GB2251729A - Array of radiating elements with complementary topology - Google Patents
Array of radiating elements with complementary topology Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2251729A GB2251729A GB8922255A GB8922255A GB2251729A GB 2251729 A GB2251729 A GB 2251729A GB 8922255 A GB8922255 A GB 8922255A GB 8922255 A GB8922255 A GB 8922255A GB 2251729 A GB2251729 A GB 2251729A
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- patterns
- array
- array according
- radiating elements
- excitation
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- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019988 mead Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940000425 combination drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Chemical group O.O.O.O.O.[Cu+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
Landscapes
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
- Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
- Details Of Aerials (AREA)
Abstract
An array of radiating elements (P) intended for forming a phased-array antenna capable of transmitting or receiving a beam of electromagnetic energy scanning space electronically. Each of the radiating elements (P) is, for example, a conducting pattern of the patch type disposed in front of a reflector (R). The patterns (P) are disposed periodically. They have a shape and a disposition such that the topology they form is complementary. <IMAGE>
Description
1 - y 5- -) -,)- C) Array of radiating elements with autocomplementary
topology, and antenna using such an array The present invention relates to an array of radiating elements with autocomplementary topology applicable in particular to the formation of a phased-array antenna, i.e., an a n t e nna capable of transmitting (or receiving) a beam of electromagnetic energy scanning space electronically.
In certain applications, it is'aesired that a phased-array antenna receiving a beam of electromagnetic energy linearly polarized has the same variation of t-he- gain as a Function of the pointing direction whichever the polarization of the transmitted wave, for example horizontal or vertical. When this array transmits a wave with a circular polarization, its ellipticity ratio is then independent of the pointing direction. When the array operates in the reception mode, this property allows to analyze the polarization of the received wave without the array introducing any distortion into this measurement.
To solve this problem, various methods are known. There is, for example, that which consists, in the scope of the socalled plated-antenna technology, in disposing additional elements, often called "directors" in front of or!3ehind the radiating elements. Is is recalled that the plated antenna technology is close to that of printed circuits and consists in implementing the radiating elements of the array by means of flat conducting patterns, for example printed on insulating substrates. The structure thus obtained is a multilayer structure. This approach has the disadvantage of being complex.
---2 - In addition, it increases the directivity of the radiating elements taken individually and consequently the loss in gain at high scanning angles, which is a limitation.
An object of the present invention is accordingly an array of radiating elements that fulfills this requirement by avoi- ding the limitations and disadvantages of the known solutions.
To this end, the array of radiating elements is formed by a set of flat conducting patterns separated by dielectric patterns, the patterns being disposed symmetrically and forming an autocomplementary topology. By autocomplementary, it is understood a geometry in which,- if. the conducting portions are replaced by a dielectric material, and conversely, the dielectric portions by a conducting material, the same fi gure is obtained to within a translation.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description given as a nonlimitative example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: - Figures la to ld show an embodiment of the array according to the present invention; and - Figures 2 to 8 illustrate various further embodiments of the array of the invention.
In these Figures, like reference numerals denote like elements.
3 - Referring to Figures la and 1b, they show in a partial manner a first embodiment of the array according to the present invention in plan view arid in sectional view, respectiv e I y.
The array is formed by a set of flat conducting patterns P, also referred to as patches, having substantially the shape of a square in this embodiment. For clarity of Figure la and of the other plan views, the conducting portions are cross-ruled. These patterns are disposed periodically so that their vertices 7 are substantially adjacent and the diagonals of the squares are aligned, along horizontal lines and vertical lines in this example: they thus form a checkerboard. The patches P are implemented, for example, by metaf layers deposited on a dielectric substrate 1 whose other side also carries a metal layer R deposited over its full surface to form a reflector for the radiating elements P. The geometry thus obtained is an autocomplementary topology in the sense defined above: as a matter of fact, if the conducting portions P are removed to expose the dielectric 1 and, conversely, patches P are disposed in these areas, called "complementary areas" and denoted by 8, where the dielectric appears in Figure la, an identical configurationis obtained, shifted along either diagonal of the squares by a distance D equal to the side of a square P.
In this embodiment, the conducting patterns are fed through coupling with a microstrip line. To this end, slots 3 are made in the reflector R, for example in alignment with the vertices 7 of the patches P, the latter being cut or rounded so as to have no electrical contact with each other and to provide a gap 9 between two consecutive patches P. In addition, the array includes a second dielectric substrate 2 disposed on the -.4 reflector R so that the latter is sandwiched between the two substrates 1 and 2. Conducting strips 4 are formed by deposition on the outer surface of the substrate 2 so as to pass under the slots 3, thus forming microstrip lines with the dielectric substrate 2 and the conducting plane R. In the embodiment shown in Figure 1b, the end of each of the strips 4 is connected to the reflector R in the vicinity of a slot 3.
Figure 1c shows a variant of the excitation mode of an array such as that of the above Figures.
In this Figure, the above structure is shown in perspective, and there can be seen again the dielectric substrates 1 and 2 separated by the reflector R., with the substrate 1 carrying the patches P. The reflectoF R exhibits the same slots 3 aligned with the vertices 7 of the patches P, excited as pre- viously by the stripline 4.
The excitation of the patches is accomplished here directly at the vertices 7 of two adjacent patches by means of a stripline section 10, the section 10 being itself excited by the lips of the slots 3 located in front of the vertices of interest 7.
Figure ld shows an embodiment of the feed circuit usable with a structure such as that of the above Figures.
In this Figure, there are shown the substrate 2 as seen from underneath, and two slots 3 shown in dotted lines and connected by the conductor 4 of the microstrip line. Conductor 4 comes from a single conductor 40 dividing into two branches in each of which is inserted, for example, an electrically controllable phase shifter 41. Each of the slots 3 can thus be associated with its neighbor, the conductors 40 being also connected two by two to form a distributor in the branches of which are inserted the necessary phase shifters.
The dimensions of the array are determined in a conventional way. As an example, the pitch of the array may be of about the shortest half-wavelength in the operating band and the width c of the gap 9 between two consecutive patches is small compared to this wavelength-The slots are narrow, i.e., their width is small coinpared to the wavelength and their length is, for example, of about the half- wavelength.The distance between the patches and the reflector, i.e., the thickness of the substrate 1, is generally shorter than or equal to the fourth of the smallest wavelength in the operating band.
Such an arrav can transmi patches are then rallel diagonals, this di lel to t a linearly polarized wave.The fed at two of their vertices located on pa and transmit a wave polarized parallel to rection. And similarly for the normal direction, paral the other diagonals. By exc'iting the patches at their four vertices, it is possible to transmit a wave with any po larization or, in the reception mOde, to analyze the polari zation of an incident wave.
The operation of such an array is as follows. The Babinet theorem shows that if a radiating element transmitting a li nearly polarized wave is characterized by a given radiation pattern in the plane of the electric field (for example, the vertical plane), the complementary of this radiating element, i.e., an element in which the conductor and the dielectric are exchanged, has in this same the magnetic field) a radiation as the first one. In is used a periodic and 2 plane (which becomes that of pattern having the same shape the array described herein, there utocomplementary array of radiating elements capable of transmitting diversely polarized wave. By applying this theorem, it can be seen that the array has a characteristic radiating surface independent of the polarization of the transmitted wave, which is the aim to be attai- ned. This results in the fact that if the array transmits a circularly polarized wave, i.e., a com- bination of two orthogonal linear polarizations, the ellipti city ratio will be independent of the pointing direction of the beam. Conversely, if the array operates in the reception mode with two ports for orthogonal linear polarizations, an incident wave with any polarization will be received in the two ports with the same transfer coefficient, hence without distortion, thus allowing a correct analysis of the polariza- Furthermore, as is well known, the gain of the antenna decreases when the pointing angle of the beam relative to the de decomposed into a theoretical law related to the cosine of the pointing angle, to which arle superimposed various cau ses of gain loss. First, in general, it is known, in order to minimize the gain loss, to choOse.a-sufficiently small ar ray pitch, namely close to the shortest half-wavelength in the band of-operating frequencies. In addition, in the case where the pitch of the array is sufficiently small (in the above sense), the increase in gain loss at the high pointing angles is mainly due to phenomena of coupling between the ra diating elements of the array which produce so-called active reflection coefficients and which are in addition different depending on the planes of interest. Now, it can be shown that an autocomplementary structure with a small pitch can be mat ched: the reflection coefficients are then theoretically zero and therefore induce no additional gain loss. Finally, in the special case of the above Figures, if we consider the normal to the array going through the center of a square, we find that the array remains invariant if we rotate it by 900 about this normal. This property has the consequence that the gain loss then does not depend on the pointing angle from the nor mal, whichever the plane in which the pointing takes place : in other words, the gain loss is independent of the plane of interest.
Moreover, it can be shown that such an array has the properties of a Huygens source (see for example, for the Hygens source, S. Drabowitch and C. Ancona " Antennas", volume 2, page 17, North Oxford Academic Press, London).
Referring now to Figure 2, a partial sectional view of a particular embodiment of the array according to the present invention is shown.
In this Figure, there can be seen again the patterns of the patch type that may have, by way of example, the shape and the disposition shown in Figure la. The patterns are held parallel to the reflecting plane R,- each through a rod 5, for example a metal rod, placed in the'center of the square.
By way of example, a mode of direct excitation of the radiating elements is shown.
The latter are, for example, fed by coaxial cables 6, running along the reflector R, then the rod 5, to be connected at the vertex of one of the patches while the central conductor is connected to the opposite vertex of the patch. A con- nection oF this type can also be implemented in microstrip technology.
Referring now to Figure 3, a partial sectional view of another embodiment of the array according to the invention is shown.
In this Figure, the array is formed by a set of horns 11 whose openings are, for example, square, each opening being separated from the others by metal plates 13.The assembly constituted by the metal plates (or conducting patterns) and the openings of the horns (or dielectric patterns) forms, as previously, an autocomplementary configuration. In the present case, there is no need for a reflector.
Referring now to Figure 4, a partial plan view of a further embodiment of the array of the invention is shown.
In this Figure, the radiating elements P are of the patch type and are, again 1)y way of example, square in shape and disposed periodically so that their verices 7 are substan tially adjacent. The figure formed by the elements of this Figure is identical to that of Figure la butrotated by 4513 relative to the latter. This rotation translates into a diffe rent pitch of the array: it is recalled that the pitch of the array is equal to the distance separa ting the phase centers of two successive patches projected on the scanning axes, for example vertical and horizontal axes in the Figures.
Referring now to Figure 5, there is shown a partial plan view of a further embodiment of th6 array according to the invention in whicn the patches P have the shape of a cross.
They are, as previously, dispoSed-periodically so that certain of their vertices are substantially adjacent and they form an autocomplementary topology.
Referring now to Figure 6, a partial plan view of a fur ther embodiment of the array according to the invention is shown.
In this embodiment, the patches P have the shape of two inverted and joined L and are, as previously, disposed so as to be substantially adjacent by one of their vertices and be disposed regularly to form an autocomplementary topology.
Referring now to Figure 7, there is shown a partial plan view of a further embodiment of the arra invention in which the patches P have th and are separated by a dielectric surfac pe of a rhombus, the two sets forming a structure.
With such a structure, the pitch of in the direction of the major diagonal of the rhombuses deno ted by a (vertical direction, for example) and in the direc- according to the shape of a rhombus 8 also with the shaautocomplementary tion of the minor diagonal denoted by b (horizontal direction).
This results in the variation of the gain as a function of the beam pointing angle being different in these two planes while remaining independent of the polarization.
In order to obtain in addition the same variation of the gain in these two plans, it is necessary that the pitches a and b be equal, which corresponds for example to the Figures 1 as discussed above.
The excitation of the patch elements shown in Figures 4 to 7 can be carried out either between the adjacent vertices of the patches, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, or directly at a point (linear polarization) or at two points (any polari zation) of the surface of each of the patches, in accordance with any known method.
Referring now to Figure 8, there-is- shown a further embo diment of the array according to the invention, again as a partial plan view.
In this Figure, the patches P have the shape of an equila teral triangle, each of the vertices of the triangle being substantially juxtaposed with a vertex of an adjacent trian gle, the sides of the various patches being aligned. In this case, in the transmission mode the excitation of the patches P is effected for each of them either at a point of a median, which gives a polarization parallel with this median, or at two points respectively -belonging to two medians, which allows to achieve a circular polarization. In the reception mode, ports connected to points located on two different medians permit to analyze two components of the incident wave in a way similar to what has been described above. It is also pos sible to use the three medians of a single triangle: this improves the degree of symmetry of the whole device but intro duces a coupling (or a redundancy) between the ports, which ports being no longer independent.
This structure, also autocomplementary, is characterized by a third-order symmetry, whereas the previous embodiments are structures with secondorder symmetry.
An array such as that described above and illustrated by the various Figures can be used in any known configuration of antenna array, using or not an excitation by a primary rad i a t o r.
Of course, the above description is given as a non-limitative example. Thus, in particular, the structures are shown with patterns shaped as squares, rhombuses or triangles but, more generally, any pattern shape is possible provided it allows to form an autocomplementary topology.
Claims (12)
1. An array of radiating elements for the transmission and/or the reception of a beam of electromagnetic energy, comprising a set of flat conducting patterns separated by dielectric patt e r n s, said patterns being disposed periodically and havinga shape and a disposition such that the topology they form is autocomplementary.
2. An array according to claim 1,wherein said patterns are substantially square in shape.
3. An array according to claim 1 wherein said patterns have substantially the shape of a rhombus.
4. An array according to claim 1 wherein said patterns have substantially the shape of an equilateral triangle.
5. An array according to claim 1, further comprising a conducting plane for forming a reflector,said patterns being disposed in a plane, in front of said conducting plane.
6. A n a r r a y a c c o r d i n 9 t o claim 1, f urther comprising excitation means for transmitting said beam of electromagnetic energy,said excitation means exciting said conducting patterns.
7. An array according to claim 6, wherein said excitation means effect the excitation of the patterns through coupling.
-; 12 -
8. An array according to claim 6, wherein said excitation means effect the excitation of the patterns directly by microwave transmission lines connected to said patterns.
9. An array according to claim 6, wherein said patterns are excited at their vertices.
10. An array according to claim 1, further comprising excitation means for the transmission of said beam of micro- wave energy, said excitation meads exciting said dielectric patterns.
A phased-array antenna using an array according to claim 1.
12. An array of radiating elements for the transmission and/or the reception of a beam of electromagnetic energy substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8812955A FR2677493A1 (en) | 1988-10-04 | 1988-10-04 | NETWORK OF RADIANT ELEMENTS WITH AUTOCOMPLEMENTARY TOPOLOGY, AND ANTENNA USING SUCH A NETWORK. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8922255D0 GB8922255D0 (en) | 1992-04-08 |
| GB2251729A true GB2251729A (en) | 1992-07-15 |
Family
ID=9370654
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8922255A Withdrawn GB2251729A (en) | 1988-10-04 | 1989-10-03 | Array of radiating elements with complementary topology |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE3932969A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2677493A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2251729A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1237594B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8902448A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2288913A (en) * | 1994-04-18 | 1995-11-01 | Int Maritime Satellite Organiz | Antenna |
| EP2591525A4 (en) * | 2010-07-08 | 2014-04-16 | Commw Scient Ind Res Org | RECONFIGURABLE SELF-SUPPLEMENTARY NETWORK |
| JP2018502515A (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2018-01-25 | ノースロップ グルマン システムズ コーポレーションＮｏｒｔｈｒｏｐ Ｇｒｕｍｍａｎ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ | Antenna array using sandwiched radiating elements on the ground plane and supplied by stripline |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2167474C1 (en) * | 1999-08-30 | 2001-05-20 | Щербак Виктор Иосифович | Broadband antenna array and method for its excitation |
| RU2180152C1 (en) * | 2001-03-02 | 2002-02-27 | Закрытое акционерное общество "СОФТМЕДИА" | Broad-band antenna array and its pulse excitation method |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1011483B (en) * | 1956-08-23 | 1957-07-04 | Dr Gottfried Arlt | Broadband group antenna |
| US4675685A (en) * | 1984-04-17 | 1987-06-23 | Harris Corporation | Low VSWR, flush-mounted, adaptive array antenna |
-
1988
- 1988-10-04 FR FR8812955A patent/FR2677493A1/en active Pending
-
1989
- 1989-10-03 NL NL8902448A patent/NL8902448A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-10-03 DE DE3932969A patent/DE3932969A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1989-10-03 IT IT06784589A patent/IT1237594B/en active IP Right Grant
- 1989-10-03 GB GB8922255A patent/GB2251729A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2288913A (en) * | 1994-04-18 | 1995-11-01 | Int Maritime Satellite Organiz | Antenna |
| GB2288913B (en) * | 1994-04-18 | 1999-02-24 | Int Maritime Satellite Organiz | Satellite payload apparatus with beamformer |
| US6340948B1 (en) | 1994-04-18 | 2002-01-22 | International Mobile Satellite Organization | Antenna system |
| EP2591525A4 (en) * | 2010-07-08 | 2014-04-16 | Commw Scient Ind Res Org | RECONFIGURABLE SELF-SUPPLEMENTARY NETWORK |
| AU2011276957B2 (en) * | 2010-07-08 | 2015-07-16 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Reconfigurable self complementary array |
| US9263805B2 (en) | 2010-07-08 | 2016-02-16 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Reconfigurable self complementary array |
| JP2018502515A (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2018-01-25 | ノースロップ グルマン システムズ コーポレーションＮｏｒｔｈｒｏｐ Ｇｒｕｍｍａｎ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ | Antenna array using sandwiched radiating elements on the ground plane and supplied by stripline |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3932969A1 (en) | 1992-07-30 |
| FR2677493A1 (en) | 1992-12-11 |
| NL8902448A (en) | 1992-06-01 |
| IT1237594B (en) | 1993-06-08 |
| IT8967845A0 (en) | 1989-10-03 |
| IT8967845A1 (en) | 1991-04-03 |
| GB8922255D0 (en) | 1992-04-08 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |