
| GB2449407A (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2008-11-19 | Zakrytoye Aktsionernoye Obsche | Raw mix for producing constructional materials and articles |
| GB2449407B (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2011-06-01 | Zakrytoye Aktsionernoye Obschestvo Digaz | Crude Mixture used to fabricate Construction Materials and Products |
| RU2473517C1 (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2013-01-27 | Федеральное Государственное Автономное Образовательное Учреждение Высшего Профессионального Образования "Сибирский Федеральный Университет" | Crude mixture for making light concrete |
| RU2473518C1 (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2013-01-27 | Федеральное Государственное Автономное Образовательное Учреждение Высшего Профессионального Образования "Сибирский Федеральный Университет" | Crude mixture for making light concrete articles |
| GB2493221A (en) * | 2011-10-12 | 2013-01-30 | Royston Edgar Dennis Fox | Building components having plastic reinforcing rods |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9210376D0 (en) | 1992-07-01 |
| GB2266886B (en) | 1995-11-15 |
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